589:
405:
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476:
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clade. In this example, both
Haplorrhine as prosimians should be considered as most basal groupings. It is better to say that the prosimians are the sister group to the rest of the primates. This way one also avoids unintended and misconceived connotations about evolutionary advancement, complexity,
563:
age and stem age. The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its
334:. He proposed a classification system that represented repeated branchings of the family tree, as opposed to the previous systems, which put organisms on a "ladder", with supposedly more "advanced" organisms at the top.
1336:
614:, for example, has clades called subtypes, which vary in geographical prevalence. HIV subtype (clade) B, for example is predominant in Europe, the Americas and Japan, whereas subtype A is more common in east Africa.
550:
diversity and ancestor status, e.g. due to impact of sampling diversity and extinction. Basal clades should not be confused with stem groupings, as the latter is associated with paraphyletic or unresolved groupings.
238:
66 million years ago. The original population and all its descendants are a clade. The rodent clade corresponds to the order
Rodentia, and insects to the class Insecta. These clades include smaller clades, such as
420:, meaning that it contains one ancestor which can be an organism, a population, or a species and all its descendants. The ancestor can be known or unknown; any and all members of a clade can be extant or extinct.
163:
Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming
303:
With the increasing realization in the first half of the 19th century that species had changed and split through the ages, classification increasingly came to be seen as branches on the evolutionary
66:
with respect to the blue group, because it excludes the blue branch which has descended from the same common ancestor. The green and blue subgroups together form a clade.
479:
Cladogram of modern primate groups; all tarsiers are haplorhines, but not all haplorhines are tarsiers; all apes are catarrhines, but not all catarrhines are apes; etc.
568:
clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. Note that ages of clades cannot be directly observed. They are inferred, either from
226:, for example – are clades because, in each case, the group consists of a common ancestor with all its descendant branches. Rodents, for example, are a branch of
2829:
698:
A semantic case has been made in 2008 that the name should be "holophyletic", but this term has not acquired widespread use. For more information, see
375:
The name of a clade is conventionally a plural, where the singular refers to each member individually. A unique exception is the reptile clade
464:
2578:
1878:
1193:
Brower, A. V. Z., Schuh, R. T. 2021. Biological
Systematics: Principles and Applications (3rd edn.). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
315:, an early advocate of evolutionary theory, proposed a revised taxonomy based on a concept strongly resembling clades, although the term
1203:
Yamaji R, Saad MD, Davis CT, Swayne DE, Wang D, Wong FY, McCauley JW, Peiris JS, Webby RJ, Fouchier RA, Kawaoka Y, Zhang W (May 2020).
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if they have an immediate common ancestor. In the diagram, lemurs and lorises are sister clades, while humans and tarsiers are not.
1413:
1888:
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at the bottom. The blue and orange subgroups are clades; each shows its common ancestor stem at the bottom of the subgroup
2928:
1848:
1157:
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2250:
1386:
996:
17:
1568:
172:. Some of the relationships between organisms that the molecular biology arm of cladistics has revealed include that
2657:
2662:
2260:
1648:
1024:"On the difference between mono-, holo-, and paraphyletic groups: a consistent distinction of process and pattern"
349:
can be named) because not enough ranks exist to name a long series of nested clades. For these and other reasons,
2907:
2897:
2821:
2096:
1653:
1586:
156:). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect
3141:
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2224:
2128:
2017:
1814:
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as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups.
3100:
2687:
2431:
2170:
450:(1965), derived from "clade". The results of phylogenetic/cladistic analyses are tree-shaped diagrams called
2632:
3040:
2542:
211:, the evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, a concept Huxley borrowed from
1382:
3110:
2704:
1573:
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1436:
1406:
192:
2806:
1980:
369:
247:, each of which consists of even smaller clades. The clade "rodent" is in turn included in the mammal,
337:
Taxonomists have increasingly worked to make the taxonomic system reflect evolution. When it comes to
3151:
2600:
2397:
2207:
1975:
1868:
1763:
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669:
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350:
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986:. Understanding Evolution website. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
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1985:
1802:
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327:
304:
267:, 1866. Groups once thought to be more advanced, such as birds ("Aves"), are placed at the top.
188:
79:
31:
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1370:
282:
similarities between organisms. Many of the better known animal groups in
Linnaeus's original
187:
The term "clade" is also used with a similar meaning in other fields besides biology, such as
3008:
2882:
2801:
2796:
2781:
2766:
2756:
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2647:
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2086:
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1990:
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The science that tries to reconstruct phylogenetic trees and thus discover clades is called
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1965:
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897:
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297:
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47:
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1252:
Stebbing J, Moyle G (2003). "The clades of HIV: their origins and clinical significance".
983:
8:
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1970:
1953:
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110:
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2012:
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118:
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Gavialidae, Crocodylidae and
Alligatoridae are clade names that are here applied to a
3106:
3060:
2786:
2734:
2512:
2328:
2229:
2192:
2187:
2143:
2138:
2091:
2057:
1509:
1312:
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1234:
1205:"Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses"
1133:
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387:
342:
275:
114:
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2005:
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577:
284:
212:
106:
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2725:
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2027:
2022:
1960:
1938:
1673:
346:
272:
997:"International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature. Version 4c. Chapter I. Taxa"
3125:
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2160:
2155:
1668:
1638:
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825:
674:
559:
The age of a clade can be described based on two different reference points,
534:
439:
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409:
320:
264:
204:
71:
1383:"Phylogenetic systematics, an introductory slide-show on evolutionary trees"
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1316:
1265:
1238:
1082:
833:
607:
569:
565:
500:
417:
208:
153:
133:) is used rather than the English form. Clades are the fundamental unit of
404:
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1948:
1906:
1768:
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644:
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1995:
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331:
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380:
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169:
102:
63:
43:
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791:
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clade, i.e. the apes and humans, is nested within the primate clade.
475:
2975:
2177:
739:
Cracraft, Joel; Donoghue, Michael J., eds. (2004). "Introduction".
259:
240:
231:
181:
137:, a modern approach to taxonomy adopted by most biological fields.
98:
595:
of the SIV and HIV viruses showing clades (subtypes) of the virus.
483:
The relationship between clades can be described in several ways:
2360:
2074:
888:
Huxley, J. S. (1957). "The three types of evolutionary process".
599:
465:
Phylogenetic nomenclature§Phylogenetic definitions of clade names
177:
149:
145:
39:
1391:
296:
is responsible for many cases of misleading similarities in the
1474:
573:
390:"; its form with a suffix added should be e.g. "dracohortian".
384:
341:, this principle is not always compatible with the traditional
227:
223:
219:
2281:
1603:
770:
768:
456:; they, and all their branches, are phylogenetic hypotheses.
184:, and multicellular organisms may have evolved from archaea.
173:
165:
122:
278:, which was based by necessity only on internal or external
1281:"HIV-1 Latency and Latency Reversal: Does Subtype Matter?"
765:
230:
that split off after the end of the period when the clade
1055:
Nixon, Kevin C.; Carpenter, James M. (1 September 2000).
611:
546:
492:
244:
176:
are closer relatives to animals than they are to plants,
1054:
1379:". An unrooted cladogram depicting around 3000 species.
1158:"For the love of trees: The ancestors are not among us"
924:
779:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13.
319:
itself would not be coined until 1957 by his grandson,
254:
356:
As an example, see the full current classification of
1202:
203:
The term "clade" was coined in 1957 by the biologist
1470:
946:
529:before the first branch leading only to members of
1175:
934:. Extra. no 36. In Collected Essays IV: pp 46–138
311:in 1859 gave this view increasing weight. In 1876
459:Three methods of defining clades are featured in
3123:
738:
423:
300:of groups that evolved from different lineages.
168:that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not
353:has been developed; it is still controversial.
330:(1913–1976) is considered to be the founder of
292:groups) do represent clades. The phenomenon of
193:Cladistics § In disciplines other than biology
27:Group of a common ancestor and all descendants
1842:
1407:
1278:
1251:
1106:
1102:
1100:
487:A clade located within a clade is said to be
1272:
1245:
1196:
930:Huxley, T.H. (1876): Lectures on Evolution.
857:"Willi Hennig's impact on taxonomic thought"
140:The common ancestor may be an individual, a
383:from Latin "draco" and "cohors", i.e. "the
1849:
1835:
1414:
1400:
1097:
1306:
1296:
1228:
1132:
1072:
1057:"On the Other "Phylogenetic Systematics""
1039:
1028:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
978:
976:
964:
872:
815:
723:
463:: node-, stem-, and apomorphy-based (see
271:The idea of a clade did not exist in pre-
46:(family tree) of a biological group. The
3083:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1856:
1107:Krell, F.-T. & Cranston, P. (2004).
861:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
587:
474:
403:
258:
38:
1109:"Which side of the tree is more basal?"
724:Martin, Elizabeth; Hin, Robert (2008).
608:tracking the spread of viral infections
491:within that clade. In the diagram, the
362:(the mallard duck) with 40 clades from
234:stopped being the dominant terrestrial
198:
14:
3124:
1334:
1181:
1021:
973:
887:
854:
774:
345:(in which only taxa associated with a
2846:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
1830:
1395:
1375:DM Hillis, D Zwickl & R Gutell. "
1279:Sarabia I, Bosque A (November 2019).
1155:
881:
848:
1809:
1345:: Evolutionary Developmental Biology
789:
525:branches off the lineage leading to
255:History of nomenclature and taxonomy
1156:Smith, Stacey (19 September 2016).
874:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.000245
747:. Oxford University Press. p.
24:
2251:Evolutionary developmental biology
1387:University of California, Berkeley
1074:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00285.x
180:are now considered different from
25:
3163:
1421:
1364:
1335:Harmon, Luke J (3 January 2021).
606:form clades. These are useful in
89: 'branch'), also known as a
3137:Evolutionary biology terminology
3105:
3096:
3095:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1649:Phylogenetic comparative methods
1473:
1134:10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00262.x
1041:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00984.x
58:. The green subgroup alone does
2908:Extended evolutionary synthesis
2097:Gene-centered view of evolution
1654:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
1337:"11.2: Clade Age and Diversity"
1327:
1187:
1149:
1048:
1015:
989:
790:Pace, Norman R. (18 May 2006).
692:
533:. In the adjacent diagram, the
3036:Hologenome theory of evolution
2903:History of molecular evolution
2129:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2018:Last universal common ancestor
1349:University of California Davis
940:
783:
732:
717:
470:
307:. The publication of Darwin's
13:
1:
2830:Renaissance and Enlightenment
947:Brower, Andrew V. Z. (2013).
710:
424:Clades and phylogenetic trees
393:
218:Many commonly named groups –
3041:Missing heritability problem
2668:Gamete differentiation/sexes
777:Evolution: The Story of Life
446:, the latter term coined by
7:
1574:Phylogenetic reconciliation
1481:Evolutionary biology portal
1437:Computational phylogenetics
1209:Reviews in Medical Virology
743:Assembling the Tree of Life
617:
467:for detailed definitions).
263:Early phylogenetic tree by
10:
3168:
2673:Life cycles/nuclear phases
2225:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
1371:Evolving Thoughts: "Clade"
728:. Oxford University Press.
583:
427:
397:
372:and clicking on "Expand".
207:to refer to the result of
121:literature, sometimes the
62:count as a clade; it is a
29:
3091:
2991:
2916:
2820:
2747:
2703:
2558:
2462:
2279:
2238:
2171:Parent–offspring conflict
2107:
1976:Earliest known life forms
1897:
1864:
1792:
1764:Phylogenetic nomenclature
1756:
1730:
1682:
1624:
1561:
1490:
1468:
1429:
670:Phylogenetic nomenclature
635:Biological classification
461:phylogenetic nomenclature
416:A clade is by definition
400:Phylogenetic nomenclature
351:phylogenetic nomenclature
105:– that is, composed of a
3024:Cultural group selection
2888:The eclipse of Darwinism
2860:On the Origin of Species
2835:Transmutation of species
936:original text w/ figures
775:Palmer, Douglas (2009).
686:
3029:Dual inheritance theory
2868:History of paleontology
1644:Molecular phylogenetics
1594:Distance-matrix methods
1442:Molecular phylogenetics
855:Dupuis, Claude (1984).
726:A Dictionary of Biology
541:clade, is basal to the
343:rank-based nomenclature
2717:Punctuated equilibrium
2038:Non-adaptive radiation
1986:Evolutionary arms race
1664:Phylogenetics software
1578:Probabilistic methods
1527:Long branch attraction
999:. 2010. Archived from
596:
554:
480:
413:
328:Emil Hans Willi Hennig
268:
189:historical linguistics
67:
32:Clade (disambiguation)
3142:Philosophy of biology
3009:Evolutionary medicine
2883:Mendelian inheritance
2591:Biological complexity
2579:Programmed cell death
2271:Phenotypic plasticity
1991:Evolutionary pressure
1981:Evidence of evolution
1879:Timeline of evolution
1457:Evolutionary taxonomy
1162:For the love of trees
1113:Systematic Entomology
1022:Envall, Mats (2008).
949:"Willi Hennig at 100"
630:Binomial nomenclature
591:
478:
412:tree of crocodylians.
407:
370:this Wikispecies link
262:
50:is the vertical line
42:
2983:Teleology in biology
2878:Blending inheritance
2256:Genetic assimilation
2119:Artificial selection
1858:Evolutionary biology
1616:Three-taxon analysis
1522:Phylogenetic network
665:Phylogenetic network
379:, which was made by
294:convergent evolution
199:Naming and etymology
158:evolutionary history
48:last common ancestor
30:For other uses, see
3046:Molecular evolution
3004:Ecological genetics
2873:Transitional fossil
2663:Sexual reproduction
2503:endomembrane system
2432:pollinator-mediated
2388:dolphins and whales
2166:Parental investment
1659:Phylogenetic signal
1125:2004SysEn..29..279K
902:1957Natur.180..454H
808:2006Natur.441..289P
792:"Time for a change"
602:, and particularly
313:Thomas Henry Huxley
309:theory of evolution
251:and animal clades.
97:, is a grouping of
3019:Cultural evolution
2134:Fisher's principle
2063:Handicap principle
2053:Parallel evolution
1917:Adaptive radiation
1587:Bayesian inference
1582:Maximum likelihood
625:Adaptive radiation
597:
481:
414:
368:down by following
359:Anas platyrhynchos
269:
111:lineal descendants
91:monophyletic group
68:
64:paraphyletic group
18:Monophyletic group
3119:
3118:
2735:Uniformitarianism
2688:Sex-determination
2193:Sexual dimorphism
2188:Natural selection
2092:Unit of selection
2058:Signalling theory
1824:
1823:
1569:Maximum parsimony
1562:Inference methods
1510:Phylogenetic tree
1298:10.3390/v11121104
982:"Evolution 101".
966:10.1111/cla.12057
896:(4584): 454–455.
758:978-0-19-972960-9
593:Phylogenetic tree
326:German biologist
276:Linnaean taxonomy
115:phylogenetic tree
16:(Redirected from
3159:
3152:1950s neologisms
3109:
3099:
3098:
2898:Modern synthesis
2658:Multicellularity
2653:Mosaic evolution
2538:auditory ossicle
2220:Social selection
2203:Flowering plants
2198:Sexual selection
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1599:Neighbor-joining
1553:Ghost population
1483:
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1355:
1321:
1320:
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1232:
1221:10.1002/rmv.2099
1200:
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932:New York Tribune
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910:10.1038/180454a0
885:
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721:
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21:
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3158:
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3156:
3132:Unranked clades
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3087:
3014:Group selection
2987:
2912:
2816:
2743:
2705:Tempo and modes
2699:
2554:
2458:
2275:
2234:
2110:
2103:
2080:Species complex
1893:
1884:History of life
1860:
1855:
1825:
1820:
1788:
1752:
1726:
1700:Symplesiomorphy
1678:
1620:
1557:
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1466:
1430:Relevant fields
1425:
1420:
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1098:
1053:
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1016:
1006:
1004:
1003:on 15 June 2010
995:
994:
990:
981:
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925:
886:
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849:
817:10.1038/441289a
788:
784:
773:
766:
759:
737:
733:
722:
718:
713:
708:
697:
693:
689:
684:
620:
586:
578:molecular clock
557:
498:Two clades are
473:
436:
428:Main articles:
426:
402:
396:
285:Systema Naturae
257:
213:Bernhard Rensch
201:
107:common ancestor
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
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3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
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2973:
2968:
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2926:
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2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2854:Charles Darwin
2851:
2850:
2849:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Non-ecological
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
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2675:
2670:
2660:
2655:
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2645:
2640:
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2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2543:nervous system
2540:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
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2467:
2460:
2459:
2457:
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2451:
2446:
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2417:
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2395:
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2373:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2347:
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2326:
2321:
2320:
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2309:
2304:
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2292:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
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2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
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2173:
2168:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2147:
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2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Origin of life
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Microevolution
2025:
2023:Macroevolution
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Common descent
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1939:Baldwin effect
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1854:
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1839:
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1822:
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1806:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
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1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
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1734:
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1728:
1727:
1725:
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1722:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1674:Phylogeography
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1625:Current topics
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1565:
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1559:
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1556:
1555:
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1548:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1491:Basic concepts
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1365:External links
1363:
1361:
1360:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1271:
1244:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1148:
1119:(3): 279–281.
1096:
1067:(3): 298–318.
1047:
1014:
988:
972:
959:(2): 224–225.
939:
923:
880:
847:
782:
764:
757:
731:
715:
714:
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690:
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398:Main article:
395:
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70:In biological
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3164:
3153:
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3147:Phylogenetics
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3056:Phylogenetics
3054:
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3034:
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3027:
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2984:
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2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:Structuralism
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Catastrophism
2932:
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2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
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2893:Neo-Darwinism
2891:
2889:
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2879:
2876:
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2828:
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2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Reinforcement
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
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2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
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2755:
2754:
2752:
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2746:
2740:
2739:Catastrophism
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Macromutation
2727:
2726:Micromutation
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
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2659:
2656:
2654:
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2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Immune system
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
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2572:
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2567:
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2562:
2557:
2549:
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2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:symbiogenesis
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:Kin selection
2159:
2157:
2156:Genetic drift
2154:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Phylogenomics
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:DNA barcoding
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:Least squares
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1546:Ghost lineage
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Phylogenetics
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1260:(4): 205–13.
1259:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1002:
998:
992:
985:
979:
977:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
937:
933:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
802:(7091): 289.
801:
797:
793:
786:
778:
771:
769:
760:
754:
750:
745:
744:
735:
727:
720:
716:
703:
702:
695:
691:
681:
678:
676:
675:Phylogenetics
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
590:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:strepsirrhine
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
503:
502:
497:
494:
490:
486:
485:
484:
477:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
440:phylogenetics
435:
431:
430:Phylogenetics
421:
419:
411:
406:
401:
391:
389:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
321:Julian Huxley
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
280:morphological
277:
274:
266:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
205:Julian Huxley
196:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:natural group
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:Ancient Greek
77:
73:
72:phylogenetics
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3068:Polymorphism
3051:Astrobiology
2999:Biogeography
2954:Saltationism
2944:Orthogenesis
2929:Alternatives
2858:
2844:
2777:Cospeciation
2772:Cladogenesis
2721:Saltationism
2678:Mating types
2601:Color vision
2586:Avian flight
2508:mitochondria
2246:Canalisation
2124:Biodiversity
1869:Introduction
1813:
1801:
1774:Sister group
1757:Nomenclature
1720:Autapomorphy
1715:Synapomorphy
1695:Plesiomorphy
1683:Group traits
1631:
1531:
1503:Cladogenesis
1498:Phylogenesis
1377:Tree of life
1352:. Retrieved
1340:
1328:Bibliography
1291:(12): 1104.
1288:
1284:
1274:
1257:
1254:AIDS Reviews
1253:
1247:
1215:(3): e2099.
1212:
1208:
1198:
1189:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1161:
1151:
1116:
1112:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1007:22 September
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
991:
956:
952:
942:
931:
926:
893:
889:
883:
864:
860:
850:
799:
795:
785:
776:
742:
734:
725:
719:
699:
694:
598:
570:stratigraphy
558:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
508:
499:
488:
482:
458:
451:
437:
418:monophyletic
415:
410:phylogenetic
374:
363:
357:
355:
336:
325:
316:
305:tree of life
302:
283:
270:
217:
209:cladogenesis
202:
186:
170:monophyletic
162:
139:
130:
126:
109:and all its
103:monophyletic
94:
90:
86:
83:
75:
69:
59:
55:
51:
36:
3078:Systematics
2949:Mutationism
2767:Catagenesis
2695:Snake venom
2628:Eusociality
2606:in primates
2596:Cooperation
2524:In animals
2344:butterflies
2317:Cephalopods
2307:Brachiopods
2239:Development
2213:Mate choice
1966:Convergence
1949:Coevolution
1907:Abiogenesis
1769:Crown group
1731:Group types
1462:Systematics
1182:Harmon 2021
645:Crown group
604:RNA viruses
580:estimates.
517:to a clade
471:Terminology
236:vertebrates
119:taxonomical
3126:Categories
2939:Lamarckism
2917:Philosophy
2840:David Hume
2802:Peripatric
2797:Parapatric
2782:Ecological
2762:Anagenesis
2757:Allopatric
2749:Speciation
2713:Gradualism
2638:Metabolism
2498:chromosome
2488:Eukaryotes
2266:Modularity
2183:Population
2109:Population
2070:Speciation
2048:Panspermia
2001:Extinction
1996:Exaptation
1971:Divergence
1944:Cladistics
1932:Reciprocal
1912:Adaptation
1447:Cladistics
1343:LibreTexts
1061:Cladistics
953:Cladistics
711:References
640:Cladistics
576:, or from
453:cladograms
448:Ernst Mayr
444:cladistics
434:Cladistics
394:Definition
332:cladistics
298:morphology
290:vertebrate
249:vertebrate
232:Dinosauria
142:population
135:cladistics
78:(from
3073:Protocell
2924:Darwinism
2812:Sympatric
2561:processes
2449:Tetrapods
2398:Kangaroos
2324:Dinosaurs
2261:Inversion
2230:Variation
2151:Gene flow
2144:Inclusive
1954:Mutualism
1899:Evolution
1784:Supertree
1748:Polyphyly
1743:Paraphyly
1738:Monophyly
1710:Apomorphy
1690:Primitive
1633:PhyloCode
1515:Cladogram
826:1476-4687
701:holophyly
680:Polyphyly
660:Paraphyly
655:Monophyly
543:hominoids
539:prosimian
381:haplology
377:Dracohors
365:Eukaryota
273:Darwinian
117:. In the
101:that are
99:organisms
44:Cladogram
3101:Category
2976:Vitalism
2971:Theistic
2964:Spandrel
2648:Morality
2643:Monogamy
2518:plastids
2483:Flagella
2439:Reptiles
2420:sea cows
2403:primates
2312:Molluscs
2290:Bacteria
2178:Mutation
2111:genetics
2087:Taxonomy
2033:Mismatch
2013:Homology
1927:Cheating
1922:Altruism
1803:Category
1706:Derived
1452:Taxonomy
1341:Biology
1317:31795223
1266:15011999
1239:32135031
1167:23 March
1143:82371239
1091:73530548
1083:34902935
867:: 1–24.
834:16710401
618:See also
507:A clade
493:hominoid
288:(mostly
241:chipmunk
182:bacteria
129:(plural
87:(kládos)
2992:Related
2822:History
2683:Meiosis
2618:Empathy
2613:Emotion
2513:nucleus
2454:Viruses
2444:Spiders
2356:Mammals
2339:Insects
2139:Fitness
2075:Species
1874:Outline
1815:Commons
1541:Lineage
1308:6950696
1285:Viruses
1230:9285678
1121:Bibcode
1034:: 217.
984:page 10
918:4174182
898:Bibcode
842:4431143
804:Bibcode
600:Viruses
584:Viruses
574:fossils
501:sisters
265:Haeckel
228:mammals
224:insects
220:rodents
178:archaea
150:extinct
146:species
144:, or a
113:– on a
3111:Portal
2787:Hybrid
2623:Ethics
2465:organs
2427:Plants
2413:lemurs
2408:humans
2393:horses
2383:hyenas
2371:wolves
2366:canids
2300:origin
1354:7 July
1315:
1305:
1264:
1237:
1227:
1141:
1089:
1081:
916:
890:Nature
840:
832:
824:
796:Nature
755:
566:sister
489:nested
388:cohort
385:dragon
339:naming
191:; see
154:extant
127:cladus
85:κλάδος
56:branch
2574:Death
2569:Aging
2548:brain
2334:Fungi
2295:Birds
2208:Fungi
2006:Event
1889:Index
1779:Basal
1604:UPGMA
1536:Grade
1532:Clade
1139:S2CID
1087:S2CID
914:S2CID
838:S2CID
687:Notes
650:Grade
561:crown
514:basal
317:clade
174:fungi
131:cladi
125:form
123:Latin
82:
76:clade
3061:Tree
2533:hair
2473:Cell
2376:dogs
2361:cats
2351:Life
2329:Fish
2282:taxa
1356:2021
1313:PMID
1262:PMID
1235:PMID
1169:2019
1079:PMID
1009:2012
830:PMID
822:ISSN
753:ISBN
432:and
347:rank
222:and
166:taxa
74:, a
52:stem
2559:Of
2528:eye
2478:DNA
2463:Of
2280:Of
1534:vs
1303:PMC
1293:doi
1225:PMC
1217:doi
1129:doi
1069:doi
1036:doi
961:doi
906:doi
894:180
869:doi
812:doi
800:441
612:HIV
572:of
555:Age
547:ape
521:if
511:is
442:or
245:ant
243:or
152:or
93:or
60:not
3128::
1385:–
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1099:^
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975:^
957:30
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1850:e
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531:B
527:B
523:A
519:B
509:A
148:(
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