Sparkling wine - Knowledge

1674: 2525: 888: 2164:– Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier – and in the ensuing decades availability of English sparkling wines made from these varieties increased. Today, there are over 100 vineyards in England producing sparkling wines with Nyetimber, Ridgeview and Chapel Down being some of the largest producers. In 2010, Chardonnay and Pinot noir were the two most commonly planted grape varieties in English vineyards. Along with Pinot Meunier, the three varieties combined accounted for around 40% of vines planted, which appears to reflect a significant growth in interest in English sparkling wines. Other varietals used are 1640:. According to CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) regulation, Sekt and the Term „Qualitätsschaumwein“ (German for quality sparkling wine) are the same. Quality sparkling wine is defined by means of precise specifications, including at least 10 per cent alcohol content and 3 bars (44 psi) pressure in the bottle, among other things. For quality sparkling wines PSR (produced in specified regions), additional geographical regions (storage sparkling wine) and vintage specifications (vintage sparkling wine) are permitted. Around 90 percent of Sekt is made at least partially from imported wines from 949: 36: 365: 708: 4882: 4590: 2031:. Most likely, the name has stuck since Sovetskoye Shampanskoye was one of the few products or brands of the Soviet era which were seen as luxurious. Often the names have been altered to fit the exact country, e.g. Georgian Champagne. Nowadays, it is more common to encounter Sovetskoye Shampanskoye produced in a dry or semi-dry style. The products have some international popularity, thus Russian made dry and semi-dry versions can be found in the European markets and Moldovan made semi-sweet version from 492: 727: 1162: 1275: 789: 95: 2049: 1550: 1469: 611: 2565:

brut to off-dry demi-secs, from blanc de blanc to blanc de noir to sparkling rosé. Valdivieso produce 60% of all sparkling wine in Chile. Most is inexpensive tank method fizz, but 20% is very good quality Champagne method from Pinot and Chardonnay. There is also a product made from a blend of sparkling Pinot wine and fresh handpicked strawberry pulp.

719:. Nucleations are needed to stimulate the formation of bubbles because carbon dioxide has first to diffuse from the wine solution before it can rise out of the glass and into the air. A poured glass of sparkling wine will lose its bubbliness and carbon dioxide gas much more quickly than an open bottle alone would. The 1398:) is the Portuguese version of a sparkling wine. Unlike Cava, which is produced solely in northern climates, Espumante is not only produced in the northern wet region of Vinho Verde, but also throughout Portugal all the way to the southern region of the Alentejo, known for its extreme temperatures and arid climate. 940:, adding fruit and floral notes. The majority of Champagnes produced are non-vintage (or rather, multi-vintage) blends. Vintage Champagne, often a house's most prestigious and expensive wine, is also produced, but only in years when the producers feel that the grapes have the complexity and richness to warrant it. 2232:

Artwinery, which is the largest manufacturer in Eastern Europe of sparkling wines created according to the traditional (Champenoise) method. Another famous Ukrainian winery, Shabo, has a sparkling wine house near its terroir that covers a total area of 1.4 hectares and ensures quality at all stages of production.

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forbade Germany the use of this name, long before European Union regulations prohibited its use outside the Champagne region. Sekt was initially an informal German name for sparkling wine, coined in Berlin 1825, but was in common use by the 1890s. Germany long attempted to have the name Sekt reserved

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that distinguishes sparkling wine production and gives the wine its characteristic bubbles. One of the by-products of fermentation is the creation of carbon dioxide gas. While this is able to be released during the first fermentation, efforts are taken during the second fermentation to retain the gas

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presented a paper detailing how the presence of sugar in a wine led to it eventually sparkling and that by adding sugar to a wine before bottling it, nearly any wine could be made to sparkle. This is one of the first known accounts of understanding the process of sparkling wine and even suggests that

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to prevent injury from spontaneously bursting bottles. The disturbance caused by one bottle's disintegration could cause a chain reaction, with it being routine for cellars to lose 20–90% of their bottles to instability. The mysterious circumstance surrounding the then unknown process of fermentation

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terroir. The most widely planted selected variety is Odeskyi Chornyi (Alibernet) and Sukholymanskyi Bilyi, while Saperavi, Aligote, Rkatsiteli, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling are the most popular international varieties. One of the most popular Ukrainian sparkling wine manufacturers is

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Commercial production of bottle fermented sparkling wines from grapes grown in England started in the 1960s, although there has been a longer history of sparkling wines made in the UK from imported grapes. In the 1980s, some English winemakers started to grow the grape varieties as used in Champagne

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As noted above, the designation Crémant was previously used for sparkling wines from the Champagne region which were produced with slightly less carbon dioxide and somewhat lower bottle pressure (typically 2–3 atmospheres instead of 5–6). These wines were rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure

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Méthode Cap Classique or MCC is any sparkling wine made by the classic method of undergoing second fermentation in the bottle. There are quality standards that all producers adhere to voluntarily, apart from the minimum time on the lees (nine months) and the bars of pressure, which are mandatory in

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grape variety has been creatively employed on its own or in blends, to make modern wines that have received favorable reviews. A rise in consumer demand and an ever-broadening selection of cool climate grapes has led to an increase in fresh and delightful sparkling wines ranging from bone dry extra

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While Spain has one regulating body, DOC Cava, spread across several different political regions, quality Espumante is produced solely in DOC Bairrada, located just south of Vinho Verde. In order for a wine to be certified as a quality Espumante from DOC Bairrada, it must be made in the traditional

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and richness that is difficult to replicate in other parts of the world. The Champenois vigorously defend use of the term "Champagne" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term "Champagne style" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside

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for non-vintage and minimum 3 years for vintage Champagne. It is not uncommon for a premium Champagne to age for 7 years or more prior to release. In the US, there are no minimum requirements, and aging length can vary from 8 months to 6 years. Another distinct difference for Californian sparkling

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Current US regulations ban the use of the term "champagne" on any wines not produced in Champagne except if the label was in use before 2006. No new labels including the term "champagne" will be approved by the US Government for wines produced outside of the Champagne region of France after 2006.

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Trento DOC is an appellation for white and rosé sparkling wines made according to the méthode traditionnelle. Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot blanc and Pinot Meunier grapes are used. There is a maximum vine yield of 150 q.l. per hectare for all varietals, and a maximum grape yield of 70%. The wines

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plague, and the predominantly red vines were being replaced by large numbers of vines producing white grapes. After seeing the success of the Champagne region, Raventós decided to create the dry sparkling wine that has become the reason for the region's continued success. In the past the wine was

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but grape varieties different from grapes used in Champagne making. Cava is a Greek term that was used to refer to a "high end" table wine or wine cellar, and comes from the Latin word "cava" which means cave in English. Caves were used in the early days of Cava production for the preservation or

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Tasmania is a centre of Australian sparkling wine production. Wine commentator James Halliday states "the clear majority of the best sparkling wines are now solely sourced from Tasmania", and Tyson Stelzer says "Tasmania confidently holds its place as Australia's sparkling capital" with both the

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Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers. The rest sell their grapes to the various Champagne houses,

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Chile produces around 12 million bottles of sparkling wine per year of which only around 1.6 million bottles are exported to overseas markets. Although sparkling wines have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio. In recent years, the

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produce "Sula Brut Crémant de Nashik" (up To 80% Chenin Blanc, the remainder Riesling and Viognier) and "Sula Brut Tropicale Crémant de Nashik" (60% Chenin Blanc, 40% Shiraz, Viognier) in India, which they differentiate from their "Méthode Classique" and "Méthode Traditionnelle" products.

2149:, they use traditional method and they make Blanc de Blanc Classic Brut, Rose Classic Brut (from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Meunier), a Classic Brut (from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Meunier) and Carassia Vintage 773 Brut. All their sparkling wines received numerous medals. 344:. When the wine was shipped to and bottled in England, the fermentation process would restart when the weather warmed and the cork-stoppered wine would begin to build pressure from carbon dioxide gas. When the wine was opened, it would be bubbly. In 1662, the English scientist 307:

to get rid of the bubbles since the pressure in the bottles caused many of them to burst in the cellar. Later, when deliberate sparkling wine production increased in the early 18th century, cellar workers would still have to wear a heavy iron mask that resembled a baseball

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as a designation for the traditional method, the term Crémant was given its present definition. This meant that the use of "Crémant" in the Champagne region was discontinued and additional French Crémant AOCs were created from 1990, starting with Bordeaux and Limoux.

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and co-operatives. The grapes, most commonly Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot meunier, are used to make several base wines that are assembled together to make Champagne. Each grape adds its own unique imprint to the result. Chardonnay is prized for its finesse and

1569:, sparkling wine labeled under the Franciacorta DOCG is permitted to include no more than 15% Pinot nero. Both vintage and non-vintage Franciacorta sparkling wines are made which require 30 and 18 months, respectively, of aging on the lees. Franciacorta Satèn, a 1118:, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to 1320:

aging of wine. Today Cavas have become integrated with Catalan and also Spanish family traditions and is often consumed at any kind of celebrations (baptism, marriages, banquets, dinners and parties). The sparkling wine of Cava was created in 1872 by

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though most producers tend to follow European standards with Brut wine having less than 1.5% sugar up to Doux having more than 5%. As the sparkling wine industry in California grew, foreign investments from some of the Champagne region's most noted

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There are also some other French appellations for sparkling wines, which do not carry the name Crémant. Some of these are exclusively sparkling wine appellations, and some are appellations allowing both still and sparkling wine to be made. The term

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grapes. Partly aided by foreign influence, the overall quality of Californian sparkling wine increased with the introduction of the more traditional sparkling wine grapes of Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier and Pinot blanc into production. US

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fizzy, does not involve initiating a secondary fermentation but rather injecting carbon dioxide gas directly into the wine. This method produces large bubbles that quickly dissipate and is generally only used in the cheapest sparkling wines.

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the Hungarian wine sector was reborn. New and old wineries are seeking for the forgotten roots. Most of the Hungarian sparkling wines are made by the charmat and transvasée methods and a small but steadily growing amount by the traditional,

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was first crafted by Canadian wine writer Konrad Ejbich in his home cellar in Toronto. Unique to Ontario and generally referred to as Icewine Dosage, this sparkling wine is produced by topping a Traditional Method dry sparkling wine with a

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must rest for a minimum of 15 months on their lees for non-vintage, 24 months for vintage, and 36 for riserva. Minimum alcohol content must be of 11.5%, or 12% for riserva. Trento DOC wines are distinguished by their straw-yellow color.

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is also an important wine-making region in Ukraine. The varietal diversity of grapes in Ukraine is represented by the international and autochthonous varieties. The most renowned autochthonous variety is Telti Kuruk, cultivated on the

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has since become one of the largest European producers of sparkling wine. The United States is a significant producer of sparkling wine today, with producers in numerous states. Recently, production of sparkling wine was restarted by

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While traditionally aimed at the domestic market, Canadian sparkling wines have recently gained prominence internationally. In 2011, L'Acadie Vineyards won a silver medal at an international competition for sparkling wines in

841:) and production methods—sometimes referred to as the "Champagne method". French sparkling wines made according to the Champagne method of fermentation in the bottle, but sometimes use different grape varieties, are known as 780:

The amount of sugar (dosage) added after the second fermentation and aging varies and will dictate the sweetness level of the sparkling wine. Wines produced within the European Union must include the sweetness level on the

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grapes, with much of it drunk locally rather than exported. These Sekts are usually vintage dated with the village and vineyards that the grapes are from. Premium Sekt b.A. produced in smaller lots is often referred to as

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takes place in stainless steel fermentation tanks that are pressurized. The fresh yeast and sugar mixture is added to the wine which rapidly stimulates fermentation in the pressurized environment. The wine is then cooled,

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is bottled with a mixture of sugar and yeast. The introduction of a fresh yeast and food source (the sugar) triggers the fermentation process in the bottle that the wine will eventually be sold in. Through the process of

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from Spain, and Cap Classique from South Africa. Sparkling wines have been produced in Central and Eastern Europe since the early 19th-century. "Champagne" was further popularised in the region, late in the century, when

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can also be found. Methode Cap Classique tends to be very fruity due to the high temperatures of the South African Wine lands. The quality of MCC in South Africa can be compared to the wines produced in Champagne.

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Australian sparkling wine production has come a long way in a very short period of time, according to Wine Australia's 2014–2015 annual report with several notable French Champagne houses investing in production.

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and individual winegrowers to produce and sell their own sparkling wines. Together, these two decision produced the situation of the name Sekt being possible to apply to sparkling wines of varying quality level.

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produce some sparkling wine, where annual production averages about 55,000 cases (500,000 litres). Sparkling wine is largely produced in the Traditional Method (65%), and a smaller proportion is produced in the

2402:. In particular, Ontario's appellations are emerging as strong producers of dry sparkling wines as their cooler climate conditions are very conducive to producing excellent, flavourful and not-too-ripe grapes. 899:

in a long drawn out growing season. Cool climate weather limits the varieties of grape, and the types of wine that can be made, but it is in this region that sparkling wine has found its standard bearer. The

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in diameter and expand as they gain buoyancy and rise to the surface. When they reach the surface they are approximately 1 millimeter in size. It is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up

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While harvesting grapes destined for sparkling wine, premium producers will take extra care to handle the grapes as gently as possible in order to minimize the extraction of harsh phenolic compounds from the

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each have a sizable production of red sparkling wines. Of these, Italy has the longest tradition in red sparkling wine-making, particularly along the Apennine side of the Po Valley. Notable wines include

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tax, which since 2005 has been €136 per hectolitre (€5.15/US gal; €6.18/imp gal), corresponding to €1.02 per 0.75-litre (25 US fl oz) bottle. This tax was famously introduced by

759:. After 5 minutes following consumption, the group that had the sparkling wine had 54 milligrams of alcohol in their blood while the group that had the same sparkling wine, only flat, had 39 milligrams. 2117:, where the mountain climate is perfect for the second fermentation of white and rose sparkling wines in passively cooled above-ground cellars. Grapes used (obviously not grown in this climate) are 666:, after the wines have gone through the traditional method including riddling and disgorgement, the bottles are emptied into a large tank where they are then transferred to small and large format 593:. Producers with wide access to grapes will use wines from several hundred base wines to create a blend that reflect the "house style" of their non-vintage wine. It is through the initiation of a 316:

The British were the first to see the tendency of wines from Champagne to sparkle as a desirable trait and tried to understand why it produced bubbles. Wine was often transported to England in

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which skips the process of disgorgement and produces wines with slight sweetness and still containing the particles of dead yeast matter in the form of lees in the bottle. The regions of

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of France. On average, Champagne is responsible for about 8% of worldwide sparkling wine production with many other regions emulating the "Champagne style" in both grapes used (generally

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nearby the capital creating a new center of production, the so-called "Hungarian Champagne" still existing nowadays. At the end of the 19th century the two most important wineries were

2322:. In California, cuvees are typically derived from around 20 wines taken from 1 to 2 years worth of vintages. Champagne laws require that the wine spend a minimum of 15 months on the 1930:, Slovakia) by Johann Fischer and Dr. Michael Schönbauer in 1825 (the first in Central-Europe) and Esch és Társa in 1835. A couple of decades later the main producers moved to the 2477:

grapes, which are the prominent varietals for Ontario sparkling wine. Ontario sparkling wines are often noted for having a character and aroma comparable to that of traditional

602:) and wine producers take care to package the wine in strong glass bottles. When the wine is opened and poured into a glass, the gas is released and the wine becomes sparkling. 1922:. The beginning of significant sparkling wine production in Hungary is dated back to the first half of the 19th century. The first wineries of sparkling wine were founded near 1624:

is a German term for some sparkling wine. The majority of Sekt produced (around 95%) is made by the Charmat method with the remaining premium Sekt being made according to the

2501: 2249:, often employ the latter method with more premium sparkling wines utilizing the former. The history of producing quality sparkling wine in California can be traced to the 2422:

champagne at a blind tasting held with noted critics, bringing attention to the country's wine industry. In Ontario, wineries recognized for their sparkling wines include

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is also famous. Though Franciacorta wines are made according to the traditional method, most Italian sparkling wines, in particular Asti and Prosecco, are made with the

2011:. Most of this variety is sweet. This designation continued to be used for sparkling wine produced in several countries formerly part of the Soviet Union, including 1726: 738:

According to the wine academic Graham Harding, the average bottle of champagne contains enough carbon dioxide to potentially produce 49 million bubbles. Wine expert

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An initial burst of effervescence occurs when the sparkling wine contacts the dry glass on pouring. These bubbles form on imperfections in the glass that facilitate

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Crémant de Limoux is produced in the forty one villages around the village of Limoux in the south of France. The wine is composed primarily of the indigenous grape

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or "mousse" of the wine, along with the average size and consistency of the bubbles, can vary depending on the quality of the wine and the type of glass used.

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are mostly used for MCC production, however the use of other varieties are becoming increasingly popular and local MCC labels are seen with the likes of

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Sparkling wines produced in the United States can be made in both the méthode traditionnelle and the charmat method. Lower cost sparkling wines, such as

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is France's largest producer of sparkling wines outside of the Champagne region. The majority of these Crémant de Loire are produced around the city of

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pressures were thought to give them a creamy rather than fizzy mouth-feel. Though they may have full pressures today, they are still produced using the

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stage at the beginning of the secondary fermentation with more sugar producing an increased amount of carbon dioxide gas and thus pressure in the wine.

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Those "grandfathered labels" can only use the term on a wine label if there appears next to that name the appellation of "the actual place of origin".

2133:, was established in 1892 and still uses the same methods and even tools from that era. In 2006, they have become once again official supplier to the 571:, though producers wishing to make fruitier, simpler wines will usually forgo this step. After fermentation the base wines are then blended to form a 1710:(winegrower's Sekt), since it is typically produced by a producer which has vineyards of his own, rather than by the large Sekt-producing companies ( 1402:

champagne (indicating the year of harvest) and stamped with the VEQPRD (Vinho Espumante de Qualidade Produzido em Região Determinada) certification.

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used coal-fueled ovens and produced stronger, more durable glass bottles than the wood-fired French glass. The English also rediscovered the use of

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from 1807 to 1826. The names used by the German producers for their sparkling wines in the 19th century were "Mousseux", "Sect" or "Champagne" (or

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practices of making sparkling wine have many similarities to the production of still wine with some noted divergence. At the vineyard, grapes are

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is a sparkling wine that can be made by injecting the wine with gas in the traditional champagne, charmat, transfer method anywhere in Portugal.

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with many premium producers still choosing to harvest by hand rather than risk mechanical harvesting which may split the berries and encourage

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VFQPRD is a regional sparkling wine made in the traditional champagne, charmat or transfer method in one of the following determined regions:

1138:), it may also be used by producers in other EU countries which fulfill the production criteria. Although such usage is rare, for example in 203:

produced in Southern France. Sparkling wines are produced around the world, and are often referred to by their local name or region, such as

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Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de

3658: 2137:, after having this honor between 1920 and 1947. Their Rhein Extra, still produced in the same building, was served at the coronation of 1685:). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The mositure in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals. 1606: 1386: 674:

and small split sizes used on airlines. Numerous quality producers worldwide use the "Traditional" method to make their sparkling wines.

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While many top American sparkling wine producers utilize the traditional methods of production, there are distinct differences in their

771: 3420: 3120: 1794: 662:(ancestral method), the disgorgement step is skipped and the wine is sold with the lees still present as sediment in the wine. In the 1902:

after J.E. Hubert of the Hubert family, which bought the company from Johann Fischer in 1877, continues to produce sekt until today.

1741:) and from the late 18th century onwards begins to appear in technical manuals published for the use of wine merchants, vintners and 392:. European Union regulations define a sparkling wine as any wine with an excess of 3 atmospheres in pressure. These include German 216: 4816: 3688: 2318:

blend will rarely have less than 30 wines and sometimes as many as 60 that are taken from grapes spanning 4–6 years of different

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and was disdained in early Champagne winemaking although it was the pride of other historic sparkling wine production areas like

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countries, the word "champagne" is reserved by law only for sparkling wine from the Champagne region of France. The French terms

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in 1852) began producing sparkling wine according to the méthode champenoise. The first wines produced were made from Riesling,

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The tendency of still wine from the Champagne region to lightly sparkle was noted in the Middle Ages but this was considered a

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Whilst most sparkling wine is produced from Chardonnay, Pinot noir and possibly Pinot Meuniere, an Australian speciality is

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Putting a spoon in an open bottle of sparkling wine to keep it bubbly is a myth. A proper stopper is much more effective.

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mixture of fresh wine and some sugar syrup is used to adjust the sweetness level of the wine after it has been disgorged.

2184:. To put that in context, the current yield for all types of English wine averages to around 2 million bottles annually. 2134: 688:, and bottled using a counter pressure filler. The process of carbon injection (or carbonation), the method used to make 563:

of sparkling wine begins like most other wines, though winemakers may choose to use specially cultivated sparkling wine

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writers, but the cause of this mysterious appearance of bubbles was not understood. Over time it has been attributed to

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Data provided by Vielle internationale des techniques effervescents. (www.veille.viteff.com) Accessed 31 December 2014.

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grapes. Most sparkling Shiraz is traditionally somewhat sweet, but some producers make it dry, full-bodied and tannic.

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Sparkling wines are made throughout Italy but the Italian sparkling wines most widely seen on the world market are the

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through exposure to the color pigments in grape skins. While some skin exposure may be desirable in the production of

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wines. Semi-sparkling wines are defined as those with between 1 and 2.5 atmospheres of pressures and include German

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was not used in a wine context until 1908, more than 40 years following the first Italian sparkling wine using the

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is used to make small and large format bottles of sparkling wine, such as this split (quarter bottle) of champagne.

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in 1975. Another legal decision in the 1970s abolished the large producers' monopoly on Sekt production, allowing

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for sparkling wine from countries with German as an official language, but these regulations were annulled by the

1378:. Despite being a traditional Champagne grape, Chardonnay was not used in the production of Cava until the 1980s. 3875: 3303: 2070: 349:

British merchants were producing "sparkling Champagne" before the French Champenois were deliberately making it.

17: 4189: 972: 556:(white of blacks), most sparkling wine producers take extended precautions to limit the amount of skin contact. 544:

can be used in the production of white sparkling wines because their juice is initially clear and is only later

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style slightly sparkling version of Asti; it is sweeter and contains even less alcohol, typically around 5.5%.

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between the skins and juice. The press house is often close by the vineyard to where the grapes can be quickly

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method. The sorts of grape used during production can be international like Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Riesling,

1565:, is home to the largest segment of Italian sparkling wine production. Made predominately from Chardonnay and 775: 4842: 2897: 2485: 1714:) which buy grapes or base wine on a large scale for their production. In Austria, the corresponding term is 594: 321: 3307:

Neues und vollständiges Handbuch für Weinhändler, Kommissionaire, Speditörs und alle Weinliebhaber überhaupt

1082:, AOC laws require that Crémant de Bourgogne be composed of at least thirty percent Pinot noir, Chardonnay, 166:

The sparkling quality of these wines comes from its carbon dioxide content and may be the result of natural

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in the United Kingdom gave subjects equal amounts of flat and sparkling champagne which contained the same

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and have it dissolve into the wine. This creates high pressure within the wine bottle (on average around 5

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wines is the favorable Californian climate which allows a vintage wine to be produced nearly every year.

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which are: brut nature, brut (extra dry), seco (dry), semiseco (medium) and dulce (sweet). Under Spanish

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appellation, rather than a separate appellation, but otherwise follows the same rules as French Crémant.

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Since the designation Crémant is not reserved exclusively for French use (as a result of it replacing

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German production of sparkling wines dates back to 1826, when G. C. Kessler & Co. was founded in

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in October 1922. Another well known producer of sparkling wine is Carastelec; their brand is called

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There are several methods used to carry out this secondary fermentation. The most well known is the

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wines. The amount of pressure in the wine is determined by the amount of sugar added during the

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The first facility to produce Sekt following the original French recipe was founded in 1825 in

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Espumoso is the cheapest and lowest level of sparkling wine, made by injecting the wine with CO

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is French for "sparkling" and can refer to a sparkling wine made using methods other than the

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method (35%). The Niagara Peninsula region's micro-climate is well suited for the growth of

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are not ideal and grapes destined for sparkling wine production may be harvested at higher

332:. During the cold winters of the Champagne region, temperatures would drop so low that the 273: 260: 200: 2492:

and is the fourth and newest Designated Viticultural Area (DVA) in the Province. Like the

1446: 8: 4772: 4724: 4624: 3868: 2529: 2513: 2323: 2219: 1880: 1722: 1394: 1269: 1222: 560: 521: 333: 313:

and carbonic gas caused some critics to call the sparkling creations "The Devil's Wine".

230: 208: 4174: 3365: 2314:

techniques that have a considerable effect on the taste of the wines. In Champagne, the

2222:, just as Champagne in France, which allows the production of the highest quality wine. 1821: 1636:(German for sparkling wine, literally "foam wine"), while semi-sparkling wine is called 956:

Sparkling wines designated Crémant ("creamy") were originally named because their lower

649:) are removed from the wine while still maintaining the dissolved carbon dioxide gas. A 4762: 4267: 3255: 2193: 1978: 1868: 1782: 1252: 1055: 961: 624: 513: 462: 345: 281: 235: 3600: 2292: 1242: 469:; in central Italy, lesser known Red Vernaccia produces semi-sweet sparkling reds. In 4716: 4663: 4247: 3985: 3788: 3722: 3489: 3378: 3349: 3287: 3204: 3183: 3162: 3138: 3093: 3069: 3048: 3027: 2962: 2941: 2834: 2785: 2764: 2740: 2719: 2698: 2677: 2645: 2493: 2441: 2283: 2012: 2007:

In the Soviet Union, sparkling wine was produced under the name Soviet Champagne, or

1539: 1496: 1341: 1079: 1071: 988: 599: 533: 377: 358: 152: 4184: 3806:"South Africa's Stellenrust Clement de Lure MCC wins World Sparkling Wine Challenge" 2362:

sparkling wine from other grapes such as the traditional Chardonnay and Pinot noir.

2173: 1875:

which Schlumberger bought in 1843, and the sparkling wine was an immediate success.

1538:. The wine is noted for its low alcohol levels around 8% and fresh, grapey flavors. 1102:

with some Chenin blanc and Chardonnay. The wine must spend a minimum of nine months

320:

where merchant houses would then bottle the wine for sale. During the 17th century,

4507: 4434: 4297: 4199: 2544: 2375: 2339: 2207: 1946:, France to Budafok in 1882 and Louis és César-François founded in 1886. After the 1911: 1500: 1414: 1298: 1075: 882: 866: 685: 509: 458: 364: 171: 3506: 2500:

and micro-climate are well suited for cool climate grapes where wineries, such as

2146: 1829: 895:

Champagne is produced at the far extreme of viticultural circumstances, where the

707: 4862: 4683: 4600: 4386: 4214: 4149: 4092: 4055: 3935: 3826: 2985: 2583: 2540:

traditional grape varieties and method of secondary fermentation being employed.

2411: 2300: 2181: 2165: 1982: 1516: 1508: 1350:

laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions and must be made according to the

1139: 1051: 751:

by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster. A study conducted at the

389: 325: 175: 144: 2246: 238:

started production in Hungary using French methods, learned as an apprentice in

4752: 4701: 4655: 4512: 4484: 4459: 4380: 4369: 4364: 4262: 4229: 4045: 3990: 3966: 3861: 3618: 2548: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2346:

wines from the region has resulted in an increasing number of producers making

2296: 2177: 2032: 1958: 1817: 1730: 1531: 1149: 1125: 1099: 1095: 1043: 1019: 957: 537: 491: 474: 470: 337: 269: 186: 121: 113: 4757: 2998: 1310: 388:) of pressure in the bottle. This is more than twice the pressure found in an 4906: 4881: 4782: 4691: 4589: 4497: 4492: 4169: 3961: 3770: 3324:

Gesetz zur Besteuerung von Schaumwein und Zwischenerzeugnissen (SchaumwZwStG)

2254: 1986: 1845: 1649: 1596: 1492: 964:, and have to fulfill strict production criteria. In France, there are eight 862: 838: 756: 739: 525: 516:. In areas like Australia, winemakers aim to harvest the grapes at 17 to 20° 385: 265: 124:

countries legally reserve that word for products exclusively produced in the

1970: 1872: 923: 825:

The most well-known example of sparkling wine is that of Champagne from the

589:, most sparkling wines are blends of several grape varieties, vineyards and 4568: 4159: 4097: 4087: 4040: 2587: 2561: 2353: 2335: 2169: 1966: 1645: 1641: 1115: 1103: 1039: 1027: 937: 772:

Sweetness of wine § Terms used to indicate sweetness of sparkling wine

726: 545: 501: 445: 341: 309: 285: 277: 148: 133: 4317: 1354:

with second fermentation in the bottle and uses a selection of the grapes

1161: 174:, in a large tank designed to withstand the pressures involved (as in the 4886: 4837: 4800: 4594: 4449: 4439: 4337: 4102: 4033: 3892: 2466: 2431: 2383: 2311: 1853: 1841: 1799: 1738: 1694: 1566: 1306: 1247: 1237: 1083: 993: 933: 702: 667: 646: 376:

Fully sparkling wines, such as Champagne, are generally sold with 5 to 6

220: 179: 4219: 3270:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010, ISBN 978-3527327522, S. 47 1363: 1274: 968:

for sparkling wine which include the designation Crémant in their name:

328:

stoppers, once used by the Romans but forgotten for centuries after the

4790: 4706: 4696: 4647: 4553: 4548: 4533: 4469: 4464: 4429: 4327: 4322: 4282: 4209: 4154: 4144: 4126: 4082: 4070: 4060: 4018: 3844: 3834: 3398: 2579: 2575: 2574:

order to use MCC on the label. Traditional Champagne varieties such as

2470: 2458: 2304: 2211: 2142: 2122: 2118: 1931: 1927: 1895: 1832:

grape. Austria's history of producing sparkling wine dates back to the

1742: 1737:), although "Sekt" already appears as a term and spelling in 1805 (see 1702: 1698: 1670:) only from grapes from one of the 13 quality wine regions in Germany. 1520: 1371: 1367: 1325: 1087: 1059: 1035: 834: 830: 782: 743: 720: 716: 642: 586: 541: 505: 317: 292: 212: 4139: 1091: 788: 520:(the sugar content of a solution). Unlike still wine production, high 195: 4668: 4558: 4538: 4474: 4454: 4444: 4404: 4342: 4224: 4164: 4065: 3910: 2478: 2395: 2387: 2274: 1891: 1876: 1512: 1504: 1484:

produced by Carlo Gancia which was then sold as "Moscato Champagne".

1422: 1359: 1290: 917:

has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union.

901: 454: 450: 369: 140: 136: 117: 99: 94: 3464: 2048: 1939: 1595:) styles. The wine is produced in the cool hills around the town of 730:

As the bubbles rise to the surface of the glass, they form a frothy

243: 4414: 4409: 4399: 4292: 4272: 4239: 4204: 4050: 4013: 3925: 3920: 3905: 2595: 2462: 2391: 2343: 2270: 2266: 1768:(safety cage) to hold the cork in place despite its considerable CO 1690: 1584: 1554: 1549: 1488: 1468: 1442: 1418: 1294: 689: 638: 578: 400: 204: 4134: 2315: 1313:

in Catalonia, 40 km to the south west of Barcelona, with the

1047: 573: 199:

refer to sparkling wine not made in the Champagne region, such as

4867: 4673: 4424: 4277: 4252: 4179: 3915: 3559: 3446: 3377:

Gábor Rohály (ed) "Magyar Bor Könyve" pp. 94–97, Akó Press 2001,

2608: 2591: 2508: 2497: 2454: 2437: 2371: 2319: 2262: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 1990: 1974: 1935: 1923: 1849: 1764: 1562: 1462: 1410: 1375: 1355: 1110:

is composed predominately of Mauzac and is aged for nine months.

858: 742:

puts the number at 250 million. The bubbles initially form at 20

610: 590: 466: 4028: 2481:, including biscuit, subtle yeast and palate cleansing bubbles. 1863:, who presented his first sparkling wine in 1846 under the name 1825: 1450: 1094:

is often used to fill out the remaining parts of the blend. The

549: 441: 129: 4832: 4795: 4419: 4307: 4302: 3554: 3552: 3550: 2445: 2407: 2399: 2379: 2215: 2110: 1884: 1837: 1806: 1302: 1031: 936:

and fruit while Pinot meunier contributes substantially to the

429: 296: 116:

in it, making it fizzy. While it is common to refer to this as

2516:

of Icewine, which is slightly off-dry with a hint of Icewine.

1729:(1787–1842), who had previously worked at the Champagne house 1067: 223:

from Italy (the generic Italian term for sparkling wine being

4616: 4332: 4287: 4257: 2474: 2114: 1943: 1605:(Vini frizzanti di qualità prodotti in regioni determinate): 1406: 1165:

Blanquette de Limoux wine from the Languedoc region of France

1078:

but those grapes are rarely used in a significant amount. In

1063: 1026:. The wines must also be aged for a minimum of one year. The 908:

soil produces grapes that have a certain balance of acidity,

905: 564: 304: 239: 3547: 2356:

producers such as Glenora and Casa Larga are also producing

2282:

requirements and wine laws do not regulate sugar levels and

891:

Champagne can only come from the Champagne region of France.

132:, but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the 3884: 3840: 1535: 517: 394: 109: 3278: 3276: 1453:

is an example of high-quality Espumante from this region.

3659:"Best of sparkling 2016 | Australian Wine Companion" 3228:. Chemistry Europe (chemistryviews.org). 17 December 2010 2979:

Institut Viti-Vinicole Grand Duché de Luxembourg: Cremant

2851:

Conversation, Geoff Scollary for The (31 December 2021).

1848:. Like its German counterpart, Austrian Sekt can be made 1666: 1599:

and are generally dry but sweeter examples are produced.

1184:

can only be used for wines that have been made using the

1022:

by hand with yields not exceeding a set amount for their

3248:

Sekt, Champagner & Co. So prickelnd kann Chemie sein

2484:

An emerging sparkling wine-focused region in Ontario is

2370:

Canada's sparkling wine producers are found in Southern

1577:

of pressure instead of 6 for an expression of softness.

163:

varieties (French for 'hard' and 'soft', respectively).

3853: 3273: 3068:

Third Edition pp 143–144, Oxford University Press 2006

2930: 2795: 2763:(third ed.), pp. 272–273. Oxford University Press 2006 2644:

Third Edition pp 656–660, Oxford University Press 2006

2528:

Australian sparkling wines from Domaine Chandon in the

2201: 2130: 1867:(White sparkling wine of Vöslau). It was produced from 1333:(no longer permitted under EU law), or colloquially as 1018:

French appellation laws dictate that a Crémant must be

3721:(3rd ed.), pp. 163–167. Oxford University Press, 2006 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 1309:) white or pink sparkling wine produced mainly in the 3771:"Méthode Cap Classique, Part 1: Viticulture – Vinlab" 3480: 3478: 3084: 3082: 2833:, pp. 136–137. New York: Clarkson Potter Publishing. 1879:-born Schlumberger had worked in the Champagne house 1824:

grapes giving the wine a golden hue color. Sparkling

540:

and separated from their skins. Red wine grapes like

128:

of France. Sparkling wine is usually either white or

1142:, Crémant de Luxembourg is a designation within the 1005:

There are also Crémant designations outside France:

2755: 2753: 2655: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2504:, specialize in the production of sparkling wines. 2291:came to set up wineries in the area. These include 2035:has been regularly available in the United States. 1689:Some of the premium wines are often made using the 1461:"Spumante" redirects here. Not to be confused with 457:. Also very well known and with rich tradition are 440:While the majority of sparkling wines are white or 3777: 3475: 3193: 3079: 3047:(3rd ed.), p. 209. Oxford University Press, 2006. 1859:The first Austrian producer of sparkling wine was 1324:. The vineyards of Penedés were devastated by the 913:the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term 3711: 3447:"Wines of Ukraine – Ukrainian wineries and wines" 3421:"UK Food Standards Agency, Wine Standards Branch" 3058: 2708: 2352:sparkling wines from primarily or 100% Riesling. 4904: 3738:Tapia P (2011), Descorchados, Santiago, Planeta. 3172: 3151: 2891: 2750: 2621: 2414:winery's 2004 Brut Reserve placed higher than a 1258: 3348:(3rd ed.) p. 620, Oxford University Press 2006 3254:8. Dezember 2009: Vol. 43, Issue 6, S. 418–432 2896:(2nd ed.). Winepros.com.au. Archived from 2590:. Sparkling wine is also made according to the 1952: 1916: 357:"Frizzante" redirects here. For the horse, see 303:was originally charged by his superiors at the 2951: 2887: 2885: 1632:injection must not be called Sekt, but rather 1561:The Franciacorta region, located northwest of 1156: 776:History of Champagne § From sweet to brut 473:, red sparkling wines are often made from the 27:Wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide 4632: 3869: 3297: 3222:"Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co – Part 2" 3110: 3108: 3106: 3016: 2774: 2687: 2674:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia (4th Edition) 2109:In Romania, sparkling wine is mostly made in 1788:Germans also call some similar foreign wines 816:(fewer than 12 grams of sugar per litre) 3595: 3593: 3591: 3338: 3143:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3037: 3026:(3rd ed.), p. 460. Oxford University Press. 2850: 2825: 2823: 2357: 2347: 1836:. Most Austrian Sekt producers are based in 1656:is made exclusively from German grapes, and 1530:Asti is a slightly sweet wine made from the 1476:According to etymological sources, the term 1381: 1289:is the name of a type of Spanish (mostly in 1185: 1175: 1133: 1119: 810:(fewer than 6 grams of sugar per litre) 804:(fewer than 3 grams of sugar per litre) 792:A French champagne designated as "Extra Dry" 336:process was prematurely halted—leaving some 3423:. Food.gov.uk. 19 July 2006. Archived from 2882: 2235: 2187: 2077:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 528:. Care is taken to avoid tannins and other 224: 4639: 4625: 3876: 3862: 3413: 3103: 2386:, where growing conditions mirror that of 2240: 2038: 1996: 155:of sparkling wine can range from very dry 3588: 3286:pp. 528–529, 583 Workman Publishing 2001 3121:"Savor: Franciacorta de Meglio in Meglio" 3114: 2894:"Oxford Companion to Wine : Crémant" 2872:"Does putting a spoon in Champagne work?" 2820: 2152: 2113:. The same traditional method is used in 2097:Learn how and when to remove this message 1456: 605: 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 3839: 2940:, pp. 207, 267–268. Workman Publishing. 2523: 2444:, is the largest wine growing region in 1672: 1548: 1467: 1273: 1160: 947: 886: 820: 787: 725: 706: 609: 490: 363: 93: 43:This article includes a list of general 4817:Clarification and stabilization of wine 3637:"Sparkling Icewine – Uniquely Canadian" 2869: 2218:. Those regions are located around the 1441:Top-quality Espumantes can be found in 14: 4905: 3399:"United Kingdom Vineyards Association" 2920:"Savoie Fizz Joins The Cremant Family" 1812:In Austria, Sekt is often made in the 1340:Cava is produced in varying levels of 352: 4620: 3857: 3838: 2547:, a red sparkling wine produced from 1781:in 1902 to fund the expansion of the 1393: 869:are the most well-known producers of 435: 3391: 3199:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy 3178:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy 3157:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy 2676:pp 169–178, Dorling Kindersley 2005 2129:. Rhein Azuga Cellars, now owned by 2075:adding citations to reliable sources 2042: 29: 3787:, pp. 442–448. Dorling Kindersley. 3619:"Hinterland Wine Company, About Us" 3488:, pp. 652–655. Workman Publishing. 3092:pp 455–460 Workman Publishing 2001 2870:Douglas, Ellie (13 December 2016). 2718:pp 46–47, Harper Collins Publisher 1628:. Cheap sparkling wine made with CO 1573:, is produced with the reduced 4.5 24: 3226:Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co 2206:) is mostly being produced in the 1472:A lightly sparkling Moscato d'Asti 1293:but also in other regions such as 1180:such as the Charmat method, while 170:, either in a bottle, as with the 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 4929: 3901:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 3820: 2924:Wine-Searcher News & Features 2737:1000 Years of Annoying the French 1914:equivalent for sparkling wine is 1840:and source their grapes from the 1587:is made in both fully sparkling ( 1208:Blanquette méthode ancestrale AOC 845:and are governed under their own 585:(white of whites) made from 100% 182:in some cheaper sparkling wines. 4880: 4588: 2697:p. 25, Harper Collins Publisher 2210:of the country, particularly in 2131:Domeniile Alexandrion Rhein 1892 2047: 711:Bubbles in a rosé sparkling wine 330:fall of the Western Roman Empire 34: 3798: 3785:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 3763: 3741: 3732: 3702: 3681: 3651: 3629: 3611: 3570: 3521: 3509:. Cornell University Law School 3499: 3457: 3439: 3371: 3366:Wein-Plus Glossar: Schlumberger 3359: 3312: 3260: 3240: 3214: 3203:pp. 129–130, Hungry Minds 2001 2991: 2972: 2912: 2863: 2844: 2568: 1871:grapes growing in vineyards in 1772:pressure. It also comes with a 1613:are generally labeled as such. 1233:Either still or sparkling are: 848:Appellation d'origine contrôlée 645:, the dead yeast cells (called 512:early when there is still high 4646: 3560:"VQA Ontario Wines – Overview" 3346:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 3326:. Bundesministerium der Justiz 3066:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 2961:, p. 302. Workman Publishing. 2784:, p. 790. Workman Publishing. 2729: 2642:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 2488:. The county is noted for its 2125:and a Romanian variety called 577:. While there are examples of 217:Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico 13: 1: 4843:Glossary of viticulture terms 3578:"Canada's bubbly personality" 3465:"Wineries – Wines of Ukraine" 2614: 2486:Prince Edward County, Ontario 1259:Other European sparkling wine 1014:Crémant de Wallonie (Belgium) 480: 4848:Glossary of winemaking terms 3719:The Oxford Companion to Wine 3182:pp 95–98, Hungry Minds 2001 3161:pp 61–62, Hungry Minds 2001 3045:The Oxford Companion to Wine 3024:The Oxford Companion to Wine 2803:"How Sparkling Wine is Made" 2761:The Oxford Companion to Wine 2519: 2192:In Ukraine, sparkling wine ( 1762:Sekt typically comes with a 876: 765: 229:), Espumante from Portugal, 178:), or as a result of simple 7: 3828:De salubri potu dissertatio 3368:, accessed on 6 March 2013. 2988:, accessed on 1 April 2008. 2602: 2502:The Hinterland Wine Company 2202: 1611:made within defined regions 1157:Other French sparkling wine 1124:being forbidden within the 1106:on its lees. The sparkling 567:. The wines may go through 112:with significant levels of 10: 4934: 4768:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 3401:. Englishwineproducers.com 3256:doi:10.1002/ciuz.200900520 2892:Winepros Limited (2000) . 2739:p. 179, Bantam Press 2010 2450:Niagara Peninsula wineries 2448:. Approximately 26 of the 2156: 2000: 1865:Vöslauer weißer Schaumwein 1460: 1267: 943: 880: 769: 700: 696: 484: 356: 268:has been observed in wine 258: 254: 4876: 4858:History of the wine press 4825: 4809: 4781: 4748:Sparkling wine production 4733: 4715: 4682: 4654: 4582: 4521: 4483: 4378: 4355: 4238: 4125: 4113: 4006: 3934: 3891: 3851: 3305:Johann Christian Schedel 3201:Italian Wines for Dummies 3180:Italian Wines for Dummies 3159:Italian Wines for Dummies 2594:method and red sparkling 2496:, Prince Edward County's 2490:Prince Edward County Wine 2365: 2197: 1905: 1861:Robert Alwin Schlumberger 1752:European Court of Justice 1591:) and lightly sparkling ( 1557:sparkling wine from Italy 1534:grape in the province of 1391:Portuguese pronunciation: 1382:Portuguese sparkling wine 581:sparkling wines, such as 552:sparkling wines and some 487:Sparkling wine production 284:as well as both good and 249:United Kingdom winemakers 4853:Wine tasting descriptors 4574:Wine tasting descriptors 4503:Phenolic content in wine 4395:Alternative wine closure 3979:Great French Wine Blight 3883: 3268:Chemische Köstlichkeiten 2984:23 December 2017 at the 2554: 2440:, and in particular the 2236:New World sparkling wine 2188:Ukrainian sparkling wine 1203:Blanquette de Limoux AOC 897:grape struggles to ripen 322:English glass production 180:carbon dioxide injection 4743:Malolactic fermentation 3810:Stellenrust Wine Estate 3309:, Leipzig 1790, p. 306. 2241:American sparkling wine 2039:Romanian sparkling wine 2009:Sovetskoye Shampanskoye 2003:Sovetskoye Shampanskoye 1997:Sovetskoye Shampanskoye 1834:Austro-Hungarian empire 1756:winemaking cooperatives 1727:Georg Christian Kessler 1662:bestimmter Anbaugebiete 1616: 1263: 1144:Moselle Luxembourgeoise 1034:and are a blend of the 569:malolactic fermentation 444:, Australia, Italy and 64:more precise citations. 3117:The World of Fine Wine 2714:D. & P. Kladstrup 2693:D. & P. Kladstrup 2532: 2424:Henry of Pelham Winery 2358: 2348: 2159:English sparkling wine 2153:English sparkling wine 2135:Royal House of Romania 1953: 1940:József Törley és Társa 1917: 1686: 1683:high-speed photography 1626:méthode traditionnelle 1558: 1473: 1457:Italian sparkling wine 1347:denominación de origen 1283: 1282:(semi-dry) rosado Cava 1213:Bourgogne mousseux AOC 1186: 1176: 1166: 1134: 1120: 953: 892: 793: 735: 712: 619: 606:Secondary fermentation 595:secondary fermentation 497: 373: 272:and has been noted by 102: 4544:Wine and food pairing 3783:T. Stevenson (2005). 3605:winecountryontario.ca 2527: 2507:Sparkling icewine in 2307:'s Domaine Carneros. 2214:, Prychornomoria and 1745:in general. The 1919 1676: 1552: 1471: 1277: 1228:Touraine mousseux AOC 1164: 1010:Crémant de Luxembourg 951: 890: 827:Champagne wine region 821:French sparkling wine 791: 770:Further information: 729: 710: 613: 494: 367: 251:after a long hiatus. 97: 4195:Muscat of Alexandria 3663:winecompanion.com.au 2295:'s Domaine Chandon, 2257:where, in 1892, the 2251:Russian River Valley 2071:improve this section 1747:Treaty of Versailles 1677:Opening a bottle of 1395:[ɨʃpuˈmɐ̃tɨ] 1218:Clairette de Die AOC 1193:Sparkling-only are: 1108:Blanquette de Limoux 1046:. AOC laws do allow 980:Crémant de Bourgogne 753:University of Surrey 749:alcohol intoxication 378:standard atmospheres 305:Abbey of Hautvillers 261:History of Champagne 201:Blanquette de Limoux 4773:Yeast in winemaking 4725:Carbonic maceration 3689:"Australian report" 3484:K. MacNeil (2001). 3252:Chemie unserer Zeit 3043:J. Robinson (ed.). 3022:J. Robinson (ed.). 2957:K. MacNeil (2001). 2936:K. MacNeil (2001). 2829:G. Harding (2005). 2780:K. MacNeil (2001). 2359:méthode champenoise 2349:méthode champenoise 2342:and the success of 2220:46th parallel north 1883:before he moved to 1814:méthode champenoise 1723:Esslingen am Neckar 1482:méthode champenoise 1342:dryness of the wine 1316:méthode champenoise 1270:Cava (Spanish wine) 1223:Saumur mousseux AOC 1187:méthode champenoise 1177:méthode champenoise 1135:méthode champenoise 1121:méthode champenoise 977:Crémant de Bordeaux 915:methode champenoise 353:Semi-sparkling wine 318:wooden wine barrels 4763:Traditional method 4564:Wine personalities 4268:Cabernet Sauvignon 3773:. 11 January 2017. 3717:J. Robinson (ed.) 3669:on 1 December 2017 3623:hinterlandwine.com 3266:Prof. Klaus Roth: 3246:Prof. Klaus Roth: 2759:J. Robinson (ed.) 2672:T. Stevenson, ed. 2533: 2334:The growth of the 1869:Blauer Portugieser 1828:are made from the 1779:Emperor Wilhelm II 1687: 1667:Qualitätswein b.A. 1652:. Sekt labeled as 1559: 1474: 1352:Traditional Method 1284: 1198:Anjou mousseux AOC 1167: 1056:Cabernet Sauvignon 962:traditional method 954: 952:A Crémant d'Alsace 932:. Pinot noir adds 893: 871:methode ancestrale 854:methode ancestrale 794: 736: 713: 659:methode ancestrale 630:"champagne method" 620: 530:phenolic compounds 498: 436:Red sparkling wine 384:; 510 to 610 374: 346:Christopher Merret 282:phases of the moon 270:throughout history 172:traditional method 159:styles to sweeter 103: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4664:Late harvest wine 4614: 4613: 4351: 4350: 4248:Alicante Bouschet 3996:Judgment of Paris 3831:free Google ebook 3535:on 6 October 2011 3344:J. Robinson (ed) 3320:"§ 2 Steuertarif" 3064:J. Robinson (ed) 2831:A Wine Miscellany 2640:J. Robinson (ed) 2494:Niagara Peninsula 2442:Niagara Peninsula 2338:wine industry in 2284:sweetness of wine 2107: 2106: 2099: 1805:(often red) from 1664:, in parallel to 1331:Spanish Champagne 1001:Crémant de Savoie 994:Crémant de Limoux 757:levels of alcohol 359:Frizzante (horse) 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 4925: 4918:Wine terminology 4885: 4884: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4593: 4592: 4508:Proteins in wine 4175:Grüner Veltliner 4123: 4122: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3836: 3835: 3814: 3813: 3802: 3796: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696:tysonstelzer.com 3693: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3665:. Archived from 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3597: 3586: 3585: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3556: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3531:. Archived from 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3295: 3280: 3271: 3264: 3258: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3197: 3191: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3133:on 13 July 2011. 3132: 3126:. Archived from 3125: 3115:Stevenson, Tom, 3112: 3101: 3086: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2989: 2976: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2900:on 9 August 2008 2889: 2880: 2879: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2848: 2842: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2799: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2757: 2748: 2733: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2691: 2685: 2670: 2653: 2638: 2545:sparkling Shiraz 2376:British Columbia 2361: 2351: 2340:New York (state) 2289:champagne houses 2261:(emigrated from 2205: 2199: 2139:King Ferdinand I 2102: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2051: 2043: 1965:or natives like 1956: 1920: 1822:Grüner Veltliner 1803: 1397: 1392: 1189: 1179: 1137: 1123: 998:Crémant de Loire 973:Crémant d'Alsace 883:Champagne (wine) 867:Clairette de Die 670:such as 3 litre 126:Champagne region 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4913:Sparkling wines 4903: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4887:Wine portal 4879: 4872: 4863:History of wine 4821: 4805: 4777: 4729: 4711: 4692:Deacidification 4678: 4650: 4645: 4615: 4610: 4595:Wine portal 4587: 4578: 4517: 4479: 4384: 4374: 4347: 4234: 4215:Sauvignon blanc 4150:Cayetana blanca 4118: 4116:grape varieties 4109: 4002: 3930: 3887: 3882: 3847: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3639:. 14 March 2012 3635: 3634: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3599: 3598: 3589: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3558: 3557: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3483: 3476: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3198: 3194: 3177: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3123: 3113: 3104: 3087: 3080: 3063: 3059: 3042: 3038: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2999:"Sula Classics" 2997: 2996: 2992: 2986:Wayback Machine 2977: 2973: 2956: 2952: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2883: 2868: 2864: 2849: 2845: 2828: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2779: 2775: 2758: 2751: 2734: 2730: 2713: 2709: 2692: 2688: 2671: 2656: 2639: 2622: 2617: 2605: 2584:Sauvignon blanc 2571: 2557: 2522: 2412:Benjamin Bridge 2368: 2301:Roederer Estate 2293:Moët et Chandon 2259:Korbel brothers 2243: 2238: 2190: 2161: 2155: 2127:Fetească Regală 2103: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2068: 2052: 2041: 2005: 1999: 1908: 1797: 1771: 1631: 1619: 1571:Blanc de blancs 1466: 1459: 1437: 1390: 1384: 1329:referred to as 1272: 1266: 1261: 1243:Saint-Péray AOC 1159: 1052:Sauvignon blanc 989:Crémant du Jura 946: 885: 879: 823: 778: 768: 705: 699: 664:transfer method 641:and eventually 632:where the base 616:transfer method 608: 583:blanc de blancs 489: 483: 438: 390:automobile tire 380:(73 to 88 362: 355: 263: 257: 176:Charmat process 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Sparkling wines 15: 12: 11: 5: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4753:Sugars in wine 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4702:Chaptalization 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4529:Classification 4525: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4513:Sugars in wine 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4485:Wine chemistry 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4460:Wine dispenser 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4263:Cabernet Franc 4260: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4230:Welschriesling 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4185:Müller-Thurgau 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3952:Ancient Greece 3949: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3821:External links 3819: 3816: 3815: 3797: 3776: 3762: 3740: 3731: 3710: 3701: 3680: 3650: 3628: 3610: 3587: 3569: 3546: 3520: 3498: 3486:The Wine Bible 3474: 3456: 3438: 3427:on 7 June 2012 3412: 3390: 3386:(in Hungarian) 3370: 3358: 3337: 3311: 3296: 3284:The Wine Bible 3272: 3259: 3239: 3213: 3192: 3171: 3150: 3102: 3090:The Wine Bible 3078: 3057: 3036: 3015: 3003:Sula Vineyards 2990: 2971: 2959:The Wine Bible 2950: 2938:The Wine Bible 2929: 2911: 2881: 2862: 2843: 2819: 2794: 2782:The Wine Bible 2773: 2749: 2728: 2707: 2686: 2654: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2601: 2570: 2567: 2556: 2553: 2521: 2518: 2428:Jackson-Triggs 2420:Cristal (wine) 2416:Louis Roederer 2367: 2364: 2297:Louis Roederer 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2224:Transcarpathia 2189: 2186: 2178:Reichensteiner 2174:Müller-Thurgau 2157:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2105: 2104: 2055: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2001:Main article: 1998: 1995: 1959:Muscat Ottonel 1907: 1904: 1856:(medium dry). 1818:Welschriesling 1769: 1731:Veuve Clicquot 1712:Sektkellereien 1654:Deutscher Sekt 1629: 1618: 1615: 1609:vini frizzanti 1540:Moscato d'Asti 1525:Charmat method 1458: 1455: 1445:region and in 1435: 1383: 1380: 1322:Josep Raventós 1268:Main article: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1158: 1155: 1150:Sula Vineyards 1126:European Union 1096:Languedoc wine 1072:Pineau d'aunis 1044:Cabernet franc 1016: 1015: 1012: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 991: 986: 984:Crémant de Die 981: 978: 975: 958:carbon dioxide 945: 942: 881:Main article: 878: 875: 822: 819: 818: 817: 811: 805: 767: 764: 698: 695: 680:Charmat method 607: 604: 554:blanc de noirs 485:Main article: 482: 479: 465:and sparkling 437: 434: 354: 351: 338:residual sugar 310:catcher's mask 256: 253: 187:European Union 139:, Bonarda and 122:European Union 114:carbon dioxide 106:Sparkling wine 88: 87: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4930: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 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4358: 4357:Major regions 4354: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313:Montepulciano 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 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3175: 3168: 3167:0-7645-5355-0 3164: 3160: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3122: 3119:(June 2008). 3118: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3098:1-56305-434-5 3095: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3074:0-19-860990-6 3071: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3053:0-19-860990-6 3050: 3046: 3040: 3033: 3032:0-19-860990-6 3029: 3025: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2967:1-56305-434-5 2964: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2946:1-56305-434-5 2943: 2939: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2839:0-307-34635-8 2836: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2790:1-56305-434-5 2787: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2769:0-19-860990-6 2766: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2745:9780593062722 2742: 2738: 2732: 2725: 2724:0-06-073792-1 2721: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2703:0-06-073792-1 2700: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2682:0-7513-3740-4 2679: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2651: 2650:0-19-860990-6 2647: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 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1929: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:Lower Austria 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:Blaufränkisch 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1783:Imperial Navy 1780: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1597:Valdobbiadene 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1470: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1449:sub region – 1448: 1447:Távora-Varosa 1444: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1388: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1254: 1253:Montlouis AOC 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1163: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 969: 967: 963: 959: 950: 941: 939: 935: 931: 930:aging ability 926: 925: 918: 916: 911: 907: 903: 898: 889: 884: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855: 850: 849: 844: 840: 839:Pinot Meunier 836: 832: 828: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 799: 796: 795: 790: 786: 784: 777: 773: 763: 760: 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 740:Tom Stevenson 733: 728: 724: 722: 718: 709: 704: 694: 691: 687: 682: 681: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660: 654: 652: 648: 644: 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