Spanish conquest of Nicaragua

1217:. Diriangén came accompanied by a great many richly adorned followers, and said he had come to the bearded strangers and their animals for himself. After the initial encounter, Diriangén said he would return in three days. He returned on 17 April at midday, arrayed for battle. The Spanish were alerted to the surprise attack by one of the local natives; even so a violent struggle ensued that resulted in the wounding of various Spanish defenders. The use of their small number of horses assisted them, since they struck fear into the enemy. The Chorotega attack was beaten off, and González immediately sent messengers to call back an advance party consisting of friar Agüero accompanied by a number of soldiers, who had been advancing towards Diriangén's territory. The violent opposition of the Chorotega convinced González and his officers to turn back with the gold they had already collected. They marched back south through 1481:(about 21 km or 13 mi), killed a large number of indigenous men and women, dressed themselves in their skins and met the Spanish in battle, but were routed. By the beginning of August, Hernández was in the vicinity of León, passing through the native provinces of Imabite and Diriondo. It is likely that León was not actually founded until after this, but before April 1525, when Hernández sent a letter to Pedrarias Dávila, having already founded León and Granada. Undocumented indigenous resistance is supported by Spanish records showing that as early as 1524, prisoners of war were being shipped to Panama as slaves. 581: 1948: 1017:, probably on 18 October of that year, which became the key entry route to Nicaragua for later expeditions. This first tentative expedition made landfall at the Gulf of Nicoya, but did not establish a Spanish presence; they were met by a great number of native canoes carrying warriors, with more warriors amassed on the shore making a great display of force. Seeing that there would be fierce opposition, the ships turned back to Panama. The Spanish managed to capture three or four natives, who were taken back with them to learn Spanish and be used as interpreters. 1757:, moved into Nicaragua to challenge López de Salcedo, but was rejected by the colonists and was ordered back to Panama by the governor of Honduras. Meanwhile, Dávila had vociferously protested to the Spanish crown over his loss of governorship of Castilla del Oro, and in recompense was given the governorship of Nicaragua. López de Salcedo prepared to retreat back to Honduras, but was prevented by Martín de Estete and the Nicaraguan colonists, who now pledged their allegiance to Pedrarias Dávila. López de Salcedo's officials were arrested. 45: 1563:. Cortés at first responded in a friendly manner to Rojas' overtures. Upon meeting native resistance, Rojas' men began pillaging the district and enslaving the inhabitants. Cortés dispatched Sandoval to order Rojas out of the territory, and to release any Indians and their goods that he had seized. Sandoval was under orders to either capture Rojas, or expel him from Honduras, but in the event was unable to do either. While the two groups were still gathered, Rojas received orders from 1540:. Although he had won the day, González was aware that Hernández de Córdoba was unlikely to let matters rest, and he also received news that a new Spanish expedition had arrived on the north coast of Honduras. Not wishing to be surrounded by hostile Spanish rivals, González set de Soto free and rushed north. As events played out in Honduras, and Gil González lost the initiative, some of his men deserted and marched south to join the forces of Hernández de Córdoba in Nicaragua. 731: 148: 5402: 1162:. The Spanish captain gifted Nicarao with silk clothing and many other items brought from Spain. Over the course of the next few days, the Spanish instructed the natives in the basics of Christian religion. He claimed that after this, the natives wished to convert to the new religion, and that just over 9,000 people were baptised in one day, including adults and children of both genders. After several days in the Nicarao capital, González learned of 1352: 1122:, where Captain Antón Mayor formally took possession of the territory in the name of the Spanish crown, the first Spanish act in the territory of what is now Nicaragua. They met no opposition at that time, and the act was officially recorded by Juan de Almanza, who acted as scribe for the legal documentation. To commemorate this act, they named the place Posesión. Niño sailed onwards, making landfall on an island in the 1425:. There are no direct accounts of the expedition that founded these first Spanish towns; such accounts would have taken the form of letters sent to Pedrarias Dávila in Panama, where they were lost. It is known that the natives put up some resistance, but not how many battles were fought, nor where, nor who led indigenous resistance against the Spanish. Hernández is likely to have followed 1102:. By this time, González was weakened by sickness, and wished to continue by sea, but his men demanded he continue the march with them. They used one of the ships to cross to the western shore of the Gulf of Nicoya, where they were received enthusiastically by the natives. He pushed on overland, with 100 Spaniards and 4 horses. 932:. The Spanish Crown and the Church insisted that the conquered peoples were human souls meriting legal rights and protection, while some colonists claimed they were subhuman, and a valid resource for forced labour. These opposing viewpoints led to conflict between the authorities in Spain and the colonists on the ground in the 888: ft) long two-handed version was also used. Crossbows had 60-centimetre (2 ft) arms stiffened with hardwoods, horn, bone and cane, and supplied with a stirrup to facilitate drawing the string with a crank and pulley. Crossbows were easier to maintain than matchlocks, especially in the humid tropical climate of the 2134: 1306:

claims. The new expedition was a private enterprise under royal commission; the participants signed the two-year contract on 22 September 1523, with one third of the spoils to go to Pedrarias Dávila, and one sixth each to auditor Diego Marquez, treasurer Alonso de la Puente, lawyer Juan Rodríguez de

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In central Nicaragua, the temperature varies between 20 and 25 °C (68 and 77 °F); rainfall averages 1,000 to 2,000 mm (39 to 79 in) per year. There is a four-month dry season, with the rain season lasting throughout the rest of the year. Before the conquest, the Central Highlands

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nobles, who apologised for the hostile reception. González accepted the apology, due to the vulnerability of his forces. They spent the next night in a state of alert upon a hilltop; the next day they continued their retreat in defensive formation, crossing lands abandoned by the Indians until they

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territory, by now suspicious of all indigenous activity. They took up a defensive formation, in a compact group with a single mounted soldier on each side. In the main group, 60 of the fittest soldiers went ready for battle, while the wounded travelled with the supplies, gold, and native porters in

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in 1524, with two religious companions. One of the first actions performed upon entering an indigenous settlement was to plant a cross on top of the local shrine, to symbolically replace the native religion with the authority of the Church. Fathers Contreras and Blas Hernández established the first

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via a river, but that the river was too rocky to be navigable, with several waterfalls blocking progress. Nonetheless, the explorers were able to confirm the river's course, and that the land was heavily populated by indigenous groups, and that the terrain was forested. The party sent by Hernández

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had initially recovered a significant amount of gold, Spanish hopes of extracting great quantities of gold from the province proved ephemeral. Even when sources of gold were found, the collapse of native population levels meant that the Spanish were unable to work the mines. In 1533, the Spanish

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treasurer, Alonso de la Puente. Pedrarias Dávila had learned of their discovery of gold and acted quickly to outfit a new expedition in late 1523. While the two explorers put in a claim to the Spanish Crown of the lands they had discovered, he planned to seize control of the newly discovered

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Rumours, encouraged by Hernández de Córdoba's enemies, spread quickly in the colony that he was plotting with Cortés. About a dozen supporters of Hernando de Soto and Francisco de Compañón secretly plotted against Hernández de Córdoba; he responded by seizing de Soto and imprisoning him in

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Costa Rica-Panama Arbitration: Answer of Costa Rica to the Argument of Panama Before the Arbitrator, Hon. Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the United States, Under the Provisions of the Convention Between the Republic of Costa Rica and the Republic of Panama, Concluded March 17,

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Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America, covering an area of 129,494 square kilometres (49,998 sq mi) – or 120,254 km (46,430 sq mi) without including the surface area of its two largest lakes. The country is bordered to the north by

1181:("sweet sea"). González sent out a canoe to scout the lake for a short distance, and questioned the natives as to whether it connected with the sea, without receiving any clear response; nonetheless, the Spanish were convinced that the lake must have an outlet to the 1849:. By 1603, the Spanish had established their dominion over seventeen indigenous settlements in the north-central region that the Spanish named Segovia. The Spanish drafted warriors from these settlements to assist in putting down ongoing indigenous resistance in 310:. Nicaragua is divided into three broad regions, the Pacific Lowlands in the west, the Central Highlands, and the Caribbean Lowlands in the east. The Pacific lowlands are largely a coastal plain extending approximately 75 km (47 mi) inland from the 1921:

was that part that now falls within Nicaragua. However, together they formed one single Province that was created by a Royal Order of February 10, 1576. From the second half of the 17th century, both regions were together referred to as

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littoral plain received the brunt of the Spanish activity in the territory for the next three decades. Within a century of the conquest, the native inhabitants had been all but eliminated due to war, disease, and exportation as slaves.

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often went without metal armour, or only donned it immediately prior to battle. They were quick to adopt quilted cotton armour based upon that used by their native opponents, and commonly combined this with the use of a simple metal

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in October or November 1522. Due to damage sustained by their ships, and spoiled water, they decided to split up. Andrés Niño repaired the ships and scouted the coast, while Gil González penetrated inland with 100 Spaniards and 400

1663:, Francisco de Compañón, and Andrés de Garabito. These officers may also have been motivated by ambition to view Hernández de Córdoba's contact with Cortés as treachery against Pedrarias Dávila. Hernández de Córdoba's position in 1535:

to capture González. González caught Hernando de Soto by surprise with a night-time assault, and a number of de Soto's men were killed in the fighting that followed. González succeeded in capturing de Soto, along with 130,000

1763:

became the capital of the Nicaraguan colony, and Dávila transferred there as governor of the province in 1527. He arrived in León in March 1528, and was accepted everywhere as the rightful governor. He immediately imprisoned

1166:, and he sent a small detachment of soldiers to confirm its existence; he then travelled in person with 15 foot soldiers and 3 mounted soldiers. Among those who went with him to the lakeshore were the expedition's treasurer 695:

The discovery of the Aztec Empire and its great riches changed the focus of exploration out of Panama from the south to northwest. Various expeditions were then launched northwards involving notable conquistadors such as

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The population of Nicaragua at the time of contact is estimated at 825,000. The first century after Spanish contact witnessed the demographic collapse of the native populations, resulting principally from exposure to

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in 1535. He had himself lived in Nicaragua for a year and a half, from the very end of 1527 through to July 1529. His chronicle includes an account of the discovery of Nicaragua by Gil González Dávila. Chronicler

622:, and used these as a staging point to launch their campaigns of conquest on the continental mainland of the Americas. From Hispaniola, the Spanish launched expeditions and campaigns of conquest, reaching 1992: 1266:; González claimed that the total number of natives baptised by the expedition was 32,000. The overland expedition had collected a significant quantity of gold from the natives, amounting to 112,525 gold 567:

The Spanish described the Matagalpa as being well-organised, with ordered battle-lines. The Nicarao engaged in war with the Matagalpa, probably in order to capture slaves, and prisoners to be offered for

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was still beyond Spanish control, and that its inhabitants were a threat to those Spanish living on the borders of the region. In 1562, a new license of conquest was issued to the governor of Honduras,

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had any rights over Honduras, and that González would not permit them to take any action there. Rojas reported back to Hernández de Córdoba, who immediately dispatched soldiers under the command of

2111: 1749:, Pedraria Dávila's lieutenant there. His poor government soured relations with the colonists, and provoked the restless natives of northern Nicaragua into open revolt against Spanish authority. 1189:

isthmus. A great many natives came to see the newly arrived Europeans, driven by curiosity about their strange appearance and mode of dress, and horses, which the natives had never seen before.

4364:, Revista del Caribe Nicaragüense. 65: 6–23. Bluefields, Nicaragua: Bluefields Indian & Caribbean University/Centro de Investigaciones y Documentacion de la Costa Atlántica (BICU/CIDCA). 2050:

from 1655 onwards, and with groups of English colonists that had settled along the Mosquito Coast. They became the dominant coastal group, allying or subjugating other groups in the region.

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flows south out of Lake Managua and into Lake Nicaragua, which empties into the Caribbean via the San Juan River. The Central Highlands reach altitudes of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft)

2090:, a measles epidemic had killed so many natives that there were none left to extract the ore. By the end of the 16th century, Nicaragua contained a relatively modest 500 Spanish colonists. 895:

Metal armour was of limited use in the hot, wet tropical climate. It was heavy and had to be constantly cleaned to prevent rusting; in direct sunlight, metal armour became unbearably hot.

1616:. Cortés responded courteously and offered supplies while the expedition was passing through Honduras, but sent letters advising Hernández de Córdoba to remain loyal to Pedrarias Dávila. 908:

were considered essential by both infantry and cavalry; generally this was a circular target shield, convex in form and fashioned from iron or wood. Rings secured it to the arm and hand.

176: 1671:. Hernández de Córdoba's growing claim over the territory may also have caused Pedrarias Dávila to view his contacts with Cortés with deep suspicion, and a threat to Dávila's own claim. 1391: 1378:

in mid-October 1523, probably on 15 October. The expedition consisted of three or four ships, carrying over 200 men, including officers, foot soldiers, cavalry, and approximately 16

1158:, and received him in peace. He invited the Spaniards to lodge near the city plaza and the two leaders exchanged gifts; González wrote that he received the equivalent of 15,000 gold 1154:, who commanded many warriors. He was advised not to continue, but decided to march on until he met opposition. Nicarao intercepted Gil González outside his capital city, called 2028: 1520: 1490: 1399: 759: 5267: 4463:. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala and South Woodstock, Vermont: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies. 3677: 1667:

was consolidated by his foundation of three colonial towns there, although his contract for conquest specifically limited his license to two years from the day he sailed from

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on the mainland to the west of their Caribbean island settlements and, in 1519, Hernán Cortés set sail to explore the Mexican coast. By August 1521 the Aztec capital of

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into 1525 in a continued attempt to extend Nicaraguan jurisdiction there; he was told by native informants of new Spanish arrivals in Honduras, where, in September,

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had returned to the anchorage a few days previously, but all the ships were in poor repair and the Spanish expedition was forced to make the arduous journey back to

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in the 1490s. In the first decades after the discovery of the new lands, the Spanish colonised the Caribbean and established a centre of operations on the island of

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requested reinforcements to pursue the Matagalpa and punish their revolt, in order to discourage neighbouring peoples from allying with them against the Spanish.

3922:. Antigua Guatemala: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies, South Woodstock, Vermont. 2109:

containing his most complete account of his actions there. Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés dedicated the entire 16-chapter Book IV of the Third Part of his

1167: 5300: 1494: 1387: 6993: 4596:". Yearbook (Conference of Latin Americanist Geographers) Vol. 17/18, BENCHMARK 1990 (1991/1992): pp. 127–138. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 4459:

Solórzano Fonseca, Juan Carlos (December 1992). "La búsqueda de oro y la resistencia indígena: campañas de exploración y conquista de Costa Rica, 1502–1610".

2164: 1336: 1087: 1006: 351: 1746: 1335:. Although González expedition was the first to set foot in Nicaragua, Pedrarias Dávila based his own claim upon the earlier discovery of the territory by 1784:. López de Salcedo returned to Honduras as a broken man early in 1529. This agreement settled the jurisdictional disputes between Nicaragua and Honduras. 1519:). The jurisdictional limits of Nicaragua had not yet been set, and Gil González viewed himself as the rightful governor of the territory. Hernández sent 1174: 937: 738:

The conquistadors were all volunteers, the majority of whom did not receive a fixed salary but instead a portion of the spoils of victory, in the form of

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opposed their taking possession, arguing that they were not Balboa's exclusive property. González Dávila and Niño therefore built their own ships on the

7013: 5928: 5260: 3958:(in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: Centro de Investigación en Identidad y Cultura Latinoamericanas (CIICLA), Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from 2046:, when surviving Africans intermixed with the indigenous coastal groups. The Miskito Sambu developed strong ties to English colonists that settled in 7931: 1799: 523:, who engaged in organised intertribal warfare; at the time of Spanish contact they were at war with the Nicarao. Eastern Nicaragua was inhabited by 464: 235: 1803: 1311:. Hernández de Córdoba was placed in command. Pedrarias Dávila sent one of his captains to Spain to recruit more men, and purchase horses, while in 1623:

of gold in a single expedition; this was consequently seized by Pedrarias Dávila. In May 1524, Hernández sent a brigantine back to Panama with the

819: 472: 396: 243: 1383: 7478: 2231: mi). All distances in this article are based upon this conversion but are subject to often very approximate estimates given in the sources. 6973: 260:, but was driven back to his ships by the Chorotega and the Nicarao, and sailed south into what is now Panama. In 1524, a new expedition led by 1679:. De Soto and de Compañón fled Nicaragua with several companions, and took word to Pedrarias Dávila in Panama, arriving there in January 1526. 1198: 1155: 388: 183: 7936: 7023: 5253: 4101: 3954: 355: 4357: 1722:

with two units of infantry and cavalry. Dávila subsequently arrested his wayward lieutenant Hernández de Córdoba and ordered his execution.

222:. Before European contact in the early 16th century, Nicaragua was inhabited by a number of indigenous peoples. In the west, these included 8040: 6628: 5986: 5295: 1750: 4016: 2251: 380: 3502: 79: 5045: 4739: 3915: 7975: 2106: 2070: 1795: 1422: 1418: 742:, land grants and provision of native labour. Many of the Spanish were already experienced soldiers who had previously campaigned in 2265: 7843: 6947: 5625: 5327: 5130: 1710:). There he established a base of operations, and the indigenous inhabitants received him in peace; from these Dávila learned that 342:. Lake Managua measures 56 by 24 km (35 by 15 mi), and Lake Nicaragua measures 160 by 75 km (99 by 47 mi). The 6927: 4893: 1457:

Hernández divided his forces into three groups; one division remained under his direct command, one placed under the command of

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the centre. They were met with passively hostile reactions from the natives they passed, until they finally met a number of

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had fallen to the Spanish. The Spanish conquered a large part of Mexico within three years, extending as far south as the

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tribes launched a concerted attack against the Spanish, with the intention of burning the colonial settlements. In 1533,

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Olson, James S.; Sam L. Slick; Samuel Freeman; Virginia Garrard Burnett; Fred Koestler (1992) New York Greenwood Press.

936:. There was religious participation in the conquest of Nicaragua from the first exploratory expeditions onwards; Father 7625: 6942: 6878: 6600: 6580: 6055: 5787: 5750: 4944: 4778: 4140: 3866: 2213: 1790:

introduced European farming methods and became infamous for his harsh treatment of the natives. In 1528 to 1529, friar

1772:. Eventually his release was negotiated by intermediaries, and he renounced all claims to territory beyond a line from 811: 7990: 7094: 5556: 8045: 8030: 7691: 7600: 6998: 6542: 6095: 5725: 5322: 4986: 4500: 4423: 4253: 4130: 4057: 4005: 3976: 3839: 3771: 3748: 3662: 7891: 6575: 6059: 5837: 5592: 4843: 2125: 1098:, in Costa Rica. Here they noticed that the natives had cultural traits more in common with the inhabitants of the 129: 124: 7267: 7202: 5456: 2027:(in Honduran Taguzgalpa), which was soon moved inland, to vanish from history. Around the same time, conquistador 1118:

left two of his ships behind and sailed onwards with the remaining two. On 27 February 1523, Niño put to shore at

8035: 8020: 7828: 7620: 7407: 7207: 6756: 6691: 6277: 6179: 5441: 5381: 5055: 5040: 4868: 4848: 3861:". San José, Costa Rica: UNICEF, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, and Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 36–60. 2188: 1582: 207: 7746: 7262: 6706: 6590: 2175:. Juan de Castañeda wrote his own account of his voyage of discovery, now contained in the national archives of 7848: 7786: 7585: 7003: 6716: 6696: 6668: 6585: 6560: 6420: 6228: 6135: 6075: 6042: 5332: 5305: 4934: 4888: 4732: 2054: 618:

In the first two decades of the 16th century, the Spanish established their domination over the islands of the

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Los Matagalpas a principios del siglo XVI: aproximación a las relaciones interétnicas en Nicaragua (1552–1581)

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with him; he was a younger brother drawn from a notable family that had risen to prominence in the service of

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on the Pacific coast. The focus soon turned to exploring south along the Pacific coast towards South America.

74: 44: 8025: 7963: 7941: 7896: 7816: 7630: 7402: 7084: 6873: 6858: 5943: 5807: 5760: 5364: 5178: 5079: 5050: 5035: 4966: 1881:. This region was inhabited by natives that remained beyond Spanish control, and was known to the Spanish as 685: 169: 24: 7192: 5546: 5446: 599:

to conquer the newly discovered lands in return for tax revenues and the power to rule. The Spanish founded

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there were three principal indigenous groups living in the western portions of the country; these were the

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Fronteras étnicas en la conquista de Nicaragua y Nicoya: Entre la solidaridad y el conflicto 800 d.C.-1544

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Map of Central America, showing the Province of Nicaragua, and that of Taguzgalpa, which was later called

1127: 7806: 7706: 7337: 6789: 6721: 5690: 5359: 4883: 4873: 4838: 3695: 1631:. By 1525, Spanish power had been consolidated in western Nicaragua, and reinforcements had arrived from 1608:. They informed Cortés of a plan by Hernández de Córdoba to set himself up in Nicaragua independently of 592: 7257: 7164: 5436: 7741: 7104: 6751: 6638: 6550: 6522: 6149: 6119: 5924: 5755: 5551: 4263:". Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. 15: 125–129. 4187:

An Islandwide Struggle for Freedom: Revolution, Emancipation, and Reenslavement in Hispaniola 1789–1809

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were a small group of unknown origin and language. The Matagalpa were a non-Mesoamerican people of the

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declared itself independent of Spain in 1821, most of Mosquitia was still outside of Spanish control.

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Hernández was able to collect a substantial amount of gold in Nicaragua, collecting more than 100,000

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noted that although gold had been found in Santa María de la Buena Esperanza, about 25 leagues from

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Spanish conquest of Honduras § Francisco Hernández de Córdoba's expedition from Nicaragua, 1524

7605: 7488: 7448: 7387: 7382: 7322: 6741: 6731: 6517: 6220: 6131: 5832: 5466: 5153: 5012: 4949: 4919: 4495:. Ibero-Americana Volume 54. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 4186: 2098: 2082: 1508: 1426: 1299: 1282: 1202: 1147: 1111: 1026: 941: 803: 791: 786:; he was likely to have been a commoner elevated to the nobility as a result of his actions in the 779: 771: 701: 512: 488: 452: 249: 59: 7985: 7064: 6297: 5817: 4518:

Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Santa Barbara, California and Oxford: Greenwood Press.

3959: 1932:. Very little is known about the original inhabitants of Mosquitia, beyond that they included the 580: 7655: 7513: 7357: 7297: 7247: 7149: 6746: 6711: 6658: 6293: 6163: 6127: 5857: 5730: 5715: 5611: 5491: 5168: 5095: 4961: 4939: 4418:(in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. Colección CÓDICES (Ciencias Sociales). 4373: 2073:, disease, and warfare. It is estimated that as many as half a million slaves were exported from 367: 6848: 4704: 4472: 4395: 4369: 4226: 4032: 3931: 3892: 3824: 3707: 1947: 1702:, opposite the colonial settlement of Bruselas on the mainland (then within the jurisdiction of 7946: 7518: 7453: 6957: 6843: 6726: 6686: 6330: 6123: 5782: 5772: 5115: 5105: 5065: 4981: 4929: 4826: 3955:

Evangelizar a los indios gentiles de la Frontera de Honduras: una ardua tarea (Siglos XVII–XIX)

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had evacuated Bruselas a few days previously. Dávila waited in Chira for reinforcements led by

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to investigate, who was received in peace by González. González instructed Rojas that neither

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diseases and their exportation as slaves, but also from a combination of war and mistreatment.

7089: 4390:. Vol. 65, No. 723. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas. 4036: 3967: 3734: 1555:, had arrived to impose his authority. Rojas sent a letter and gifts with messengers, who met 1005:, to return overland to Panama. The two ships continued along the coast, under the command of 395:

lowlands receive higher rainfall; the soils are less fertile, and the region is classified as

7392: 6802: 6623: 6512: 6451: 6379: 6289: 5990: 5670: 5541: 5501: 5158: 5125: 4976: 4907: 4383: 3854: 2137:(General History of the deeds of the Castilians in the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea) 1470: 689: 7926: 7327: 7114: 7074: 7033: 6007: 5481: 5027: 4149:. Washington, D. C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. Accessed on 2017-07-11. Archived from 3943: 2152: 2135:

Historia General de los hechos de los castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Oceáno

1827: 1787: 1687: 1656: 1635:, in Panama, which had become a key port of call for shipping between Nicaragua and Panama. 1609: 1524: 1367: 1290: 1050: 974: 750:

was a nobleman whose father and grandfather had been influential in the courts of the kings

747: 697: 658: 459:. The Chorotega were also a Mesoamerican people that had migrated from Mexico and spoke the 99: 7901: 7570: 7533: 7523: 7463: 7362: 7342: 7237: 7049: 6868: 5745: 5735: 5486: 5416: 5206: 5140: 5060: 5017: 5000: 4760: 4317:

Una reinterpretación del origen de la dominación colonial española en Costa Rica: 1510–1569

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Vol. 2, No. 3: 54–61. Managua, Nicaragua: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería de Nicaragua.

1807: 588: 532: 508: 496: 480: 347: 33: 7427: 7217: 7139: 1099: 500: 84: 8: 7970: 7726: 7711: 7595: 7575: 7528: 7508: 7312: 7307: 7252: 7222: 6988: 6613: 6570: 6527: 6456: 6425: 6196: 6175: 6141: 6047: 6017: 5948: 5792: 5765: 5665: 5531: 5120: 2003: 1980: 1773: 1597: 1556: 1319:. Meanwhile, González planned to return to Nicaragua by exploring a river route from the 767: 755: 504: 359: 7716: 7417: 3855:

El espacio histórico de los amerindios de filación chibcha: El área histórica chibchoide

253: 7731: 7721: 7696: 7650: 7615: 7473: 7182: 7059: 6932: 6430: 6410: 6070: 5958: 5685: 5587: 5526: 5461: 5245: 5229: 5163: 5148: 4863: 4853: 4670: 4643: 4597: 4567: 4328: 4264: 4230: 3896: 3812: 3794: 2148: 2016: 1898: 1850: 1676: 1644: 1605: 1601: 1560: 1544: 1512: 1495:

Spanish conquest of Honduras § Gabriel de Rojas and Gonzalo de Sandoval in Olancho

1414: 1079: 982: 751: 547:

groups, and had developed more complex societies than that of the Miskito, who were of

524: 487:

cultural region. They occupied the Central Highlands, over an area covering the modern

484: 269: 7054: 6983: 2144: 2087: 1917:

was that part of the region that now falls within the modern borders of Honduras, and

1846: 1777: 1760: 1742: 1652: 1478: 1410: 265: 7911: 7853: 7686: 7458: 7432: 7422: 7412: 7347: 7302: 7232: 7212: 7187: 7134: 7109: 6374: 5901: 5842: 5797: 5656: 5521: 5511: 5431: 5315: 4768: 4700: 4635: 4527: 4519: 4504: 4496: 4476: 4468: 4450: 4442: 4427: 4419: 4399: 4391: 4365: 4305: 4290: 4282: 4249: 4238: 4222: 4199: 4191: 4171: 4163: 4126: 4106: 4089: 4081: 4061: 4053: 4028: 4001: 3980: 3972: 3935: 3927: 3904: 3888: 3862: 3843: 3835: 3820: 3775: 3767: 3752: 3744: 3723: 3703: 3666: 3658: 1259: 1251: 1151: 921: 917: 596: 476: 468: 5932: 3832:

Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands

447:

around the early 13th century and settled in pockets of western Nicaragua along the

7543: 7538: 7503: 7483: 7242: 7119: 7018: 6922: 6384: 6224: 5561: 5516: 5426: 5234: 4559: 2129: 2024: 1964: 1823: 1737:, took advantage of the change in leadership to extend his jurisdiction to include 1715: 1691: 1660: 1632: 1532: 1458: 1403: 1303: 1263: 1232: 1115: 1030: 994: 950: 799: 569: 492: 456: 428: 424: 416: 239: 227: 157: 7921: 5953: 5496: 3877:

Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis

3857:" in María Eugenia Bozzoli, Ramiro Barrantes, Dinorah Obando, Mirna Rojas (eds.) " 3735:

Genocide of native populations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean Basin

1548: 1315:

he purchased Andrés Niño's ships, rigging, horses, and other items for 2,000 gold

1177:. On 12 April 1523 they claimed the lake for the Spanish Crown under the name of 7986:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

7736: 7676: 7590: 7498: 7372: 7352: 7317: 7099: 7069: 7008: 6618: 6608: 6504: 6389: 6281: 6238: 5998: 5906: 5777: 5566: 5536: 5421: 5339: 4669:: 131–161. Mexico City, Mexico: Pan American Institute of Geography and History. 4585: 4491: 4414: 4158: 4121: 4076: 4048: 3858: 3739: 3718: 3653: 2156: 2078: 1781: 1726: 1445:. The brigantine explored the lake, and found that it did indeed flow out to the 1328: 1255: 1214: 1186: 1123: 1066: 1058: 1057:. On 21 January 1522, with the approval of Pedrarias Dávila, who was governor of 815: 638: 536: 460: 315: 257: 211: 7645: 3859:

Primer Congreso Científico sobre Pueblos Indígenas de Costa Rica y sus fronteras

7580: 7493: 7377: 7129: 6952: 6937: 6838: 6812: 6797: 6678: 6273: 6267: 6171: 5938: 5852: 5802: 5680: 5634: 4788: 4350: 4000:. pp. 19–34. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2066: 1956: 1952: 1937: 1929: 1924: 1878: 1870: 1811: 1699: 1537: 1465:. By 1 May 1524, Hernández had advanced as far west as Tezoatega (now known as 1442: 1434: 1430: 1324: 1247: 1223: 1218: 1163: 1083: 1014: 739: 540: 467:(also known as the Maribio) were another group of Mexican origin, speaking the 432: 420: 408: 392: 343: 339: 319: 231: 94: 89: 6085: 1976: 1902: 1741:. He marched to Nicaragua with 150 men to impose his authority. He arrived in 916:

The justification for conquest was explicitly religious. In 1493, the Spanish

8009: 7144: 5994: 5911: 5720: 5344: 5290: 4798: 4647: 4625: 2043: 1842: 1451: 1320: 1228: 1182: 1054: 962: 871: 863: 654: 619: 600: 544: 448: 384: 311: 307: 303: 273: 4621:. Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. Accessed on 2017-07-07. 4349:". Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina. Archived from 4150: 3234: 3232: 2077:

before 1550, although some of these had originally come from other parts of

1356: 519:. The Matagalpa were a tribal society organised into different lineages and 7916: 7906: 7635: 7174: 7028: 6853: 6369: 6145: 5827: 5675: 4689:

El conquistador de Nicaragua y Perú Gabriel de Rojas y su testimonio (1548)

4630: 4612: 4242: 4009: 1695: 1316: 1267: 929: 823: 725: 673: 444: 335: 202: 7227: 4531: 4508: 4403: 4203: 4175: 4110: 4093: 4065: 3984: 3908: 3847: 3756: 3727: 1210: 6817: 6643: 6212: 6090: 4454: 4431: 4309: 4294: 3779: 3670: 3229: 1941: 1624: 1294: 662: 623: 528: 436: 323: 322:; many of them are active. The volcanoes lie along the western edge of a 223: 6807: 4674: 4658: 4601: 4593: 4480: 4332: 4316: 4268: 4260: 3939: 3816: 3804: 3798: 3786: 1041:

in September 1519. Although the Crown had issued them permission to use

730: 595:

in 1492. Private adventurers thereafter entered into contracts with the

7681: 6415: 5695: 5582: 4634:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 21–66. 4576:

Higgins, Bryan (1994). "Nicaragua". In Gerald Michael Greenfield, ed.,

4571: 4547: 3991: 2176: 2039: 2007: 1914: 1890: 1707: 1438: 1346: 1271: 1119: 1095: 1074: 1073:. The expedition advanced slowly westwards, only reaching southeastern 1062: 1002: 874:

were also employed. As well as the one-handed broadsword, a 1.7-metre (

839: 608: 331: 299: 4617: 4234: 4210: 4145: 3900: 3876: 2737:

Calvo Poyato 1988, p. 8. Quirós Vargas and Bolaños Arquín 1989, p. 31.

1991:. In 1534, a license to conquer and colonise the region was issued to 1351: 543:. The Chibchoidean peoples of the interior were culturally related to 6648: 6405: 6305: 6080: 5982: 5916: 4748: 4717: 4631:

Shipwrecked Identities: Navigating Race on Nicaragua's Mosquito Coast

2102: 2074: 2032: 2000: 1984: 1972: 1918: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1838: 1738: 1703: 1664: 1593: 1589: 1568: 1500: 1446: 1375: 1286: 1070: 966: 925: 889: 855: 851: 787: 775: 681: 604: 556: 548: 412: 350:, and consist of generally east–west running ranges that include the 334:. The two largest lakes in Central America dominate the rift valley: 215: 147: 4563: 4441:(2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford,: Blackwell Publishing. 4027:(1–2): 229–243. San José, Costa Rica: Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. 3916:

Presencia franciscana en la Taguzgalpa y la Tologalpa (la Mosquitia)

3811:

Vol. 37, No. 4: pp. 3–13 . Society for Historical Archaeology.

2252:"Fruit and Axes of Gold Consuming Indigenous Heritages in Nicaragua" 285: 252:

first entered what is now Nicaragua in 1522, with the permission of

6822: 5700: 4190:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 4052:. San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. 1999:, who abandoned his plans to settle the area. In 1545, governor of 1988: 1854: 1769: 1768:

and held him for almost a year, refusing to allow him to return to

1734: 1682: 1578: 1516: 1466: 1331:

completely. In the event, he landed further west and initiated the

1206: 1034: 1025:

The Spanish Crown issued a license to explore the Pacific coast to

1020: 933: 847: 827: 826:. He brought 43 cavalry and 57 infantry to support Gil González in 653:

in 1511. In 1513, while exploring westwards, Balboa discovered the

520: 516: 295: 5401: 3996: 2812:

Staten 2010, p. 16. Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Meléndez 1976, p. 51.

1588:

and to the Crown, searching for a good location for a port on the

7980: 7951: 6461: 6446: 5603: 4806: 2120: 2047: 1996: 1968: 1933: 1885:. Tologalpa is poorly defined in colonial Spanish documentation; 1126:

on 5 March, giving the gulf its name in honour of Spanish bishop

901: 867: 858:. Mounted conquistadors were armed with a 3.7-metre (12 ft) 631: 627: 584:

Map of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean during the 16th century

4579:

Latin American Urbanization: Historical Profiles of Major Cities

4384:"Evangelizar y educar" Los jesuitas de la Centroamérica colonial 3805:

Colonial Origins and Colonial Transformations in Spanish America

3688:: 7–16, Madrid, Spain: Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. 1694:

by sea with soldiers and artillery, and landed on the island of

1454:(approximately 335 km or 208 mi) before turning back. 928:

for the express purpose of converting the native inhabitants to

6917: 6471: 6466: 6243: 1834: 1754: 1719: 1668: 1613: 1552: 1379: 1371: 1359:("Old León"), founded by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba in 1524 1312: 1240: 1236: 1135: 1046: 998: 993:, and sent him to scout westwards. Espinosa disembarked at the 970: 905: 843: 830:, and soon passed to Nicaragua to assist Hernández de Córdoba. 795: 743: 642: 440: 3787:

The Archaeology of the Spanish Contact Period in the Caribbean

2101:

wrote a number of letters in 1524 describing his discovery of

2031:

launched several self-funded expeditions into the interior of

7958: 6232: 5896: 4678: 4651: 4605: 4336: 4315:

Quirós Vargas, Claudia; and Margarita Bolaños Arquín (1989) "

4105:. Managua, Nicaragua: Editorial San José. Serie histórica 9. 3968:

God, Greed, and Genocide: The Holocaust Through the Centuries

2830:

Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Solórzano Fonseca 1992, pp. 316–317.

1171: 1038: 859: 763: 669: 1893:

together comprised an extensive region stretching along the

1798:

was very active, and baptised over 50,000 natives among the

981:

and seized his ships on the Pacific coast of Panama. He put

6301: 6216: 3696:

Evolución Urbana y Arquitectónica de la Ciudad de Matagalpa

3439: 3437: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3097:

Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 11. Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 17.

2493: 2491: 2151:

was described in a letter to the king of Spain, written by

2023:. Martín founded the settlement of Elgueta on the shore of 1205:

advanced to the indigenous settlement of Coatega, near the

807: 612: 6194: 4122:

Pedrarias Dávila o "la ira de Dios": una historia olvidada

3678:

Francisco Hernández de Córdoba y la conquista de Nicaragua

2747: 2745: 2743: 2472: 2470: 3657:(in Spanish). Tegucialpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. 3526: 3524: 3289: 3287: 3285: 1270:, including that which had been collected while crossing 443:

from the 8th century AD onwards. They broke off from the

5275: 3434: 3323: 3268: 2488: 4281:. Warrior. 40. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. 4102:

Hernández de Córdoba: Capitán de conquista en Nicaragua

2740: 2676: 2674: 2610: 2608: 2467: 2015:, who sent pilot Andrés Martín to scout the coast from 1860: 838:

The 16th-century Spanish conquistadors were armed with

451:, with their heaviest concentration in what is now the 4358:

Los dos rostros indígenas de Nicaragua y Centroamérica

4211:

The Depopulation of Nicaragua in the Sixteenth Century

3521: 3455: 3446: 3305: 3282: 3250: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2366:

Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 242. Fonseca Zamora 1998, p. 36.

2128:

described the first voyage of Gil González Dávila and

1725:

In 1526, Pedrarias Dávila was replaced as governor of

1507:

received news of a new Spanish presence to the north.

1185:, and that they had discovered a new route across the 5949:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

4594:

The Historical Demography of Colonial Central America

3766:(5th ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 3584:

Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 241. Ibarra Rojas 2001, p. 105.

2706: 2704: 2442: 2440: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2163:

included an account of the discovery of Nicaragua by

1327:, thus avoiding Pedrarias Dávila's jurisdiction over 1209:

volcano, where he was met by another powerful ruler,

762:

was an officer of Dávila who probably travelled from

3719:

The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550

3578: 3569: 3400: 3398: 2895: 2893: 2671: 2605: 2069:

were effectively eliminated by a combination of the

1909:, and as far back as the Chontalean Mountain Range ( 1347:

Hernández de Córdoba in western Nicaragua, 1523–1525

956: 668:

The Spanish heard rumours of the rich empire of the

637:

In the south, the Spanish established themselves in

4592:

Lovell, W. George; and Christopher H. Lutz (1992) "

4323:. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. 4304:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: CENALTEX. 3034:

Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 239.

2378: 1745:in spring of 1527, and was accepted as governor by 1638: 1484: 1421:, and León in the centre of the native province of 1105: 2994: 2992: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2883: 2881: 2862: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2836: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2701: 2598: 2596: 2559: 2557: 2437: 2348:Staten 2010, pp. 14–15. Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 233. 2305: 326:running southeast from the Gulf of Fonseca to the 210:of the territory now incorporated into the modern 3834:. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 3407: 3395: 3296: 3238:Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 18. Leonard 2011, p. 19. 3132: 3130: 3061:Stanislawski 1983, pp. 1–2. Meléndez 1976, p. 70. 2890: 2527: 1596:. The expedition was intercepted and captured by 1409:In 1524, Hernández founded the colonial towns of 1289:as soon as possible, but faced interference from 1061:(modern Panama), they travelled northwest across 1045:two ships still anchored on the Pacific coast of 439:people that had migrated southwards from central 16:Campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores 8007: 4613:Colonial Period, 1522–1820: The Spanish Conquest 3464: 3259: 3241: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2105:, including a letter to 16th-century chronicler 1683:Pedrarias Dávila in western Nicaragua, 1526–1529 1600:, who sent some of the Nicaraguan party back to 1150:heard rumours of a powerful native ruler called 1021:Departure of Andrés Niño and Gil González Dávila 774:(Caribbean South America). After campaigning in 402: 6493: 4784:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838) 2989: 2941: 2929: 2878: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2790: 2593: 2554: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1817: 1571:to assist him against his rebellious captains. 1441:, which the Spanish assembled on the shores of 1417:. He founded Granada by the indigenous town of 3127: 2821:Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. Meléndez 1976, p. 53. 2479: 2319: 2173:Historia de las Indias (History of the Indies) 1094:had made landfall, at what is now the port of 272:. The western portions of Nicaragua along the 6138:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 5619: 5261: 4733: 4353:on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2017. 4302:Los Cakchiqueles en la Conquista de Guatemala 3115:Meléndez 1976, pp. 75–76. Staten 2010, p. 16. 3025:Newson 1982, p. 257. Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. 3001: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2266:"The Testimonies and Origins of the Nicaraos" 833: 575: 562: 177: 5813:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 3654:Evolución histórica de la identidad nacional 2328: 2006:wrote to the king of Spain, explaining that 1651:were viewed with deep suspicion by those in 1298:territories before the Crown could validate 1254:, and converted thousands of natives to the 3971:. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. 3694:Cardoza Sánchez, Uriel Ramón (June 2017). " 1437:. The expedition carried parts for a small 391:, and features fertile volcanic soils. The 200:was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish 5626: 5612: 5268: 5254: 4740: 4726: 4125:. Sevilla, Spain: Universidad de Sevilla. 3997:Archaeology of the Rivas Region, Nicaragua 3383:Meléndez 1976, p. 108. Staten 2010, p. 16. 2284: 944:on his 1519 expedition, and returned with 794:was a professional soldier who arrived in 708:(not to be confused with the conquistador 688:who answered to the Spanish Crown via the 431:term for "foreigner"). The Nicarao were a 184: 170: 7932:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 4589:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 4492:The Transformation of Nicaragua 1519–1548 3762:Coe, Michael D.; with Rex Koontz (2002). 3508:. Press of Gibson Brothers, Incorporated. 2959:Meléndez 1976, p. 61. Staten 2010, p. 16. 2060: 1499:While establishing a Spanish presence in 1227:reached the safety of their ships on the 1192: 7937:Colonial universities in the Philippines 4659:El régimen colonial español en nicaragua 3743:. Santa Barabara, California: ABC-CLIO. 3496: 3494: 1946: 1833:By 1543, Francisco de Castañeda founded 1473:). Around this time, the natives of the 1350: 729: 579: 330:, which forms a part of the border with 314:. A chain of volcanoes extends from the 284: 6928:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 4080:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 3875:Fowler, William R. Jr. (Winter 1985). " 2119:) to Nicaragua, which was published in 1130:. Niño continued onwards as far as the 924:that justified the colonisation of the 770:, and was a veteran of the conquest of 680:. The newly conquered territory became 8008: 7881: 4747: 4159:Crónicas del oro y la plata amerinanos 3992:A Brief History of the Culture Subarea 3914:García Añoveros, Jesús María (1988). " 3676:Calvo Poyato, José (September 1988). " 2217:. This was approximately 4.2 km ( 2211:unit of measurement was equal to 5000 2065:Within a century of the conquest, the 1559:, then proceeded onwards to Cortés at 1258:. These included the 9,000 vassals of 7880: 7776: 7775: 6899: 6777: 6492: 6351: 6319: 6256: 6193: 6108: 6031: 5971: 5885: 5874: 5646: 5645: 5607: 5249: 4721: 4548:The Conquest Tradition of Mesoamerica 4119:Mena García, María del Carmen (1992) 3764:Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 3491: 2093: 1461:, and the other under the command of 911: 6209:Captaincy General of the Philippines 5701:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 5277:Spanish colonization of the Americas 4794:United States occupation (1912–1933) 4321:Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 3716:Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1966) . 3500: 3043:Solórzano Fonseca 1992, pp. 316–317. 2143:foundation of the colonial towns of 2107:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés 1861:Fringes of empire: Eastern Nicaragua 1277: 1141: 806:. After Nicaragua, he campaigned in 302:; it is bordered to the west by the 8041:Spanish conquest of Central America 7912:Indochristian painting in New Spain 6032: 4546:Adams, Richard N. (October 1989). " 1246:Gil González Dávila had discovered 1037:in October 1518; they set out from 961:Spanish explorers first viewed the 782:. Little is known of the origin of 70:Federal Republic of Central America 13: 6879:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 6352: 5633: 4539: 4261:Oviedo y la provincia de Nicaragua 3853:Fonseca Zamora, Oscar M. (1998). " 3793:Vol. 2, No. 2: 187–233. Springer. 3431:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 22–23. 3320:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 18–19. 3226:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 10–11. 1967:was given the governorship of the 1114:marched overland with his troops, 14: 8057: 6109: 5972: 5853:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 4663:Boletín de Antropología Americana 4215:Journal of Latin American Studies 1627:, which amounted to 185,000 gold 1382:slaves. His senior officers were 991:Santa María de la Buena Esperanza 957:Discovery of Nicaragua, 1519–1523 591:discovered the New World for the 427:(also known as Chontal, from the 7964:Criollos in the colonial society 7892:Spanish missions in the Americas 7014:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 5593:Spanish missions in the Americas 5400: 4657:Sánchez, Consuelo (July 1989). " 4277:Pohl, John; Hook, Adam (2008) . 4259:Orellano, Jorge Eduardo (1979) " 4209:Newson, Linda (November 1982). " 4162:. Madrid, Spain: Visión Libros. 3632: 3623: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3539:García Añoveros 1988, pp. 53–54. 3533: 3512: 3488:García Añoveros 1988, pp. 47–48. 3482: 3473: 3425: 3416: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3314: 2141:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba's 2126:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 1983:, on the current border between 1971:, a region stretching along the 1877:fell under the influence of the 1639:Intrigue in Nicaragua, late 1525 1485:Dispute with Honduras, 1524–1525 1477:mountains, about 5 leagues from 1239:in canoes. They arrived back at 1146:Meanwhile, on his march inland, 1106:Exploration of the Pacific coast 778:he distinguished himself in the 719: 419:(also known as the Mangue), the 146: 43: 7991:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 5875: 4300:Polo Sifontes, Francis (1986). 4015:Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia (1994). " 3785:Deagan, Kathleen (June 1988). " 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2869: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2692: 2683: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2545: 2536: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2497:Solórazno Fonseca 1992, p. 315. 2458: 2449: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2201: 2189:Spanish conquest of El Salvador 2132:in Chapter 5 of Book IV of his 2038:In 1641 or 1652, a shipwrecked 997:, on the modern border between 387:coastal plain is classified as 6320: 6043:Captaincy General of Guatemala 5751:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 4817:Post-Sandinista period (1990–) 4554:. Cambridge University Press. 4489:Stanislawski, Dan (May 1983). 4388:Estudios Centroamericanos: ECA 4217:. Cambridge University Press. 4046:Ibarra Rojas, Eugenia (2001). 3443:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 23. 3422:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 22. 3329:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 19. 3279:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 18. 2650:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 16, 26. 2623:Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26–27. 2524:Polo Sifontes 1986, pp. 57–58. 2476:Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 10. 2398:Salamanca 2012, pp. 7, 12, 14. 2342: 2275: 2258: 2244: 2112:Historia general de las Indias 1649:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1643:The friendly contacts between 1577:sent a second expedition into 1515:(within the modern borders of 1364:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1309:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 946:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 866:for infantrymen. A variety of 784:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 706:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 483:language, but belonged to the 262:Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 1: 8016:Military history of Nicaragua 7942:General Archive of the Indies 7203:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 6874:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 6859:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 5808:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 5761:War of the Spanish Succession 5726:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 5457:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 4812:Sandinista period (1979–1990) 4415:Historia de Olancho 1524–1877 3830:Feldman, Lawrence H. (2000). 3644: 2117:General History of the Indies 1543:Gabriel de Rojas remained in 411:first arrived in what is now 403:Nicaragua before the conquest 264:founded the Spanish towns of 198:Spanish conquest of Nicaragua 95:35 Years of conservative rule 6900: 6014:Captaincy General of Yucatan 5944:Union with Holy Roman Empire 5923:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 5838:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 4514:Staten, Clifford L. (2010). 4412:Sarmiento, José A. (2006) . 3602:Orellano 1979, pp. 125, 127. 3557:García Añoveros 1988, p. 52. 3548:García Añoveros 1988, p. 54. 3530:García Añoveros 1988, p. 53. 3518:García Añoveros 1988, p. 48. 3461:Cardoza Sánchez 2017, p. 57. 3452:Cardoza Sánchez 2017, p. 56. 3311:Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 22. 3293:Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 21. 3256:Sarmiento 1990, 2006, p. 19. 2515:Coe and Koontz 2002, p. 229. 2407:García Añoveros 1988, p. 49. 2238: 2194: 1818:Central Highlands, 1530–1603 1718:, who marched overland from 1592:coast, to provide a link to 1333:Spanish conquest of Honduras 515:, and neighbouring parts of 280: 238:. Other groups included the 220:colonisation of the Americas 7: 6778: 6494:Administrative subdivisions 5691:War of the League of Cognac 5131:Water supply and sanitation 4437:Smith, Michael E. (2003) . 4184:Nessler, Graham T. (2016). 4074:Leonard, Thomas M. (2011). 3791:Journal of World Prehistory 3722:. New York: Octagon Books. 3682:Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 3638:Meléndez 1976, pp. 50, 247. 3629:Meléndez 1976, pp. 49, 250. 3611:Orellano 1979, pp. 125–126. 3365:Meléndez 1976, pp. 106-107. 2728:Calvo Poyato 1988, pp. 7–8. 2182: 2019:as far as the mouth of the 1865:From relatively soon after 734:16th-century Spanish helmet 714:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 630:in 1509, Cuba in 1511, and 593:Kingdom of Castile and Leon 10: 8062: 7208:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 7193:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 7095:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 6257: 5993:), Western United States ( 5886: 5756:Portuguese Restoration War 5557:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 5547:Tristán de Luna y Arellano 5447:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5442:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 4618:Nicaragua: A Country Study 4382:Sariego, Jesús M. (2005) " 4356:Salamanca, Danilo (2012) " 4279:The Conquistador 1492–1550 4146:Nicaragua: A Country Study 3803:Deagan, Kathleen (2003). " 3737:in Israel W. Charny (ed.) 3710:. Accessed on 2017-11-21. 3575:Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 239. 3356:Meléndez 1976, pp. 90, 92. 2641:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 23. 2632:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 27. 2614:Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 26. 2581:Olson et al. 1992, p. 283. 2551:Velasco 1985, pp. 373–375. 2533:Polo Sifontes 1986, p. 62. 2389:Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 236. 2375:Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 229. 2316:Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 234. 2281:Ibarra Rojas 1994, p. 231. 2179:; it was written in 1522. 1581:, carrying letters to the 1488: 1475:Cordillera de los Maribios 1450:continued overland for 80 834:Spanish weapons and armour 723: 576:Background to the conquest 563:Native weapons and tactics 373: 100:Liberal Revolution of 1893 7976:Slavery in Spanish Empire 7887: 7876: 7782: 7771: 7669: 7563: 7556: 7441: 7290: 7283: 7276: 7263:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 7173: 7042: 7004:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 6966: 6910: 6906: 6895: 6864:Barcelona Trading Company 6831: 6788: 6784: 6773: 6677: 6629:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 6599: 6541: 6503: 6499: 6488: 6439: 6398: 6362: 6358: 6347: 6326: 6263: 6204: 6136:Venezuela, part of Guyana 6115: 6038: 5989:, Central United States ( 5978: 5892: 5881: 5870: 5721:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 5706:Expulsion of the Moriscos 5652: 5641: 5575: 5409: 5398: 5283: 5200: 5139: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5008: 4999: 4915: 4906: 4834: 4825: 4799:Somoza Family (1936–1979) 4759: 4687:Velasco, Balbino (1985) " 4624:Pineda, Baron L. (2006) " 3883:. Duke University Press. 3566:Newson 1982, pp. 255–256. 3338:Ibarra Rojas 2001, p. 95. 3217:Meléndez 1976, pp. 87–88. 3199:Meléndez 1976, pp. 85–86. 3190:Meléndez 1976, pp. 84–85. 3181:Meléndez 1976, pp. 79–80. 3163:Meléndez 1976, pp. 77–78. 3124:Meléndez 1976, pp. 76–77. 2986:Meléndez 1976, pp. 63–64. 2968:Meléndez 1976, pp. 61–62. 2926:Meléndez 1976, pp. 60–61. 2917:Meléndez 1976, pp. 59–60. 2875:Meléndez 1976, pp. 56–57. 2787:Meléndez 1976, pp. 52–53. 2769:Meléndez 1976, pp. 50–51. 2689:Meléndez 1976, pp. 78–79. 2572:Meléndez 1976, pp. 32–33. 2506:Smith 1996, 2003, p. 276. 2446:Smith 1996, 2003, p. 272. 1993:Felipe Gutiérrez y Toledo 1128:Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca 985:in command of two ships, 969:in 1519, sailing up from 75:18 Years of military rule 8046:Native American genocide 8031:Wars involving Nicaragua 7917:Quito painting tradition 7907:Cusco painting tradition 7268:García López de Cárdenas 7258:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 7165:Felipe González de Ahedo 7085:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 5662:Conquest of the Americas 5467:Luis de Carvajal y Cueva 5437:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 4920:Administrative divisions 4779:Mexican rule (1822–1823) 4516:The History of Nicaragua 4156:Montoya, Ramiro (2015). 4099:Meléndez, Carlos (1976) 3740:Encyclopedia of Genocide 3733:Churchill, Ward (1999). 3651:Barahona, Marvin (1991) 3593:Healy 1980, 2006, p. 19. 3052:Meléndez 1976 pp. 64–65. 2899:Healy 1980, 2006, p. 21. 2751:Calvo Poyato 1988, p. 8. 2719:Calvo Poyato 1988, p. 7. 2710:Stanislawski 1983, p. 1. 2542:Mena García 1992, p. 16. 1911:Cordillera de Chontales) 1822:In 1530, an alliance of 1433:to the territory of the 862:, that also served as a 804:Villanueva de Barcarrota 511:, southwestern parts of 60:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua 7702:Comuneros (New Granada) 7479:Balearic Islands (1558) 7198:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 7125:Ruy López de Villalobos 7080:Miguel López de Legazpi 6994:García de Toledo Osorio 5858:Western Sahara conflict 5848:Independence of Morocco 5788:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 5731:Piracy in the Caribbean 5716:French Wars of Religion 5477:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 5452:Sebastián de Belalcázar 4709:(subscription required) 4347:Units of Measurement: L 4345:Rowlett, Russ (2005). " 4245:. Retrieved 2017-07-04. 4077:The History of Honduras 3965:Grenke, Arthur (2005). 3952:García Buchard, Ethel. 3911:. Retrieved 2017-06-27. 2357:Fowler 1985, pp. 37–38. 2013:Alonso Ortiz de Elgueta 1469:, in the department of 1256:Roman Catholic religion 306:and to the east by the 115:Sandinista insurrection 8036:History of Mesoamerica 8021:16th-century conflicts 7947:Colonial Spanish Horse 7621:Colonia del Sacramento 6844:Spanish treasure fleet 6421:Royal Decree of Graces 5472:Bartolomé de las Casas 4626:Nicaragua’s Two Coasts 4611:Merril, Tim (1993b). " 4139:Merril, Tim (1993a). " 3809:Historical Archaeology 3700:Revista Arquitectura + 3620:Meléndez 1976, p. 239. 3413:Meléndez 1976, p. 111. 3404:Meléndez 1976, p. 110. 3392:Meléndez 1976, p. 109. 3374:Meléndez 1976, p. 108. 3302:Meléndez 1976, p. 102. 2161:Bartolomé de las Casas 2061:Legacy of the conquest 1969:Governorate of Veragua 1960: 1792:Francisco de Bobadilla 1753:, the new governor in 1731:Diego López de Salcedo 1655:who remained loyal to 1463:Francisco de la Puente 1396:Francisco de la Puente 1360: 1193:Opposition and retreat 1132:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 1013:. They discovered the 735: 678:Isthmus of Tehuantepec 651:Santa María la Antigua 585: 298:, and to the south by 290: 125:Post-Sandinista period 7105:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 7065:Juan Sebastián Elcano 6380:Council of the Indies 5741:Spanish–Moro conflict 5711:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 5671:Treaty of Tordesillas 5552:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 5507:Pedro de Portocarrero 5502:Francisco de Orellana 3990:Healy, Paul (2006) . 3479:García Buchard, p. 3. 3470:Salamanca 2012, p. 8. 3347:Meléndez 1976, p. 83. 3265:Meléndez 1976, p. 98. 3247:Meléndez 1976, p. 93. 3208:Meléndez 1976, p. 89. 3154:Meléndez 1976, p. 77. 3145:Meléndez 1976, p. 75. 3079:Meléndez 1976, p. 72. 3070:Meléndez 1976, p. 71. 2998:Meléndez 1976, p. 64. 2977:Meléndez 1976, p. 62. 2950:Meléndez 1976, p. 63. 2938:Meléndez 1976, p. 61. 2908:Meléndez 1976, p. 59. 2887:Meléndez 1976, p. 57. 2866:Meléndez 1976, p. 55. 2854:Meléndez 1976, p. 56. 2842:Meléndez 1976, p. 54. 2803:Meléndez 1976, p. 53. 2778:Meléndez 1976, p. 51. 2760:Meléndez 1976, p. 49. 2680:Meléndez 1976, p. 78. 2659:Deagan 2003, pp. 4–5. 2602:Meléndez 1976, p. 82. 2590:Meléndez 1976, p. 81. 2563:Meléndez 1976, p. 80. 2455:Barahona 1991, p. 69. 2425:Feldman 2000, p. xix. 2325:Salamanca 2012, p. 7. 1950: 1897:coast eastwards from 1427:Gil González Dávila's 1354: 1285:planned to return to 1082:. They met up at the 979:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 822:was a veteran of the 733: 690:Council of the Indies 647:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 583: 397:tropical moist forest 356:Cordillera de Dipilto 288: 8026:Wars involving Spain 7902:Mesoamerican Codices 7626:Comuneros (Paraguay) 7464:Siege of Castelnuovo 7050:Christopher Columbus 6869:Consulate of the Sea 6849:Casa de Contratación 6440:Titles and positions 5833:Spanish–American War 5823:Liberal constitution 5666:Asia and the Pacific 5487:Francisco de Montejo 5417:Christopher Columbus 4987:Territorial disputes 3501:Rica, Costa (1914). 3136:Newson 1982, p. 257. 3106:Meléndez 1976 p. 68. 3088:Meléndez 1976 p. 65. 2698:Sariego 2005, p. 12. 2485:Montoya 2015, p. 27. 2464:Deagan 1988, p. 199. 2302:Newson 1982, p. 261. 2169:Hernán Ponce de León 2055:Kingdom of Guatemala 1712:Hernández de Córdoba 1575:Hernández de Córdoba 1565:Hernández de Córdoba 1529:Hernández de Córdoba 1505:Hernández de Córdoba 1388:Juan Alonso Palomino 1343:, under his orders. 1341:Hernán Ponce de León 1092:Hernán Ponce de León 1011:Hernán Ponce de León 802:was a nobleman from 589:Christopher Columbus 535:peoples such as the 527:peoples such as the 348:above mean sea level 135:Coronavirus pandemic 7631:Cartagena de Indias 7253:Diego de Mazariegos 7223:Pere Fages i Beleta 7090:Sebastián de Ocampo 6571:Provincias Internas 6543:Captaincies General 6457:Municipal president 6426:School of Salamanca 6197:Spanish East Indies 6176:Misiones Orientales 6048:Spanish West Indies 6012:, Central America ( 5959:Pyrénées-Orientales 5912:Union with Portugal 5803:Napoleonic invasion 5783:War of Jenkins' Ear 3016:Staten 2010, p. 16. 2434:Nessler 2016, p. 4. 2416:Staten 2010, p. 15. 2339:Fowler 1985, p. 38. 2099:Gil González Dávila 2083:Gil González Dávila 2035:, without success. 2004:Alonso de Maldonado 1981:Cape Gracias a Dios 1774:Cape Gracias a Dios 1557:Gonzalo de Sandoval 1511:had arrived in the 1509:Gil González Dávila 1283:Gil González Dávila 1203:Gil González Dávila 1112:Gil González Dávila 1027:Gil González Dávila 792:Gil González Dávila 768:Henry IV of Castile 756:Henry IV of Castile 702:Gil González Dávila 389:tropical dry forest 360:Cordillera Isabella 352:Cordillera Dariense 250:Gil González Dávila 226:groups such as the 7927:Academia Antártica 7882:Other civil topics 7248:Pánfilo de Narváez 7150:Sebastián Vizcaíno 7115:Andrés de Urdaneta 7075:Juan Ponce de León 7060:Ferdinand Magellan 7034:Bernardo de Gálvez 6933:Indian auxiliaries 6431:Trial of residence 6411:Laws of the Indies 6195:Asia and Oceania ( 6056:Dominican Republic 5588:Indian auxiliaries 5527:Nikolaus Federmann 5492:Pánfilo de Narváez 5482:Juan Ponce de León 5301:Strait of Magellan 5056:Telecommunications 4584:2018-11-22 at the 2668:Deagan 2003, p. 5. 2094:Historical sources 1961: 1366:, under orders of 1361: 1307:Alarconcillo, and 1168:Andrés de Cereceda 1080:native auxiliaries 1069:into southwestern 983:Gaspar de Espinosa 953:presence in 1619. 912:Role of the Church 736: 586: 379:were covered with 318:southeast towards 291: 154:Years in Nicaragua 8003: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7872: 7871: 7777:Spanish conquests 7767: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7552: 7551: 7233:Pedro de Alvarado 7218:Gaspar de Portolà 7213:Pedro de Valdivia 7188:Francisco Pizarro 7140:Nicolás de Ovando 7135:Alonso de Ercilla 7110:Alonso de Salazar 6943:Ships of the line 6891: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6315: 6314: 6272:Northern Africa ( 6268:Equatorial Guinea 6252: 6251: 6189: 6188: 6104: 6103: 6027: 6026: 6018:Spanish Caribbean 5991:Spanish Louisiana 5967: 5966: 5902:Crown of Castille 5866: 5865: 5843:Spanish Civil War 5818:Adams–Onís Treaty 5798:Nootka Convention 5746:Thirty Years' War 5736:Eighty Years' War 5657:Catholic Monarchs 5647:Timeline–immersed 5601: 5600: 5522:Pedro de Valdivia 5512:Francisco Pizarro 5432:Pedro de Alvarado 5296:Pacific Northwest 5243: 5242: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5074: 5073: 4995: 4994: 4972:Political parties 4967:National Assembly 4935:Foreign relations 4902: 4901: 4693:Revista de Indias 4677:. 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1716:Hernando de Soto 1688:Pedrarias Dávila 1661:Hernando de Soto 1657:Pedrarias Dávila 1610:Pedrarias Dávila 1586:of Santo Domingo 1533:Hernando de Soto 1525:Pedrarias Dávila 1521:Gabriel de Rojas 1459:Hernando de Soto 1404:Hernando de Soto 1400:Gabriel de Rojas 1368:Pedrarias Dávila 1291:Pedrarias Dávila 1213:, leader of the 1187:Central American 1067:Isthmus of Rivas 1051:Pedrarias Dávila 995:Burica Peninsula 975:Pedrarias Dávila 887: 886: 882: 879: 812:governor of Cuba 800:Hernando de Soto 780:conquest of Peru 760:Gabriel de Rojas 748:Pedrarias Dávila 712:involved in the 710:of the same name 698:Pedrarias Dávila 659:Pedrarias Dávila 289:Map of Nicaragua 254:Pedrarias Dávila 212:Central American 186: 179: 172: 158:Nicaragua Portal 151: 150: 55:Spanish conquest 47: 37: 19: 18: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7971:Old inquisition 7883: 7868: 7778: 7751: 7707:Trinidad (1797) 7677:La Noche Triste 7665: 7661:San Juan (1797) 7611:San Juan (1595) 7548: 7437: 7277:Notable battles 7272: 7238:Martín de Ursúa 7169: 7100:Alonso de Ojeda 7070:Juan de la Cosa 7055:Pinzón brothers 7038: 7009:John of Austria 6984:Martín de Goiti 6962: 6902: 6883: 6827: 6780: 6761: 6673: 6669:Terra Australis 6664:Río de la Plata 6609:Castilla de Oro 6595: 6537: 6533:Río de la Plata 6495: 6476: 6435: 6394: 6390:Santa Hermandad 6354: 6335: 6331:Terra Australis 6322: 6311: 6278:Spanish Morocco 6259: 6248: 6239:Northern Taiwan 6200: 6185: 6156:Río de la Plata 6111: 6100: 6034: 6033:Central America 6023: 6005: 5974: 5963: 5907:Crown of Aragon 5888: 5877: 5862: 5778:Bourbon Reforms 5648: 5637: 5632: 5602: 5597: 5571: 5567:Juan de la Cosa 5537:Pedro de Candia 5422:Alonso de Ojeda 5405: 5396: 5279: 5274: 5244: 5239: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5188: 5184:Public holidays 5135: 5070: 5046:Nicaragua Canal 5029: 4991: 4957:Law enforcement 4898: 4894:Water resources 4879:Protected areas 4821: 4755: 4746: 4716: 4711: 4708: 4682: 4586:Wayback Machine 4564:10.2307/1007079 4542: 4540:Further reading 4537: 4484: 4407: 4377: 4340: 4272: 4179: 4134: 4114: 4069: 4040: 4039:on 2017-07-26. 3947: 3946:on 2017-03-27. 3870: 3711: 3689: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3283: 3278: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2841: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2185: 2096: 2079:Central America 2063: 1975:coast from the 1873:of what is now 1863: 1820: 1782:Gulf of Fonseca 1685: 1641: 1551:, conqueror of 1497: 1487: 1429:route from the 1370:, set out from 1349: 1329:Castilla de Oro 1280: 1262:, and 6,000 of 1195: 1175:Diego de Agüero 1144: 1124:Gulf of Fonseca 1108: 1059:Castilla de Oro 1023: 959: 938:Diego de Agüero 914: 884: 880: 877: 875: 836: 814:, and explored 740:precious metals 728: 722: 639:Castilla de Oro 578: 570:human sacrifice 565: 461:Mangue language 405: 376: 364:Huapí Mountains 316:Gulf of Fonseca 283: 258:Castilla de Oro 190: 156: 152: 145: 65:1823 Rebellions 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8059: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7787:Canary Islands 7783: 7780: 7779: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7641:Túpac Amaru II 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7586:Bogotá savanna 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7494:Spanish Armada 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7388:White Mountain 7385: 7383:Cape Celidonia 7380: 7378:English Armada 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7294: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7155:Juan Fernández 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7130:Diego Columbus 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6958:Army of Africa 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6938:Spanish Armada 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839:Manila galleon 6835: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6353:Administration 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6274:Western Sahara 6270: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6172:Banda Oriental 6153: 6139: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 5987:Coastal Alaska 5979: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5638: 5635:Spanish Empire 5631: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5532:Inés de Suárez 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5051:Stock Exchange 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4874:Municipalities 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4839:Climate change 4835: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4789:Mosquito Coast 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4715: 4714: 4685: 4655: 4622: 4609: 4590: 4574: 4558:(2): 119–136. 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4512: 4487: 4457: 4435: 4410: 4380: 4376:on 2017-07-26 4354: 4343: 4313: 4298: 4275: 4257: 4246: 4221:(2): 253–286. 4207: 4182: 4154: 4153:on 2017-11-13. 4137: 4117: 4097: 4072: 4044: 4013: 3988: 3963: 3962:on 2012-03-08. 3950: 3912: 3873: 3867:978-9977649740 3851: 3828: 3801: 3783: 3760: 3731: 3714: 3692: 3674: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3520: 3511: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3281: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3000: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2487: 2478: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2327: 2318: 2304: 2295: 2283: 2274: 2257: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2095: 2092: 2062: 2059: 2021:San Juan River 1995:, governor of 1953:Mosquito Coast 1930:Mosquito Coast 1907:San Juan River 1871:Atlantic coast 1862: 1859: 1819: 1816: 1733:, governor of 1700:Gulf of Nicoya 1684: 1681: 1640: 1637: 1513:Olancho Valley 1486: 1483: 1443:Lake Nicaragua 1431:Gulf of Nicoya 1348: 1345: 1325:Lake Nicaragua 1279: 1276: 1248:Lake Nicaragua 1194: 1191: 1164:Lake Nicaragua 1143: 1140: 1107: 1104: 1084:Gulf of Nicoya 1022: 1019: 1015:Gulf of Nicoya 958: 955: 913: 910: 897:Conquistadores 835: 832: 820:Pedro de Garro 724:Main article: 721: 718: 684:, headed by a 657:, and in 1519 577: 574: 564: 561: 545:South American 479:, who spoke a 404: 401: 375: 372: 344:Tipitapa River 340:Lake Nicaragua 328:San Juan River 320:Lake Nicaragua 282: 279: 256:, governor of 203:conquistadores 192: 191: 189: 188: 181: 174: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 140: 139: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 90:Filibuster War 87: 85:Malespín's War 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 40: 39: 30: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8058: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7922:Tapada limeña 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7774: 7770: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7514:Montes Claros 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454:Vienna (1529) 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183:Hernán Cortés 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7175:Conquistadors 7172: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145:Juan de Ayala 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Duke of Savoy 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6894: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Dollar (Peso) 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6772: 6758: 6757:Santo Domingo 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6634:New Andalusia 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581:Santo Domingo 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6505:Viceroyalties 6502: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6318: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6255: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6110:South America 6107: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6030: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995:Spanish Texas 5992: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5973:North America 5970: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Franche-Comté 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Juan de Oñate 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Hernán Cortés 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Inter caetera 5289: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5111:Ethnic groups 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4648:j.ctt5hj296.4 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501:0-520-09680-0 4498: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424:99926-33-50-6 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254:0-313-26413-9 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4131:84-7405-834-1 4128: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:9977-67-685-2 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4006:0-88920-094-7 4003: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977:0-9767042-0-X 3974: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840:0-8223-2624-8 3837: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:0-500-28346-X 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:0-87436-928-2 3746: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663:99926-28-11-1 3660: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3507: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3438: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3233: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3172:Rowlett 2005. 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2675: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2293:Merril 1993a. 2290: 2288: 2278: 2267: 2261: 2253: 2247: 2243: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2044:Miskito Sambu 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979:in Panama to 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Nueva Segovia 1831: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706:, but now in 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690:set out from 1689: 1680: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:Hernán Cortés 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1567:to return to 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Hernan Cortés 1546: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:Caribbean Sea 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295:Panama City's 1292: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1183:Caribbean Sea 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:Pearl Islands 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:San Cristóbal 984: 980: 976: 973:. That year, 972: 968: 964: 954: 952: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 909: 907: 903: 898: 893: 891: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 732: 727: 720:Conquistadors 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 655:Pacific Ocean 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Caribbean Sea 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 601:Santo Domingo 598: 597:Spanish Crown 594: 590: 582: 573: 571: 560: 558: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 513:Nueva Segovia 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:Pacific coast 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:Pacific Ocean 309: 308:Caribbean Sea 305: 304:Pacific Ocean 301: 297: 287: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204: 199: 187: 182: 180: 175: 173: 168: 167: 165: 164: 159: 155: 149: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 133: 131: 130:Ortega return 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 105:US occupation 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 32: 31: 26: 21: 20: 7897:Architecture 7838: 7792:The Americas 7656:Newfoundland 7646:Túpac Katari 7636:Cuerno Verde 7571:Tenochtitlan 7403:Valenciennes 7160:Luis Fajardo 7029:Blas de Lezo 6974:Duke of Alba 6854:Spanish Road 6692:Buenos Aires 6601:Governorates 6370:Ayuntamiento 6363:Organization 5828:Carlist Wars 5676:Italian Wars 5391: 5350:Aztec Empire 5221:Bibliography 5101:Demographics 5023:Central Bank 4962:Armed Forces 4945:Human rights 4925:Constitution 4773: 4712:(in Spanish) 4696: 4692: 4683:(in Spanish) 4666: 4662: 4629: 4616: 4577: 4555: 4552:The Americas 4551: 4515: 4490: 4485:(in Spanish) 4464: 4460: 4438: 4413: 4408:(in Spanish) 4387: 4378:(in Spanish) 4374:the original 4361: 4351:the original 4341:(in Spanish) 4327:(1): 29–48. 4324: 4320: 4301: 4278: 4273:(in Spanish) 4218: 4214: 4185: 4180:(in Spanish) 4157: 4151:the original 4144: 4135:(in Spanish) 4120: 4115:(in Spanish) 4100: 4075: 4070:(in Spanish) 4047: 4041:(in Spanish) 4037:the original 4024: 4020: 4010:Project MUSE 3995: 3966: 3960:the original 3953: 3948:(in Spanish) 3944:the original 3923: 3919: 3887:(1): 37–62. 3884: 3881:Ethnohistory 3880: 3871:(in Spanish) 3831: 3808: 3790: 3763: 3738: 3717: 3712:(in Spanish) 3699: 3690:(in Spanish) 3685: 3681: 3652: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3514: 3503: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2871: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2694: 2685: 2664: 2655: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2481: 2460: 2451: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2321: 2298: 2277: 2260: 2246: 2212: 2208: 2207:The Spanish 2203: 2172: 2133: 2116: 2110: 2097: 2064: 2052: 2037: 1962: 1923: 1910: 1864: 1832: 1821: 1786: 1759: 1724: 1686: 1673: 1642: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1583: 1573: 1542: 1498: 1456: 1408: 1362: 1281: 1245: 1199:Quauhcapolca 1196: 1178: 1159: 1156:Quauhcapolca 1148:Gil González 1145: 1109: 1024: 990: 986: 960: 942:Gil González 940:accompanied 930:Christianity 915: 896: 894: 837: 824:Italian Wars 810:, served as 772:Tierra Firme 737: 726:Conquistador 694: 674:Tenochtitlan 667: 636: 617: 587: 566: 553: 525:Chibchoidean 485:Chibchoidean 437:Mesoamerican 406: 377: 336:Lake Managua 292: 248: 224:Mesoamerican 214:republic of 206:against the 201: 197: 195: 80:Independence 54: 7864:Philippines 7829:El Salvador 7449:Capo d'Orso 7333:St. Quentin 7308:Rome (1527) 6967:Strategists 6717:Guadalajara 6644:New Navarre 6639:New Castile 6624:La Luisiana 6576:Puerto Rico 6566:Philippines 6523:New Granada 6213:Philippines 6174:(Uruguay), 6170:(Bolivia), 6120:New Granada 6060:Puerto Rico 6006: [ 5876:Territories 5696:Encomiendas 5382:El Salvador 5311:Inca Empire 5013:Agriculture 4950:LGBT rights 4844:Earthquakes 4804:Sandinistas 4467:: 313–364. 4461:Mesoamérica 3920:Mesoamérica 2130:Andrés Niño 2081:. Although 2071:slave trade 2029:Juan Dávila 1977:Belén River 1903:Aguan River 1625:Royal fifth 1384:Antón Mayor 1233:Andrés Niño 1160:castellanos 1116:Andrés Niño 1031:Andrés Niño 920:issued the 840:broadswords 663:Panama City 624:Puerto Rico 489:departments 324:rift valley 218:during the 34:History of 8010:Categories 7534:Somosierra 7524:Manila Bay 7398:Nördlingen 7338:Gravelines 6818:Columnario 6790:Currencies 6707:Concepción 6679:Audiencias 6654:New Toledo 6619:La Florida 6452:Corregidor 6416:Papal bull 6321:Antarctica 6229:Micronesia 5686:Golden Age 5583:Encomienda 5542:Juan Pardo 5306:California 5169:Mass media 5159:Literature 5096:Corruption 5030:(currency) 4940:Government 4849:Ecoregions 4807:v. Contras 4439:The Aztecs 4243:4669522494 3645:References 2177:Costa Rica 2040:slave ship 2008:Taguzgalpa 1915:Taguzgalpa 1891:Taguzgalpa 1887:Tololgalpa 1841:, some 30 1708:Costa Rica 1659:, such as 1489:See also: 1471:Chinandega 1439:brigantine 1357:León Viejo 1272:Costa Rica 1120:El Realejo 1075:Costa Rica 1063:Costa Rica 1003:Costa Rica 854:and light 852:matchlocks 609:Hispaniola 607:island of 531:, and the 481:Misumalpan 453:department 435:-speaking 423:, and the 366:, and the 332:Costa Rica 300:Costa Rica 234:, and the 7839:Nicaragua 7817:Guatemala 7727:Pichincha 7712:Chacabuco 7651:Pensacola 7596:Mataquito 7576:Cajamarca 7557:New World 7529:Trafalgar 7433:Alhucemas 7313:Landriano 7298:Comuneros 7284:Old World 7228:Joan Orpí 6948:Royalists 6722:Guatemala 6649:New Spain 6586:Venezuela 6561:Guatemala 6518:New Spain 6513:Columbian 6406:Exequatur 6306:Cape Juby 6160:Argentina 5983:New Spain 5917:Gibraltar 5681:Habsburgs 5392:Nicaragua 5365:Guatemala 5116:Languages 5106:Education 5066:Transport 4982:President 4930:Elections 4889:Volcanoes 4869:Mountains 4827:Geography 4749:Nicaragua 4705:0034-8341 4532:855554817 4509:470870988 4473:0252-9963 4404:163277504 4396:0014-1445 4370:2308-7862 4227:0022-216X 4204:945632920 4176:952956657 4141:Geography 4111:538851181 4094:701322740 4066:645912024 4033:0304-3703 3985:255346071 3932:0252-9963 3926:: 47–78. 3909:478130795 3893:0014-1801 3848:254438823 3825:2328-1103 3757:911775809 3728:640057454 3708:2518-2943 2239:Citations 2195:Footnotes 2157:Dominican 2155:in 1525. 2103:Nicaragua 2075:Nicaragua 2053:When the 2033:Tologalpa 2001:Guatemala 1985:Nicaragua 1973:Caribbean 1963:In 1508, 1957:Mosquitia 1925:Mosquitia 1919:Tologalpa 1905:, to the 1901:, or the 1895:Caribbean 1883:Tologalpa 1875:Nicaragua 1839:Nicaragua 1824:Matagalpa 1808:Chorotega 1739:Nicaragua 1704:Nicaragua 1698:, in the 1665:Nicaragua 1594:Nicaragua 1590:Caribbean 1584:Audiencia 1569:Nicaragua 1501:Nicaragua 1447:Caribbean 1376:Nicaragua 1355:Ruins of 1293:and from 1287:Nicaragua 1215:Chorotega 1211:Diriangén 1179:Mar Dulce 1071:Nicaragua 977:executed 967:Nicaragua 965:coast of 926:New World 890:Caribbean 856:artillery 848:crossbows 798:in 1519. 788:New World 776:Nicaragua 682:New Spain 634:in 1513. 626:in 1508, 605:Caribbean 557:Old World 549:Caribbean 533:Misumalpa 521:chiefdoms 509:Matagalpa 497:Chontales 425:Matagalpa 417:Chorotega 413:Nicaragua 407:When the 281:Geography 240:Matagalpa 228:Chorotega 216:Nicaragua 110:Civil War 36:Nicaragua 7849:Colombia 7834:Honduras 7747:Asomante 7732:Ayacucho 7722:Carabobo 7697:Curalaba 7474:Ceresole 7368:Gembloux 7328:Mühlberg 7043:Mariners 6901:Military 6823:Doubloon 6808:Maravedí 6752:Santiago 6659:Paraguay 6385:Germania 6225:Caroline 6180:Malvinas 6164:Paraguay 6124:Colombia 6066:Trinidad 5933:Sardinia 5773:Bourbons 5387:Honduras 5323:Colombia 5230:Category 5126:Religion 5028:Córdoba 4977:Politics 4908:Politics 4753:articles 4675:40977379 4602:25765745 4582:Archived 4455:59452395 4432:75959569 4333:25661952 4310:82712257 4295:47726663 4269:25661767 4021:Vínculos 3817:25617091 3799:25800541 3780:50131575 3671:24399780 2183:See also 2017:Trujillo 1989:Honduras 1899:Trujillo 1855:Honduras 1800:Subtiaba 1780:and the 1770:Honduras 1735:Honduras 1606:Trujillo 1598:Sandoval 1579:Honduras 1561:Trujillo 1517:Honduras 1467:El Viejo 1300:González 1207:Mombacho 1086:, where 1065:and the 1043:Balboa's 1035:Zaragoza 934:Americas 892:region. 868:halberds 828:Honduras 661:founded 649:founded 645:), when 641:(modern 551:origin. 539:and the 537:Mayangna 517:Honduras 505:Jinotega 465:Subtiaba 393:Atlantic 296:Honduras 242:and the 236:Subtiaba 25:a series 23:Part of 7981:Asiento 7952:Mustang 7812:Yucatán 7807:Chiapas 7687:Tucapel 7519:Passaro 7469:Algiers 7459:Preveza 7428:Tetouan 7423:Vitoria 7413:Bitonto 7353:Antwerp 7348:Lepanto 7303:Bicocca 6779:Economy 6702:Charcas 6697:Caracas 6591:Yucatán 6462:Regidor 6447:Alcalde 6375:Cabildo 6282:Tripoli 6221:Mariana 6168:Charcas 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