128:
160:
892:, causing one of the most destructive battles of the war, the so called Battle of Chinandega, which raged from 6 to 9 February 1927, and saw 500 Conservative defenders face off against between 600 and 2,000 Liberal attackers, with "hundreds killed on each side." During the fighting, much of the city was destroyed by fire. The blaze was "probably" caused by Liberal soldiers or "civilian looters", but many blamed two American airmen flying for the Conservative government. Eventually, the rebels were driven from the city after some bitter
668:
965:, which was held by a force of two hundred Conservatives, on the 2 November 1926. Sandino's men managed to kill "some" of the defenders (while suffering no fatalities), but failed to capture the village. Later, in early March 1927, he and one hundred men managed to repulse a government attack on their position on Mount Yucapuca in a seven-hour battle. The Conservatives numbered four hundred and were armed with six machine guns. Sandino scored another victory when he and two hundred followers attacked the city of
771:
244:
229:
213:
198:
183:
141:
109:
827:. Soon, the east coast of Nicaragua was ablaze with rebellion. Liberal forces wore red hatbands, while the Conservatives donned blue ones. However, many soldiers carried both colors in case they were wounded and required medical attention from the enemy's side. The primary commander of the Liberals on this coast was
973:, apparently neglecting to warn him about the strong government garrison there. After observing Boaco's defenses for himself, Sandino decided not to attack and to tag along with Moncada instead. Sandino would consider the latter a traitor after he agreed to the Peace of Tipitapa.
634:" (the Nicaraguan capital), forcing Solórzano and Sacasa to flee the country. He also removed all liberals from the Nicaraguan Congress. The United States refused to recognize Chamorro's regime, since it had come to power through "unconstitutional means".
839:
were sent to occupy the country's ports to establish "neutral zones", which would prevent fighting in these areas and push the
Liberal rebels inland. The United States was deeply concerned with matters in Nicaragua, since the
908:
in nature. Marine reconnaissance aircraft flying for the
Conservatives were already occasionally receiving fire from Liberal forces, although the more "esponsible" rebel officers tried to prevent a clash with the Americans.
899:
With the
Liberals advancing on Managua, the United States found itself on the verge of war. It couldn't afford to let a left-wing Mexican-backed regime rise to power in the region. Díaz appealed to American fears of
1401:
360:
989:
on the 16 May 1927. Two
Americans were fatally wounded and at least fourteen Nicaraguans perished in the firefight. Augusto César Sandino viewed the peace settlement as treasonous and would fight a
969:
on the 28 March 1927 and captured it "fter a day of fierce fighting," while serving on José María
Moncada's right flank. However, Moncada had no love for Sandino and ordered him to take the city of
870:, who was referred to as "our Nicaraguan" by the United States, became president and was recognized by the U.S. Dr. Sacasa returned to Nicaragua on the 1 December 1926, arriving at the port of
888:
Moncada's forces began marching westwards towards
Managua, defeating Conservative forces along the way. Meanwhile, Liberals led by Gral Francisco Parajón Montealegre struck at the city of
799:
961:
Augusto César
Sandino played a notable role in the civil war as a general on the Liberal side. His first battle saw him and twenty-nine of his followers try to take the town of
353:
462:
862:
on the 1 October 1926. Nothing came out of the conference and fighting resumed shortly afterwards. On the 11 November 1926, Chamorro resigned from the presidency, leaving
1396:
281:
346:
310:
394:
305:
320:
982:
315:
467:
486:
274:
806:
1363:
The Banana Wars: A History of United States
Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama
953:. In all, the Liberals turned in 31 machine guns and 3,704 rifles, while the Conservatives turned in 308 machine guns and 10,445 rifles.
702:
267:
1436:
921:
to negotiate an end to hostilities. Traveling across the war-scarred
Central American nation, Stimson met Moncada at the town of
1426:
727:
595:
371:
1101:
742:
737:
692:
630:, launched a coup d'état when his "ultra-conservative partisans" seized Loma Fortress, the military building "dominating
1431:
1372:
934:
752:
747:
603:
69:
875:
757:
627:
559:
116:
697:
667:
828:
792:
677:
647:
248:
687:
567:
447:
148:
1441:
885:
on the
Nicaraguan government, allowing his country to legally provide military aid to the Conservatives.
619:
599:
582:, refused to lay down his arms and waged the Sandino Rebellion against the Nicaraguan government and the
481:
962:
933:, ending the conflict. The conditions of the peace were that Adolfo Díaz would remain president until a
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
938:
917:
To put an end to the civil war without using the Marines to actively fight the Liberals, Coolidge sent
776:
607:
87:
832:
682:
623:
325:
579:
986:
578:, which began the Peace of Tipitapa. Although the civil war came to an end, one Liberal general,
432:
404:
399:
981:
Despite an end to the fighting, American Marines would face renegade Liberals, possibly led by
611:
491:
442:
722:
1391:
950:
930:
656:
615:
575:
524:
457:
233:
62:
874:
and proclaiming a rival government, which was only recognized by Mexico. In January 1927,
707:
8:
452:
856:
836:
529:
863:
202:
1368:
1361:
1121:
990:
555:
510:
496:
187:
551:
1113:
994:
918:
780:
437:
831:, who fought to make the exiled Dr. Sacasa president. Another Liberal general was
570:. The conflict came to an end after a military and diplomatic intervention by the
878:
852:
851:
To try to put an end to the conflict, the United States arranged a truce and had
583:
566:'s democratically elected government, resulting in a rebellion by members of the
926:
871:
717:
712:
338:
867:
835:, who led an army in the southwestern part of Nicaragua. American Marines and
217:
77:
1385:
1125:
893:
571:
133:
73:
882:
946:
855:
oversee Conservative and Liberal representatives at a meeting aboard the
25:
259:
1343:
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934
905:
889:
824:
901:
841:
820:
770:
563:
243:
228:
212:
197:
182:
140:
108:
50:
1117:
1402:
Battles and operations of the United States occupation of Nicaragua
1334:
The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power
966:
922:
993:
against the Marines and Nicaraguan National Guard until 1933. The
631:
998:
845:
165:
1102:"The Non-Recognition of the Chamobro Government in Nicaragua"
970:
942:
1210:
823:
on the 2 May 1926 when a group of Liberal exiles landed at
606:
brought a coalition government to power, with Conservative
1188:
1186:
1275:
1273:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1159:
1137:
1135:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1258:
1183:
1171:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1270:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1198:
1033:
1147:
1132:
1074:
1050:
1016:
1397:20th-century military history of the United States
1360:
941:would be established. Any soldier who turned in a
626:, former president of Nicaragua and member of the
929:, on the 4 May 1927. Here, Moncada agreed to the
1383:
368:
1367:. New York City: Macmillan Publishing Company.
800:
354:
275:
866:holding the reins of power. On 14 November
1345:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
807:
793:
598:by one hundred American Marines since the
361:
347:
282:
268:
935:new, American-supervised election in 1928
289:
1358:
1349:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1177:
1165:
1141:
1087:
1068:
1044:
1027:
604:Nicaraguan presidential election of 1924
1341:Langley, Lester D. (November 1, 2001).
1340:
1153:
1099:
1056:
1384:
985:("General Cabulla"), in combat at the
1106:American Journal of International Law
949:would be given the equivalent of ten
937:, both sides would disarm, and a new
342:
263:
1331:
1264:
912:
848:was supplying the rebels with arms.
693:Federal Republic of Central America
192:(political, until 11 November 1926)
13:
600:former country's civil war of 1912
222:(political, from 14 November 1926)
14:
1453:
1350:Macaulay, Neill (February 1998).
956:
637:
544:Nicaraguan Civil War of 1926–1927
1437:Wars involving the United States
819:The situation deteriorated into
769:
666:
242:
227:
211:
207:(political, 11–14 November 1926)
196:
181:
158:
139:
126:
107:
19:Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)
1325:
169:(provided weapons and supplies)
1359:Musicant, Ivan (August 1990).
1093:
80:remaining in power until then.
1:
1427:Military history of Nicaragua
1336:. New York City: Basic Books.
1004:
995:first battle of his rebellion
718:35 Years of conservative rule
589:
41:(1 year and 2 days)
1354:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
976:
373:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
7:
83:Both sides agree to disarm.
10:
1458:
1332:Boot, Max (May 27, 2003).
927:the river of the same name
904:by saying the rebels were
723:Liberal Revolution of 1893
698:18 Years of military rule
382:
301:
174:
100:
88:Nicaraguan National Guard
31:
23:
18:
1432:Wars involving Nicaragua
1009:
683:Piracy on Lake Nicaragua
72:to be supervised by the
1100:Woolsey, L. H. (1926).
987:Battle of La Paz Centro
894:house-to-house fighting
833:Anastasio Somoza García
738:Sandinista insurrection
622:. On 27 January 1925,
39:2 May 1926 – 4 May 1927
748:Post-Sandinista period
175:Commanders and leaders
68:Both sides agree to a
1001:on the 16 July 1927.
580:Augusto César Sandino
548:Constitutionalist War
293:Constitutionalist War
113:Nicaraguan Government
70:presidential election
758:Coronavirus pandemic
576:Pact of Espino Negro
550:, broke out after a
419:Nicaraguan Civil War
925:, which sits along
594:Nicaragua had been
1442:1920s in Nicaragua
1352:The Sandino Affair
1267:, p. 234–235.
1219:, p. 293–294.
983:Francisco Sequeira
829:José María Moncada
777:Years in Nicaragua
628:Conservative Party
616:Dr. Juan B. Sacasa
560:Conservative Party
558:, a member of the
249:José María Moncada
1422:1927 in Nicaragua
1417:1926 in Nicaragua
1412:Conflicts in 1927
1407:Conflicts in 1926
931:Peace of Tipitapa
913:Peace of Tipitapa
817:
816:
743:Sandinista period
624:Emiliano Chamorro
556:Emiliano Chamorro
539:
538:
336:
335:
258:
257:
254:
239:
223:
208:
193:
188:Emiliano Chamorro
170:
145:Nicaraguan rebels
96:
95:
63:Peace of Tipitapa
1449:
1378:
1366:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1168:, p. 26–28.
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1071:, p. 24–25.
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1031:
1025:
919:Henry L. Stimson
809:
802:
795:
781:Nicaragua Portal
774:
773:
678:Spanish conquest
670:
660:
642:
641:
608:Carlos Solórzano
574:resulted in the
377:
376:
374:
363:
356:
349:
340:
339:
329:
296:
294:
284:
277:
270:
261:
260:
252:
247:
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237:
232:
231:
221:
216:
215:
206:
201:
200:
191:
186:
185:
168:
164:
162:
161:
144:
143:
132:
130:
129:
112:
111:
33:
32:
16:
15:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1118:10.2307/2189042
1098:
1094:
1086:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1007:
979:
959:
915:
879:Calvin Coolidge
864:Sebastián Uriza
853:Lawrence Dennis
813:
779:
775:
768:
688:1823 Rebellions
658:
651:
640:
592:
584:US Marine Corps
540:
535:
534:
378:
372:
370:
369:
367:
337:
332:
323:
297:
292:
290:
288:
251:
241:
240:
236:
226:
220:
210:
209:
205:
203:Sebastián Uriza
195:
194:
190:
180:
159:
157:
156:
152:
146:
138:
127:
125:
124:
120:
114:
106:
90:is established.
53:
40:
12:
11:
5:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1356:
1347:
1338:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1195:, p. 293.
1182:
1180:, p. 292.
1170:
1158:
1156:, p. 182.
1146:
1131:
1112:(3): 543–549.
1092:
1073:
1061:
1059:, p. 178.
1049:
1047:, p. 291.
1032:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
997:took place at
978:
975:
958:
957:Sandino's role
955:
939:National Guard
914:
911:
876:U.S. president
872:Puerto Cabezas
844:government of
815:
814:
812:
811:
804:
797:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:
763:
762:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:Filibuster War
710:
708:Malespín's War
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
672:
671:
663:
662:
653:
652:
645:
639:
638:War breaks out
636:
620:vice president
591:
588:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
521:
520:
514:
513:
507:
506:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
482:2nd Las Cruces
478:
477:
471:
470:
465:
463:1st Las Cruces
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
428:
422:
421:
415:
414:
408:
407:
402:
397:
391:
390:
384:
383:
380:
379:
366:
365:
358:
351:
343:
334:
333:
331:
330:
318:
313:
311:Mount Yucapuca
308:
302:
299:
298:
287:
286:
279:
272:
264:
256:
255:
234:Juan B. Sacasa
224:
177:
176:
172:
171:
136:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:
84:
81:
59:
55:
54:
49:
47:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1454:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1376:
1374:9780025882102
1370:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1318:, p. 57.
1317:
1316:Macaulay 1998
1312:
1306:, p. 56.
1305:
1304:Macaulay 1998
1300:
1294:, p. 55.
1293:
1292:Macaulay 1998
1288:
1282:, p. 40.
1281:
1280:Macaulay 1998
1276:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1255:, p. 36.
1254:
1253:Macaulay 1998
1249:
1243:, p. 29.
1242:
1241:Macaulay 1998
1237:
1231:, p. 33.
1230:
1229:Macaulay 1998
1225:
1218:
1217:Musicant 1990
1213:
1207:, p. 27.
1206:
1205:Macaulay 1998
1201:
1194:
1193:Musicant 1990
1189:
1187:
1179:
1178:Musicant 1990
1174:
1167:
1166:Macaulay 1998
1162:
1155:
1150:
1144:, p. 28.
1143:
1142:Macaulay 1998
1138:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1090:, p. 25.
1089:
1088:Macaulay 1998
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1069:Macaulay 1998
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1045:Musicant 1990
1041:
1039:
1037:
1030:, p. 26.
1029:
1028:Macaulay 1998
1024:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
991:guerrilla war
988:
984:
974:
972:
968:
964:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
907:
903:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:
854:
849:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
810:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
778:
772:
767:
766:
765:
764:
759:
756:
754:
753:Ortega return
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:US occupation
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
669:
665:
664:
661:
655:
654:
649:
644:
643:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:United States
569:
568:Liberal Party
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:La Paz Centro
431:
430:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:Coyotepe Hill
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
386:
385:
381:
375:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
345:
344:
341:
327:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
303:
300:
295:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
265:
262:
250:
245:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
204:
199:
189:
184:
179:
178:
173:
167:
155:
154:Supported by:
150:
142:
137:
135:
134:United States
123:
122:Supported by:
118:
117:Conservatives
110:
105:
104:
99:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
74:United States
71:
67:
66:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
45:
44:
38:
35:
34:
30:
27:
22:
17:
1362:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1326:Bibliography
1311:
1299:
1287:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1173:
1161:
1154:Langley 2001
1149:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1064:
1057:Langley 2001
1052:
980:
960:
951:U.S. dollars
916:
898:
887:
883:arms embargo
858:
850:
818:
732:
703:Independence
614:and Liberal
593:
586:until 1933.
547:
543:
541:
517:
503:
492:El Bramadero
474:
443:San Fernando
425:
418:
411:
387:
291:
153:
121:
101:Belligerents
61:
1392:Banana Wars
947:machine gun
881:lifted the
868:Adolfo Díaz
657:History of
552:coup d'état
525:Augua Carta
487:2nd Quilali
468:1st Quilali
448:Santa Clara
324: [
238:(political)
218:Adolfo Díaz
78:Adolfo Díaz
26:Banana Wars
1386:Categories
1005:References
906:Bolshevist
890:Chinandega
825:Bluefields
590:Background
562:, removed
458:Sapotillal
321:Chinandega
253:(military)
1265:Boot 2003
1126:0002-9300
977:Aftermath
963:El Jícaro
902:communism
842:left-wing
821:civil war
733:Civil War
659:Nicaragua
612:president
564:Nicaragua
546:, or the
453:Telpaneca
306:El Jícaro
51:Nicaragua
967:Jinotega
923:Tipitapa
648:a series
646:Part of
596:occupied
530:El Sauce
316:Jinotega
149:Liberals
46:Location
24:Part of
837:sailors
632:Managua
511:Achuapa
497:La Flor
412:1926–27
395:Granada
76:, with
1371:
1124:
999:Ocotal
859:Denver
846:Mexico
650:on the
618:being
610:being
602:. The
438:Ocotal
400:Masaya
166:Mexico
163:
131:
58:Result
1010:Notes
971:Boaco
943:rifle
328:]
1369:ISBN
1122:ISSN
857:USS
542:The
518:1932
504:1930
475:1928
426:1927
388:1912
86:The
36:Date
1114:doi
945:or
554:by
1388::
1272:^
1185:^
1134:^
1120:.
1110:20
1108:.
1104:.
1076:^
1035:^
1018:^
896:.
326:es
1377:.
1128:.
1116::
808:e
801:t
794:v
362:e
355:t
348:v
283:e
276:t
269:v
151:)
147:(
119:)
115:(
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