673:, which passed the upper house of parliament on 5 October 2022, and came into effect on 21 October 2022, offered Spanish citizenship to the children of Spanish exiles who had fled from the regime. The 2007 Historical Memory Law had excluded children of exiles who had changed or renounced their Spanish citizenship; the new law entitled any descendant of Spanish immigrants born before 1985 – the year Spain changed its nationality law – to citizenship. This now included the grandchildren of people exiled under the Franco dictatorship, and the descendants of women who had lost their citizenship on marrying non-Spaniards. It is estimated that 700,000 people could be eligible for citizenship under the new "grandchildren law".
364:
742:
83:
1824:
499:
595:
3369:
3409:
3397:
35:
258:("Spaniard by origin") cannot be deprived of their nationality. On 13 July 1982, and in accordance to what had been established in the constitution, the first law regarding nationality was approved, which was in fact an amendment to the Spanish Civil Code in effect. This law has been reformed on 17 December 1990, 23 December 1993, 2 November 1995, and most recently 2 October 2002.
535:
Spanish government was then taking 8–10 months to decide on each case. After 2017, it would take 1–2 years to resolve a complete application. By March 2018 over 6,200 people had been granted
Spanish citizenship under this law. And by the end of 2019, a total of about 132,000 applications were received, 67,000 of them in the month before the 30 September 2019 deadline.
1816:: a right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other Member States when in a non-EU Member State, if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen's own state (Article 23): this is due to the fact that not all member states maintain embassies in every country in the world (14 countries have only one embassy from an EU state).
319:
required. After that date, second generation born abroad
Spaniards from the Iberosphere who were not already 18 or in legal majority (adulthood) by that date, and who held the other country's citizenship, are required to declare their intention to retain Spanish nationality to Spanish authorities within three years of majority (until age 21).
1801:
507:
from 1 October 2015, provide evidence of their
Sephardi origin, demonstrate a special connection with Spain, and pass examinations on the Spanish language and Spanish culture and institutions. To provide proof of Sephardic descent, applicants could obtain Sephardic heritage certificates from organizations such as the
729:. When in a non-EU country where there is no Spanish embassy, Spanish citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Spanish citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in
630:
time of birth, and
Spanish nationality "not by origin" to those individuals born of former Spanish nationals that were born in Spain or that acquired Spanish nationality after the birth of the child but before the child turned 18. In the latter case, the child has until his 20th birthday to request citizenship); and
548:
years after the acquisition of the foreign nationality or emancipation only if the individual does not declare their will to retain
Spanish nationality. The exception to this are those Spaniards by origin who acquire the nationality of an Iberoamerican country, Andorra, Philippines, Equatorial Guinea or Portugal;
547:
Those individuals of 18 years of age or more whose residence is not Spain and who acquire voluntarily another nationality, or who use exclusively another nationality which was conferred to them prior to their age of emancipation lose
Spanish nationality. In this case, loss of nationality occurs three
684:
is permitted for all
Spaniards by origin, as long as they declare their will to retain Spanish nationality within three years of the acquisition of another nationality. This requirement is waived for the acquisition of the nationality of a Latin American country, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial
580:
People who lose
Spanish nationality can recover it if they become legal residents in Spain. Emigrants and their children are not required to return to Spain to recover their Spanish nationality. (Since the nationality law automatically grants Spanish nationality to people born of a Spanish parent, a
554:
Those minors born outside Spain that have acquired
Spanish citizenship being children of Spanish nationals that were also born outside Spain, and if the laws of the country in which they live grant them another nationality, will lose Spanish nationality if they do not declare their will to retain it
379:
Also, any individual can request
Spanish nationality after a period of continuous legal residence in Spain, as long as they are 18 years or older, or through a legal representative if they are younger. Under Article 22, to apply for nationality through residence it is necessary for the individual to
354:
Spanish nationality by option must be claimed within two years after their 18th birthday or after their "emancipation", regardless of age, except for those individuals whose father or mother had been originally Spanish and born in Spain, for which there is no age limit. Spanish nationality by option
653:
By virtue of this law, if an individual, whose father or mother had been originally Spanish and born in Spain, and who had previously acquired Spanish nationality "not by origin" by option (art. 20) could request his or her nationality be changed to nationality "by origin", if he or she chose to do
506:
In 2015 the Government of Spain passed Law 12/2015 of 24 June, whereby the descendants of Sephardi Jews of Spanish origin could obtain Spanish nationality by naturalisation, without the residency requirement as explained above. The law required applicants to apply for citizenship within three years
314:
Under Article 24.1, people born outside Spain, other than in specified Spanish-speaking countries, to a Spanish citizen born in Spain will lose Spanish nationality if they exclusively use a foreign nationality acquired before adulthood. That loss can be avoided by registering the desire to preserve
310:
Since the 1889 Civil Code came into effect, there have been various regulations requiring registration of births of Spaniards abroad, and limiting citizenship by descent to a specified number of generations. These rules have changed over time; the rules in force at the time of birth usually apply.
629:
those individuals born of a parent that was Spanish by origin, regardless of the place of birth of the parent, whatever the age of the applicant. (The Spanish Civil code currently grants Spanish nationality "by origin" only to those individuals born of a person that held Spanish nationality at the
534:
By July 2017 the government of Spain had registered about 4,300 applicants who had begun the process, and about 1,000 had signed before a notary public and filed their documents officially. A hundred, from various countries, had been granted citizenship, with another 400 expected within weeks. The
206:
citizenship is legal and continuous residence in the country. The Spanish legal framework is considered to be one of the most restrictive in Europe in terms of citizenship acquisition. A preferential treatment in this regard is granted to former colonies, whose citizens also enjoy the privilege of
522:
The Law establishes the right to Spanish nationality of Sephardi Jews with a connection to Spain. An Instruction of 29 September 2015 removes a provision whereby those acquiring Spanish nationality by law 12/2015 must renounce any other nationality held. Most applicants must have passed a test of
318:
Until a 9 January 2003 change in the law, Spanish citizens born in an Ibero-American country or specific former Spanish territories to a Spanish citizen parent, also born outside of Spain, and who held that other country's citizenship, preserved Spanish citizenship with no retention declaration
649:
in the Spanish Civil War. (In 1996, they were granted Spanish nationality "not by origin", which implied that they had to renounce their previous nationality—Spanish nationals "by origin" cannot be deprived of their nationality, and therefore, these individuals can also retain their original
657:
Spanish nationality could be acquired by the Law of Historical memory from on 27 December 2008 until 26 December 2011; 446,277 people had applied by 30 November 2011. Around 95% were Latin American, half of them from Cuba and Argentina. To the surprise of government officials, 92.5% of all
178:
refers to Spanish nationality and establishes that a separate law is to regulate how it is acquired and lost. Lacking an overarching unifying legal body, the current regulation about nationality in Spain is thus contained in 17–28th articles of the
625:(1936-1939), and the dictatorial regime that followed (1939-1975). In recognition of the "injustice produced by the exile" of thousands of Spaniards, the law allowed their descendants to obtain Spanish nationality by origin, specifically for:
346:
those individuals whose father or mother had been originally Spanish and born in Spain (i.e. those individuals who were born after their parent(s) had lost Spanish nationality, or those born with another nationality before 1982 to a Spanish
511:. The law provided for a possible one-year extension of the deadline to 1 October 2019; it was indeed extended in March 2018. The deadline for completing the requirements was extended until September 2021 due to delays due to the
483:
While Spanish law requires an answer before one year of the request, by the end of 2022 there were over 11,000 requests pending for over five years. There were more than 276,000 pending requests. More than 100,000 were overdue.
1170:"Real Decreto de 24 de julio de 1889, texto de la edición del Código Civil mandada publicar en cumplimento de la Ley de 26 de mayo último. TÍTULO PRIMERO. De los españoles y extranjeros (Vigente hasta el 15 de Julio de 2015)"
306:
Foreign minors under the age of 18 acquire Spanish nationality by origin upon being adopted by a Spanish national. An adoptee over the age of 18 can apply for Spanish nationality by origin up to two years after the adoption.
559:
The Civil Code regulations on loss of citizenship, and the reasons for it—including lack of registration with Spanish consular authorities overseas—and the practical application of those regulations, has varied over time.
1509:[Instruction of 29 September 2015, from the Directorate General of Registration and Notaries, on the application of law 12/2015, regarding acquisition of Spanish nationality by Sephardis with Spanish origins]
688:
Foreign nationals who acquire Spanish nationality must renounce their previous nationality, unless they are natural-born citizens of a Latin American country, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, or Portugal.
637:, and had lost his or her Spanish nationality. In this case the applicant must have proven that the grandparent had left Spain as a refugee or that the grandparent left Spain between 18 July 1936 and 31 December 1955.
581:
person born outside Spain to a parent of Spanish birth and nationality who uses the citizenship of the other country exclusively since birth is said to "recover" their Spanish nationality should they apply for it).
818:, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition, to travel freedom on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.
692:
Since October 2002, dual citizens of Spain and another country who are born outside Spain to a Spanish citizen parent born outside Spain must declare to conserve their Spanish nationality between ages 18 and 21.
375:
Spanish nationality can be acquired by naturalization, which is only granted at the discretion of the government through a royal decree, and under exceptional circumstances, for example to notable individuals.
183:, 63–68th articles of the Civil Registry Law, 220–237th articles of the Civil Registry Regulations and in a number of instructions and resolutions from the Directorate General for Registers and Notaries.
473:
and possess at least a level A2 certificate unless the applicant is a citizen of a country where Spanish is an official language, as well as pass a cultural and historical knowledge exam called the CCSE
296:
those individuals born in Spain of foreign parents if at least one of the parents was also born in Spain, with the exception of children of foreign diplomatic or consular officers accredited in Spain;
570:
they use exclusively for a period of three years their previous nationality—with the exception of the nationality of those countries with which Spain has signed an agreement of dual nationality;
1682:
246:
is the first that does not define Spanish nationality. Rather, article 11 establishes that Spanish nationality is acquired, preserved and lost in accordance with the provisions of the law (
1507:"Instrucción de 29 de septiembre de 2015, de la Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado, sobre (…) concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España"
299:
those individuals born in Spain of foreign parents if neither of them has a nationality, or if the legislation of either parent's home country does not grant the child any nationality;
1528:
1195:"Real Decreto de 24 de julio de 1889, texto de la edición del Código Civil mandada publicar en cumplimento de la Ley de 26 de mayo último (Vigente hasta el 23 de Julio de 2011)"
839:
2719:
2624:
1016:
573:
they participate voluntarily in the army of a foreign country, or serve in public office in a foreign government, against the specific prohibition of the Spanish Government;
661:
Many applications under the law came from Cuba, which also offered those Cubans an ability to leave the island, and to also live and work in EU countries other than Spain.
355:
does not confer "nationality by origin" unless otherwise specified (i.e. those mentioned in article 17, and those who obtained it through the Law of Historical Memory).
2634:
2452:
551:
Those Spanish nationals that expressly renounce Spanish nationality if they also possess another nationality and reside outside Spain will lose Spanish nationality;
2759:
2749:
714:
1377:
302:
those individuals born in Spain of undetermined filiation; those individuals whose first known territory of residence is Spain, are considered born in Spain.
1306:
242:(which opened a way for exploring double citizenship agreements with Ibero–American countries), and the 1954, 1975, 1982, 1990, and 2002 laws. The current
1736:
893:
2088:
1531:[Exemption due to age over 70 years] (in Spanish). Ministerio de Justicia, Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado. 22 May 2017.
1403:
658:
applications were made by sons or daughters of Spaniards by origin regardless of their place of birth, and only 6.1% by grandchildren of refugees.
968:
339:
Article 20 of the Spanish Civil Code, established that the following individuals have the right to apply (lit. "to opt") for Spanish nationality:
215:
Traditionally, considerations about the Spanish nationality had been (successively) regulated by constitutional articles: the 5th article of the
2394:
1127:
1063:
3138:
1591:
1404:"Rhodes Jewish Museum: Frequently asked questions for Spanish citizenship for Sephardi Jews. Date (embedded in the PDF): 3 September 2015"
3134:
1421:
1608:
2439:
1998:
1757:
1473:
515:, but only for those who had made a preliminary application by 1 October 2019. This path to citizenship is in restitution for the 1492
843:
508:
1328:
2448:
1813:
718:
1943:
1014:
1710:"External and Multiple Citizenship in the European Union. Are 'Extrazenship' Practices Challenging Migrant Integration Policies?"
328:
will apply to a person of Spanish descent has also changed over time as Spain has signed agreements and treaties with countries.
2980:
2424:
2326:
2253:
794:
745:
1286:"Spain: Information on whether a person born of a Spanish mother outside Spain is automatically considered a Spanish national"
493:
3434:
3142:
1655:
531:), but those who were under 18, or handicapped, were exempted. A Resolution in May 2017 also exempted those aged over 70.
2293:
17:
463:
who were born outside of Spain, if one of their parents or grandparents was originally Spanish (i.e. Spanish by origin).
350:
those individuals mentioned in the second bullet-point in article 17, and adopted foreigners of 18 years of age or more.
3010:
2679:
2366:
1918:
1491:
Ley 12/2015, de 24 de junio, en materia de concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España
3186:
3105:
2776:
706:
614:
598:
Headquarters of the General Archive of the Civil War, which will be merged into the Archive of Historical Memory or
1885:
1628:
878:
811:
516:
446:
who have been under the legal tutelage or protection of a Spanish citizen or institution for two consecutive years,
202:
provisions) and it can be voluntarily renounced but not forcefully removed. The most common mode of acquisition of
1683:"El Consulado en La Habana ha recibido 192.400 peticiones de nacionalidad a través de la Ley de Memoria Histórica"
3233:
3115:
2874:
2228:
2068:
722:
274:
Spanish legislation regarding nationality establishes two types of nationality: "Spanish nationality by origin" (
2263:
2243:
2143:
1991:
730:
1226:
238:
The original text of the 1889 Civil Code was partially or wholly amended by the 23rd and 24th articles of the
3130:
2694:
2579:
2444:
2258:
2103:
1233:
3000:
1893:
974:
3351:
2704:
2664:
2429:
2063:
1452:
1225:
Marín, Ruth Rubio; Sobrino, Irene; Pérez, Alberto Martín; Moreno Fuentes, Francisco Javier (January 2015).
1103:
607:
239:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
53:
1779:
1543:
1493:(Law 12/2015, of 24 June, regarding acquisition of Spanish nationality by Sephardis with Spanish origins)
3221:
3176:
3095:
3090:
3070:
3015:
3005:
2970:
2699:
2619:
2554:
2351:
2238:
2188:
2058:
1099:
252:"la nacionalidad española se adquiere, se conserva y se pierde de acuerdo con lo establecido por la ley"
3387:
3171:
3148:
3085:
3065:
3025:
2909:
2884:
2879:
2709:
2684:
2589:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2434:
2419:
2414:
2389:
2371:
2303:
2233:
2203:
2093:
3040:
2924:
2899:
2854:
2849:
2799:
2724:
2674:
2649:
2644:
2614:
2569:
2559:
2519:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2384:
2361:
2336:
2273:
2193:
2118:
2083:
2053:
2048:
2043:
1984:
1426:
807:
on arrival. In the index, Spain is in the 1st rank in terms of travel freedom, alongside Singapore.
3439:
3372:
3125:
2995:
2985:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2914:
2824:
2804:
2789:
2639:
2609:
2564:
2549:
2509:
2499:
2474:
2404:
2399:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2178:
2173:
2163:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2078:
2038:
2028:
1865:
1506:
800:
618:
443:
who did not exercise their right to nationality by option within the established period of time, or
408:
3100:
3080:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3020:
2990:
2934:
2889:
2869:
2864:
2829:
2809:
2794:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2654:
2629:
2604:
2594:
2574:
2484:
2409:
2298:
2288:
2223:
2158:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2073:
2033:
1490:
646:
611:
1169:
621:
with the aim of recognising the rights of those who suffered persecution or violence during the
3338:
3120:
3110:
3075:
2975:
2919:
2904:
2839:
2834:
2819:
2714:
2689:
2659:
2584:
2544:
2376:
2248:
2183:
2168:
2153:
1589:
1194:
642:
641:
The law also granted Spanish nationality by origin to those foreign individual members of the
3429:
3413:
3181:
2939:
2894:
2859:
2844:
2814:
2669:
2599:
2356:
1606:
815:
670:
266:
Title One of Book One of the Spanish Civil Code lays out the details of Spanish nationality.
243:
1329:"Carta de naturaleza - ¿Cómo se adquiere la nacionalidad española? - Ministerio de Justicia"
3302:
3275:
3166:
2729:
1713:
1264:"Ley 36/2002, de 8 de octubre, de modificación del Código Civil en materia de nacionalidad"
175:
685:
Guinea, or Portugal and any other country that Spain may sign a bilateral agreement with.
449:
who have been married for one year to a Spanish national and are not separated legally or
363:
8:
3292:
3211:
2754:
1853:
1350:
1259:
1055:
741:
726:
180:
136:
1837:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1453:"El Gobierno amplía hasta 2019 el plazo para que los sefardíes obtengan la nacionalidad"
1354:
52:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3191:
1455:[Government extends until 2019 the deadline for Sefardis to gain nationality].
1059:
710:
970:
Evolución del Derecho de Nacionalidad en España: Continuidad y Cambios más importantes
456:
are widow(er)s of a Spanish national if at the time of death they were not legally or
3333:
3285:
913:
634:
622:
512:
424:
498:
3216:
1569:
905:
897:
681:
247:
92:
82:
633:
those individuals whose grandfather or grandmother had been exiled because of the
285:
According to article 17 of the Spanish Civil Code, the following are Spaniards by
278:)—that is, a "natural-born Spaniard"—and the "Spanish nationality not by origin" (
3297:
2007:
1897:
1835:. The reason given is: The United Kingdom is not a EU member state after Brexit..
1612:
1595:
1285:
1020:
804:
331:
All other people who acquire Spanish nationality are "Spaniards not by origin".
3328:
3228:
702:
555:
within three years after their 18th birthday or the date of their emancipation.
528:
207:
not needing to renounce their original citizenship to acquire the Spanish one.
47:
1709:
502:
The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (in the year 1492) by Emilio Sala Francés
3423:
3358:
3307:
3239:
2781:
917:
404:
368:
324:
192:
1737:"Spain's new citizenship law for Franco exiles offers hope in Latin America"
1263:
594:
3401:
3254:
840:"Título I. De los derechos y deberes fundamentales - Constitución Española"
576:
they had lied or committed fraud when they applied for Spanish nationality.
469:
In addition to meeting the residence requirement, applicants must pass the
428:
1422:"Spain is suddenly turning down many Jews who apply for citizenship. Why?"
901:
803:, holders of a Spanish passport can visit 194 countries visa-free or with
3312:
3270:
1901:
1376:Álvarez del Vayo, María; Belmonte, Eva; Maqueda, Adrián (23 March 2023).
420:
227:, 2nd article of the unpromulgated 1856 Constitution, 1st article of the
168:
1971:
1629:"Unos 446.000 descendientes de españoles han solicitado la nacionalidad"
909:
566:
In addition, Spaniards "not by origin", will lose their nationality if:
1889:
563:
Spanish nationality is not lost as described above if Spain is at war.
105:
1633:
1919:"Treaty on the Function of the European Union (consolidated version)"
948:
879:"When the exception becomes the rule: The Spanish citizenship regime"
494:
Sephardi Jews § Spanish citizenship by Iberian Sephardic descent
1378:"Más de un lustro esperando la nacionalidad española por residencia"
343:
those individuals that were under the tutelage of a Spanish citizen,
163:
refers to all the laws, provisions, regulations, and resolutions in
3280:
3246:
1976:
1857:
543:
Spanish nationality can be lost under the following circumstances:
412:
198:
315:
Spanish nationality in the civil registry at a Spanish consulate.
1905:
1881:
1869:
936:
924:
416:
1570:"Spain gets 127,000 citizenship applications from Sephardi Jews"
1474:"Spain extends deadline for Sephardic Jews to claim citizenship"
34:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1375:
1224:
527:) and a test of knowledge of Spanish culture and institutions (
981:
164:
126:
254:). It is also the first constitution that emphasises that a
1098:
538:
524:
470:
477:
Conocimientos Constitucionales y Socioculturales de España
993:
858:
1541:
877:
Finotelli, Claudia; La Barbera, Maria Caterina (2013).
322:
The range of Ibero-American countries in which Spanish
1758:"Tener la doble nacionalidad - Ministerio de Justicia"
3385:
1972:
Government of Spain. Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad
736:
261:
1944:"The 41 nationalities with the best quality of life"
1307:"Adquisición de la nacionalidad española por opción"
696:
1349:
1054:
954:
942:
930:
876:
399:
years if the individual is a natural-born citizen (
584:
190:is defined in the Civil Code on the principle of
3421:
589:
1802:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
1450:
1299:
1258:
46:about pre-1812 law, treatment of people in the
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
810:The Spanish nationality is ranked eleventh in
782: Visa available both on arrival or online
1992:
664:
475:
90:
3139:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
1542:Luis Portero de la Torre (7 February 2017).
1102:(2013). Clausen, Sofia de Ramon Luca (ed.).
427:, or if the individual can prove they are a
1814:Rights abroad: Right to consular protection
1468:
1466:
1149:
1010:
1008:
999:
987:
966:
864:
293:those individuals born of a Spanish parent;
1999:
1985:
1585:
1583:
1419:
1309:. Consulado General de España en SÃO PAULO
1254:
1252:
1250:
1227:"Country Report on Citizenship Law: Spain"
1189:
1187:
1064:Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
81:
1656:"Cubans wait to seek Spanish citizenship"
1568:<--not stated--> (1 October 2019).
1446:
1444:
1050:
1048:
600:Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica
509:Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain
1752:
1750:
1626:
1544:"Spanish Citizenship for Sephardic Jews"
1463:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1005:
834:
832:
830:
740:
593:
539:Loss and recovery of Spanish nationality
497:
393:years if the individual is a refugee, or
362:
50:, and evolution from feudal allegiances.
1622:
1620:
1580:
1529:"Dispensa por edad superiror a 70 años"
1247:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1184:
114:An Act relating to Spanish citizenship
14:
3422:
1734:
1728:
1701:
1680:
1627:Rebossio, Alejandro (2 January 2012).
1441:
1278:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
795:Visa requirements for Spanish citizens
746:Visa requirements for Spanish citizens
1980:
1747:
1369:
1025:
827:
174:Article 11 of the First Title of the
2006:
1817:
1662:. Associated Press. 29 December 2008
1617:
1209:
788: Visa required prior to arrival
28:
1735:Burgen, Stephen (27 October 2022).
1420:Castellano, Orge (23 August 2021).
1331:. Mjusticia.gob.es. 22 January 2015
1077:
814:(QNI). This index differs from the
676:
380:have legally resided in Spain for:
161:Spanish nationality legal framework
24:
1707:
1681:Barros, Manuel (20 January 2012).
737:Travel freedom of Spanish citizens
280:nacionalidad española no de origen
262:Acquisition of Spanish citizenship
25:
3451:
1965:
697:Citizenship of the European Union
358:
3407:
3395:
3368:
3367:
2089:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1886:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1822:
1567:
1517:(in Spanish). 29 September 2015.
1451:Juan José Mateo (5 March 2018).
1266:. Second supplementary provision
701:Because Spain forms part of the
517:expulsion of the Jews from Spain
487:
33:
3234:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
1936:
1911:
1807:
1794:
1772:
1674:
1648:
1600:
1561:
1535:
1521:
1499:
1484:
1413:
1396:
1343:
1321:
1120:
955:Finotelli & La Barbera 2013
943:Finotelli & La Barbera 2013
931:Finotelli & La Barbera 2013
585:Descendants of political exiles
276:nacionalidad española de origen
3071:Federated States of Micronesia
2435:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
960:
870:
842:. 5 April 2010. Archived from
707:citizens of the European Union
523:Spanish language proficiency (
431:with a connection to Spain; or
13:
1:
1234:European University Institute
821:
590:2007 Law of Historical Memory
440:born in Spanish territory, or
3435:Spain and the European Union
3352:British Overseas Territories
705:, Spanish citizens are also
615:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
407:(including individuals with
334:
269:
7:
3222:Renunciation of citizenship
1355:"Código Civil (as updated)"
1100:Spanish Ministry of Justice
967:Viñas Farré, Ramón (2009).
731:Article 21 of the EU Treaty
10:
3456:
1611:December 22, 2009, at the
1594:December 22, 2009, at the
1515:Boletín Oficial del Estado
975:Universidad del País Vasco
792:
665:2022 Democratic Memory Law
610:, under the government of
491:
210:
3347:
3321:
3263:
3204:
3157:
3058:
2948:
2775:
2768:
2537:
2462:
2319:
2312:
2021:
2014:
1831:This article needs to be
1427:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1128:"Spanish Civil Code 2016"
758: Freedom of movement
476:
149:
142:
132:
122:
100:
91:
89:
80:
75:
2069:Central African Republic
1866:Central African Republic
1800:Article 20(2)(c) of the
1197:. Noticias.juridicas.com
1172:. Noticias.juridicas.com
619:Law of Historical Memory
409:Puerto Rican citizenship
3167:Commonwealth of Nations
816:Visa Restrictions Index
801:Visa Restrictions Index
764: Visa not required
715:rights of free movement
647:Second Spanish Republic
231:and 1st article of the
217:1812 Cádiz Constitution
76:Spanish Citizenship Act
2981:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1948:www.businessinsider.de
799:According to the 2024
790:
719:have the right to vote
643:International Brigades
603:
503:
437:year for individuals:
372:
251:
44:is missing information
3364:Partially recognized.
2229:São Tomé and Príncipe
1894:São Tomé and Príncipe
902:10.33182/ml.v10i2.146
770: Visa on arrival
744:
671:Democratic Memory Law
645:who had defended the
597:
501:
366:
223:, 1st Article of the
219:, 1st article of the
3303:Second-class citizen
3276:Multiple citizenship
2745:United Arab Emirates
2379:(Kingdom of Denmark)
1714:Princeton University
1548:Rhodes Jewish Museum
1104:"Spanish Civil Code"
990:, pp. 279, 289.
608:Congress of Deputies
244:Constitution of 1978
186:Spanish citizenship
176:Spanish Constitution
3293:Permanent residency
3212:Loss of citizenship
3187:Caribbean Community
2440:Trinidad and Tobago
2425:St. Kitts and Nevis
2327:Antigua and Barbuda
1924:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
1854:Antigua and Barbuda
1351:Government of Spain
1260:Government of Spain
1056:Government of Spain
957:, pp. 247–252.
727:European Parliament
196:(with some limited
153:Current legislation
137:Government of Spain
18:Spanish citizenship
2367:Dominican Republic
1760:. Mjusticia.gob.es
1357:. pp. 249–259
1019:7 May 2005 at the
791:
711:European Union law
604:
504:
403:) of a country of
401:nacional de origen
373:
123:Territorial extent
3383:
3382:
3357:Open border with
3200:
3199:
3054:
3053:
2533:
2532:
2453:US Virgin Islands
2380:
2104:Equatorial Guinea
1950:. 6 February 2016
1852:
1851:
886:Migration Letters
812:Nationality Index
635:Spanish Civil War
623:Spanish Civil War
513:COVID-19 pandemic
425:Equatorial Guinea
256:español de origen
240:1931 Constitution
233:1876 Constitution
229:1869 Constitution
225:1845 Constitution
221:1837 Constitution
157:
156:
71:
70:
16:(Redirected from
3447:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3371:
3370:
3217:Denaturalization
3106:Papua New Guinea
3091:Marshall Islands
2773:
2772:
2378:
2317:
2316:
2019:
2018:
2008:Nationality laws
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1782:. European Union
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:. pp. 21–23
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1624:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:Jewish News (UK)
1470:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1353:(1 March 2023).
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1166:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1135:Mjusticia.gob.es
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1096:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1052:
1023:
1012:
1003:
1000:Viñas Farré 2009
997:
991:
988:Viñas Farré 2009
985:
979:
978:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
921:
883:
874:
868:
865:Viñas Farré 2009
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
836:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
682:Dual citizenship
677:Dual citizenship
479:
367:Map showing the
96:
95:
93:Cortes Generales
85:
73:
72:
66:
63:
57:
37:
29:
21:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3440:Nationality law
3420:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3343:
3317:
3298:Right of return
3259:
3196:
3159:
3153:
3116:Solomon Islands
3050:
3016:Northern Cyprus
3011:North Macedonia
2944:
2779:
2764:
2529:
2458:
2308:
2010:
2005:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1898:Solomon Islands
1848:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:Mateos, Pablo.
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1687:España Exterior
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1660:nydailynews.com
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1625:
1618:
1613:Wayback Machine
1605:
1601:
1596:Wayback Machine
1588:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1449:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1223:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1053:
1026:
1021:Wayback Machine
1013:
1006:
998:
994:
986:
982:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
881:
875:
871:
863:
859:
849:
847:
846:on 5 April 2010
838:
837:
828:
824:
797:
789:
785:
783:
779:
777:
773:
771:
767:
765:
761:
759:
755:
753:
749:
739:
713:and thus enjoy
699:
679:
667:
617:, approved the
592:
587:
541:
496:
490:
361:
337:
272:
264:
213:
133:Enacted by
118:
115:
110:
109:
67:
61:
58:
51:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3414:European Union
3404:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:Naturalization
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Nordic Council
3179:
3174:
3172:European Union
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3135:American Samoa
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3046:United Kingdom
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2949:Rest of Europe
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Czech Republic
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2777:European Union
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
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2572:
2567:
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2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
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2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2294:Western Sahara
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Congo Republic
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:External links
1964:
1962:
1961:
1935:
1910:
1850:
1849:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1806:
1793:
1771:
1746:
1727:
1700:
1673:
1647:
1616:
1599:
1579:
1560:
1534:
1520:
1498:
1483:
1480:. 14 May 2020.
1462:
1440:
1412:
1395:
1368:
1342:
1320:
1298:
1277:
1246:
1208:
1183:
1148:
1119:
1076:
1060:"Código Civil"
1024:
1004:
1002:, p. 278.
992:
980:
977:. p. 278.
959:
947:
945:, p. 245.
935:
933:, p. 246.
923:
869:
867:, p. 279.
857:
825:
823:
820:
793:Main article:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
738:
735:
703:European Union
698:
695:
678:
675:
666:
663:
650:nationality).
639:
638:
631:
612:prime minister
591:
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586:
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369:Ibero-American
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359:Naturalization
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69:
68:
48:Spanish Empire
41:
39:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3452:
3441:
3438:
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3431:
3428:
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3392:
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3376:
3375:
3366:
3363:
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3359:Schengen Area
3356:
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3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
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3311:
3309:
3308:Statelessness
3306:
3304:
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3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
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3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
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3240:Ius sanguinis
3237:
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3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
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3207:
3203:
3193:
3192:African Union
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
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3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:organizations
3158:International
3156:
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3147:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:United States
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
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3102:
3099:
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3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
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3017:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
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2901:
2898:
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2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Liechtenstein
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
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2853:
2851:
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2826:
2823:
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2806:
2803:
2801:
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2796:
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2791:
2788:
2787:
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2783:
2782:Schengen Area
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
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2746:
2743:
2741:
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2706:
2703:
2701:
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2681:
2678:
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2618:
2616:
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2445:United States
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2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Guinea-Bissau
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
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2100:
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2087:
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2047:
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2042:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1899:
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1879:
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1538:
1530:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1459:(in Spanish).
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1383:
1379:
1372:
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996:
989:
984:
976:
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951:
944:
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932:
927:
919:
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903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
873:
866:
861:
845:
841:
835:
833:
831:
826:
819:
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813:
808:
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802:
796:
747:
743:
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724:
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712:
708:
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694:
690:
686:
683:
674:
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659:
655:
651:
648:
644:
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632:
628:
627:
626:
624:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:In 2007, the
601:
596:
582:
575:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
561:
553:
550:
546:
545:
544:
536:
532:
530:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
500:
495:
488:Sephardi Jews
485:
481:
478:
472:
462:
460:separated, or
459:
455:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Ibero-America
402:
398:
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392:
389:
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383:
382:
381:
377:
370:
365:
356:
349:
345:
342:
341:
340:
332:
329:
327:
326:
325:jus sanguinis
320:
316:
312:
308:
301:
298:
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292:
291:
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288:
283:
281:
277:
267:
259:
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245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
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208:
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201:
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195:
194:
193:jus sanguinis
189:
184:
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177:
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138:
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108:
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99:
94:
88:
84:
79:
74:
65:
55:
49:
45:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3430:Law of Spain
3373:
3339:Soviet Union
3334:Ancient Rome
3329:Nazi Germany
3255:Repatriation
3245:
3238:
3205:By procedure
2929:
2740:Turkmenistan
2695:Saudi Arabia
2259:South Africa
2244:Sierra Leone
2049:Burkina Faso
2015:By continent
1954:10 September
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1913:
1904:(Portugal),
1896:(Portugal),
1840:
1832:
1809:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1741:the Guardian
1740:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1689:(in Spanish)
1686:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1632:
1602:
1573:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1501:
1495:(in Spanish)
1486:
1477:
1456:
1431:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1384:(in Spanish)
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1237:. Retrieved
1199:. Retrieved
1174:. Retrieved
1139:. Retrieved
1134:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1067:. Retrieved
995:
983:
969:
962:
950:
938:
926:
910:10261/258339
889:
885:
872:
860:
848:. Retrieved
844:the original
809:
798:
700:
691:
687:
680:
668:
660:
656:
652:
640:
605:
599:
579:
565:
562:
558:
542:
533:
521:
505:
482:
468:
457:
450:
434:
429:Sephardi Jew
400:
396:
390:
384:
378:
374:
353:
338:
330:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
286:
284:
279:
275:
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265:
255:
237:
214:
203:
197:
191:
187:
185:
173:
160:
158:
150:
104:
59:
43:
26:
3313:Travel visa
3271:Citizenship
3096:New Zealand
2940:Switzerland
2895:Netherlands
2705:South Korea
2685:Philippines
2665:North Korea
2545:Afghanistan
2449:Puerto Rico
2372:El Salvador
2264:South Sudan
2149:Ivory Coast
1902:Timor-Leste
1884:(Germany),
1666:22 February
1313:28 December
1291:28 December
776: eVisa
752: Spain
421:Philippines
287:birth right
169:nationality
167:concerning
3424:Categories
3026:San Marino
3006:Montenegro
2971:Azerbaijan
2885:Luxembourg
2750:Uzbekistan
2720:Tajikistan
2625:Kyrgyzstan
2620:Kazakhstan
2580:East Timor
2555:Bangladesh
2377:Greenland
2352:Costa Rica
2254:Somaliland
2239:Seychelles
2204:Mozambique
2189:Mauritania
2174:Madagascar
2129:The Gambia
2064:Cape Verde
1890:San Marino
1872:(France),
1868:(France),
1843:March 2023
1764:15 January
894:CSIC Press
822:References
492:See also:
204:derivative
181:Civil Code
106:Long title
3264:By result
3066:Australia
2880:Lithuania
2710:Sri Lanka
2700:Singapore
2680:Palestine
2590:Indonesia
2525:Venezuela
2470:Argentina
2430:St. Lucia
2415:Nicaragua
2390:Guatemala
2194:Mauritius
1892:(Italy),
1693:16 August
918:1741-8984
723:elections
387:years, or
335:By option
270:By origin
188:by origin
62:June 2024
54:talk page
3374:Category
3286:Internal
3281:Passport
3247:Ius soli
3177:Mercosur
3086:Kiribati
2925:Slovenia
2920:Slovakia
2910:Portugal
2800:Bulgaria
2730:Thailand
2675:Pakistan
2650:Mongolia
2645:Malaysia
2570:Cambodia
2515:Suriname
2505:Paraguay
2490:Colombia
2400:Honduras
2362:Dominica
2337:Barbados
2313:Americas
2304:Zimbabwe
2274:Tanzania
2119:Ethiopia
2114:Eswatini
2094:Djibouti
2059:Cameroon
2044:Botswana
1908:(France)
1858:Barbados
1720:22 March
1609:Archived
1592:Archived
1574:BBC News
1553:1 August
1388:24 March
1361:26 April
1239:22 March
1112:22 March
1058:(2018).
1017:Archived
725:for the
458:de facto
451:de facto
413:Portugal
347:mother).
199:jus soli
3388:Portals
3322:Defunct
3149:Vanuatu
3059:Oceania
3041:Ukraine
2996:Moldova
2986:Georgia
2976:Belarus
2966:Andorra
2961:Armenia
2956:Albania
2915:Romania
2860:Ireland
2855:Iceland
2850:Hungary
2840:Germany
2830:Finland
2825:Estonia
2820:Denmark
2805:Croatia
2795:Belgium
2790:Austria
2755:Vietnam
2655:Myanmar
2640:Lebanon
2550:Bahrain
2520:Uruguay
2495:Ecuador
2475:Bolivia
2405:Jamaica
2385:Grenada
2332:Bahamas
2284:Tunisia
2249:Somalia
2234:Senegal
2219:Nigeria
2209:Namibia
2199:Morocco
2164:Liberia
2159:Lesotho
2109:Eritrea
2079:Comoros
2054:Burundi
2029:Algeria
1928:10 July
1906:Vanuatu
1882:Liberia
1870:Comoros
1833:updated
1780:"Spain"
1634:El País
1457:El País
1433:12 July
1335:10 July
1270:17 July
1201:10 July
1176:10 July
1069:17 July
896:: 246.
850:10 July
417:Andorra
371:Nations
248:Spanish
211:History
151:Status:
143:Enacted
3126:Tuvalu
3036:Turkey
3031:Serbia
3021:Russia
3001:Monaco
2991:Kosovo
2935:Sweden
2905:Poland
2900:Norway
2870:Latvia
2845:Greece
2835:France
2810:Cyprus
2769:Europe
2735:Turkey
2725:Taiwan
2630:Kuwait
2615:Jordan
2605:Israel
2565:Brunei
2560:Bhutan
2500:Guyana
2480:Brazil
2420:Panama
2410:Mexico
2347:Canada
2342:Belize
2299:Zambia
2289:Uganda
2224:Rwanda
2179:Malawi
2139:Guinea
2034:Angola
2022:Africa
1900:(UK),
1888:(UK),
1880:(UK),
1878:Guyana
1876:(UK),
1874:Gambia
1864:(UK),
1862:Belize
1860:(UK),
1856:(UK),
1141:9 June
1137:. 2016
916:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
709:under
419:, the
3402:Spain
3121:Tonga
3111:Samoa
3101:Palau
3081:Nauru
2930:Spain
2890:Malta
2865:Italy
2760:Yemen
2715:Syria
2690:Qatar
2660:Nepal
2610:Japan
2585:India
2575:China
2485:Chile
2463:South
2395:Haiti
2320:North
2269:Sudan
2214:Niger
2169:Libya
2154:Kenya
2134:Ghana
2124:Gabon
2099:Egypt
2039:Benin
1922:(PDF)
1786:4 May
1640:5 May
1511:(PDF)
1407:(PDF)
1382:Civio
1230:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
892:(2).
882:(PDF)
289:are:
165:Spain
127:Spain
3143:Guam
3076:Fiji
2780:and
2670:Oman
2635:Laos
2600:Iraq
2595:Iran
2538:Asia
2510:Peru
2357:Cuba
2279:Togo
2184:Mali
2074:Chad
1956:2018
1930:2015
1788:2015
1766:2024
1722:2019
1695:2021
1668:2022
1642:2012
1555:2017
1435:2023
1390:2023
1363:2023
1337:2015
1315:2019
1293:2019
1272:2019
1241:2019
1203:2015
1178:2015
1143:2021
1114:2019
1071:2019
914:ISSN
852:2015
805:visa
717:and
669:The
654:so.
529:CCSE
525:DELE
471:DELE
453:, or
391:five
159:The
906:hdl
898:doi
721:in
480:).
435:one
411:),
397:two
385:ten
282:).
3426::
3141:,
3137:,
2451:,
1946:.
1749:^
1739:.
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1572:.
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890:10
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884:.
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3390::
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3145:)
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2455:)
2447:(
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1958:.
1932:.
1845:)
1841:(
1804:.
1790:.
1768:.
1743:.
1724:.
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1437:.
1409:.
1392:.
1365:.
1339:.
1317:.
1295:.
1274:.
1243:.
1205:.
1180:.
1145:.
1116:.
1073:.
920:.
908::
900::
854:.
602:.
474:(
64:)
60:(
56:.
20:)
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