1048:
52:
205:
1361:
190:
1276:
persisted in trying to gather reinforcements, a sickness continued to take a heavy toll, and the expedition was abandoned on
November 8, 1780. The Spanish reoccupied the remains of the fort after the British blew it upon departure. In all, more than 2,500 men died, which "made the San Juan expedition the costliest British disaster of the entire war".
1260:, located five miles (8 km) upstream and manned with about 150 armed defenders and 86 others, began on April 13. Because of poor planning and lost supplies, the British soon began to run low on ammunition for the cannons as well as rations for the men. After the tropical rains started on April 20, men began to sicken and die, probably from
1387:
Spain was seen to have received tangible results out of the war, especially in contrast to its ally France. The French king had invested huge amounts of manpower, funds and material resources for little clear military or economic gain. France had been left with crippling debts which it struggled to
1334:
Although she was attracted by the prospect of a war for restitution and revenge, she was repelled by the specter of an independent and powerful
American republic. Such a new state might reach over the Alleghenies into the Mississippi Valley and grasp territory that Spain wanted for herself. Even
1094:
for support to supply his men with weapons and ammunition, and to provide credit for provisions. The credit lines that
Pollock established to purchase supplies for Clark were supposed to be backed by the state of Virginia. However, Pollock in turn had to rely on his own personal credit and Gálvez,
1317:
The involvement of France was decisive in the
British defeat. Spain's contribution was important too. By allying themselves with foreign monarchies, the United States took advantage of the power struggles within European imperialism and essentially formed a united front against Britain. The new
851:
by birth and a shrewdly calculating politician by nature, Grimaldi demurred, replying, "You have considered your own situation, and not ours. The moment is not yet come for us. The war with
Portugal – France being unprepared, and our cargo ships from South America not having arrived – makes it
1275:
Nelson was one of the first to become ill, and he was shipped downriver on April 28, the day before the
Spanish surrendered the fort. About 450 British reinforcements arrived on May 15, but the blacks and the Indians abandoned the expedition because of illness and discontent. Although Dalling
287:
852:
improper for us to declare immediately." Meanwhile, Grimaldi reassured Lee, stores of clothing and powder were deposited at New
Orleans and Havana for the Americans, and further shipments of blankets were being collected at Bilbao.
747:. Unzaga, concerned about overtly antagonizing the British before the Spanish were prepared for war, agreed to assist the rebels covertly. Unzaga authorized the shipment of desperately needed gunpowder in a transaction brokered by
1348:
was widely regarded as a successful one. The
Spanish took a gamble in entering the war, banking on Great Britain's vulnerability caused by the effort of fighting their rebellious colonists in North America while also conducting a
280:
732:, which "supplied the patriots with 215 bronze cannon – 30,000 muskets – 30,000 bayonets – 512,314 musket balls – 300,000 pounds of powder – 12,868 grenades – 30,000 uniforms – and 4,000 field tents during the war".
775:
status. Franklin also noted in the same report that three thousand barrels of gunpowder were waiting in New
Orleans and that the merchants in Bilbao "had orders to ship for us such necessaries as we might want".
770:
reported from Paris to the
Congressional Committee of Secret Correspondence in March 1777, the Spanish court quietly granted the rebels direct admission to the rich, previously restricted port of Havana under
1405:, of the Gardoqui trading company that had greatly assisted the rebels during the war, was appointed as Spain's first ambassador to the United States of America in 1784. Gardoqui became well acquainted with
273:
883:, June 16, 1779, to February 7, 1783, was the longest-lasting Spanish action in the war. Despite the larger size of the besieging Franco-Spanish army, at one point numbering 33,000, the British under
1301:
The reforms made by Spanish authorities as a result of Spain's poor performance in the Seven Years' War had proved generally successful. As a result, Spain retained Menorca and West Florida in the
1399:
One particular outcome of the war was the manner in which it enhanced the position of Prime Minister Floridablanca, and his government continued to dominate Spanish politics until 1792.
895:
met with more success; Menorca surrendered the following year, and was restored to Spain after the war, nearly eighty years after it was first captured by the British. In 1780 and 1781,
855:
By June 1779 the Spanish had finalized their preparations for war. The British cause seemed to be at a particularly low ebb. The Spanish joined France in the war, implementing the
661:. Spain declared war on Britain as an ally of France, itself an ally of the American colonies. Most notably, Spanish forces attacked British positions in the south and captured
1225:. Nelson was the highest-ranking officer present, but his authority was limited to naval operations. The overall commander was Captain (local rank of major) John Polson of the
1095:
who allowed the funds of the Spanish government to be at Pollock's disposal as loans. These funds were usually delivered in the cover of night by Gálvez's private secretary.
797:
1156:, the French admiral designated to assist the Colonists, asking him to raise money in the Caribbean to fund the campaign at Yorktown. With the assistance of Spanish agent
1392:
that broke out in 1789. Spain, in comparison, disposed of its debts more easily, partly due to the stunning increases in silver production from the mines in Mexico and
553:
669:. This secured the southern route for supplies and closed off the possibility of any British offensive through the western frontier of the United States via the
17:
712:
Spanish aid was supplied to the new nation through four main routes: from French ports with the funding of Rodrigue Hortalez and Company, through the port of
1954:
1149:
1253:
1008:. This secured the southern route for supplies and closed off the possibility of any British offensive into the western frontier of United States via the
1234:
1898:
Legacy: Spain and the United States in the Age of Independence, 1763-1848 / Legado: España y los Estados Unidos en la era de la Independencia, 1763-1848
1230:
756:
2335:
223:
1470:
832:), which was administered from Buenos Aires in 1778–1810. With these treaties, Portugal had left the war, and in 1781 Portugal even joined the
446:
1229:, who recognized young Nelson's abilities and worked closely with him. Polson had about three to four hundred regulars of the 60th and the
1164:, Cuba within 24 hours. This money was used to purchase critical supplies for the siege, and to fund the payroll for the Continental Army.
887:
were able to hold out in the fortress and were resupplied by sea three times. Luis de CĂłrdova y CĂłrdova was unable to prevent Howe's fleet
546:
253:
2230:
2574:
2479:
2210:
704:
wrote in March 1777, "the fate of the colonies interests us very much, and we shall do for them everything that circumstances permit".
847:, an American diplomat in Madrid who was trying to persuade the Spanish to declare an open alliance with the fledgling United States.
840:
1947:
2240:
785:
2167:
949:
539:
243:
2187:
1226:
1000:, the capital of British West Florida, in 1780, Gálvez's forces achieved a decisive victory against the British in 1781 at the
696:
and the Revolution was an opportunity to confront their common enemy, Great Britain. As the newly appointed Chief Minister of
2489:
2265:
1905:
1693:
1444:
1323:
1103:
633:
2345:
2255:
2017:
1940:
1326:. Nevertheless, Spain maintained a level of support throughout the war in pursuit of its geopolitical interests. Historian
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2474:
2047:
1413:
continued communications with Washington, sending him livestock from Spain that Washington had requested for his farm at
1364:
North American borders proposed by the Spanish diplomacy near the end of the American Revolutionary War, August 3rd, 1782
1309:. The lands east of the Mississippi, however, were recognized as part of the newly independent United States of America.
1248:
After many delays, the expedition began to move up the San Juan River on March 17, 1780. On April 9, Nelson—in the first
2102:
1066:, France gave the Mississippi Valley to her ally Spain, in order to prevent it from coming under British control at the
1015:
When Spain entered the war, Britain also went on the offensive in the Caribbean, planning an expedition against Spanish
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2484:
2373:
2363:
1971:
43:
728:
family trading company. Spain made loans to the United States to be used to furnish war supplies through the House of
2330:
2250:
1888:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1115:
628:
623:
603:
583:
578:
573:
355:
265:
2355:
1153:
2112:
833:
228:
2092:
1157:
922:
613:
1126:, which was thwarted diplomatically by Great Britain and the young United States in their separate peace in the
816:. In return, Spain acknowledged that Portuguese territories in Brazil extended far west of the line set in the
2469:
2340:
2325:
1994:
1641:
1302:
1024:
896:
677:
473:
451:
233:
2037:
1047:
899:'s fleet captured America-bound British convoys, doing much damage to British military supplies and commerce.
2494:
2300:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2027:
1280:
789:
752:
598:
593:
520:
510:
2320:
2285:
2280:
1912:
977:
414:
409:
2032:
2310:
2305:
2022:
1087:
335:
248:
51:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2315:
2147:
1797:
Empresarios españoles en el proceso de independencia norteamericana: La casa Gardoqui e hijos de Bilbao
1345:
1189:
1028:
1001:
658:
588:
515:
483:
478:
380:
365:
345:
340:
258:
39:
2398:
2378:
2220:
2132:
2122:
2107:
2072:
2067:
2042:
2002:
1478:
1368:
The war gave a boost to the kingdom's prestige, which had suffered from the losses to Britain in the
1257:
892:
856:
821:
697:
680:, a trading company that provided critical military supplies. Spain provided financing for the final
505:
493:
370:
875:
from the British, who had owned them since 1704, and to damage British trade through the actions of
2290:
2200:
2117:
2057:
2052:
1071:
880:
654:
419:
350:
330:
323:
210:
2235:
2225:
2205:
2077:
1220:
884:
424:
385:
360:
1215:
The expedition sailed from Jamaica on February 3, 1780, escorted by twenty-one-year-old Captain
463:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2215:
2007:
1127:
1067:
888:
809:
701:
693:
608:
468:
390:
2137:
1434:
2408:
2403:
1645:
1402:
1296:
1107:
1099:
1035:
and other tropical diseases wiped out most of the force, which then withdrew and returned to
844:
817:
736:
149:
64:
1052:
957:
743:(the army of the United States) officers to request supplies from the New Orleans Governor,
56:
2368:
2087:
1410:
1177:
1020:
965:
404:
375:
165:
91:
1360:
1148:
in 1781, the critical and final major battle of the North America theater. French General
8:
2383:
2245:
2195:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2012:
1984:
1369:
1249:
1123:
1083:
1063:
908:
813:
772:
441:
397:
1900:. Catalogue of an Exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.
488:
1209:
1197:
1090:
and secured the northern region of the Ohio for the rebels. Clark relied on Gálvez and
997:
985:
961:
793:
666:
429:
60:
1769:
In the mid-18th century, production in Mexico increased by about 600%, and by 250% in
295:
238:
2393:
2388:
2295:
2082:
1901:
1884:
1847:
1828:
1809:
1689:
1440:
1406:
1389:
1145:
1139:
1009:
953:
848:
829:
767:
717:
681:
670:
638:
2275:
2097:
1979:
1863:
The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–1787
1327:
740:
95:
2413:
2127:
1409:, and marched in the newly elected President Washington's inaugural parade. King
1201:
989:
930:
111:
87:
1963:
1242:
1238:
1216:
1193:
1152:, commanding his country's forces in North America, sent a desperate appeal to
1091:
825:
801:
748:
744:
318:
195:
99:
1252:
of his career—led an assault that captured a Spanish battery on the island of
2438:
1932:
1319:
1269:
1205:
1079:
973:
673:. Spain also provided money, supplies, and munitions to the American forces.
103:
1745:
Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire
1414:
1376:, remained out of its grasp, Spain had more than compensated by recovering
1306:
1173:
1032:
1005:
938:
934:
689:
662:
161:
941:
in 1763), and the resolution of logging disputes involving the British in
1357:
of major powers. This helped Spain gain some relatively easy conquests.
981:
960:, led a series of successful offensives against the British forts in the
891:
after resupplying Gibraltar in October 1782. The combined Franco-Spanish
760:
713:
107:
1237:
raised by Dalling, as well as several hundred local recruits, including
2062:
1350:
917:, the main effort was directed to prevent possible British landings in
1322:, which could threaten Spain's own colonies, and later did so, in the
1381:
1380:
and by reducing the British threat to its colonies in and around the
1373:
1354:
1287:
from Cuba, but these plans were aborted when Britain sued for peace.
1265:
1185:
1016:
993:
969:
914:
876:
868:
839:
The former Spanish Diplomat and then-Ambassador to the French Court,
531:
115:
1056:
653:, through its alliance with France and as part of its conflict with
2423:
1335:
worse, it might eventually seize Spain's colonies in the New World.
1119:
1111:
1075:
1070:. The Spanish assisted the United States in their campaigns in the
729:
725:
135:
127:
123:
1844:
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift
1436:
Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift
1283:
in 1782, without a battle. In 1783 Gálvez was preparing to invade
763:
in January 1777, he continued and expanded the supply operations.
2418:
1393:
1377:
1284:
1261:
1181:
1110:
in 1780. A year later, a detachment traveled through present-day
1036:
929:
in the Seven Years' War. Other goals included the reconquest of
872:
805:
169:
131:
119:
1388:
pay off, and which would become one of the major causes of the
1161:
1160:, the needed cash, over 500,000 in silver pesos, was raised in
942:
926:
721:
685:
1872:
Spain's Contribution to the independence of the United States
650:
1184:, proposed in 1780 an expedition to the Spanish province of
1770:
1732:
The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence
1543:(1948), Revised Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 502.
1530:(1948), Revised Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 501.
918:
1569:, Bognor Regis, West Sussex: Boydell & Brewer, p. 10.
1279:
Following these successes, an unauthorized Spanish force
299:
Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War
1926:
The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution
1384:, all of which were seen as vital to Spanish interests.
1212:
problems, the expedition proved to be a costly debacle.
836:
to resist British seizures of cargo from neutral ships.
1686:
The Nelson Touch: The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson
735:
Smuggling from New Orleans began in 1776 when General
707:
1869:
1150:
Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
1102:
repelled attacks from British units and the latter's
1688:. London, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 32.
1204:in half as well as provide potential access to the
812:, founded by Portugal in 1680. Spain also won the
1881:A Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War
1372:. Even though Spain's single most coveted target,
1794:
1477:. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from
843:, summarized the Spanish position in a letter to
2436:
1803:
1432:
1122:. This expedition gave Spain some claim to the
684:in 1781 with a collection of gold and silver in
27:18th-century war between Great Britain and Spain
1846:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1806:Las Rutas de la Plata: La Primera GlobalizaciĂłn
201:
1962:
1913:"America's Spanish Savior: Bernardo de Gálvez"
1948:
1874:. Embassy of Spain: United States of America.
1567:The Battle of Yorktown, 1781: A Reassessment
1539:Robert S. Chamberlain, "Latin America", in
902:
867:The main goals of Spain were the recovery of
547:
281:
1526:Robert S. Chamberlain, "Latin America", in
757:Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez
1928:. Boston: Nathan Hale and Gray & Bowen.
1923:
1758:A diplomatic history of the American people
1172:After Spain entered the war, Major General
1029:an expedition in 1780 against Fort San Juan
1019:. A British attempt to gain a foothold at
692:. Spain was allied with France through the
1955:
1941:
1635:
1633:
1312:
1031:in Nicaragua was at first successful, but
720:, from the warehouses in Havana, and from
554:
540:
288:
274:
50:
1825:Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana 1776–1783
1426:
1910:
1865:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1359:
1046:
1870:Fernández y Fernández, Enrique (1985).
1822:
1683:
1642:"The Spanish Attack on Fort St. Joseph"
1630:
841:JerĂłnimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi
186:
18:Spain in the American Revolutionary War
14:
2437:
1878:
1841:
1827:. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company.
1471:"Personal Information: Diego MarĂa de"
561:
1936:
1554:The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia
1042:
1004:giving the Spanish control of all of
779:
676:Beginning in 1776, it jointly funded
535:
269:
1911:Mitchell, Barbara A. (Autumn 2012).
1860:
1773:and Bolivia. Castillero Calvo p. 193
1256:on the San Juan River. The siege of
1133:
933:(which the British had divided into
755:(Revolutionary) and financier. When
1710:Nelson: A Dream of Glory, 1758–1797
1639:
1324:Latin American wars of independence
708:Aid to the United States: 1776–1778
24:
1804:Castillero Calvo, Alfredo (2004).
1788:
1708:This account follows John Sugden,
1462:
862:
824:, signed 11 March 1778, Spain won
792:, signed on 1 October 1777, after
25:
2586:
1795:CalderĂłn Cuadrado, Reyes (2004).
1468:
1433:Thomas E. Chavez (January 2004).
1290:
1144:The Spanish also assisted in the
659:independence of the United States
436:Louisiana and Northwest Territory
1917:MHQ (Military History Quarterly)
1808:. Madrid: Ediciones San Marcos.
996:halted an expedition to capture
834:First League of Armed Neutrality
786:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77)
203:
188:
1799:. Madrid: Union Editorial, S.A.
1776:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1724:
1715:
1702:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1559:
1167:
1158:Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis
923:British expedition against Cuba
2379:Dominican Republic (1863–1865)
1546:
1533:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1453:
1200:, which would effectively cut
1188:. The goal was to sail up the
1154:François Joseph Paul de Grasse
678:Roderigue Hortalez and Company
13:
1:
2575:Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)
2480:Spain–United States relations
1589:Gibraltar besieged, 1779–1783
1420:
1098:The Spanish garrisons in the
790:First Treaty of San Ildefonso
33:Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)
2490:Wars involving Great Britain
1339:
1082:authorized an expedition by
7:
1924:Sparks, Jared (1829–1830).
1459:Fernández y Fernández, p. 4
1344:Spain's involvement in the
1318:nation was eager to spread
893:invasion of Menorca in 1781
788:proved successful. In the
10:
2591:
2520:1783 in the British Empire
2515:1782 in the British Empire
2510:1781 in the British Empire
2505:1780 in the British Empire
2500:1779 in the British Empire
2475:American Revolutionary War
2211:Banda Oriental (1735–1737)
1964:Spanish colonial campaigns
1861:Dull, Jonathan R. (1975).
1842:Chávez, Thomas E. (2002).
1556:(1953), New York: Viking.
1541:An Encyclopedia of History
1528:An Encyclopedia of History
1439:. UNM Press. p. 225.
1346:American Revolutionary War
1294:
1180:and commander-in-chief of
1137:
992:in 1779 and 1780. While a
906:
903:West Indies and Gulf Coast
759:was appointed Governor of
78:June 1779 – September 1783
40:American Revolutionary War
2565:1783 in the United States
2555:1782 in the United States
2545:1781 in the United States
2535:1780 in the United States
2525:1779 in the United States
2485:Military history of Spain
2354:
2264:
2256:RĂo de la Plata (1806–07)
2216:North America (1739–1748)
2196:North America (1702–1713)
2186:
1993:
1970:
1823:Caughey, John W. (1998).
1565:John D. Grainger (2005),
1353:on many fronts against a
1208:. Because of disease and
1118:, in the modern state of
766:As the American diplomat
698:King Charles III of Spain
569:
309:
234:Luis de CĂłrdova y CĂłrdova
217:
180:
70:
49:
37:
32:
1760:(10th ed. 1980) p 32-33.
1196:and capture the town of
1025:rebuffed in October 1779
2404:Philippines (1896–1898)
2369:Cochinchina (1858–1862)
2113:Philippines (1567–1872)
2108:Philippines (1565–1900)
1879:Harvey, Robert (2004).
1684:Coleman, Terry (2004).
1313:Contribution to victory
1233:, about 300 men of the
885:George Augustus Elliott
657:, played a role in the
2384:Chile/Peru (1864–1866)
2246:Gulf Coast (1779–1783)
1365:
1128:Treaty of Paris (1783)
1068:Treaty of Paris (1763)
1059:
966:the attack and capture
859:signed in April 1779.
810:Colonia del Sacramento
702:Count of Floridablanca
694:Bourbon Family Compact
254:George Augustus Eliott
218:Commanders and leaders
2470:18th century in Spain
2326:Venezuela (1811–1823)
2301:Argentina (1810–1818)
2251:Caribbean (1779–1783)
2168:Canary Islands (1657)
2028:Guatemala (1524–1697)
1646:National Park Service
1552:"Spanish Guinea", in
1403:Don Diego de Gardoqui
1363:
1297:Peace of Paris (1783)
1108:Battle of Saint Louis
1053:Viscount of Galveston
1050:
978:forcing the surrender
948:On the mainland, the
818:Treaty of Tordesillas
244:George Brydges Rodney
65:Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau
2495:Wars involving Spain
2268:wars of independence
2241:Sacramento (1776–77)
2221:Sacramento (1762–63)
1747:(Hachette UK, 2008).
1411:Charles III of Spain
1281:captured the Bahamas
1021:San Fernando de Omoa
665:from Britain in the
92:Straits of Gibraltar
2419:Morocco (1920–1926)
2364:Balanguingui (1848)
2341:Ecuador (1820–1822)
2286:Bolivia (1809–1825)
2038:Yucatán (1527–1697)
2023:Chiapas (1523–1695)
1730:Richard B. Morris,
1250:hand-to-hand combat
1124:Northwest Territory
1086:, who captured the
1084:George Rogers Clark
1074:. In January 1778,
1002:Battle of Pensacola
909:Gulf Coast campaign
814:Misiones Orientales
773:most favored nation
386:Strait of Gibraltar
313:Europe and Atlantic
2409:Puerto Rico (1898)
2346:Mexico (1821–1829)
2336:Colombia (1819–20)
2331:Colombia (1815–16)
2316:El Salvador (1811)
2306:Mexico (1810–1821)
2296:Paraguay (1810–11)
2236:Philippines (1762)
2153:Philippines (1646)
2133:Puerto Rico (1598)
2123:Puerto Rico (1595)
2018:Mexico (1519–1521)
2013:Mexico (1519–1933)
1919:. pp. 98–104.
1756:Thomas A. Bailey,
1640:Collins, William.
1591:(Heinemann, 1965).
1366:
1305:and also regained
1062:At the end of the
1060:
1043:Mississippi Valley
962:Mississippi Valley
958:Bernardo de Gálvez
921:, remembering the
881:siege of Gibraltar
857:Treaty of Aranjuez
822:Treaty of El Pardo
794:Mary I of Portugal
780:Declaration of war
667:siege of Pensacola
563:Anglo-Spanish Wars
410:Lake Pontchartrain
224:Bernardo de Gálvez
61:siege of Pensacola
57:Bernardo de Gálvez
44:Anglo-Spanish Wars
2465:Conflicts in 1783
2460:Conflicts in 1782
2455:Conflicts in 1781
2450:Conflicts in 1780
2445:Conflicts in 1779
2432:
2431:
2424:Morocco (1957–58)
2374:Morocco (1859–60)
2311:Chile (1810–1826)
2158:Hispaniola (1655)
2063:Chile (1536–1810)
2033:Petén (1618-1697)
2008:Algeria (1517–18)
1906:978-84-95146-36-6
1695:978-0-19-517322-2
1665:Caughey pp. 98–99
1446:978-0-8263-2794-9
1407:George Washington
1390:French Revolution
1235:Loyal Irish Corps
1146:siege of Yorktown
1140:Yorktown Campaign
1134:Siege of Yorktown
1088:fort at Vincennes
1010:Mississippi River
954:Spanish Louisiana
830:Equatorial Guinea
768:Benjamin Franklin
718:Mississippi River
682:siege of Yorktown
671:Mississippi River
647:
646:
529:
528:
264:
263:
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
2582:
2399:Cuba (1895–1898)
2389:Cuba (1868–1878)
2281:Peru (1811–1824)
2266:Spanish American
2231:Nicaragua (1762)
2148:St. Kitts (1629)
2048:Peru (1531–1572)
1957:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1894:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1800:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1481:on July 26, 2018
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1370:Seven Years' War
1328:Thomas A. Bailey
1178:British governor
1100:Louisiana region
1072:American Midwest
1064:Seven Years' War
800:, Spain won the
741:Continental Army
564:
556:
549:
542:
533:
532:
304:
300:
290:
283:
276:
267:
266:
229:MatĂas de Gálvez
213:
209:
207:
206:
198:
194:
192:
191:
147:Spanish victory
96:Balearic Islands
72:
71:
54:
30:
29:
21:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2350:
2267:
2260:
2182:
1989:
1966:
1961:
1891:
1854:
1835:
1816:
1791:
1789:Further reading
1786:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1743:Brendan Simms,
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1631:
1627:Harvey p.413-14
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:Chartrand 54–56
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:Mitchell, p. 99
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1342:
1330:says of Spain:
1315:
1303:Treaty of Paris
1299:
1293:
1243:Miskito Indians
1202:Spanish America
1170:
1142:
1136:
1116:Fort St. Joseph
1045:
911:
905:
897:Luis de CĂłrdova
865:
863:European waters
782:
710:
648:
643:
565:
562:
560:
530:
525:
458:Central America
447:Fort St. Joseph
351:Cape Finisterre
319:English Channel
305:
303:1779–1783
302:
298:
296:
294:
257:
252:
247:
239:Juan de Lángara
237:
232:
227:
204:
202:
189:
187:
157:
138:
112:Central America
88:English Channel
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:Cuba (1879–80)
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Uruguay (1811)
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Florida (1810)
2288:
2283:
2278:
2276:Ecuador (1809)
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Bahamas (1720)
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2178:Jamaica (1658)
2175:
2173:Jamaica (1657)
2170:
2165:
2163:Jamaica (1655)
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2143:Formosa (1626)
2140:
2138:Morocco (1614)
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Tunisia (1574)
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Algeria (1563)
2100:
2098:Tunisia (1560)
2095:
2093:Algeria (1558)
2090:
2088:Algeria (1556)
2085:
2083:Algeria (1555)
2080:
2075:
2073:Tunisia (1550)
2070:
2068:Algeria (1541)
2065:
2060:
2058:Tunisia (1535)
2055:
2053:Tunisia (1534)
2050:
2045:
2043:Algeria (1529)
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Algeria (1516)
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1985:Morocco (1497)
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1721:Sugden, p. 173
1714:
1701:
1694:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1600:Chartrand p.84
1593:
1587:Jack Russell,
1580:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1499:Caughey, p. 87
1492:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1314:
1311:
1295:Main article:
1292:
1291:Peace of Paris
1289:
1268:, and perhaps
1231:79th Regiments
1217:Horatio Nelson
1194:Lake Nicaragua
1190:San Juan River
1169:
1166:
1138:Main article:
1135:
1132:
1106:allies in the
1092:Oliver Pollock
1051:Statue of the
1044:
1041:
904:
901:
889:returning home
864:
861:
826:Spanish Guinea
802:Banda Oriental
796:had dismissed
781:
778:
749:Oliver Pollock
745:Luis de Unzaga
724:, through the
709:
706:
645:
644:
642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
567:
566:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
527:
526:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
501:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
455:
454:
449:
444:
438:
437:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
400:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
361:Cape St. Maria
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
327:
326:
315:
314:
310:
307:
306:
293:
292:
285:
278:
270:
262:
261:
241:
220:
219:
215:
214:
199:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:ceded to Spain
159:
153:
152:
150:Peace of Paris
144:
140:
139:
100:Atlantic Ocean
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
63:, painting by
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:1783 in Spain
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:1782 in Spain
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:1781 in Spain
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:1780 in Spain
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:1779 in Spain
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Chiloé (1712)
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Guinea (1478)
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1890:1-84119-952-4
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:0-8263-2794-X
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1834:1-56554-517-6
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1815:84-89127-47-6
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1578:Sparks, 1:408
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1517:Sparks, 1:201
1514:
1505:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:republicanism
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:typhoid fever
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Fort San Juan
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:60th Regiment
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:Pacific Ocean
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:Patrick Henry
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
853:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
774:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
568:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
537:
534:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
484:Fort San Juan
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
452:Arkansas Post
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
312:
311:
308:
301:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
271:
268:
260:
259:John Campbell
255:
250:
245:
242:
240:
235:
230:
225:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:Great Britain
200:
197:
185:
184:
179:
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Caribbean Sea
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2078:Libya (1551)
1995:Habsburg era
1972:Early empire
1925:
1916:
1897:
1883:. Robinson.
1880:
1871:
1862:
1843:
1824:
1805:
1796:
1778:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1623:
1618:Harvey p.532
1614:
1605:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1474:
1464:
1455:
1435:
1428:
1415:Mount Vernon
1401:
1398:
1386:
1367:
1343:
1316:
1307:East Florida
1300:
1278:
1274:
1247:
1222:Hinchinbrook
1221:
1214:
1174:John Dalling
1171:
1168:Antilles War
1143:
1097:
1061:
1033:yellow fever
1014:
1006:West Florida
947:
939:East Florida
935:West Florida
925:that seized
912:
866:
854:
838:
783:
765:
734:
711:
690:Spanish Cuba
675:
663:West Florida
649:
618:
474:San Fernando
391:Cape Spartel
297:
249:Richard Howe
181:Belligerents
166:West Florida
162:East Florida
146:
38:Part of the
2414:Guam (1898)
2356:Late empire
2226:Cuba (1762)
2188:Bourbon era
2128:Cuba (1596)
1782:Chávez p. 2
1674:Dull p. 245
1475:www.nps.gov
982:Baton Rouge
761:New Orleans
737:Charles Lee
716:and up the
714:New Orleans
516:17 February
500:West Indies
494:Black River
479:12 December
469:Cayo Cocina
425:The Village
415:Baton Rouge
366:25 February
356:St. Vincent
346:20 November
156:Territorial
108:The Bahamas
2439:Categories
1712:, ch. VII.
1421:References
1351:global war
1210:logistical
907:See also:
877:privateers
845:Arthur Lee
820:. In the
521:2nd Nassau
511:1st Nassau
506:15 January
420:1st Mobile
398:Gulf Coast
1485:1 October
1382:Caribbean
1374:Gibraltar
1355:coalition
1340:Aftermath
1266:dysentery
1186:Nicaragua
1114:and took
1078:Governor
1017:Nicaragua
998:Pensacola
994:hurricane
976:and then
970:Fort Bute
915:Caribbean
869:Gibraltar
739:sent two
639:1833–1840
634:1815–1832
629:1804–1808
624:1796–1802
619:1779–1783
614:1762–1763
609:1739–1748
604:1727–1729
599:1718–1720
594:1702–1713
589:1662–1668
584:1654–1660
579:1625–1630
574:1585–1604
464:RĂo Hondo
442:St. Louis
430:Pensacola
405:Fort Bute
331:Gibraltar
116:Louisiana
1651:10 March
1120:Michigan
1112:Illinois
1076:Virginia
964:, first
956:, Count
950:governor
808:), with
730:Gardoqui
726:Gardoqui
324:Plymouth
136:Arkansas
128:Illinois
124:Missouri
83:Location
42:and the
1734:(1965).
1469:Staff.
1394:Bolivia
1378:Menorca
1285:Jamaica
1262:malaria
1254:Bartola
1219:in the
1198:Granada
1182:Jamaica
1037:Jamaica
986:Natchez
974:Manchac
931:Florida
913:In the
873:Menorca
849:Genoese
806:Uruguay
753:Patriot
688:, then
655:Britain
381:Minorca
170:Minorca
158:changes
132:Florida
120:Alabama
59:at the
1904:
1887:
1850:
1831:
1812:
1692:
1443:
1239:blacks
1176:, the
1162:Havana
1104:Indian
1057:Málaga
1027:, and
990:Mobile
943:Belize
927:Havana
879:. The
798:Pombal
722:Bilbao
700:, the
686:Havana
489:Roatán
371:Málaga
341:Lisbon
336:Azores
208:
193:
168:, and
143:Result
651:Spain
376:1 May
196:Spain
1902:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1771:Peru
1690:ISBN
1653:2012
1487:2019
1441:ISBN
1264:and
1241:and
1023:was
988:and
937:and
919:Cuba
871:and
784:The
751:, a
75:Date
1192:to
1055:in
980:of
972:at
968:of
952:of
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1644:.
1632:^
1473:.
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130:,
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118:,
114:,
110:,
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1942:v
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1856:.
1837:.
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251:,
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236:,
231:,
226:,
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