376:
352:-type station to a phased development of the Dual-Keel configuration. This approach involved splitting assembly into two phases; Phase 1 would provide the central modules, and the transverse boom, but with no keels. The solar arrays would be augmented to ensure 75 kW of power would be provided, and the polar platform and servicing facility were again deferred. The study concluded that the project was viable, reducing development costs while minimizing negative impacts, and it was designated the Revised Baseline Configuration. This would have a development cost of US$ 15.3 billion (in FY1989 dollars) and FEL in the first quarter of 1994. This replanning was endorsed by the
522:
43:
320:
1211:
341:
431:
332:
the keel pointed towards the Earth, reducing the need for thruster firings. Most designs featured a cluster of modules at the lower end and a set of articulated solar arrays at the upper end. It also contained a servicing bay. In April 1985, the program selected a set of contractors to carry out definition studies and preliminary design; various trade-offs were made in this process, balancing higher development costs against reduced long-term operating costs.
993:
359:
During 1986 and 1987, various other studies were carried out on the future of the U.S. space program; the results of these often impacted the Space
Station, and their recommendations were folded into the revised baseline as necessary. One of the results of these was to baseline the Station program as
450:
Alpha (ISSA), with Alpha dropped from the name internally by early 1995. In July 1995, the
International Space Station Authorization Act of 1995 House report to U.S.Congress was released and the names Freedom, Alpha, and ISSA were no more. By this time, the hardware meant for Space Station Freedom,
412:
In 1993, after more calls for the station to be redesigned again to reduce costs and include more international involvement, the option that became known as Space
Station 'Alpha' was chosen (from three competing concepts), using 75 percent of the hardware designs originally intended for the Freedom
299:
Following the presidential announcement, NASA began a set of studies to determine the potential uses for the space station, both in research and in industry, in the U.S. or overseas. This led to the creation of a database of thousands of possible missions and payloads; studies were also carried out
331:
produced a first reference configuration; this design would serve as a baseline for further planning. The chosen design was the "Power Tower", a long central keel with most mass located at either end. This arrangement would provide enough gravity gradient stability to keep the station aligned with
744:
In fact, we're designed on the U.S. side to take four crew. The ISS design is actually for seven. We operate with six because first, we can get all our work done with six, and second, we don't have a vehicle that allows us to fly a seventh crew member. Our requirement for the new vehicles being
541:
supervised the addition of Russia to the project. To accommodate reduced budgets, the station design was scaled back from 508 to 353 square feet (47 to 33 m), the crew capacity of the NASA-provided part was reduced from 7 to 3 (while the complete station was initially crewed by 6 it eventually
397:
design was slightly modified in late 1989 after the program's Fiscal 1990 budget again was reduced — from $ 2.05 billion to $ 1.75 billion — when the design was found to be 23% overweight and over budget, too complicated to assemble, and providing little power for its users. The 1990
478:
was politically unviable; the administration had changed, and
Congress was tiring of paying yet more money into the station program. In addition, there were open questions over the need for the station. Redesigns had cut most of the science capacity by this point, and the
221:
was also a major goal, both to help construct the large spacecraft needed for a Mars mission as well as to learn about long-term operations in space. Finally, a space logistics vehicle was intended to cheaply launch crews and cargo to that station.
467:'s design and construction; it was regularly redesigned and re-scoped. Between 1984 and 1993 it went through seven major re-designs, losing capacity and capabilities each time. Rather than being completed in a decade, as Reagan had predicted,
406:. Congress consequently demanded yet another redesign in October 1990, and requested further cost reductions after the fiscal 1991 budget was cut from $ 2.5 billion to $ 1.9 billion. NASA unveiled its new space station design in March 1991.
212:
began to wind down in the late 1960s, there were numerous proposals for what should follow it. Of the many proposals, large and small, three major themes emerged. Foremost among them was a crewed mission to
244:
From this point forward these plans were never seriously changed, in spite of dramatic changes to the funding environment and the complete redesign of the
Shuttle concept. In the early 1980s, with the
409:
Repeated budget cuts had forced a postponement of the first launch by a year, to March 1995. The
Station would be permanently crewed from June 1997 onwards, and completed in February 1998.
822:
491:, but even the most limited of these was still seen as too expensive. In June 1993, an amendment to remove space station funding from NASA's appropriations bill failed by one vote in the
311:
to demonstrate and test space station construction techniques. After the establishment of the initial baseline design, the project evolved extensively, growing in scope and cost.
542:
increased to 7), and the station's functions were reduced. Its first component was launched into orbit in 1998, with the first long-term residents arriving in
November 2000.
655:
499:
agreed to the merger of the projects into what would become the
International Space Station. The merger of the project faced opposition by representatives such as
944:
360:
requiring five shuttle flights a year for operations and logistics, rotating four crew at a time with the aim of extending individual stay times to 180 days.
390:
signed final ten-year contracts for developing the Space
Station in September 1988, and the project was finally moving into the hardware fabrication phase.
348:
At the same time, late 1986, NASA carried out a study into new configuration options to reduce development costs; options studied ranged from the use of a
52:
576:
356:
in
September 1987, which also recommended that the long-term national goals should be studied before committing to any particular Phase 2 design.
1437:
233:, who was battling with a major federal budget deficit. When he presented the three concepts, Nixon told him to select one. After much debate,
1442:
241:. They argued that the Shuttle would so lower costs of launching cargo that it would make the construction of the station less expensive.
937:
790:
177:
291:
in 1984, stating: "We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space for peaceful economic and scientific gain."
1150:
353:
1798:
1711:
1706:
1629:
930:
492:
888:
This video presents a series of takes and sequences with model photography of 1990 Space Station design. Official NASA video.
1788:
878:
975:
158:
1105:
451:
then Alpha, that had already been designed and built or was in development, around 10 percent, became part of the ISS.
1793:
1179:
504:
157:
was never constructed or completed as originally designed, and after several cutbacks, the project evolved into the
1397:
594:
375:
248:
completed, NASA proposed the creation of a large, permanently crewed space station, which then-NASA Administrator
1557:
731:
673:
1503:
711:
H.R. 2200 (103rd): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995
1422:
1080:
460:
1783:
1675:
1624:
1412:
1143:
745:
designed is for four seats. So I don't expect us to go down in crew size. I would expect us to increase it.
551:
399:
1480:
1195:
1100:
1027:
516:
447:
78:
20:
252:
called "the next logical step" in space. In some ways it was meant to be the U.S. answer to the Soviet
1427:
1363:
1090:
956:
530:
521:
484:
846:, "The U.S. Space Program in the Reagan and Bush Years," in eds. Roger Launius and Howard McCurdy,
308:
1588:
1528:
1136:
1049:
980:
863:
NASA TM-109725 - Space Station Program Response to the Fiscal Year 1988 and 1989 Reduced Budgets
691:
19:
This article is about the American space station design from the 1980s. For the end result, see
1200:
1174:
1660:
1634:
1511:
1075:
1070:
1044:
418:
193:
185:
873:
797:
1392:
1085:
922:
496:
328:
8:
1670:
1417:
1007:
507:
agreement and felt the program was far too costly. Proposed bills did not pass Congress.
116:
27:
916:
1749:
1665:
1496:
1402:
168:
was a multinational collaborative project involving four participating space agencies:
150:
1733:
427:
that same year, resulting in an option known briefly as the Russian Alpha (RAlpha).
319:
42:
1725:
1680:
1325:
1234:
1163:
1037:
616:
237:
selected the space logistics vehicle, which by this time was already known as the
1639:
1407:
1128:
1012:
970:
301:
230:
1210:
1741:
1717:
1685:
1022:
1017:
249:
209:
911:
906:
901:
892:
887:
459:
Underestimates by NASA of the station program's cost and unwillingness by the
1777:
1655:
1604:
1573:
1159:
1110:
1095:
953:
538:
245:
238:
218:
173:
146:
142:
26:"Space Station Alpha" redirects here. For the Bigelow Aerospace project, see
758:
340:
300:
with a view to supporting potential planetary missions, as well as those in
1690:
1583:
843:
761:
Space Station: Impact of the Expanded Russian Role on Funding and Research"
488:
471:
was never built, and no Shuttle launches were made as part of the program.
278:
1762:
Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the
634:
853:
823:"First crew starts living and working on the International Space Station"
226:
602:
446:, and the European and Japanese modules were incorporated into a single
261:
NASA plans called for the station, which was later dubbed Space Station
1469:
1432:
1335:
1330:
1254:
500:
480:
281:
274:
270:
413:
program. Cost escalation of the project and financial difficulties in
1464:
1453:
1448:
1358:
1353:
327:
In April 1984, the newly established Space Station Program Office at
307:
Several Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and early 1990s included
266:
577:"fate of space station is in doubt as all options exceed cost goals"
1459:
1304:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1239:
463:
to appropriate funding for the space station resulted in delays of
1578:
430:
217:, using systems not unlike the ones used for Apollo. A permanent
674:"NASA program review of the International Space Station program"
510:
1309:
1032:
537:
into the International Space Station (ISS). NASA Administrator
414:
349:
197:
189:
86:
47:
Artist's rendition by Tom Buzbee of the proposed Space Station
1766:
military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.
1763:
1522:
1244:
556:
423:
181:
138:
106:
96:
992:
952:
858:
Star-Crossed Orbits: Inside the U.S.-Russian Space Alliance
387:
234:
214:
169:
134:
912:
Hey! What's Space Station Freedom? - 1992 NASA Documentary
434:
1990 artist's concept for HL-20 with Space Station Freedom
284:
for scientists, and a microgravity factory for companies.
1287:
254:
379:
1991 artist's conception of the completed Space Station
335:
692:"INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1995"
902:
SPACE STATION FREEDOM early CGI & assembly (1990)
848:
Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership
1158:
145:in the 1980s. Although approved by then-president
454:
402:called for the construction of the Space Station
363:
314:
1775:
495:. That October, a meeting between NASA and the
617:"STATION REDESIGN TEAM TO SUBMIT FINAL REPORT"
533:announced the transformation of Space Station
287:Reagan announced plans to build Space Station
1443:Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
1144:
938:
720:Cancel the Space Station. 139 Cong Rec E 3117
511:Conversion to the International Space Station
265:, to function as an orbiting repair shop for
1151:
1137:
991:
945:
931:
907:Dynamic Analysis for Space Station Freedom
874:NASA's International Space Station website
323:"Power Tower" space station concept (1984)
137:project to construct a permanently crewed
41:
729:
850:(Champaign, Ill.: U of Illinois P, 1997)
656:"U.S. PROPOSES SPACE MERGER WITH RUSSIA"
520:
429:
374:
339:
318:
782:
525:International Space Station in May 2011
1776:
1712:Space stations and habitats in fiction
1707:List of films featuring space stations
1630:Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)
1132:
926:
487:. NASA presented several options to
344:Revised Baseline Configuration (1987)
336:Revised Baseline Configuration (1987)
893:Nasa Documentary about the proposed
788:
294:
203:
756:
750:
417:led to a briefing between NASA and
159:International Space Station program
91:878 m (31,000 cu ft)
13:
837:
635:"A History of U.S. Space Stations"
503:who feared Russia would break the
14:
1810:
1196:International Space Station (ISS)
1180:List of commercial space stations
867:
505:Missile Technology Control Regime
1398:Bigelow Commercial Space Station
1209:
1558:Russian Orbital Service Station
815:
723:
53:annotated version of this image
730:Hoversten, Paul (2011-05-01).
714:
705:
684:
666:
648:
627:
621:Office of Public Affairs, NASA
609:
587:
569:
455:Station program placed on hold
1:
1799:Cancelled American spacecraft
1081:HL-20 Personnel Launch System
860:(New York: McGraw Hill, 2001)
562:
1625:Bharatiya Antariksha Station
1413:Exploration Gateway Platform
1201:Tiangong space station (TSS)
732:"Assembly (Nearly) Complete"
552:Space Exploration Initiative
400:Space Exploration Initiative
229:took these general plans to
51:design as of early 1991. An
7:
1789:International Space Station
976:International Space Station
545:
517:International Space Station
483:had ended in 1975 with the
448:International Space Station
79:International Space Station
21:International Space Station
16:Proposed U.S. space station
10:
1815:
1428:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
1091:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
957:human spaceflight programs
734:. Air & Space Magazine
514:
273:, an observation post for
149:and announced in the 1984
25:
18:
1760:
1699:
1648:
1617:
1597:
1566:
1550:
1543:
1478:
1423:Industrial Space Facility
1385:
1378:
1346:
1318:
1297:
1225:
1218:
1207:
1188:
1170:
1063:
1000:
989:
963:
789:NASA (18 February 2010).
599:Encyclopedia Astronautica
485:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
354:National Research Council
115:
111:400 km (250 mi)
105:
101:400 km (250 mi)
95:
84:
73:
65:
60:
40:
1794:Cancelled space stations
919:, Mark Wade, Astronautix
493:House of Representatives
269:, an assembly point for
77:Project converted into
1175:List of space stations
796:. NASA. Archived from
601:. 1997. Archived from
531:Clinton administration
526:
435:
384:
345:
324:
1635:Lunar Orbital Station
917:Space Station Freedom
827:European Space Agency
699:104th Congress Report
524:
433:
378:
343:
322:
1086:Man in Space Soonest
497:Russian Space Agency
329:Johnson Space Center
315:"Power Tower" (1984)
225:In the early 1970s,
1784:NASA space stations
1386:Individual projects
1101:Orbital Space Plane
1028:Apollo Applications
791:"On-Orbit Elements"
680:. 16 February 1995.
660:The Washington Post
117:Orbital inclination
37:
28:Space Complex Alpha
1753:(2016 documentary)
1750:A Beautiful Planet
1745:(2009 documentary)
1737:(2008 documentary)
1729:(2002 documentary)
1721:(1997 documentary)
1666:McKendree cylinder
1479:Incorporated into
1403:Deep Space Habitat
829:. 31 October 2000.
803:on 29 October 2009
662:. 5 November 1993.
581:The New York Times
527:
436:
393:The Space Station
385:
346:
325:
151:State of the Union
97:Periapsis altitude
61:Station statistics
55:is also available.
33:
1771:
1770:
1734:Orphans of Apollo
1613:
1612:
1539:
1538:
1374:
1373:
1126:
1125:
757:GAO (June 1994).
605:on July 12, 2016.
489:President Clinton
295:Design iterations
204:Original proposal
125:
124:
107:Apoapsis altitude
1806:
1726:Space Station 3D
1681:Space settlement
1671:O'Neill cylinder
1548:
1547:
1383:
1382:
1326:Tiangong program
1223:
1222:
1213:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1129:
995:
947:
940:
933:
924:
923:
831:
830:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
802:
795:
786:
780:
777:
774:
773:
767:
754:
748:
747:
741:
739:
727:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
702:
696:
688:
682:
681:
670:
664:
663:
652:
646:
645:
639:
631:
625:
624:
613:
607:
606:
591:
585:
584:
573:
45:
38:
32:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1756:
1695:
1644:
1640:Voyager Station
1609:
1593:
1562:
1535:
1474:
1408:Excalibur Almaz
1370:
1342:
1314:
1293:
1227:
1214:
1205:
1184:
1166:
1157:
1127:
1122:
1106:Orion (nuclear)
1059:
996:
987:
981:Commercial Crew
959:
951:
870:
840:
838:Further reading
835:
834:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
793:
787:
783:
771:
769:
765:
755:
751:
737:
735:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:. 28 July 1995.
694:
690:
689:
685:
672:
671:
667:
654:
653:
649:
637:
633:
632:
628:
615:
614:
610:
593:
592:
588:
575:
574:
570:
565:
548:
519:
513:
457:
373:
338:
317:
302:low Earth orbit
297:
231:President Nixon
206:
56:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1742:Space Tourists
1738:
1730:
1722:
1718:Mission to Mir
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1686:Stanford torus
1683:
1678:
1676:Rotating wheel
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1544:In development
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:Space Station
1485:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1393:Aurora Station
1389:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1160:Space stations
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
997:
990:
988:
986:
985:
984:
983:
973:
967:
965:
961:
960:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
921:
920:
914:
909:
904:
899:
897:Space Station.
890:
885:
879:Space Station
876:
869:
868:External links
866:
865:
864:
861:
851:
839:
836:
833:
832:
814:
781:
749:
722:
713:
704:
683:
678:H.Rept.104-210
665:
647:
626:
623:. 4 June 1993.
608:
586:
583:. 8 June 1993.
567:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
554:
547:
544:
515:Main article:
512:
509:
456:
453:
438:In late 1993,
372:
362:
337:
334:
316:
313:
296:
293:
250:James M. Beggs
210:Apollo program
205:
202:
164:Space Station
128:Space Station
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
82:
81:
75:
74:Mission status
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1811:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1656:Bernal sphere
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1605:Lunar Gateway
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:International
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Axiom Station
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:United States
1296:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Constellation
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:Space Shuttle
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
982:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
958:
955:
954:United States
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
929:
928:
925:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
896:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Design Phases
882:
877:
875:
872:
871:
862:
859:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
841:
828:
824:
818:
799:
792:
785:
779:
776:
763:
762:
753:
746:
733:
726:
717:
708:
700:
693:
687:
679:
675:
669:
661:
657:
651:
643:
636:
630:
622:
618:
612:
604:
600:
596:
590:
582:
578:
572:
568:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
543:
540:
539:Daniel Goldin
536:
532:
529:In 1993, the
523:
518:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:U.S. Congress
452:
449:
445:
441:
432:
428:
426:
425:
420:
416:
410:
407:
405:
401:
396:
391:
389:
382:
377:
370:
366:
361:
357:
355:
351:
342:
333:
330:
321:
312:
310:
305:
303:
292:
290:
285:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:Space Shuttle
242:
240:
239:Space Shuttle
236:
232:
228:
223:
220:
219:space station
216:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:United States
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Ronald Reagan
144:
143:space station
140:
136:
132:
131:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
29:
22:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1691:Wet workshop
1584:Orbital Reef
1521:
1515:(ISS module)
1512:
1504:
1490:
1488:
1447:
1286:
1228:Soviet Union
1116:
1115:
1051:
1038:Apollo–Soyuz
894:
880:
857:
847:
844:Lyn Ragsdale
826:
817:
805:. Retrieved
798:the original
784:
778:
770:. Retrieved
764:
760:
752:
743:
736:. Retrieved
725:
716:
707:
698:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
644:. June 1997.
641:
629:
620:
611:
603:the original
598:
589:
580:
571:
534:
528:
475:
473:
468:
464:
458:
443:
439:
437:
422:
411:
408:
403:
394:
392:
386:
380:
368:
364:
358:
347:
326:
306:
298:
288:
286:
279:microgravity
262:
260:
253:
243:
224:
207:
165:
163:
154:
129:
127:
126:
85:Pressurized
48:
34:
1661:Bishop Ring
1164:settlements
854:James Oberg
419:NPO Energia
275:astronomers
227:Spiro Agnew
1778:Categories
1470:Tiangong-3
1433:Nautilus-X
1336:Tiangong-2
1331:Tiangong-1
1255:Cosmos 557
772:2006-11-03
642:NASA Facts
563:References
501:Tim Roemer
481:Space Race
367:(1988) to
309:spacewalks
282:laboratory
271:spacecraft
267:satellites
141:-orbiting
1465:Sundancer
1454:FlexCraft
1449:Skylab II
1076:Dyna-Soar
1001:Completed
474:By 1993,
383:in orbit.
153:address,
1649:Concepts
1618:Proposed
1513:Columbus
1505:Columbus
1460:Skylab B
1379:Canceled
1305:OPS 0855
1280:Salyut 7
1275:Salyut 6
1270:Salyut 5
1265:Salyut 4
1260:Salyut 3
1250:Salyut 2
1240:Salyut 1
1226:Russia /
1064:Canceled
1050:Shuttle-
546:See also
121:28.5 deg
1700:Related
1589:Starlab
1579:Haven-1
1567:Private
1491:Freedom
1354:Genesis
1347:Private
1189:Current
1117:Freedom
1013:Mercury
971:Artemis
895:Freedom
881:Freedom
807:19 June
535:Freedom
476:Freedom
469:Freedom
465:Freedom
440:Freedom
404:Freedom
395:Freedom
381:Freedom
365:Freedom
289:Freedom
263:Freedom
208:As the
192:), and
166:Freedom
155:Freedom
130:Freedom
49:Freedom
35:Freedom
1551:Russia
1418:Galaxy
1310:Skylab
1235:Salyut
1033:Skylab
1023:Apollo
1018:Gemini
964:Active
415:Russia
371:(1993)
350:Skylab
198:Canada
190:Europe
133:was a
87:volume
1764:Almaz
1523:Mir-2
1438:OPSEK
1319:China
1245:DOS-2
801:(PDF)
794:(PDF)
768:. GAO
766:(PDF)
738:8 May
695:(PDF)
638:(PDF)
595:"ISS"
557:HL-20
444:Mir-2
424:Mir-2
369:Alpha
182:Japan
178:NASDA
139:Earth
1507:MTFF
1497:USOS
1219:Past
1162:and
1111:NASP
1096:Nova
1008:X-15
809:2010
740:2011
388:NASA
277:, a
235:NASA
215:Mars
170:NASA
135:NASA
66:Crew
1529:ROS
1481:ISS
1288:Mir
1052:Mir
421:on
255:Mir
200:).
194:CSA
186:ESA
184:),
176:),
1780::
1364:II
856:,
825:.
742:.
697:.
676:.
658:.
640:.
619:.
597:.
579:.
442:,
304:.
258:.
161:.
1456:)
1452:(
1359:I
1152:e
1145:t
1138:v
946:e
939:t
932:v
811:.
775:.
759:"
196:(
188:(
180:(
172:(
69:4
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
