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during winter in
Australia, and migrate to tropical areas in the north-western Indian Ocean, from spring to autumn, for the spawning season. Their preferred temperature range is 18–20 °C (64–68 °F), with most of their time (91%) spent below 21 °C (70 °F). Southern bluefin tunas experience a wide range of ambient water temperatures, from a minimum of 2.6 °C (36.7 °F) to a maximum of 30.4 °C (86.7 °F). All species of tuna are reported to spawn in water temperatures above 24 °C (75 °F). However, 24 °C (75 °F) is outside, or at the upper limit, of temperature tolerances for bluefin tunas. Large individuals have been found to withstand temperatures of less than 10 °C (50 °F) and as low as 7 °C (45 °F) for over 10 hours, possibly to search for prey. During the day they migrate through depths between 150–600 m (490–1,970 ft), but at night they stay in waters that are 50 m (160 ft) or less in depth.
721:. This low surface-area-to-volume ratio explains why there is a more significant amount of heat lost at the site of the gills compared to the body surface. As a result, the rete vascular system is located mostly at the site of the gills, but also at several other organs in the tuna. Specifically, due to the high metabolic demand of the southern bluefin tuna, the stomach is an organ requiring a high demand of thermoregulation. It is only able to digest food at specific temperatures, often much higher than the temperature of the surrounding water. Since the food is ingested along with a large amount of seawater, the contents must be heated to a temperature that allows the food to be digested and the nutrients and ions taken up. The southern bluefin tuna seems to increase blood flow to the stomach at times of increased digestion, by increasing the diameter of blood vessels flowing to the stomach, allowing more warm blood to reach the organ at a quicker rate.
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conserve heat when they return into the depths. Through this unique ability, tunas can reach out into otherwise hazardously cold water in order to hunt for food or escape from predators. Variations in their muscle temperatures are not necessarily influenced by water temperatures or that of swimming speeds, which indicates the ability of the bluefin tuna to control the level of efficiency of their heat exchange system. Relating to the efficiency of oxygen extraction, tuna gill structure maximizes contact between water and the respiratory epithelium, which minimizes anatomical and physiological “dead space” in order to enable more than 50% oxygen-extraction efficiencies. This allows the fish to maintain a high rate of oxygen consumption as it continually swims out to others areas of oceans in search of food and ground for growth and reproduction.
1617:), along with a live-feed production plant. This facility has more recently been upgraded to a $ 6.5 million special purpose SBT larval rearing recirculation facility. During the most recent summer (2009/2010), the company completed its third consecutive annual on-shore southern bluefin tuna spawning program, having doubled the controlled spawning period to three months at its Arno Bay facility. Fingerlings are now up to 40 days old with the grow-out program, and the spawning period has been extended from 6 weeks to 12, but as yet, grow-out of commercial quantities of SBT fingerlings has been unsuccessful. Whilst aquaculture pioneers Clean Seas Limited have not been able to grow out commercial quantities of SBT fingerlings from this season's trials, the SBT broodstock were wintered and conditioned for the 2010-11 summer production run.
1523:) and the use of formulated pellets is not yet viable. This cost is largely due to the expense of dietary research. The annual costs of diet for research alone is approximately US$ 100,000 and there are additional problems associated with working with large, fast-swimming marine animals. Farm-raised tuna generally have a higher fat content than wild tuna. A one-metre tuna needs about 15 kg (33 lb) of live fish to gain 1 kg (2 lb) of fat, and about 1.5 to 2 tonnes of squid and mackerel are needed to produce a 100 kg (220 lb) bluefin tuna. Research evaluating ingredients for use in southern bluefin tuna feed is ongoing, and gathering information on ingredient digestibility, palatability and nutrient utilisation and interference can improve lower costs for tuna ranchers.
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614:. They are endotherms, which means that they can maintain their internal temperature elevated above water temperature. Heat is lost through heat transfer throughout the whole body surface and the gills, so prevention of metabolic heat loss is important. This is an adaptive feature, because it is far more difficult for an organism to maintain a temperature differential with its environment in water than in air. It allows tunas to have faster metabolic reactions, to be more active, and to exploit colder environments. A disadvantage is that they require a high energy input and insulation, and there is potential for greater heat loss, because of the high temperature gradient with the environment. To reduce heat loss, southern bluefin tunas have reduced their
351:, the rate of the gas diffusion across the gas exchange membrane is directly proportional to the respiratory surface area, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane. Tunas have highly specialized gills, with a surface area 7–9 times larger than that of other aquatic environment organisms. This increased surface area allows more oxygen to be in contact with the respiratory surface and therefore diffusion to take place more quickly (as represented by the direct proportionality in the Fick equation). This massive increase in surface area of the gills of the southern bluefin tuna is due to a higher density of secondary lamella in the gill filaments.
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get to the blood. Similarly to the increased surface area, this allows the highly metabolic organism to take oxygenated blood into the circulatory system more quickly. On top of a quicker rate of diffusion in the respiratory system of southern bluefin tuna, there is a significant difference in the efficiency of the oxygen uptake. While other teleost fish typically utilize 27–50% of the oxygen in the water, the tuna's utilization rates have been observed as high as 50-60%. This overall high oxygen uptake works in close coordination with a well-adapted circulatory system to meet the high metabolic needs of the southern bluefin tuna.
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oxygen diffusion. The circulatory system works together with the respiratory system to rapidly transport oxygen to tissues. Due to high hemoglobin levels, the blood of southern bluefin tuna has a high oxygen carrying capacity. Furthermore, their large hearts, with a characteristic organization of muscle fibres, allow for comparatively high cardiac outputs, as well as rapid ejection of stroke volume. This, together with the organization of blood vessels and a countercurrent heat exchange system, allows the southern bluefin tuna to rapidly deliver oxygen to tissue, while preserving energy necessary for their active lifestyle.
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does not require a separate pump mechanism to pump water over the gills. Ram ventilation is said to be obligatory in southern bluefin tunas, because the buccal-opercular pump system used by other teleost fish became incapable of producing a stream of ventilation vigorous enough for their needs. All species of tuna in general have lost the opercular pump, requiring a quicker movement of oxygenated water over the gills than induced by the suction of the opercular pump. Therefore, if they stop swimming, tunas suffocate due to a lack of water flow over the gills.
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its entire range. Improved refrigeration techniques and a demanding global market saw global SBT catch plummet from 80,000 tonnes a year during the 1960s to 40,000 tonnes a year by 1980. Australian catch peaked in 1982 at 21,500 tonnes, and the total population of SBT has since declined by about 92 percent. There was a pressing obligation to reduce harvesting pressure southern bluefin tuna populations in the mid-1980s. The main nations fishing the species adapted their practise to manage their catches, although no official quotas were put in place.
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709:. Instead, the southern bluefin tuna seems to implement a system that regulates how actively the rete mirable system heats the tissues. Experiments involving the southern bluefin tuna have led researchers to believe that this species of tuna has developed a shunting system. When the southern bluefin tuna experiences cold temperatures, more blood is directed to the rete vascular system, heating muscle tissue, while in warm temperatures, blood is shunted to the venous and arterial systems, reducing the heat in the muscle tissues.
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1481:. However, as yet the manufactured feeds are not competitive with the baitfish. A further future prospect in enhancing the ranching of SBT is the plan of Long Term Holding. By holding its fish for two successive growing seasons (18 months) instead of one (up to 8 months), the industry could potentially achieve a major increase in volume, greater production from the limited quota of wild-caught juveniles, and ability to serve the market year round. This presents several uncertainties, and is still in the planning stage.
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largest nutrient polluter (734 tonnes per annum) but is distributed across a larger area which includes Port
Lincoln, Arno Bay, Port Neill and Fitzgerald Bay (near Whyalla). These combined nutrient inputs are ecologically significant, as Spencer Gulf is an inverse estuary and a naturally low-nutrient environment. Wastewater treatment plants from the region's largest settlements at Port Augusta, Port Lincoln, Port Pirie and Whyalla contribute a combined total of 54 tonnes of nitrogenous nutrient to Spencer Gulf.
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532:, i.e. urine solute to plasma solute ratio is close to 1 (U/P≅1). Because of this, solely excreting urine is not sufficient to resolve the osmoregulatory problem in tunas. In turn, they excrete only the minimum volume of urine necessary to rid of solutes that are not excreted by other routes, and the salt is mostly excreted via gills. This is why the composition of solutes in urine differs significantly from that of the blood plasma. Urine has a high concentration of divalent ions, such as Mg and SO
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1460:, between the north-west Coast of Australia and Indonesia. The eggs are estimated to hatch within two to three days, and over the next two years attain sizes of approximately 15 kilograms. The principal wild catch of the Australian SBT industry is fish aged two to three years. It is believed that SBT become sexually mature between 9 and 12 years in the wild, which highlights the major negative impact of removing pre-spawning populations from the wild.
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701:). Due to their anatomical positioning, the heart and the liver are the coldest organs and significant work needs to be expended for them to serve a regionally warmer body. It is likely that the reversed temperature effect on oxygen binding was developed to ensure adequate unloading of oxygen at the heart and liver, especially in colder waters when the difference in temperature between these organs and the swimming muscle is the greatest.
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quota reduction, Australia had the highest "effective catch limit" with 4,015 tonnes, followed by Japan (2,261), Republic of Korea (859), Fishing Entity of Taiwan (859), New
Zealand (709), and Indonesia (651). Fishing pressure outside the allocated global TAC remains a major concern. The Australian government stated in 2006 that Japan had admitted to taking more than 100,000 tonnes over its quota over the previous 20 years.
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893:
1236:. The event attracted 165 competitors and 54 boats. 164 fish were weighed in during the tournament, approaching 2500 kg of tuna in total. The average weight of the fish was 14.76 kg. 324 southern bluefin tuna were caught by 18 boats during the Riveira Port Lincoln Tuna Classic competition In April 2015. The largest fish caught during the competition weighed 13.2 kilograms.
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gradient from the fluids of the tuna to the external seawater. The result is a net movement of water into the fluid of the bluefin tuna, with the net movement of ions being into the seawater. Southern bluefin tuna, along with other marine teleost fish, have acquired a variety of proteins and mechanisms which allow the secretion of ions through the gill
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around $ 10,000. As of 2008, bluefin was selling for $ 23 a kilogram. The drop in value was due to the drop in the
Japanese market, an increase in supply from northern bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean, and more and more tuna being stored (tuna frozen with the special "flash" method can be kept for up to a year with no perceivable change in taste).
387:, respectively. The heart in tunas is contained inside a fluid-filled pericardial cavity. Their hearts are exceptionally large, with ventricle masses and cardiac output roughly four to five times larger than those of other active fishes. They consist of four chambers, as in other teleosts: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus.
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the species. Removing tuna from the wild before they have reached sexual maturity also affects wild populations. Clean Seas has attempted to address this by focusing research effort on closing the life-cycle of the species with the potential benefit of alleviating some of the fishing pressure on declining stocks, but has not succeeded.
536:(U/P>>1), as these ions are mostly excreted by the kidneys keeping their concentration in blood plasma from rising. Monovalent ions (Na, Cl, K) are excreted by the gills, so their U/P ratios in the urine are below 1. The excretion of inorganic ions by structures other than kidneys is called the extrarenal salt excretion.
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for the expansion of aquaculture within South
Australian marine park boundaries. The commitment states that "DENR and PIRSA Aquaculture have identified areas that may support marine parks through appropriate mechanisms." An example of a pilot lease being issued within a marine park exists in the Encounter Marine Park, where
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temperature, being lower at high temperatures. Tuna are, however, driven by the availability of food, not by thermal properties of water. Bluefin tuna, unlike other species of tuna, maintain a fairly constant red muscle (swimming muscle) temperature over a wide range of ambient temperatures. So, in addition to being
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migrations are between waters off the coast of
Australia and the Indian Ocean. Although the preferred temperature range for southern bluefin tuna is from 18–20 °C (64–68 °F), they can endure temperatures as low as 3 °C (37 °F) at low depths, and as high as 30 °C (86 °F), when spawning.
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report for the financial year ending 30 June 2013, the production of SBT juveniles had been slower and more difficult than anticipated. Clean Seas will maintain its broodstock to enable discrete research in the future, however they do not expect commercial production to be achieved over the short to medium term.
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in sodium and chloride ions which together make up approximately 80% of the ions in the water. The intake of sodium and chloride, along with lower relative concentrations of potassium and calcium ions in the seawater allow southern bluefin tuna to generate the action potentials required for muscle contraction.
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muscles also have a high myoglobin content and capillary density, where many of the capillaries branch off. This helps increase surface area and red-cell residence time. The veins and arteries are organized in a way that allows countercurrent heat exchange. They are juxtaposed and branched extensively to form
1453:; the nearby town hosting almost all of the SBT fishing companies in Australia since the 1970s. Tuna ranching commenced in 1991 and developed into the largest farmed seafood sector in Australia. The industry grew steadily, maintaining production levels of 7000 to 10,000 tonnes per annum from the mid-2000s.
795:) throughout its entire migratory range, rather than within a specified geographic area. South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia and the European Union have since joined the Commission and South Africa and the Philippines are cooperating with it as non-members. The CCSBT is headquartered in Canberra, Australia.
1759:. Most farms are more than a kilometre off the coast, thus the deeper water and significant currents alleviate some of the impact on the benthos. Due to the high metabolic rates of SBT, low retention rates of nitrogen in tissue is seen, and there are high environmental leaching of nutrients (86-92%).
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Feed conversion ratios (feed input to tuna weight gain) of approximately 15:1 or higher result in significant feed requirements for captive southern bluefin tuna and resultant nutrient pollution. The feed conversion ratio is a consequence of the fish's carnivorous diet and the high metabolic costs of
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in Tokyo is the largest wholesale market of SBT in the world. Tsukiji handles more than 2,400 tons of fish, worth about US$ 20 million, a day, with pre-dawn auctions of tuna being the main feature. No tourists are allowed to enter the tuna wholesale areas, which they say is for purposes of sanitation
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By far the largest consumer of SBT is Japan, with USA coming in second, followed by China. Japanese imports of fresh bluefin tuna (all 3 species) worldwide increased from 957 tons in 1984 to 5,235 tons in 1993 . The price peaked in 1990 at $ 34 per kilogram when a typical 350 pound fish sold for
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However, after experiencing financial difficulty, the board of Clean Seas decided during
December 2012 to defer its tuna propagation research and write-off the value of the intellectual property it developed as part of its research into SBT propagation. According to the chairman and chief executive's
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Initially, difficulties in closing the life cycle of the species dissuaded most from farming them. However, in 2007, using hormonal therapy developed in Europe and Japan (where they had already succeeded in breeding northern
Pacific bluefin tuna to third generation) to mimic the natural production of
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One of the adaptations that allow bluefin tunas to have large migratory patterns is their endothermic nature, whereby they conserve heat in their blood and prevent its loss to the environment. They maintain their body temperature above the ambient water temperature in order to improve their locomotor
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of seawater is 1.0 osmole/L, while the osmotic pressure in the blood plasma of the southern bluefin tuna is approximately half of that. Without the mechanism of osmoregulation present, the tuna would lose water to the surrounding environment and ions would diffuse from the seawater into the fluids of
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Tunas have the highest arterial blood pressure among all fishes, due to a high resistance of blood flow in the gills. They also have a high heart rate, cardiac output, and ventilation rate. To achieve high cardiac outputs, tunas increase their heart rate exclusively (other teleosts may increase their
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Major arteries and veins run longitudinally to and from the red swimming muscles, which are found close to the spinal column, just underneath the skin. Small arteries branch off and penetrate the red muscle, delivering oxygenated blood, whereas veins take deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The red
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The oxygen need and oxygen uptake of the southern bluefin tuna are directly related. As the tuna increases its metabolic need by swimming faster, water flows into the mouth and over the gills more quickly, increasing the oxygen uptake. Additionally, since there is no energy required to pump the water
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When State
Government managed Marine Parks were proclaimed in South Australia in 2009, a "whole of Government" commitment was made to prevent adverse impacts to the aquaculture sector. This included the preservation of existing aquaculture operations and zones. A further commitment was made to allow
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region from
December to around April each year, and weigh on average 15 kg (33 lb). The tuna that are located are purse seined, and then transferred through underwater panels between nets to specialised tow pontoons. They are then towed back to farm areas adjacent to Port Lincoln at a rate
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In October 2013, the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna increased the wild catch quota to Australian tuna ranchers. The increases, staged over two years, were to take the quota to 5665 tonnes in 2015. The tuna quota rose 449 tonnes to 5147 tonnes in 2014 and then by another 518
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Current quota limits were reduced in 2010 to reflect the vulnerable nature of wild stocks. Quotas for the 2010/2011 seasons were reduced to 80% of years previous. The global total allowable catch (TAC) was reduced from 11,810 tonnes from the previously allocated global TAC to 9,449 tonnes. After the
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In southern bluefin tuna and other marine teleosts, specialized ion-transporting cells called ionocytes (previously known as mitochondrion-rich cells and chloride cells) is the primary sites of NaCl excretion Ionocytes are usually found on the gill arch and filament, though in some cases can be also
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Their respiratory system has adapted to rapidly take up oxygen from water. For example, tunas switched from a buccal-opercular pump system to ram ventilation, which allows them to drive large quantities of water over their gills. Gills have, in turn, become highly specialized to increase the rate of
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Tunas have type IV hearts, which have more than 30% compact myocardium with coronary arteries in compact and spongy myocardium. Their ventricles are large, thick-walled, and pyramidal in shape, allowing for generation of high ventricular pressures. The muscle fibers are arranged around the ventricle
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species such as sardines) six days per week, twice per day and "grown out" for three to eight months, reaching an average of 30 to 40 kg (66–88 lb). Because SBT swim so fast and are used to migrating long distances, they are difficult to keep in small pens. Their delicate skin can be
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of Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia and South Africa. The onset of industrial fishing in the 1950s, in conjunction with ever-improving technologies, such as GPS, fishfinders, satellite imagery, etc., and the knowledge of migration routes, has led to the exploitation of southern bluefin tuna across
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The eyes and the brain of the southern bluefin tuna are a common area of research involving the thermoregulatory systems of this species. Both the eyes and the brain maintain a remarkably high temperature when compared to the surrounding water environment, often 15–20 °C (27–36 °F) higher
684:
As tunas migrate to greater depths, often looking for prey, they encounter cooler water temperatures at the gill surface. To maintain normal levels of oxygen transport in these conditions, they have developed unique blood respiratory properties. The oxygen carrying capacity in southern bluefin tuna
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in the kidneys and are, therefore, not able to produce hyperosmotic urine. Instead, they secrete small amounts of urine frequently in order to prevent water loss and excrete NaCl thorough the gills. Additionally ram-ventilators such as tunas and billfishes have specialized gill structures: adjacent
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Inside the gill ionocyte, the Na/K ATPases on the basolateral membrane maintain a low sodium concentration. The NKCC (Na-K-Cl channel) cotransporter moves K and Cl ions inside the cell, while Na diffuses in, down its concentration gradient. The K ions can leak out of the cell through their channels
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Due to the southern bluefin tuna's high metabolic need, ions must be taken up relatively quickly to ensure sufficient concentrations for cellular function. Tuna are able to drink the seawater as they constantly swim in order to ensure sufficient ion concentrations. The seawater is specifically high
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and mean cellular hemoglobin content (MCHC). The erythrocyte content in the blood ranges from 2.13 to 2.90 million/l which is at least twice that of adult Atlantic salmon, reflecting the active nature of southern bluefin tuna. Because the MCHC is high, more blood can be delivered to tissues without
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The oxygen dissociation curves for southern bluefin tunas show a reverse temperature effect between 10 and 23 °C (50–73 °F), and temperature insensitivity between 23 and 36 °C (73–97 °F). Reverse temperature shift might prevent premature oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin as it
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In South Australia prior to 2001 there were nine recorded deaths of great white sharks in tuna pens during a five-year period. Six of the animals were killed and the remaining three were found already deceased. Some successful releases have also occurred since, though official records of mortality
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In 2010, Greenpeace International added the SBT to its seafood red list. It is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world which Greenpeace believes have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries. Other environmental organisations have challenged the
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In Australia, the southern bluefin tuna is listed as Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. This listing allows for the commercial exploitation of the species, despite their accepted global status as an over-fished species. The species is listed as Endangered under the Fisheries Management Act
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and disease spreading for southern bluefin aquaculture is low to negligible; the modern SBT aquaculture industry has total catch to harvest mortalities of around 2-4%. A diverse range of parasite species has been found hosted by the southern bluefin tuna, with most of the parasites examined posing
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region. It has been hypothesized that tunas can rapidly alter their whole-body thermal conductivity by at least two orders of magnitude. This is done by disengaging the heat exchangers to allow rapid warming as the tuna ascend from cold water into warmer surface waters, and are then reactivated to
652:) significantly above the ambient water temperature in these changing conditions. In fact, tuna can maintain the temperature of their muscles at 5–20 °C (9–36 °F) above the temperature of surrounding water. Overall, tuna do not have a set body temperature point; rather it maintains its T
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Tunas have elevated levels of ion and water transfer due to their elevated gill and intestinal Na/K ATPase activity, in which this activity is estimated to be about four to five times higher when compared to other freshwater vertebrates, such as rainbow trout. The gills, due to their large surface
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The southern bluefin tuna, like other tuna species, has a very thin gas-exchange membrane. Tunas have a barrier thickness of 0.5μm, compared with 10μm of dogfish, 5μm of toadfish and less than 5μm of trouts. This means that the oxygen must diffuse a short distance across the respiratory surface to
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Attempts to establish or expand tuna ranching in waters close to the Sir Joseph Banks group, Kangaroo Island, Louth Bay and Granite Island have been met with public opposition on environmental grounds. Successful court challenges and appeals of planning decisions have occurred in association with
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Respiratory systems of southern bluefin tunas are adapted to their high oxygen demand. Bluefin tunas are obligate ram ventilators: they drive water into the buccal cavity through their mouth, then over the gills, while swimming. Therefore, unlike most other teleost fish, the southern bluefin tuna
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The southern bluefin tuna is a predatory organism with a high metabolic need. These are pelagic animals, but migrate vertically through the water column, up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft) in depth. They also migrate between tropical and cool temperate waters in the search for food. The seasonal
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carries blood to the brain and seems to play a role in the elevated temperatures of both the brain and the eyes of the southern bluefin tuna. The carotid rete has been observed to have strong insulation properties, allowing blood to travel a great distance throughout the body while reducing the
704:
Since southern bluefin tunas must constantly be swimming to drive water over the gills and provide their bodies with oxygen, there is a requirement for their metabolic rate to constantly be high. Unlike other organisms, the southern bluefin tuna cannot expend more energy to produce heat in cold
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Southern bluefin tunas are thermo-conserving and can function over a wide range of temperature conditions, which allows them to dive from the surface of the water to depths of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), in only a few minutes. They forage in temperate waters of the southern hemisphere oceans,
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Ranching of southern bluefin tuna is the largest contributor of industrial nutrient pollution to Spencer Gulf's marine environment. The industry contributes 1,946 tonnes per annum, distributed across Boston Bay & Lincoln Offshore aquaculture zones. Kingfish aquaculture is the region's next
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area, play a significant role toward osmoregulation in the tuna to maintaining water and ionic balance by excreting NaCl. The intestine also contributes toward compromising for the osmotic loss of water to the surroundings by absorbing NaCl to withdraw the needed water from the lumen contents.
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The southern bluefin tuna acquires its water by drinking seawater: its only available water source. Since the osmotic pressure of the fluids in the tuna must be hyposmotic to the seawater that has been taken up, there is a net loss in ions from the tuna. Ions diffuse across their concentration
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The blood of southern bluefin tuna is composed of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, ghost cells, lymphocytes, thrombocytes, eosinophilic granulocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes, and monocytes. Southern bluefin tuna has a high blood hemoglobin content (13.25—17.92 g/dl) and, therefore, a high oxygen
313:
This wide range of temperature and depth changes poses a challenge to the respiratory and circulatory systems of the southern bluefin tunas. Tuna swim continuously and at high speeds and, therefore, have a high demand for oxygen. The oxygen concentration in the water changes with the change in
288:
Southern bluefin tuna, like other pelagic tuna species, are part of a group of bony fishes that can maintain their body core temperature up to 10 °C (18 °F) above the ambient temperature. This advantage enables them to maintain high metabolic output for predation and migrating large
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In 2012, Japan expressed "grave concerns" that Australian catch numbers were falsely counted. In response, Australia committed to implementing video monitoring to verify their catches. However, in 2013 Australia withdrew its commitment stating that such monitoring would impose an "excessive
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The quota system increased the value of the catch. Fishermen that once earned $ 600 a ton selling fish to canneries began making more than $ 1,000 per ton of fish, selling them to buyers for the Japanese market. Quotas are expensive and are bought and sold like stocks within their national
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Tunas are more mobile than any terrestrial animals and are some of the most active fish; therefore, they require highly efficient respiratory and circulatory systems. Southern bluefin tuna, as well as other species of tunas, have developed many adaptations in order to achieve this.
548:, in comparison to other cells. Ionocytes have an elaborate intracellular tubular system, continuous with the basolateral membrane (facing blood). The apical side (facing the environment) is typically invaginated below the surrounding pavement cells, forming apical crypts. Leaky
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The tuna's heart must pump blood to the bodily extremities at a quick rate to conserve heat and reduce heat loss. The heart of tunas is able to adapt to colder water temperatures, mainly by increasing blood flow and pumping warm blood to the muscle tissues at a faster rate.
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Other polluting processes include the use of chemicals on the farms, which leach into the surrounding environment. These include anti-foulants to keep the cages free from colonial algae and animals, and therapeutants to deal with disease and parasitism. Toxicants, such as
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amount of heat lost to surrounding tissues prior to the brain and eyes. The elevated temperatures in the brain and eyes allow the southern bluefin tuna to search for food more effectively by reducing reaction time and creating stronger vision. This is due to the increased
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1994 (New South Wales) and as Threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 (Victoria). Recreational fishing targeting southern bluefin tuna is permitted in all states and territories and is regulated by various combinations of bag, boat and possession limits.
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of about 1 knot; this process can take several weeks. Once back at the farm sites, the tuna are transferred from the tow pontoons into 40–50 m (130–160 ft) diameter farm pontoons. They are then fed bait fish (usually a range of locally caught or imported small
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over the gills, the tunas have adapted an increased energy output to swimming muscles. The oxygen and nutrient uptake in the circulatory system is transported to these swimming muscles rather than to tissues required to pump water over the gills in other teleost fish.
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in a way that allows rapid ejection of stroke volume, because ventricles can contract both vertically and transversely at the same time. Myocardium itself is well vascularized, with highly branched arterioles and venules, as well as a high degree of capillarization.
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Southern bluefin tunas often migrate vertically through the water column in search of their preferred temperature, and they spend time in cooler waters seeking prey. Some have hypothesized that they take refuge in warmer areas of water fronts and eddies after these
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The kidney also plays a crucial role toward tuna osmoregulation by excreting divalent ionic salts such as magnesium and sulfate ions. By the use of active transport, the tuna could move solutes out of their cells and use the kidneys as a means to preserve fluidity.
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found on the gill lamellae when exposed to various environmental stressors. Ionocytes are interspersed between pavement cells which occupy the largest proportion of the gill epithelium. Ionocytes are highly metabolically active, as indicated by the large number of
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Tuna cages attract sharks, which are drawn to fish which sometimes die in the pens and settle in the bottoms of the floating nets. Inquisitive sharks may bite holes in nets and enter the cages or become entangled in the nets and subsequently become distressed or
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said of the certification: "This is one of the few awards to actually cover both the wild fish catching and the whole farming supply chain and within that labour standards, crew safety, traceability, carbon footprint... every conceivable sustainability test."
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Scientists have tried and continue to try to develop less expensive fish feed. One of main obstacles is creating a processed food that doesn't affect the taste of the tuna. Southern bluefin tuna are largely fed fresh or frozen small pelagic fishes (including
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Australia's largest single species fishery (by volume) has been developed since 1991 to provide feedstock for the southern bluefin tuna farming industry. Catches in the fishery increased from 3,241 tonnes in 1994 to 42,475 tonnes in 2005. According to the
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by varying the efficiency of heat exchangers. Some oxygen is typically lost to outgoing venous blood in the process of heat exchange, depending on heat exchanger efficiency, which can be influenced by the rate of blood flow and blood vessel diameter.
584:. They can adapt to increasing water salinity, where the ionocyte increase in size, gill filaments become thicker, the surface area of the basolateral membrane increases, and the intracellular tubular system proliferates. Teleost fish do not have the
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lamellae and filaments are fused to prevent gill filaments and lamellae from collapsing under high water flow. Here, ionocytes have also been found on these specialized interlamellar, lamellar, and filament fusion in larval and adult Yellowfin Tuna (
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In contrast to the warm muscle and viscera of swimming bluefin tunas, the heart and gills remain at or near ambient water temperature in all tuna species. Tunas achieve regulation of body temperature by employing complex vascular structures called
2847:
Varsamos, Stamatis; Diaz, Jean Pierre; Charmantier, Guy; Flik, Gert; Blasco, Claudine; Connes, Robert (2002-06-15). "Branchial chloride cells in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) adapted to fresh water, seawater, and doubly concentrated seawater".
1579:
eggs from a breeding stock of about 20 tuna weighing 160 kg (350 lb). They were also the first company in the world to successfully transfer large SBT over large distances to its onshore facilities in Arno Bay which is where the
1488:-bound planes. Armed guards are paid to watch over them as 2,000 tuna kept in a single pen are worth around $ 2 million. Australia exports 10,000 metric tons of southern bluefin tuna worth $ 200 million; almost all is from ranched stocks.
716:
In addition to the main source of heat loss at the gills, there is a significant amount of heat lost to the lower temperature water through the body surface. The southern bluefin tuna, being considered a large fish, has a relatively low
647:
periods, but others suggest that these migrations are only associated with the aggregation of prey. Either way, it is clear that southern bluefin tuna have developed complex physiological mechanisms to maintain their body temperature
1531:
The use of dietary supplements can improve the shelf life of farmed SBT flesh. Results of a study by SARDI (South Australian Research and Development Institute) indicated that feeding a diet approximately 10 times higher in dietary
1536:
raised levels of vitamin E and vitamin C, but not selenium, in tuna flesh and increased the shelf life of tuna. This is important as the frozen baitfish diets are likely to be lower in antioxidant vitamins than the wild tuna diet.
1575:
hormones by wild fish, researchers in Australia managed for the first time to trigger spawning in landlocked tanks. This was done by the Australian aquaculture company, Clean Seas Tuna Limited. who collected its first batch of
527:
and passive salt gain. This is called the osmo-respiratory compromise. To overcome this, tunas constantly drink seawater to compensate for water loss. They excrete highly concentrated urine which is approximately isosmotic to
406:
as well). High cardiac outputs in southern bluefin tuna are necessary to achieve their maximum metabolic rates. The bulbus arteriosus can take up an entire stroke volume, maintaining a smooth blood flow over the gills through
1873:. In response, employees of tuna ranching operations will either enter the water and attempt to wrestle the sharks out of the pens, or kill the shark. Species known to interact with southern bluefin tuna operations include
1677:
caught in Tsugaru Straight near Omanachi I Aomori Prefecture sold for $ 173,600, or about $ 800 a kilogram. In 2013, a 222-kilogram Pacific bluefin tuna was sold at Tsukiji for $ 1.8 million, or about $ 8,000 per kilogram.
5074:
568:
on the basolateral membrane, whereas Cl ions diffuse out, through their channels on the apical membrane. The gradient created by Cl allows Na ions to passively diffuse out of the cell via paracellular transport (through
445:
Southern bluefin tuna migrate between a variety of different ocean regions, however the osmotic conditions faced by the tuna stay relatively similar. This species of tuna inhabits ocean areas that are relatively high in
1476:
As with most aquaculture ventures, feeds are the biggest factor in the cost-efficiency of the farming operation, and there would be considerable advantages in using formulated pellet feed to supplement or replace the
1806:, 94% of its annual catch is utilized as feedstock for farmed SBT, with the remainder used for human consumption, recreational fishing bait and premium pet food. Fishing effort is largely concentrated in southern
1803:
2745:
Evans, David H.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Choe, Keith P. (January 2005). "The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste".
5049:
555:
Ionocytes of marine teleosts, such as the southern bluefin tuna, employ specific transport mechanisms to excrete salt. By ingesting seawater they uptake water and electrolytes, including Na, Cl, Mg and
4627:
693:(in comparison to warmer adjacent tissues); however, Hb in southern bluefin tuna shows insensitivity to temperature, and a reverse temperature effect between 10 and 23 °C (50 and 73 °F) (Hb-O
420:
an increase in energy used to pump more viscous blood. For southern bluefin tuna, this is important in blood vessels that are not protected by heat exchangers when they migrate to colder environments.
2647:
Evans, David H.; Piermarini, P.M.; Choe, K.P. (2005). "The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste".
5122:
787:
In 1994, the Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna formalised existing voluntary management measures between Australia, New Zealand and Japan. The Convention created the
4177:
1698:
in September 2021. As of 2020, the current mean population estimate is 13% of unfished levels. Its stock status remains "overfished", though it is not currently subjected to overfishing.
4153:
3030:
Wegner, Nicholas C.; Sepulveda, Chugey A.; Aalbers, Scott A.; Graham, Jeffrey B. (January 2013). "Structural adaptations for ram ventilation: Gill fusions in scombrids and billfishes".
1673:
and disruption to the auction process. Higher prices are charged for the highest quality fish; bluefin tuna worth over $ 150,000 have been sold at Tsukiji. In 2001, a 202-kilogram wild
477:
of cells in southern bluefin tuna are hyposmotic to the surrounding ocean water. This means that the ion concentration within these fluids is low relative to the seawater. The standard
523:. Because gills are designed to increase surface area and minimize diffusion distance for gas exchange between the blood and water, they may contribute to the problem of water loss by
791:(CCSBT). Its objective was to ensure, through appropriate management, the conservation and optimum utilisation of the global fishery. The convention applies to southern bluefin tuna (
4292:
5856:
1239:
The longest running tuna fishing competition in Australia is held annually in Tasmania by the Tuna Club of Tasmania, and was first held in 1966. Other competitions are held in
4263:
1908:
received approval to establish a pen containing southern bluefin tuna for tourism purposes in 2015. In this case, the lease has been issued within a Habitat Protection Zone.
676:. Rete mirabile function as countercurrent heat exchangers that prevent metabolic heat loss at the gills. Warm-bodied fish, such the southern bluefin tuna, maintain their T
4105:
3908:
4691:
4500:"Serological evidence of an immune response in farmed southern bluefin tuna against blood fluke infection: Development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay"
399:. This arrangement allows the heat produced by the red muscles to be retained within them, as it can be transferred from the venous blood to the ingoing arterial blood.
4918:
4362:
5189:"Measurement, management and mitigation of operational interactions between the South Australian Sardine Fishery and short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis)"
4055:
1220:
Southern bluefin tuna are targeted by recreational and game fishers in Australian waters. Allowable catch is regulated by legislation and varies from state to state.
1944:
1633:
411:. This might, in turn, increase the rate of gas exchange. Their heart rate is also affected by temperature; at normal temperatures can it reach up to 200 beats/min.
5139:
Easton, M.D.L.; Luszniak, D.; Von der Geest, E. (2002). "Preliminary examination of contaminant loadings in farmed salmon, wild salmon and commercial salmon feed".
580:
The southern bluefin tuna have a large gill surface area which is important for oxygen consumption and handling high osmoregulatory costs, associated with the high
5861:
4855:
1885:. The latter species is protected under federal Australian legislation while the former two are not. Some of these interactions are shown in the documentary film,
788:
782:
1499:. In 2014, following an increase in Australia catch quota and emerging export opportunities to China, the sector anticipated an annual turnover of $ 165 million.
689:(Hb) concentration. The blood affinity for oxygen is also elevated. Normally, blood affinity for oxygen would change with changes in temperature experienced at
3889:
5871:
3863:
1484:
Around April, harvest begins and fish are gently guided into a boat (any bruising lowers the price) where they are killed, flash frozen and most placed on
1775:), can build up over time, particularly through the tuna feed, with some evidence of contaminants being more elevated in farmed fish than in wild stocks.
1209:
tonnes in 2015. The quota increases were expected to allow the ranchers to increase their output by approximately 2000 tonnes per year from 2015 onwards.
450:
compared to the rest of the world's oceans. Like other marine teleost fish, the southern bluefin tuna maintain a constant ion concentration in both their
802:
Australia's quota bottomed out at 4,015 tonnes pa in the 2 years ending 2010/11, then increased to 4,528 tonnes in 2011/12, and 4,698 tonnes in 2012/13.
564:
as Na and Cl ions move down their concentration gradients into the body. In the intestine, water is being absorbed in association with NaCl cotransport.
5265:
1833:
was considered a future research priority, due to the relative paucity of alternative prey species. As of 2014, no such studies have been undertaken.
2289:
Bushnell, P.; Jones, D. (1994). "Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology of tuna: adaptations for support of exceptionally high metabolic rates".
198:
5930:
5866:
5508:
4904:
6758:
4947:
4185:
5390:
1829:
Reduced availability of baitfish species is known to affect seabird populations. In 2005, the potential impact of this fishery upon colonies of
6940:
5098:
1957:
2085:
Clark, T.D.; Seymour R.S.; Wells R.M.G.; Frappell P.B. (2008). "Thermal effects on the blood respiratory properties of southern bluefin tuna,
6797:
2595:"Gill and intestinal Na/K ATPase activity, and estimated maximal osmoregulatory costs, in three high-energy-demand teleosts: yellowfin tuna (
3160:
Block, B.; Finnerty, J.R. (1994). "Endothermy in fishes: a phylogenetic analysis of constraints, predispositions, and selection pressures".
4299:
1559:
4720:
6580:
5342:
4537:
Fernandes, M.; Lauer, P.; Cheshire, A.; Angove, M. (2007). "Preliminary model of nitrogen loads from Southern Bluefin Tuna Aquaculture".
3933:
5881:
4323:
2439:
Brill, Richard W. (1996). "Selective Advantages Conferred by the High Performance Physiology of Tunas, Billfishes, and Dolphin Fish".
6900:
5313:
4338:
3281:
Blank, Jason M.; Morrissette, Jeffery M.; Farwell, Charles J.; Price, Matthew; Schallert, Robert J.; Block, Barbara A. (2007-12-01).
1953:
1502:
The capture and transportation of southern bluefin tuna to aquaculture pens near Port Lincoln is shown in the 2007 documentary film
6732:
4771:
4744:
383:, in which the system is supplied by a single generator (the heart). The ventral and dorsal aorta feed resistance of the gills and
5515:
4213:
3958:
6771:
5846:
2033:
1715:
5440:
5188:
2058:
760:
1707:
1491:
The southern bluefin tuna ranching industry is worth between 200 and 300 million Australian dollars annually to the economy of
6820:
5480:
4811:
4699:
2693:
Whittamore, J.M. (2012). "Osmoregulation and epithelial water transport: lessons from the intestine of marine teleost fish".
6776:
4926:
2991:
Fitzgibbon, Q.P.; Baudinette, R.V.; Musgrove, R.J.; Seymour, R.S. (2008). "Routine metabolic rate of southern bluefin tuna (
2025:
6910:
6859:
5923:
4056:"24th Merimbula Broadbill Tournament & 4th Southern Bluefin Tuna Tournament 2nd Weekend - NSW Game Fishing Association"
1942:(circa 2007) produced by Phil Sexton. Clean Seas' attempts to close the life cycle of the southern bluefin tuna feature in
768:
Southern bluefin tuna are targeted by fishing fleets from a number of nations. This occurs on the high seas and within the
1445:
The rapidly declining fishery led Australian tuna fishers to investigate the potential for augmenting their catch through
6925:
4007:
1649:
Southern bluefin tuna is a gourmet food, which is in demand for use in sashimi and sushi. It has medium flavoured flesh.
3608:
3589:
2901:"Regulation of the Ion-Transporting Mitochondrion-Rich Cell during Adaptation of Teleost Fishes to Different Salinities"
2337:
Brill, Richard W.; Bushnell, Peter G. (1991). "Metabolic and cardiac scope of high energy demand teleosts, the tunas".
6864:
2794:"Ontogenetic changes in cutaneous and branchial ionocytes and morphology in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae"
656:
within a narrow range, with variations of only 4–5 °C (7–9 °F) over time and from individual to individual.
6930:
6920:
6585:
5520:
5466:
4880:
3983:
2246:
1711:
5242:
4580:
Deveney, M.R.; Bayly, J.T.; Johnston, C.T.; Nowak, B.F. (2005). "A parasite survey of farmed southern bluefin tuna (
6872:
5287:"On a great white shark Carcharodon carcharius (Linnaeus 1758) trapped in a tuna cage off Libya, Mediterranean sea"
1240:
281:. At up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) and weighing up to 260 kilograms (570 lb), it is among the larger
54:
4129:
3629:
6945:
6802:
6377:
6301:
5916:
2137:
Patterson, T.A.; Evans K.; Carter T.I.; Gunn J.S. (2008). "Movement and behavior of large southern bluefin tuna (
1848:) which is a protected species under state and federal legislation. The species is protected federally under the
1793:
5262:
4388:"A feed is only as good as its ingredients – a review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds"
3867:
1566:
is also a significant issue, and can be escalated due to unforeseen environmental factors such as algal blooms.
1340:
Combined daily total with yellowfin and bigeye tuna. Must have less than 160 kg in possession in any form.
618:
by the presence of oxidative muscle tissues and fat, as muscle and fat have low heat conductivity, according to
5552:
1550:
little or no risk to the health of the farms—with some southern bluefin actually showing antibody responses to
1233:
3108:
Gunn, J.; Youg. "Environmental determinants of the movement and migration of juvenile southern bluefin tuna".
1734:
In 2016, South Australia's southern bluefin tuna ranching industry received a Sustainability Certificate from
74:
2367:
Clark, T.; Seymour R.; Frappell P. (2007). "Circulatory physiology and haematology of southern bluefin tuna (
1450:
1456:
Southern bluefin tuna spawn between September and April each year in the only known spawning grounds in the
6685:
6349:
5851:
1429:
Combined daily total with yellowfin and bigeye tuna. Boat limit allows only 2 fish longer than 1.5 metres.
718:
4479:
Nowak, B. (2003). "Assessment of health risks to southern bluefin tuna under current culture conditions".
6667:
5485:
3716:"Welcome to Our New Home on the Web - Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association LTD (ASBTIA)"
3390:
Linthicum, D. Scott; Carey, F.G. (1972). "Regulation of brain and eye temperatures by the bluefin tuna".
1931:
348:
4973:
6645:
1228:
Several fishing competitions targeting southern bluefin tuna are held annually. In 2015, the inaugural
1201:
In 2010, the Australian wild catch quota was cut, following concerns about the viability of the stock.
623:
4951:
3208:
Carey, F.G.; Gibson, Q.H. (1983). "Heat and oxygen exchange in the rete mirabile of the bluefin tuna,
6877:
6812:
3492:
Kitigawa, T.; Kimura, S.; Nakata, H.; Yamada, H. (2006). "Thermal adaptation of Pacific bluefin tuna
627:
4080:
2268:
2003:
1895:
and releases are not available to the public and some incidents are likely to have gone unreported.
289:
distances. The southern bluefin tuna is an opportunistic feeder, preying on a wide variety of fish,
6935:
6915:
6495:
6256:
5817:
5728:
4427:
Buchanan, J.; Thomas, P. (2008). "Improving the colour shelf life of farmed southern bluefin tuna (
2564:
1772:
705:
temperatures, while slowing down metabolism to cool down in high temperature waters and maintain a
5286:
2521:
Rough, K.M.; Nowak B.F.; Reuter R.E. (2005). "Haematology and leucocute morphology of wild caught
1938:
respectively. Some historical fishing footage and the process of harvesting the fish are shown in
5822:
4997:
1840:
nets up to 1 km in length to catch sardines. Bycatch mortalities of the fishery include the
1563:
1519:
769:
6851:
2792:
Kwan, Garfield T.; Wexler, Jeanne B.; Wegner, Nicholas C.; Tresguerres, Martin (February 2019).
1916:
The southern bluefin tuna industry has been the subject of several documentary films, including
1631:
Clean Seas' attempts to close the life cycle of the species appear in the 2012 documentary film
6763:
6607:
6557:
6490:
1823:
1464:
232:
5908:
5075:"Hundreds gather at Victor Harbor to protest against tuna pen development near Granite Island"
4652:"Completely farm-raised bluefin tuna | Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University"
4499:
4239:
1495:. The industry's value peaked in 2004 at $ 290 million, according to industry representative,
379:
The cardiovascular system of tunas, as in many fish species, can be described in terms of two
6846:
6575:
6552:
6515:
6441:
6001:
5599:
4103:
1935:
1695:
181:
6838:
5050:"Kangaroo Island residents reject plan to relocate a tuna pen and pontoon from Port Lincoln"
6789:
6706:
6654:
6006:
5634:
5619:
5203:
5148:
4593:
4546:
4440:
4399:
3505:
3450:
3169:
2857:
2534:
2399:
2298:
2150:
1819:
1674:
581:
455:
5321:
4651:
3246:
Carey, F.G.; Lawson, K.D. (1973). "Temperature regulation in free-swimming bluefin tuna".
8:
6659:
6542:
5897:
5503:
4078:
3830:
3793:
2594:
1878:
1811:
1669:
1661:
735:
634:
shape, and their internal tissue arrangement is based on different thermal conductances.
451:
384:
278:
274:
270:
266:
39:
6672:
5207:
5152:
4829:
4775:
4597:
4550:
4444:
4403:
3831:"Total Allowable Catch | CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna"
3509:
3454:
3173:
2861:
2538:
2302:
2154:
1979:
Collette, B.B.; Boustany, A.; Fox, W.; Graves, J.; Juan Jorda, M.; Restrepo, V. (2021).
6590:
6570:
5812:
5786:
5679:
5654:
5545:
4676:
Schuller, K.; Korte, A.; Crane, M.; Williams, A. (June 2006). "Immortal tuna created".
4456:
4217:
3521:
3474:
3185:
3055:
2938:
2829:
2718:
2629:
2314:
2256:
615:
470:
458:. This regulation of an internal ion concentration classifies southern bluefin tuna as
323:
228:
207:
158:
69:
5160:
5025:"7.30 Report - 5/1/2000: Environmental ruling on tuna may risk aquaculture industries"
4879:
Environment, jurisdiction=Commonwealth of Australia; corporateName=Department of the.
4797:
3688:
3431:
3375:
Glencross, B.; Carter, C.; Gunn, J.; Van Barneveld, R.; Rough, K.; Clarke, S. (2002).
3337:
Carey, F.G.; Teal, J.M. (1969). "Regulation of body temperature by the bluefin tuna".
2238:
1980:
1194:
Blank fields represent absence of referenced data, not an absence of catch allocation.
6833:
6693:
5674:
5499:
5476:
5462:
5219:
5164:
4898:
4628:"European breakthrough on bluefin tuna boosts Clean Seas' artificial breeding regime"
4609:
4605:
4562:
4519:
4412:
4387:
4317:
3655:
3562:
3517:
3466:
3407:
3403:
3354:
3350:
3316:
3308:
3263:
3259:
3225:
3090:
3047:
3012:
2990:
2973:
2956:
Laverty, Gary; Skadhauge, E. (2012). "Adaptation of teleosts to very high salinity".
2930:
2922:
2881:
2873:
2821:
2813:
2771:
2763:
2710:
2664:
2546:
2500:
2456:
2452:
2242:
2162:
2106:
1882:
1874:
1841:
1768:
1735:
1376:
6427:
4558:
4460:
3525:
3189:
3059:
2942:
2833:
2633:
2318:
6905:
6698:
5211:
5156:
4601:
4554:
4511:
4448:
4407:
3715:
3552:
3513:
3478:
3458:
3399:
3346:
3298:
3255:
3221:
3177:
3082:
3039:
3004:
2965:
2912:
2865:
2805:
2755:
2722:
2702:
2656:
2621:
2542:
2490:
2448:
2414:
2380:
2346:
2306:
2234:
2158:
2098:
1998:
1621:
1317:
619:
478:
319:
259:
3430:
Holland, K.N.; Richard, W.B.; Chang, R.K.C.; Sibert, J.R.; Fournier, D.A. (1992).
6547:
6520:
6500:
6408:
6205:
5876:
5609:
5526:
Official homepage of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
5275:, Government of South Australia, South Australia (2005-11). Retrieved 2014-03-13.
5269:
5246:
5215:
1855:
1830:
1815:
1739:
1602:
1586:
1496:
1492:
1347:
1287:
1248:
545:
6434:
5024:
734:
activity that is directly correlated to temperature: high temperatures allowing
672:
of rete mirabile supply blood to the red muscle, instead of a centrally located
6630:
6535:
6510:
6413:
6398:
6126:
6086:
6021:
5949:
5781:
5624:
3008:
2969:
2759:
2660:
2384:
2102:
1922:
1905:
1887:
1504:
1120:
569:
520:
459:
116:
4515:
4452:
2809:
2706:
1620:
With collaboration secured with international researchers, in particular with
747:
muscle efficiency, especially at high speeds and when pursuing prey below the
630:
depends on an animal's body shape, tunas increased their body size, adopted a
6894:
6784:
6525:
6403:
6393:
6175:
6170:
6098:
6071:
6016:
5751:
5689:
5664:
5604:
5538:
5436:
5239:
5223:
5127:
Port Bonython Bulk Commodities Export Facility Environmental Impact Statement
4031:
3593:
3429:
3312:
3094:
3086:
2926:
2877:
2817:
2767:
2460:
2054:
1989:
1473:
easily damaged if touched by human hands and too much handling can be fatal.
1212:
Australia's reported catch has exceeded that of Japan every year since 2006.
661:
585:
403:
396:
360:
126:
59:
4974:"Southern bluefin tuna · Fisheries · Australian Marine Conservation Society"
2793:
2141:) in the Australian region determined using pop-u satellite archival tags".
1597:
was purchased in 2000, and undertook a $ 2.5 million upgrade, where initial
664:. In bluefin tuna, large lateral cutaneous vessels that branch off into the
631:
6505:
6473:
6463:
6367:
6190:
6116:
5958:
5694:
5684:
5669:
5414:
5168:
4613:
4566:
4523:
3566:
3320:
3051:
3016:
2977:
2934:
2885:
2825:
2775:
2714:
2668:
2504:
2110:
1978:
1807:
1756:
1706:
sustainability of southern bluefin tuna fishing and ranching including the
1590:
magazine to award it second place in the 'World's Best Invention' of 2009.
1533:
1457:
1082:
776:
726:
561:
549:
541:
529:
466:
5473:
The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
3470:
3411:
3358:
3267:
2625:
2084:
6745:
6639:
6530:
6483:
6468:
6450:
6153:
6121:
6033:
5996:
5761:
5738:
5659:
5594:
2418:
2398:
Jones, David R.; Brill, Richard W.; Bushnell, Peter G. (September 1993).
1870:
1837:
1638:
1555:
1446:
1158:
1006:
930:
748:
706:
698:
368:
364:
4130:"Bag and size limits - saltwater | NSW Department of Primary Industries"
3283:"Temperature effects on metabolic rate of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna
2917:
2900:
2593:
Brill, Richard; Swimmer, Y.; Taxboel, C.; Cousins, K.; Lowe, T. (2000).
1254:
6737:
6478:
6458:
6372:
6359:
6266:
5796:
5649:
5129:, Spencer Gulf Port Link, South Australia (2013). Retrieved 2014-03-13.
3633:
3303:
3282:
3181:
3124:
3043:
2310:
1687:
1598:
1576:
686:
487:
416:
380:
315:
294:
290:
262:
136:
6750:
6724:
5756:
3557:
3540:
3491:
2869:
2592:
2495:
2478:
2400:"Ventricular and arterial dynamics of anaesthetised and swimming tuna"
510:
6251:
6238:
6195:
5981:
5723:
5715:
3462:
2136:
1656:
1551:
1244:
1044:
850:
611:
474:
282:
86:
6601:
4431:) flesh with dietary supplements of vitamins E and C and selenium".
2350:
423:
6719:
6624:
6218:
6185:
6138:
6133:
6061:
5991:
5966:
5830:
5791:
5776:
5766:
5589:
5449:
4812:"Japan: World's Most Expensive Fish Sold for .8 Million – TIME.com"
4244:
AUSTRALIAN SOUTHERN BLUEFIN TUNA INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION LTD. (ASBTIA)
4104:
Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources.
3720:
Australian Southern Bluefin Tuna Industry Association LTD. (ASBTIA)
2067:
1849:
1818:
in South Australian state waters. Some fishing also occurs off the
1610:
1594:
1581:
1546:
1478:
1406:
665:
644:
447:
408:
106:
30:
4498:
Aiken, H.; Hayward, C.; Crosbie, P.; Watts, M.; Nowak, B. (2008).
1778:
741:
610:
Heat exchange in southern bluefin tuna is a unique adaption among
6711:
6339:
6329:
6319:
6311:
6284:
6223:
6180:
6165:
6143:
6106:
6066:
6051:
6046:
6041:
5940:
5746:
5711:
5583:
5569:
5461:, (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
5099:"Southern Bluefin Tuna industry now formally a friend of the sea"
4363:"New partnership signals strong future for tuna exports to China"
1948:(2012). In 2019, fisherman Al McGlashan produced the documentary
1752:
1469:
637:
544:(which produce energy in the form of ATP). They are also rich in
524:
146:
6825:
5240:
South Australian Sardine Industry Association Inc. > Sardines
3374:
2899:
Sakamoto, Tatsuya; Uchida, Katsuhisa; Yokota, Shigefumi (2001).
1463:
Juvenile tuna are mainly caught on the continental shelf in the
6680:
6334:
6324:
6289:
6158:
6148:
5971:
5938:
5771:
4079:
Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia.
3432:"Physiological and behavioral thermoregulation in bigeye tuna (
2646:
968:
764:
Southern bluefin tuna catch - Australia & Japan (1952-2013)
96:
1974:
1972:
1952:
with $ 145,000 funding from the Australian Government via the
1694:
Red List of Threatened species. It had been reclassified from
6344:
6294:
6279:
6228:
6081:
6056:
5976:
5700:
4737:
1485:
1399:
Combined daily total with other listed "large pelagic fish".
892:
690:
673:
669:
516:
497:
4536:
3377:
Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture
3280:
3029:
6274:
6213:
6076:
5986:
5577:
5561:
5263:"Management Plan for the South Australian Pilchard Fishery"
5138:
4856:"Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery - Department of Agriculture"
4264:"Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery - Department of Agriculture"
2846:
2791:
1969:
1927:
1691:
731:
298:
255:
5488:
The Economist. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
4675:
3630:"Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna"
2520:
2366:
1850:
Environment Protection Biodiversity & Conservation Act
1797:
South Australian sardine fishery - Total catch (1990-2012)
515:
The primary sites of gas exchange in marine teleosts, the
6246:
6111:
5872:
International Seafood Sustainability Foundation#Practices
5187:
Hamer, Derek J.; Ward, Tim M.; McGarvey, Richard (2008).
4998:"Sea Shepherd Australia - Chapters | Australia | Page 11"
4579:
3909:"Port Lincoln celebrates new southern bluefin tuna quota"
1950:
Life on the Line - The Story of the Southern Bluefin Tuna
1624:
in Japan, commercial viability was hoped to be achieved.
575:
560:. As seawater passes through the esophagus it is quickly
5525:
4497:
1751:
Tuna farms are point sources of solid waste onto to the
789:
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
783:
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
777:
Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
5530:
3662:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 October 2006.
3590:"Clean Seas Southern Bluefin Tuna: Sustainable Luxury"
2577:
5285:
Galaz, Txema; De Maddelena, Alessandro (2004-12-10).
4830:"Tuna bounce back, but sharks in 'desperate' decline"
4481:
Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists
3934:"Victor Harbor to host Coast 2 Coast Tuna Tournament"
1722:
plans near the Sir Joseph Banks group and Louth Bay.
1255:
Recreational fishing regulations in Australian states
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
3389:
2955:
2898:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
304:
4385:
3890:"Abbott raises global ire after ditching tuna deal"
3538:
3159:
2744:
552:pathways exist between the neighbouring ionocytes.
511:
Anatomy and biochemistry involved in osmoregulation
440:
5343:"WHOLE-OF-GOVERNMENT COMMITMENTS FOR MARINE PARKS"
5273:Primary Industries & Resources South Australia
5250:South Australian Sardine Industry Association Inc.
3332:
3330:
2397:
1898:
596:
415:carrying capacity. This results from an increased
5391:"Tuna-story-to-inspire-new-generation-of-fishers"
5314:"Again Great White Shark Released From Tuna Farm"
5284:
5186:
4706:
3959:"Coast 2 Coast Tuna Tournament | PHOTOS, RESULTS"
3245:
3207:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3129:) spawning activity in the eastern Pacific Ocean"
2288:
2209:
1641:was optimistic having experienced early success.
805:
424:Integration of respiratory and circulatory organs
6892:
4386:Glencross, B.D.; Booth, M.; Allan, G.L. (2007).
4214:"Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre"
4106:"Tuna (Southern bluefin, yellowfin and big eye)"
3425:
3423:
3421:
269:waters of all the world's oceans mainly between
3336:
3327:
2004:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T21858A170082633.en
1637:. At the time of filming, Clean Seas' director
742:Special adaptations unique to habitat/lifestyle
371:were also observed at 23 °C (73 °F).
5459:Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand
4759:Clean Seas defer its Tuna propagation research
4426:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
3146:
2229:Brill, Richard W.; Bushnell, Peter G. (2001).
1958:Fisheries Research and Development Corporation
638:Adaptations involved in temperature regulation
5924:
5546:
4804:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3418:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2476:
2336:
2228:
1804:South Australian Sardine Industry Association
4903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3532:
3485:
5348:. Government of South Australia. 2009-07-01
4948:"Greenpeace International Seafood Red List"
4199:
3957:Media, Fairfax Regional (8 February 2015).
2640:
2558:
2556:
2391:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
1863:
1686:The southern bluefin tuna is classified as
601:
5931:
5917:
5882:Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
5553:
5539:
4881:"Thunnus maccoyii — Southern Bluefin Tuna"
4822:
4433:Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology
3847:
3573:
2692:
2675:
2362:
2360:
1540:
1310:Combined daily total with yellowfin tuna.
498:Primary osmoregulatory system and features
48:
29:
4411:
3982:Media, Fairfax Regional (29 April 2015).
3556:
3392:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
3302:
3248:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
2997:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2958:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2916:
2586:
2494:
2472:
2470:
2373:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2091:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2002:
1954:Australian Fisheries Management Authority
374:
334:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4287:
4285:
4283:
3624:
3622:
3609:"Japan's Sacred Bluefin, Loved Too Much"
3370:
3368:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3122:
2892:
2580:Tuna: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution
2553:
2516:
2514:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2205:(3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc.
2117:
2080:
2078:
1854:
1792:
1777:
1725:
1655:
759:
5435:
5367:"Port Lincoln home of the bluefin tuna"
5072:
5047:
4878:
4721:"Clean Seas double SBT spawning period"
4178:"Bag and Possession Limits - Scalefish"
3656:"Japan caught overfishing Bluefin tuna"
3339:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
3214:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
2357:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2053:
2047:
2034:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1716:Conservation Council of South Australia
1569:
1223:
1215:
725:than the temperature of the water. The
6893:
5521:Southern Bluefin Tuna at MarineBio.org
5123:"Coastal Processes & Water Quality
4339:"Harvest to the tuna of $ 200 million"
4336:
4322:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3906:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3606:
3379:. CAB International. pp. 159–171.
3232:
2578:Barbara, B. & Stevens, E. (2001).
2477:Graham, J. B.; Dickson, K. A. (2004).
2467:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
1911:
1708:Australian Marine Conservation Society
1526:
1449:. All SBT ranching occurs offshore of
576:Special adaptations for osmoregulation
6941:EPBC Act conservation dependent biota
6606:
6605:
5912:
5534:
5252:, South Australia. Accessed 2014-03-1
5235:
5233:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5019:
5017:
4478:
4467:
4280:
4036:Port MacDonnell Offshore Angling Club
3981:
3956:
3931:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3619:
3365:
3196:
2787:
2785:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2511:
2438:
2325:
2075:
1940:Port Lincoln home of the bluefin tuna
755:
6813:27867570-3846-41d1-bce1-0d6914e1084d
4698:. The Tank-Bred Tuna. Archived from
3984:"Battler wins Tuna Classic | PHOTOS"
3539:Graham, J.B.; Dickson, K.A. (2004).
3107:
2562:
2275:
2200:
1644:
3607:Harden, Blaine (11 November 2007).
3110:Australian Society for Fish Biology
2798:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
2483:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2169:
1990:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
482:the tuna to establish equilibrium.
13:
5498:Souther bluefin tuna discussed on
5230:
5175:
5014:
3806:
3733:
3701:
3666:
3592:. cleanseas.com.au. Archived from
2782:
2729:
2231:The cardiovascular system of tunas
1788:
1205:regulatory and financial burden".
14:
6957:
5492:
5486:Bye bye bluefin: Managed to death
2233:. Vol. 19. pp. 79–120.
1755:and dissolved nutrients into the
435:
305:Environmental/physical challenges
6901:IUCN Red List endangered species
6440:
6433:
6426:
5633:
5457:Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox,
5407:
5383:
5359:
5335:
5306:
4606:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00629.x
4413:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00450.x
3864:"Bluefin Tuna Fishing and Japan"
3518:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01129.x
2547:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00710.x
2163:10.1111/j.1365-2419.2008.00483.x
1688:Endangered species (IUCN status)
1562:have the greatest risk factors.
1405:
1375:
1346:
1316:
1286:
1157:
1119:
1081:
1043:
1005:
967:
929:
891:
849:
441:Environmental osmotic conditions
73:
5278:
5255:
5132:
5116:
5091:
5066:
5048:Kennett, Heather (2012-09-20).
5041:
4990:
4966:
4940:
4911:
4872:
4848:
4798:"About Tukiji wholesale market"
4790:
4772:"Daito Gyorui Tuna Wholesalers"
4764:
4692:"Top 50 Scientific Discoveries"
4684:
4669:
4644:
4620:
4573:
4559:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.06.005
4530:
4491:
4420:
4379:
4355:
4330:
4256:
4232:
4170:
4146:
4122:
4097:
4072:
4048:
4024:
4000:
3975:
3950:
3925:
3900:
3882:
3648:
3600:
3545:Journal of Experimental Biology
3383:
3291:Journal of Experimental Biology
3274:
3162:Environmental Biology of Fishes
3116:
3101:
3066:
3023:
2984:
2949:
2850:Journal of Experimental Zoology
2840:
2571:
2432:
2407:Journal of Experimental Biology
2291:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1926:(2007), which were produced by
1899:Compatibility with Marine Parks
1681:
597:Thermoregulation and metabolism
347:Based on the principles of the
5516:Southern Bluefin Tuna at CSIRO
4750:. cleanseas.com.au. 2013-09-05
4726:. cleanseas.com.au. 2010-04-22
4633:. cleanseas.com.au. 2008-07-09
4367:www.statedevelopment.sa.gov.au
3932:Kelly, Ben (4 February 2015).
3125:"Assessment of skipjack tuna (
2018:
1593:The state-of-the-art Arno Bay
1435:
806:Total allowable catch (tonnes)
1:
5161:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00136-9
5073:Debelle, Penny (2016-01-10).
4978:www.marineconservation.org.au
4504:Fish and Shellfish Immunology
3541:"Tuna comparative physiology"
2479:"Tuna comparative physiology"
2239:10.1016/s1546-5098(01)19004-7
1963:
1451:Port Lincoln, South Australia
1230:Coast 2 Coast Tuna Tournament
329:
5320:. 2003-09-04. Archived from
5216:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.024
4337:Austin, Nigel (2012-04-25).
3907:Austin, Nigel (2013-10-17).
3404:10.1016/0300-9629(72)90201-0
3351:10.1016/0010-406x(69)91336-x
3260:10.1016/0300-9629(73)90490-8
3226:10.1016/0300-9629(83)90612-6
2453:10.1016/0300-9629(95)02064-0
1746:
738:to take place more quickly.
719:surface-area-to-volume ratio
301:, and other marine animals.
7:
6911:Marine fish of South Africa
3689:"Origins of the Convention"
2339:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1440:
626:is also reduced. Since the
519:, are also responsible for
322:. The species is listed as
10:
6962:
6926:Marine fish of New Zealand
4240:"Tuna Industry Background"
3081:(2): 745–746. 2014-04-01.
3075:Bulletin of Marine Science
3009:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.08.046
2970:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.05.203
2760:10.1152/physrev.00050.2003
2661:10.1152/physrev.00050.2003
2385:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.384
2103:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.03.020
1584:has taken place. This led
1193:
780:
622:of heat conduction. Their
6614:
6566:
6449:
6424:
6386:
6358:
6310:
6265:
6237:
6204:
6097:
6032:
5957:
5948:
5890:
5839:
5805:
5737:
5710:
5642:
5631:
5568:
4539:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4516:10.1016/j.fsi.2007.12.010
4453:10.1080/10498850802199642
3894:The Sydney Morning Herald
2810:10.1007/s00360-018-1187-9
2707:10.1007/s00360-011-0601-3
1773:polychlorinated biphenyls
685:is high, due to the high
628:heat transfer coefficient
213:
206:
187:
180:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
6931:Aquaculture in Australia
6921:Marine fish of Australia
5818:Scombroid food poisoning
5729:US bluefin tuna industry
5560:
5439:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
4586:Journal of Fish Diseases
3087:10.5343/bms.br.2014.0001
2071:. February 2018 version.
2057:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1864:Interactions with sharks
1738:. Industry spokesperson
1511:
1166:Co-operating non-member
770:Exclusive Economic Zones
602:Physiological challenges
318:, bluefin tuna are also
5475:. Ebury Press, London.
5471:Clover, Charles. 2004.
5196:Biological Conservation
4919:"Southern Bluefin Tuna"
4154:"Large pelagic finfish"
4081:"Southern Bluefin Tuna"
3794:"Total Allowable Catch"
3123:Schaefer, K.M. (2001).
2527:Journal of Fish Biology
1945:Sushi: The Global Catch
1836:The fishery uses large
1634:Sushi: The Global Catch
1601:facilities catered for
1541:Parasites and pathology
707:homeostatic temperature
6946:Fish described in 1872
5002:www.seashepherd.org.au
4885:www.environment.gov.au
4860:www.agriculture.gov.au
4268:www.agriculture.gov.au
4110:agriculture.vic.gov.au
3496:to temperate waters".
2565:"Seawater Composition"
2441:Comp. Biochem. Physiol
2143:Fisheries Oceanography
1997:: e.T21858A170082633.
1860:
1824:Great Australian Bight
1798:
1785:
1665:
1465:Great Australian Bight
1243:, South Australia and
765:
582:resting metabolic rate
375:Circulatory physiology
335:Respiratory physiology
24:Southern bluefin tuna
6847:Paleobiology Database
6576:World fish production
5939:Principal commercial
5813:Dolphin friendly tuna
5615:Southern bluefin tuna
5600:Atlantic bluefin tuna
5453:. March 2006 version.
4702:on November 15, 2009.
4392:Aquaculture Nutrition
4012:www.clubmarine.com.au
3032:Journal of Morphology
2748:Physiological Reviews
2649:Physiological Reviews
2626:10.1007/s002270000514
2603:), and dolphin fish (
1858:
1796:
1781:
1726:Environmental impacts
1696:Critically Endangered
1659:
1615:Argyrosomus japonicas
763:
246:southern bluefin tuna
5620:Pacific bluefin tuna
4745:"2013 Annual Report"
4678:Australasian Science
2419:10.1242/jeb.182.1.97
1820:Coffin Bay Peninsula
1675:Pacific bluefin tuna
1570:Complete aquaculture
1265:Conservation Status
1224:Fishing competitions
1216:Recreational fishing
456:extracellular fluids
385:systemic vasculature
5898:List of tuna dishes
5655:Black skipjack tuna
5504:Critter of the Week
5371:Flinders University
5208:2008BCons.141.2865H
5153:2002Chmsp..46.1053E
4954:on February 5, 2010
4598:2005JFDis..28..279D
4551:2007MarPB..54.1321F
4445:2008JAFPT..17..285B
4404:2007AqNut..13...17G
3722:. 15 September 2013
3510:2006FisSc..72..149K
3455:1992Natur.358..410H
3174:1994EnvBF..40..283B
2918:10.2108/zsj.18.1163
2862:2002JEZ...293...12V
2695:J. Comp. Physiol. B
2605:Coryphaena hippurus
2539:2005JFBio..66.1649R
2303:1994EnvBF..40..303B
2155:2008FisOc..17..352P
1932:National Geographic
1912:Film and television
1812:Investigator Strait
1670:Tsukiji fish market
1662:Tsukiji fish market
1660:Frozen tuna at the
1527:Dietary supplements
1277:Minimum size limit
736:signal transduction
267:southern Hemisphere
40:Conservation status
6591:Fisheries glossary
6581:Commercial species
6571:Commercial fishing
5959:Large pelagic fish
5787:Tuna fish sandwich
5268:2014-01-25 at the
5245:2014-01-25 at the
5105:. 16 December 2015
4836:. 4 September 2021
4158:www.fish.wa.gov.au
4134:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
4032:"Tuna Competition"
4008:"Tassie tuna comp"
3988:Port Lincoln Times
3870:on October 9, 2010
3636:on August 21, 2010
3494:Thunnus orientalis
3304:10.1242/jeb.005835
3285:Thunnus orientalis
3182:10.1007/bf00002518
3127:Katsuwonus pelamis
3044:10.1002/jmor.20082
2905:Zoological Science
2601:Katsuwonus pelamis
2599:), skipjack tuna (
2311:10.1007/bf00002519
1883:great white sharks
1861:
1799:
1786:
1666:
935:Republic of Korea
766:
756:Commercial fishing
471:interstitial fluid
6888:
6887:
6834:Open Tree of Life
6608:Taxon identifiers
6599:
6598:
6496:Freshwater prawns
6422:
6421:
5906:
5905:
5481:978-0-09-189780-2
5202:(11): 2865–2878.
4818:. 7 January 2013.
4778:on April 18, 2009
4182:dpipwe.tas.gov.au
4060:www.nswgfa.com.au
3660:ABC AM transcript
3558:10.1242/jeb.01267
3551:(23): 4015–4024.
3498:Fisheries Science
3449:(6385): 410–412.
3297:(23): 4254–4261.
2870:10.1002/jez.10099
2597:Thunnus albacares
2582:. Academic Press.
2563:Anderson, Genny.
2496:10.1242/jeb.01267
2489:(23): 4015–4024.
2203:Animal Physiology
2201:Hill, R. (2012).
1936:Discovery Channel
1920:(circa 2003) and
1875:hammerhead sharks
1859:Great white shark
1846:Delphinus delphis
1736:Friend of the Sea
1645:Human consumption
1433:
1432:
1274:Possession limit
1192:
1191:
591:Thunnus albacares
242:
241:
236:
225:Thunnus phillipsi
221:
63:
6953:
6881:
6880:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6854:
6842:
6841:
6829:
6828:
6816:
6815:
6806:
6805:
6793:
6792:
6780:
6779:
6767:
6766:
6754:
6753:
6741:
6740:
6728:
6727:
6715:
6714:
6702:
6701:
6689:
6688:
6686:thunnus-maccoyii
6676:
6675:
6673:Thunnus_maccoyii
6663:
6662:
6660:Thunnus_maccoyii
6650:
6649:
6648:
6646:Thunnus maccoyii
6635:
6634:
6633:
6616:Thunnus maccoyii
6603:
6602:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6012:southern bluefin
6002:Atlantic bluefin
5955:
5954:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5910:
5909:
5891:Related articles
5637:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5454:
5443:Thunnus maccoyii
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5347:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5276:
5259:
5253:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5193:
5184:
5173:
5172:
5136:
5130:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5021:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4950:. Archived from
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4925:. Archived from
4915:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4774:. Archived from
4768:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4717:
4704:
4703:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4582:Thunnus maccoyii
4577:
4571:
4570:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4476:
4465:
4464:
4429:Thunnus maccoyii
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4298:. Archived from
4297:
4289:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4216:. Archived from
4210:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4184:. Archived from
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3860:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3827:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3790:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3664:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3632:. Archived from
3626:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3586:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3463:10.1038/358410a0
3440:
3427:
3416:
3415:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3306:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3136:Fishery Bulletin
3133:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3073:"Book Reviews".
3070:
3064:
3063:
3027:
3021:
3020:
2993:Thunnus maccoyii
2988:
2982:
2981:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2920:
2911:(9): 1163–1174.
2896:
2890:
2889:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2673:
2672:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2611:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2533:(6): 1649–1659.
2523:Thunnus maccoyii
2518:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2404:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2345:(7): 2002–2009.
2334:
2323:
2322:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2226:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2167:
2166:
2134:
2115:
2114:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2061:Thynnus maccoyii
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2028:Thunnus maccoyii
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2006:
1983:Thunnus maccoyii
1976:
1622:Kinki University
1410:
1409:
1380:
1379:
1351:
1350:
1321:
1320:
1291:
1290:
1259:
1258:
1162:
1161:
1124:
1123:
1086:
1085:
1048:
1047:
1010:
1009:
972:
971:
934:
933:
896:
895:
854:
853:
810:
809:
793:Thunnus maccoyii
479:osmotic pressure
320:thermoregulators
251:Thunnus maccoyii
227:
219:
217:Thynnus maccoyii
193:
191:Thunnus maccoyii
173:T. maccoyii
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6936:Commercial fish
6916:Fish of Uruguay
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6876:
6871:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6809:
6801:
6796:
6788:
6783:
6775:
6770:
6762:
6757:
6749:
6744:
6736:
6731:
6723:
6718:
6710:
6705:
6697:
6692:
6684:
6679:
6671:
6666:
6658:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6562:
6501:Gilt-head bream
6445:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6418:
6409:Lobster fishing
6382:
6354:
6306:
6261:
6239:Other wild fish
6233:
6206:Freshwater fish
6200:
6093:
6028:
6007:Pacific bluefin
5944:
5937:
5907:
5902:
5886:
5877:Nauru Agreement
5835:
5801:
5733:
5706:
5638:
5629:
5564:
5559:
5495:
5432:
5423:
5421:
5419:www.frdc.com.au
5413:
5412:
5408:
5399:
5397:
5395:www.frdc.com.au
5389:
5388:
5384:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5327:
5325:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5298:
5296:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5270:Wayback Machine
5260:
5256:
5247:Wayback Machine
5238:
5231:
5191:
5185:
5176:
5137:
5133:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5006:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4923:www.fish.gov.au
4917:
4916:
4912:
4896:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4877:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4578:
4574:
4535:
4531:
4496:
4492:
4477:
4468:
4425:
4421:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4335:
4331:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4293:"Archived copy"
4291:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4220:on May 27, 2010
4212:
4211:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3955:
3951:
3942:
3940:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3848:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3828:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3667:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:Washington Post
3605:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3574:
3537:
3533:
3490:
3486:
3438:
3428:
3419:
3388:
3384:
3373:
3366:
3335:
3328:
3279:
3275:
3244:
3233:
3210:Thunnus thynnus
3206:
3197:
3158:
3147:
3131:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3102:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3028:
3024:
2989:
2985:
2954:
2950:
2897:
2893:
2845:
2841:
2790:
2783:
2743:
2730:
2691:
2676:
2645:
2641:
2609:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2572:
2561:
2554:
2519:
2512:
2475:
2468:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2369:Thunnus macoyii
2365:
2358:
2351:10.1139/z91-279
2335:
2326:
2287:
2276:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2227:
2210:
2199:
2170:
2139:Thunnus macoyii
2135:
2118:
2087:Thunnus macoyii
2083:
2076:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1914:
1901:
1866:
1831:little penguins
1816:Kangaroo Island
1791:
1789:Sardine fishery
1783:Sardinops sagax
1749:
1740:Brian Jeffriess
1728:
1684:
1647:
1607:Seriola lalandi
1572:
1543:
1529:
1520:Sardinops sagax
1514:
1497:Brian Jeffriess
1493:South Australia
1443:
1438:
1404:
1374:
1345:
1315:
1285:
1257:
1249:New South Wales
1241:Port Macdonnell
1226:
1218:
1195:
1156:
1125:European Union
1118:
1080:
1042:
1004:
966:
928:
890:
848:
813:Country/Region
808:
785:
779:
758:
744:
696:
679:
655:
651:
640:
624:heat convection
616:heat conduction
604:
599:
578:
570:tight junctions
559:
535:
513:
500:
443:
438:
430:
426:
400:
377:
337:
332:
307:
220:Castelnau, 1872
202:
195:
189:
176:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
6959:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6869:
6856:
6843:
6830:
6817:
6807:
6794:
6781:
6768:
6755:
6742:
6729:
6716:
6703:
6690:
6677:
6664:
6651:
6636:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6586:Fishing topics
6583:
6578:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6455:
6453:
6447:
6446:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6414:Shrimp fishery
6411:
6406:
6401:
6399:Crab fisheries
6396:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6191:Smelt-whitings
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6127:Alaska pollock
6124:
6119:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:species groups
5936:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5913:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5782:Tuna casserole
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5680:Leaping bonito
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5625:Yellowfin tuna
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5494:
5493:External links
5491:
5490:
5489:
5483:
5469:
5455:
5437:Froese, Rainer
5431:
5430:
5406:
5382:
5358:
5334:
5305:
5277:
5261:Shanks, Steve
5254:
5229:
5174:
5147:(7): 1053–74.
5131:
5115:
5090:
5079:The Advertiser
5065:
5054:The Advertiser
5040:
5029:www.abc.net.au
5013:
4989:
4965:
4939:
4910:
4871:
4847:
4821:
4803:
4789:
4763:
4736:
4705:
4683:
4668:
4643:
4619:
4592:(5): 279–284.
4572:
4545:(9): 1321–32.
4529:
4510:(1–2): 66–75.
4490:
4466:
4439:(3): 285–302.
4419:
4378:
4354:
4343:The Advertiser
4329:
4279:
4255:
4231:
4198:
4169:
4145:
4121:
4096:
4071:
4047:
4023:
3999:
3974:
3949:
3924:
3913:The Advertiser
3899:
3881:
3846:
3805:
3732:
3700:
3665:
3647:
3618:
3599:
3596:on 2011-02-16.
3572:
3531:
3504:(1): 149–156.
3484:
3434:Thunnus obesus
3417:
3398:(2): 425–433.
3382:
3364:
3345:(1): 205–213.
3326:
3273:
3254:(2): 375–392.
3231:
3220:(2): 333–342.
3195:
3168:(3): 283–302.
3145:
3115:
3100:
3065:
3038:(1): 108–120.
3022:
3003:(2): 231–238.
2983:
2948:
2891:
2839:
2781:
2728:
2701:(1–39): 1–39.
2674:
2639:
2620:(5): 935–944.
2614:Marine Biology
2585:
2570:
2552:
2510:
2466:
2431:
2390:
2356:
2324:
2297:(3): 303–318.
2274:
2265:|journal=
2247:
2208:
2168:
2149:(5): 352–367.
2116:
2097:(2): 239–246.
2074:
2055:Froese, Rainer
2046:
2017:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1923:Tuna Wranglers
1913:
1910:
1906:Oceanic Victor
1900:
1897:
1888:Tuna Wranglers
1879:bronze whalers
1865:
1862:
1842:common dolphin
1790:
1787:
1748:
1745:
1727:
1724:
1683:
1680:
1646:
1643:
1571:
1568:
1542:
1539:
1528:
1525:
1513:
1510:
1505:Tuna Wranglers
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
977:
974:
963:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
939:
936:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
901:
898:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
807:
804:
778:
775:
757:
754:
743:
740:
694:
677:
653:
649:
639:
636:
612:teleost fishes
603:
600:
598:
595:
577:
574:
557:
533:
521:osmoregulation
512:
509:
499:
496:
460:osmoregulators
442:
439:
437:
436:Osmoregulation
434:
425:
422:
376:
373:
336:
333:
331:
328:
306:
303:
265:found in open
240:
239:
238:
237:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Actinopterygii
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6958:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6404:Krill fishery
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6394:Cod fisheries
6392:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Sea cucumbers
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:Orange roughy
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6099:Demersal fish
6096:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5934:
5929:
5927:
5922:
5920:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:Organisations
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:Cakalang fufu
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:Skipjack tuna
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:Mackerel tuna
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Dogtooth tuna
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5636:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Longtail tuna
5608:
5606:
5605:Blackfin tuna
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:0-00-216987-8
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5344:
5338:
5324:on 2016-03-04
5323:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4929:on 2016-01-29
4928:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4900:
4886:
4882:
4875:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4760:
4746:
4740:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4672:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4629:
4623:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:Castelnau)".
4583:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4305:on 2016-08-22
4301:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4188:on 2015-12-08
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4086:
4085:pir.sa.gov.au
4082:
4075:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3835:www.ccsbt.org
3832:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2754:(1): 97–177.
2753:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:(1): 97–177.
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2258:
2250:
2248:9780123504432
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1535:
1524:
1522:
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1234:Victor Harbor
1231:
1221:
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1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:allocations.
1187:
1184:
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1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
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1092:
1089:
1087:South Africa
1084:
1079:
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1074:
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1068:
1065:
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1061:
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857:
852:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
819:Year acceded
818:
816:CCSBT Status
815:
812:
811:
803:
800:
796:
794:
790:
784:
774:
771:
762:
753:
750:
739:
737:
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722:
720:
714:
710:
708:
702:
700:
692:
688:
682:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:rete mirabile
657:
646:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Fourier's law
617:
613:
608:
594:
592:
587:
586:loop of Henle
583:
573:
571:
565:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
537:
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526:
522:
518:
508:
504:
495:
491:
489:
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:intracellular
449:
433:
421:
418:
412:
410:
405:
404:stroke volume
398:
397:rete mirabile
392:
388:
386:
382:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:rete mirabile
359:is warmed in
356:
352:
350:
349:Fick equation
345:
341:
327:
326:by the IUCN.
325:
321:
317:
311:
302:
300:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
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234:
230:
226:
223:
218:
215:
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194:
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186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Scombriformes
125:
122:
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115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
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81:
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67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6615:
6526:salmon trout
6011:
5824:Tuna Fishing
5823:
5699:
5695:Slender tuna
5685:Little tunny
5670:Frigate tuna
5614:
5582:
5502:
5472:
5458:
5448:
5442:
5422:. Retrieved
5418:
5409:
5398:. Retrieved
5394:
5385:
5374:. Retrieved
5370:
5361:
5350:. Retrieved
5337:
5326:. Retrieved
5322:the original
5317:
5308:
5297:. Retrieved
5293:
5280:
5272:
5257:
5249:
5199:
5195:
5144:
5140:
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5118:
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5102:
5093:
5082:. Retrieved
5078:
5068:
5057:. Retrieved
5053:
5043:
5032:. Retrieved
5028:
5005:. Retrieved
5001:
4992:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:
4968:
4956:. Retrieved
4952:the original
4942:
4931:. Retrieved
4927:the original
4922:
4913:
4888:. Retrieved
4884:
4874:
4863:. Retrieved
4859:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4833:
4824:
4815:
4806:
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4776:the original
4766:
4758:
4752:. Retrieved
4739:
4728:. Retrieved
4700:the original
4695:
4686:
4677:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:
4646:
4635:. Retrieved
4622:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4484:
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4422:
4398:(1): 17–34.
4395:
4391:
4381:
4370:. Retrieved
4366:
4357:
4346:. Retrieved
4342:
4332:
4307:. Retrieved
4300:the original
4271:. Retrieved
4267:
4258:
4247:. Retrieved
4243:
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4190:. Retrieved
4186:the original
4181:
4172:
4161:. Retrieved
4157:
4148:
4137:. Retrieved
4133:
4124:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:
4099:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4074:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:
4050:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:
4026:
4015:. Retrieved
4011:
4002:
3991:. Retrieved
3987:
3977:
3966:. Retrieved
3962:
3952:
3941:. Retrieved
3937:
3927:
3916:. Retrieved
3912:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3838:. Retrieved
3834:
3797:. Retrieved
3724:. Retrieved
3719:
3692:. Retrieved
3659:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3634:the original
3612:
3602:
3594:the original
3548:
3544:
3534:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3376:
3342:
3338:
3294:
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3284:
3276:
3251:
3247:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3165:
3161:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3118:
3109:
3103:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2856:(1): 12–26.
2853:
2849:
2842:
2804:(1): 81–95.
2801:
2797:
2751:
2747:
2698:
2694:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2486:
2482:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2410:
2406:
2393:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2342:
2338:
2294:
2290:
2230:
2202:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2027:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1994:
1988:
1982:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1921:
1918:Tuna Cowboys
1917:
1915:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1867:
1845:
1835:
1828:
1808:Spencer Gulf
1800:
1782:
1765:
1761:
1757:water column
1750:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1712:Sea Shepherd
1704:
1700:
1685:
1682:Conservation
1667:
1651:
1648:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1545:The risk of
1544:
1534:antioxidants
1530:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1462:
1458:Indian Ocean
1455:
1444:
1238:
1232:was held in
1229:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1163:Philippines
1011:New Zealand
801:
797:
792:
786:
767:
745:
727:carotid rete
723:
715:
711:
703:
683:
658:
641:
609:
605:
590:
579:
566:
554:
550:paracellular
546:Na/K ATPases
542:mitochondria
538:
530:blood plasma
514:
505:
501:
492:
484:
467:blood plasma
464:
444:
427:
413:
393:
389:
378:
367:and a large
357:
353:
346:
342:
338:
312:
308:
287:
277:, to nearly
250:
249:
245:
243:
224:
216:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
147:
18:
6746:iNaturalist
6640:Wikispecies
6360:Echinoderms
6267:Crustaceans
6034:Forage fish
5762:Katsuobushi
5660:Bullet tuna
5595:Bigeye tuna
5141:Chemosphere
4840:4 September
4656:www.flku.jp
2447:(1): 3–15.
2379:(4): S179.
2010:19 November
1838:purse seine
1639:Hagen Stehr
1556:blood fluke
1447:aquaculture
1436:Aquaculture
1355:Endangered
1325:Threatened
1280:Conditions
1271:Boat limit
749:thermocline
699:endothermic
697:binding is
562:desalinated
381:RC networks
369:Bohr factor
365:Root effect
295:cephalopods
291:crustaceans
283:bony fishes
6895:Categories
6373:Sea urchin
5826:(painting)
5797:Tuna salad
5650:Scombridae
5643:Other tuna
5509:5 May 2023
5424:2021-05-30
5415:"2017-098"
5400:2021-05-30
5376:2015-01-15
5352:2016-01-11
5328:2015-01-17
5299:2015-01-17
5109:2016-02-02
5084:2016-02-16
5059:2016-02-16
5034:2016-02-16
5007:2016-02-02
4983:2016-02-02
4933:2016-01-02
4890:2015-11-27
4865:2021-05-30
4834:BBC bounce
4754:2017-12-10
4730:2017-12-10
4637:2017-12-10
4372:2017-03-21
4348:2016-01-02
4309:2015-06-24
4273:2021-05-30
4249:2015-08-07
4192:2015-11-27
4163:2015-11-27
4139:2015-11-27
4115:2015-11-27
4090:2015-11-27
4065:2016-02-09
4041:2016-02-09
4017:2016-02-09
3993:2016-02-19
3968:2016-02-09
3943:2016-02-09
3918:2015-12-22
3840:2018-03-10
3799:2015-12-22
3726:2015-12-22
3694:2017-06-24
3142:: 343–350.
3112:: 123–128.
2964:(1): 1–6.
2424:18 October
2413:: 97–112.
2039:9 December
1964:References
1771:and PCBs (
1599:broodstock
1577:fertilized
1560:gill fluke
1554:—however,
1552:epizootics
1268:Bag limit
1049:Indonesia
855:Australia
843:2018-2020
840:2016-2017
781:See also:
687:hemoglobin
488:epithelium
417:hematocrit
330:Physiology
324:Endangered
316:endotherms
263:Scombridae
155:Subgenus:
137:Scombridae
55:Endangered
6387:Fisheries
6252:Whitebait
6196:Toothfish
6022:yellowfin
5982:Swordfish
5724:Almadraba
5716:fisheries
5570:True tuna
5224:0006-3207
5103:ABC Rural
3963:The Times
3938:The Times
3313:0022-0949
3095:0007-4977
2927:0289-0003
2878:0022-104X
2818:0174-1578
2768:0031-9333
2461:0300-9629
2267:ignored (
2257:cite book
1747:Pollution
1245:Merimbula
475:cytoplasm
199:Castelnau
167:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
6764:11278636
6720:FishBase
6712:46577338
6631:Q1142258
6625:Wikidata
6543:Scallops
6521:Atlantic
6340:Scallops
6312:Molluscs
6219:Sturgeon
6186:Rockfish
6139:flounder
6134:Flatfish
6117:Atlantic
6087:european
6067:Sardines
6062:Menhaden
6017:skipjack
5992:albacore
5967:Mackerel
5831:Tunagate
5792:Tuna pot
5777:Tekkadon
5767:Kezuriki
5590:Albacore
5450:FishBase
5266:Archived
5243:Archived
5169:11999769
4899:cite web
4614:15892753
4567:17669437
4524:18502150
4487:: 45–51.
4461:84972126
4318:cite web
3567:15498947
3526:10628222
3321:18025023
3190:28644501
3060:22605356
3052:23023918
3017:17081787
2978:22640831
2943:45554266
2935:11911073
2886:12115915
2834:53025702
2826:30357584
2776:15618479
2715:21735220
2669:15618479
2634:84558245
2505:15498947
2319:34278886
2111:18514558
2068:FishBase
1956:and the
1891:(2007).
1714:and the
1611:mulloway
1603:kingfish
1595:hatchery
1582:spawning
1547:parasite
1479:baitfish
1441:Ranching
999:1,240.5
961:1,240.5
666:arteries
645:foraging
632:fusiform
448:salinity
409:diastole
233:Evermann
208:Synonyms
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
6906:Thunnus
6738:2373941
6558:Tilapia
6548:Seaweed
6536:chinook
6511:Oysters
6506:Mussels
6491:Catfish
6474:crucian
6464:bighead
6378:more...
6350:more...
6335:Oysters
6330:Octopus
6325:Mussels
6320:Abalone
6302:more...
6285:Lobster
6257:more...
6224:Tilapia
6181:Pollock
6166:Haddock
6144:halibut
6122:Pacific
6107:Catfish
6052:Herring
6047:Capelin
6042:Anchovy
5941:fishery
5757:Chūtoro
5747:Botargo
5739:As food
5712:Fishing
5584:Thunnus
5294:Annales
5204:Bibcode
5149:Bibcode
4594:Bibcode
4547:Bibcode
4441:Bibcode
4400:Bibcode
3506:Bibcode
3479:4344226
3471:1641023
3451:Bibcode
3412:4145250
3359:5777368
3268:4145757
3170:Bibcode
2858:Bibcode
2723:1362465
2535:Bibcode
2299:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
1822:in the
1769:mercury
1753:benthos
1690:on the
1564:Hypoxia
1470:pelagic
1128:Member
1090:Member
1052:Member
1014:Member
976:Member
973:Taiwan
938:Member
900:Member
858:Member
525:osmosis
258:of the
254:) is a
201:, 1872)
160:Thunnus
148:Thunnus
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
6878:219720
6852:345182
6839:358610
6826:219720
6810:NZOR:
6777:172431
6751:114124
6681:ARKive
6553:Shrimp
6516:Salmon
6484:silver
6469:common
6451:Farmed
6295:Prawns
6290:Shrimp
6171:Mullet
6159:turbot
6149:plaice
5997:bigeye
5972:Salmon
5772:Mojama
5479:
5465:
5222:
5167:
4958:May 2,
4782:May 2,
4661:May 2,
4612:
4565:
4522:
4459:
4224:May 2,
3874:May 2,
3640:May 2,
3565:
3524:
3477:
3469:
3443:Nature
3410:
3357:
3319:
3311:
3266:
3188:
3093:
3058:
3050:
3015:
2976:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2884:
2876:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2774:
2766:
2721:
2713:
2667:
2632:
2503:
2459:
2317:
2245:
2109:
1609:) and
1262:State
1075:1,023
1037:1,088
1034:1,000
1031:1,000
996:1,140
993:1,140
990:1,045
958:1,140
955:1,140
952:1,045
923:6,117
920:4,737
917:4,847
914:3,403
897:Japan
885:6,165
882:5,665
879:5,665
876:5,193
873:4,698
870:4,528
867:4,015
864:4,015
473:, and
260:family
235:, 1926
231:&
229:Jordan
6873:WoRMS
6865:69402
6860:SPRAT
6790:21858
6759:IRMNG
6699:56P77
6479:grass
6345:Squid
6280:Krill
6229:Trout
6082:Sprat
6072:Saury
6057:Ilish
5977:Shark
5867:WCPFC
5862:CCSBT
5857:ICCAT
5847:IATTC
5806:Other
5701:Auxis
5346:(PDF)
5318:Atuna
5290:(PDF)
5192:(PDF)
4748:(PDF)
4724:(PDF)
4631:(PDF)
4457:S2CID
4303:(PDF)
4296:(PDF)
3522:S2CID
3475:S2CID
3439:(PDF)
3186:S2CID
3132:(PDF)
3056:S2CID
2939:S2CID
2830:S2CID
2719:S2CID
2630:S2CID
2610:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2315:S2CID
1871:drown
1814:near
1512:Feeds
1486:Tokyo
1426:None
1414:None
1396:None
1384:None
1367:None
1337:None
1307:None
1295:None
1131:2015
1093:2016
1055:2008
1017:1994
979:2002
941:2001
903:1994
861:1994
837:2015
834:2014
831:2013
828:2012
825:2011
822:2010
691:gills
674:aorta
670:veins
517:gills
299:salps
6821:OBIS
6803:8240
6798:NCBI
6785:IUCN
6772:ITIS
6733:GBIF
6531:coho
6459:Carp
6275:Crab
6214:Carp
6154:sole
6077:Shad
5987:Tuna
5950:Wild
5852:IOTC
5714:and
5578:Tuna
5562:Tuna
5477:ISBN
5463:ISBN
5220:ISSN
5165:PMID
4960:2020
4905:link
4842:2021
4816:Time
4784:2020
4696:Time
4680:: 9.
4663:2020
4610:PMID
4563:PMID
4520:PMID
4324:link
4226:2020
3876:2020
3642:2020
3563:PMID
3467:PMID
3408:PMID
3355:PMID
3317:PMID
3309:ISSN
3264:PMID
3091:ISSN
3048:PMID
3013:PMID
2995:)".
2974:PMID
2931:PMID
2923:ISSN
2882:PMID
2874:ISSN
2822:PMID
2814:ISSN
2772:PMID
2764:ISSN
2711:PMID
2665:PMID
2501:PMID
2457:ISSN
2445:113A
2426:2014
2371:)".
2269:help
2243:ISBN
2107:PMID
2041:2012
2012:2021
1995:2021
1934:and
1930:for
1928:NHNZ
1881:and
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