271:
543:
services, education programs, and job assistance programs. Today, 87 percent of the tribe live along or below
California's poverty line. Extremely high rates of under-education, under-employment, drug and alcohol addiction, domestic violence, suicide, and poor health persist within the community. The main goal of the Nisenan people is to restore their identity and re-establish representation of their tribe. Nisenan Heritage Day is held annually to showcase ceremonial dances and allow attendees insight as well as participation in traditional practices such as basket weaving. Additional efforts are put towards educating people on their language as they view it as their "connection to the land itself."
477:
264:
359:
transportation and to limit grave robberies. The dead were reported to mingle in the surrounding space, before going to a land of the dead, an area that did not discriminate between good or bad. The deceased were thought to have the ability to take the forms of either creatures or weather patterns, but were not welcomed by the living community. They believed there was a distinguishable boundary between the living and dead. The mention of a deceased person's name was greatly discouraged.
1300:
38:
407:
Spanish settlers from the coast compared to neighboring tribes. They were relatively undisturbed by
Spanish missionaries and religious missions, though Spanish and Mexican troops occasionally set foot on Nisenan land to capture enslaved indigenous people who had fled (many of whom in one particular example were of the neighboring
542:
in an effort to disband the
Rancheria System in California. Although 27 out of 38 Rancherias as well as additional tribes have been restored throughout the past 25 years, the Nisenan were the first to be denied restoration of their Rancheria in 2015. This withheld them from federal health and housing
528:
Shell beads were used as a display of wealth and a form of currency. The beads were not shaved down by the
Nisenan but were imported from coastal communities. Once worn down the shell beads were punctured, so they could be strung on strings. This currency was not always used with outside tribes. The
432:
system, and followed a system of patrilineal leader succession. Because of the organization of descent, property customs also followed a patriarchal means. Women were also leaders through kinship, though not as commonplace as male leaders. Nisenan tribal families hold knowledge and memory of a shared
406:
The
Spanish invaded and occupied Alta California in the late 18th century. Franciscan missions were built in California to settle the area, spread the Roman Catholic religion, extract resources from the land, and enslave indigenous people for their labor. The Nisenan people had less interaction with
290:
The 1849 Gold Rush attracted hundreds of thousands of
Europeans to the area, resulting in appropriation of their lands, decimation of their resources, more disease, violence, and mass murder. The influx of numerous migrants resulted in overuse of land, competition for game and water, and a strain on
139:
The
Nisenan have been delineated by their geographical location, and so in many texts they are further subcategorized as the Valley Nisenan, Hill Nisenan, and Mountain Nisenan. Because of these geographical barriers, the people of each region have distinct and unique customs and cultural practices.
467:
was a partially subterranean dwelling where ceremonial practice and dances took place. These structures were more prominent in larger villages. The K’um also provided lodging for visitors. The floor of the K’um was partially dug in below ground level. The door was oriented to the east. The K’um had
341:
Marriage arrangements are now set by the couple themselves, but the parents chose the arrangements in older customs. Once both of their parents reached an agreement on the pairing, the couple was officially engaged. Shells and beads were gifted between the two families, and an event was arranged to
328:
After a birth, the new mother and her child remained in the birthing hut for the first 16 days, with the husband maintaining a fire day and night. The new mother slept in a seated position for the first sixteen days after birth, with a heated flat stone placed on the belly to assist with passage of
311:
Documented history about customs can be contradictory and not always reliable, as early anthropologists were often researching several regions at once, often well after disruptions and trauma to tribes had already occurred due to
European contact. According to some sources, if twins were born, they
458:
was the common structure in which villagers lived. These dome-shaped homes were typically built of a combination of tule, earth and wooden poles. Their floors were strewn with foliage and a fire occupied a clear space in the center of a floor. The smoke floated out through a corresponding hole in
419:
The
Nisenan, as with many of the tribes of central California, is not considered a strict political distinction. The people were highly decentralized, in small groups who shared a common language, with a wide spectrum on similar dialects. The Nisenan people historically lived as a number of small,
349:
Widows, widowers, and divorcees could remarry without an engagement period as they no longer thought to require guidance from elders. Female widows were allowed to remarry after a mourning period of six months to three years; men were allowed to remarry sooner than the women. Many women most often
345:
Couples moved from the woman's home to their own place near the man's family, which is classified as patrilocal. During the process of the consummation of the marriage, the pair slept at a distance from each other for a number of nights. Each night, the man was allowed to advance closer toward the
332:
A feast was essential after the sixteen days; during which the child was celebrated with relatives and a name chosen. Naming the child after an elder or ancestor was common. If there were no more names left to choose in a particular lineage, a close friend might allow the parents use of his family
358:
Funeral burning rituals are one of the most prominent death ceremonies in the
Nisenan community. It included cremation of the body, and also of all of the deceased person's possessions. Cremation was the most feasible practice for tribes, primarily for those of a nomadic lifestyle, due to easier
529:
Valley Nisenan and Hill Nisenan frequently traded with each other. The Nisenan who lived in the valley traded fish, roots, shells, beads, salt, and feathers to the Hill Nisenan. They in turn traded black acorns, pine nuts, berries, animal skins, and wood needed to make bows
492:. In the fall, villagers helped to forage for acorns. Long poles were used to acquire the acorns. Acorns were harvested in a granary. Acorns were then ground and made into mush, gruels, or cakes. Pine nuts, berries, and other sorts of vegetations were harvested as well.
424:, researchers have inconsistent linguistic data on the language. Early documentation about the social organization of the tribe failed to account for the female Nisenan perspective, their voices and inclusion. Researchers concluded that the Nisenan were a
377:
encompasses 13 dialects that are as extensive as the language itself. The language is spoken in the Sierra Nevada, between the Cosumnes River and Yuba River, as well as in the Sacramento Valley between the American River and Feather River.
315:
But Richard B. Johnson, current Tribal Chairman for the Nevada City Nisenan, said, "Our elders have said that twins were not killed, but were considered fortunate if both survived during infancy. Our tribe has ancestors who are twins."
123:, though some dispute the accuracy of this relationship, including the Nisesan themselves. According to the Nisenan website, the United States' claim that they are Maidu is a misclassification and is inaccurate. As the Nisenan put it,
664:
324:
was cut with an obsidian knife, and the end of the cord was smeared with charcoal. The mother started breastfeeding her child two days after his or her birth, and children were usually weaned at two or three years old.
319:
Due to a high frequency of stillborn births, the people did not make cradleboards until after the successful birth of a child. An expectant mother close to giving birth avoided cold air, salt, meat, and cold water. The
350:
opted to return to their own people than to remarry. Marriage to a husband's brother was also an option. Before any decisions to remarry, permission from deceased spouse's relatives was necessary as a form of respect.
1195:
551:
342:
celebrate their communion. Before the union was consummated, the couple was educated on their specific marital responsibilities. The man proved his ability to care for his wife by providing gifts to his in-laws.
537:
As of 2020, about 147 Nisenan were residing in Nevada City, California. The tribe is not recognized by the government which prevents them from receiving federal protection and financial aid. Congress enacted the
119:. According to a 1929 archeology and ethnology press release by University of California, Berkeley, the Nisenan people are classified as part of the larger group of Native Americans known as the
520:
were amongst the most popular. Food was not only limited to vegetation and game but also insects. Grubs, earthworms, and yellow jackets were eaten. They were smoked over a fire and collected.
140:
Although they have existed in these regions prior to European encounter, the people are not recognized as a tribe by the US government. The Nisenan previously had federal recognition via the
135:". However, the Nisenan are a separate Tribe with their own Cultural lifeways, their own leaders and holy people, a distinct geographic territory and their own ancient and unique language."
661:
283:
The Nisenan were initially unaffected by European influence. In the early nineteenth century, their initial encounters with Spanish and U.S. expeditions were peaceful. In 1833, a severe
127:"Like many other Tribes throughout the United States, the Nisenan have been misidentified and mislabeled. The Nisenan have been lumped together under inaccurate labels such as "
539:
1288:
1235:
1649:
1266:
1669:
1664:
294:
The Nisenan population dropped precipitously from approximately 9,000 to 2,500 people by 1895. A fraction of the surviving Nisenan remained in the
1281:
1169:
1659:
1654:
508:
were hunted during the winter months when they were hibernating. Fishing was also popular in regions close to rivers. Freshwater fish like
1644:
1274:
1296:
693:
145:
100:
817:. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology: University of California Press. p. 35.
1053:
902:
862:
837:
790:
765:
576:
270:
1232:
937:. Berkeley, California: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. pp. 371–372.
882:. Berkeley, California: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. pp. 368–369.
1078:
1034:
1304:
922:. Berkeley: University of California: Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology. pp. 12–13.
104:
496:
root was boiled or roasted over an open fire. Men typically hunted for game. In small parties they hunted deer,
17:
476:
1375:
1024:
731:
1196:"Opportunity for healing and revitalization: Nisenan 'Homeland Return' campaign strives to meet deadline"
291:
resources and the environment. When a drought took place, crops failed and people died of starvation.
149:
192:
is an over-simplification of a very complex division of smaller groups or bands of Native Americans.
116:
420:
self-sufficient, autonomous communities. Because each community spoke a different variation of the
1573:
585:
236:
232:
217:
547:
481:
213:
141:
429:
295:
263:
205:
8:
1261:
555:
287:
epidemic spread, which killed many of the Nisenan as well as other neighboring tribes.
1126:
1100:
1005:
988:
Splitter, Henry Winfred (1948). "Ceremonial and Legend of Central California Indians".
970:
46:), George Nye (Nisenan Maidu), and Dewey Conway (Mechoopda) in Big Head dance regalia,
1134:
1074:
1067:
1030:
898:
858:
833:
786:
761:
689:
47:
1355:
1116:
997:
962:
421:
374:
368:
201:
74:
70:
1121:
1104:
1489:
1239:
668:
480:
Grinding holes, Strap Ravine Nisenan Maidu Indian Site, 1970 Johnson Ranch Road,
43:
1049:
346:
woman. The consummation was complete once they were "within touching distance."
1674:
1535:
1360:
1155:
321:
209:
132:
112:
1568:
554:
launched its "Homeland Return" campaign to raise funds to purchase the former
1638:
1588:
1540:
1468:
240:
225:
1462:
1339:
1138:
381:
There were as many as 13 specific Nisenan dialects. Eight are documented.
87:
1618:
1608:
1473:
1386:
1365:
1325:
974:
433:
society that was equally matriarchal|matrilineal in form and function.
1493:
1436:
1350:
1320:
1299:
1009:
897:(1 ed.). Nevada City, CA: Comstock Bonanza Press. pp. 42–43.
425:
221:
108:
1441:
1130:
1603:
1507:
1457:
1420:
1335:
966:
1370:
1001:
760:(1 ed.). Nevada City, CA: Comstock Bonanza Press. pp. ix.
220:, and the northern reach somewhere between the northern fork of the
1552:
1546:
1430:
1415:
1345:
1330:
1315:
832:(1 ed.). Nevada City, CA: Comstock Bonanza Press. p. 42.
513:
165:
1222:
1105:"Social Organization in Native California and the Origin of Clans"
1578:
1530:
1524:
1484:
1451:
1399:
1395:
1381:
384:
They were previously documented as four dialects, classified as:
284:
171:
1613:
1562:
1557:
1514:
1499:
1251:
1170:"The California Tribe the Government Tried to Erase in the 60s"
509:
501:
459:
center of the roof. Earth was also piled on the outside of the
252:
244:
168:
37:
1623:
1598:
1593:
1583:
1446:
1410:
1405:
1256:
718:
A Native American Encyclopeida: History, Culture, and Peoples
517:
489:
408:
248:
181:
128:
120:
953:
Simmons, William S. (1997). "Indian Peoples of California".
584:
chapter; Wilson, Norman L. and Thowne, Arlean H., page 387 (
1519:
1425:
1391:
1227:
720:. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 132.
616:
505:
493:
468:
two to four major posts depending on its size for support.
1050:
NISENAN - Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
895:
HISTORY of US: Nisenan Tribe of the Nevada City Rancheria
855:
HISTORY of US: Nisenan Tribe of the Nevada City Rancheria
830:
HISTORY OF US: Nisenan Tribe of the Nevada City Rancheria
783:
HISTORY of US: Nisenan Tribe of the Nevada City Rancheria
758:
HISTORY of US: Nisenan Tribe of the Nevada City Rancheria
497:
446:
The Nisenan made two distinct living structure known as
688:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 455.
200:
The Nisenan live in Northern California, between the
920:
Marriage and Divorce Practices in Native California
1069:John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier
1066:
1026:Central Hill Nisenan Texts with Grammatical Sketch
144:. Some Nisenan people today are enrolled in the
1636:
552:California Heritage Indigenous Research Project
1194:Writer, Marianne Boll-See Staff (2024-03-08).
651:. University of California Press. p. 356.
605:. University of California Press. p. 261.
411:tribe), find livestock, or traverse the land.
208:to the east. The southern reach went to about
1282:
1650:History of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1099:
1289:
1275:
180:The Nisenan have been called the Southern
115:watersheds in Northern California and the
36:
1120:
677:
216:and the Meadowview and Pocket regions of
1670:History of Sacramento County, California
987:
715:
475:
269:
262:
1665:History of El Dorado County, California
1064:
1022:
952:
892:
852:
827:
780:
755:
732:"The Gold Rush Impact on Native Tribes"
600:
14:
1637:
1193:
917:
857:. Comstock Bonanza Press. p. 42.
683:
672:Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians.
414:
298:foothills and acquired low-wage jobs.
1270:
1150:
1148:
1095:
1093:
948:
946:
944:
932:
877:
808:
806:
804:
802:
785:. Comstock Bonanza Press. p. x.
686:The Languages of Native North America
646:
523:
488:An abundant source of food came from
146:Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians
1660:History of Nevada County, California
1655:History of Amador County, California
1378:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
815:Notes on the Southern Maidu. Vol. 20
812:
711:
709:
707:
705:
642:
640:
638:
636:
596:
594:
401:
55:Regions with significant populations
548:Nevada City Rancheria Nisenan Tribe
336:
312:and the mother were often killed.
24:
1145:
1090:
1054:University of California, Berkeley
1029:. University of California Press.
941:
799:
577:Handbook of North American Indians
25:
1686:
1216:
702:
633:
591:
550:through the 501(c)(3) non-profit
532:
184:and Valley Maidu. While the term
1645:Indigenous peoples of California
1305:Indigenous peoples of California
1298:
1073:. University of Oklahoma Press.
353:
306:
231:Neighboring tribes included the
1187:
1162:
1058:
1043:
1016:
981:
926:
911:
886:
871:
846:
821:
774:
105:Indigenous people of California
1476:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
1023:Eatough, Andrew (1999-10-05).
749:
724:
655:
609:
568:
42:Herbert Young (Mountain Maidu/
13:
1:
1122:10.1525/aa.1948.50.3.02a00040
1052:, Department of Linguistics,
436:
224:and the southern fork of the
674:2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
574:Sturtevant, general editor;
278:
195:
7:
1245:
1065:Hurtado, Albert L. (2006).
716:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000).
463:for additional insulation.
362:
10:
1691:
647:Beals, Ralph Leon (1933).
441:
366:
301:
258:
150:federally recognized tribe
1311:
918:Nelson, Kjerstie (1975).
893:Johnson, Richard (2018).
853:Johnson, Richard (2018).
828:Johnson, Richard (2018).
813:Faye, Paul Louis (1923).
781:Johnson, Richard (2018).
756:Johnson, Richard (2018).
684:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
428:, that they adhered to a
117:California Central Valley
85:
80:
69:
64:
59:
54:
35:
935:Ethnology of the Nisenan
933:Beals, Ralph L. (1933).
880:Ethnology of the Nisenan
878:Beals, Ralph L. (1933).
649:Ethnology of the Nisenan
561:
60:north-central California
1574:Plains and Sierra Miwok
1433:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1109:American Anthropologist
586:Smithsonian Institution
471:
155:
601:Kroeber, A.L. (1929).
485:
275:
267:
251:to the north, and the
188:is still used widely,
137:
1543:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
1376:Eel River Athapaskans
1223:Nevada City Rancheria
540:Rancheria Act of 1958
482:Roseville, California
479:
397:Southern Hill Nisenan
391:Northern Hill Nisenan
273:
266:
142:Nevada City Rancheria
125:
81:Related ethnic groups
1233:Placer County Museum
1228:Nisenan culture site
430:patrilocal residence
394:Central Hill Nisenan
204:to the west and the
1262:Nisipowinan Village
1101:Goldschmidt, Walter
556:John Woolman School
426:patriarchal society
415:Social organization
333:lineage for names.
164:, derives from the
32:
1238:2013-07-07 at the
955:California History
667:2014-01-03 at the
603:The Valley Nisenan
524:Currency and trade
486:
276:
268:
239:to the south, the
237:North Sierra Miwok
30:
1632:
1631:
695:978-0-521-29875-9
402:Spanish influence
329:the afterbirth.
243:to the east, the
131:", "digger" and "
93:
92:
48:Chico, California
16:(Redirected from
1682:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1014:
1013:
990:Western Folklore
985:
979:
978:
967:10.2307/25161662
950:
939:
938:
930:
924:
923:
915:
909:
908:
890:
884:
883:
875:
869:
868:
850:
844:
843:
825:
819:
818:
810:
797:
796:
778:
772:
771:
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
728:
722:
721:
713:
700:
699:
681:
675:
659:
653:
652:
644:
631:
630:
628:
627:
613:
607:
606:
598:
589:
572:
422:Nisenan language
375:Nisenan language
369:Nisenan language
337:Marriage customs
274:Hydraulic Mining
206:Sierra Mountains
202:Sacramento River
101:Native Americans
40:
33:
29:
21:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1490:Northern Paiute
1307:
1297:
1295:
1248:
1240:Wayback Machine
1219:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1098:
1091:
1081:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1021:
1017:
1002:10.2307/1497550
986:
982:
951:
942:
931:
927:
916:
912:
905:
891:
887:
876:
872:
865:
851:
847:
840:
826:
822:
811:
800:
793:
779:
775:
768:
754:
750:
740:
738:
730:
729:
725:
714:
703:
696:
682:
678:
669:Wayback Machine
662:"Our Heritage."
660:
656:
645:
634:
625:
623:
615:
614:
610:
599:
592:
573:
569:
564:
535:
526:
474:
444:
439:
417:
404:
371:
365:
356:
339:
309:
304:
281:
261:
198:
158:
99:are a group of
50:
44:Mechoopda Maidu
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1217:External links
1215:
1212:
1211:
1186:
1161:
1144:
1115:(3): 444–456.
1089:
1079:
1057:
1042:
1035:
1015:
996:(3): 266–271.
980:
961:(2/3): 48–77.
940:
925:
910:
904:978-0933994652
903:
885:
870:
864:978-0933994652
863:
845:
839:978-0933994652
838:
820:
798:
792:978-0933994652
791:
773:
767:978-0933994652
766:
748:
723:
701:
694:
676:
654:
632:
608:
590:
566:
565:
563:
560:
534:
533:Current events
531:
525:
522:
473:
470:
443:
440:
438:
435:
416:
413:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:Valley Nisenan
367:Main article:
364:
361:
355:
352:
338:
335:
322:umbilical cord
308:
305:
303:
300:
280:
277:
260:
257:
210:Cosumnes River
197:
194:
157:
154:
133:southern Maidu
113:American River
91:
90:
83:
82:
78:
77:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
41:
26:
18:Southern Maidu
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1687:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1080:9780806137728
1076:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1036:9780520098060
1032:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
947:
945:
936:
929:
921:
914:
906:
900:
896:
889:
881:
874:
866:
860:
856:
849:
841:
835:
831:
824:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
794:
788:
784:
777:
769:
763:
759:
752:
737:
733:
727:
719:
712:
710:
708:
706:
697:
691:
687:
680:
673:
670:
666:
663:
658:
650:
643:
641:
639:
637:
622:
618:
612:
604:
597:
595:
587:
583:
579:
578:
571:
567:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
541:
530:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
478:
469:
466:
462:
457:
453:
449:
434:
431:
427:
423:
412:
410:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
370:
360:
354:Death customs
351:
347:
343:
334:
330:
326:
323:
317:
313:
307:Birth customs
299:
297:
296:Sierra Nevada
292:
288:
286:
272:
265:
256:
255:to the west.
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
226:Feather River
223:
219:
215:
212:but north of
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
173:
170:
167:
163:
153:
151:
147:
143:
136:
134:
130:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
89:
88:Maidu peoples
84:
79:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
19:
1565:(Gabrieliño)
1549:(Fernandeño)
1479:
1454:(Bear River)
1203:. Retrieved
1199:
1189:
1178:. Retrieved
1176:. 2018-01-17
1173:
1164:
1112:
1108:
1084:
1068:
1060:
1045:
1025:
1018:
993:
989:
983:
958:
954:
934:
928:
919:
913:
894:
888:
879:
873:
854:
848:
829:
823:
814:
782:
776:
757:
751:
739:. Retrieved
735:
726:
717:
685:
679:
671:
657:
648:
624:. Retrieved
620:
611:
602:
581:
575:
570:
546:In 2024 the
545:
536:
527:
487:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
445:
418:
405:
383:
380:
372:
357:
348:
344:
340:
331:
327:
318:
314:
310:
293:
289:
282:
230:
199:
189:
185:
179:
174:
161:
159:
138:
126:
96:
94:
27:Ethnic group
1569:Tübatulabal
1387:Halchidhoma
1366:Coast Miwok
1326:Ahwahnechee
73:, formerly
1639:Categories
1494:Kucadikadi
1437:Lake Miwok
1351:Chemehuevi
1321:Acjachemen
1205:2024-06-05
1180:2018-04-14
626:2024-05-19
437:Daily life
222:Yuba River
218:Sacramento
109:Yuba River
1604:Wukchumni
1508:Ramaytush
1504:Costanoan
1465:(Klamath)
1458:Mechoopda
1421:Kitanemuk
1356:Chimariko
1336:Bay Miwok
1200:The Union
1156:"Nisenan"
741:April 14,
617:"Nisenan"
279:Gold Rush
214:Elk Grove
196:Territory
160:The name
107:from the
65:Languages
1553:Timbisha
1547:Tataviam
1431:Kumeyaay
1416:Kawaiisu
1346:Cahuilla
1331:Atsugewi
1316:Achomawi
1246:See also
1236:Archived
1139:18874940
1103:(1948).
1085:Nisenan.
975:25161662
665:Archived
514:sturgeon
363:Language
175:nisena·n
166:ablative
1579:Vanyume
1536:Serrano
1531:Salinan
1525:Quechan
1485:Nomlaki
1480:Nisenan
1452:Mattole
1442:Luiseño
1400:Whilkut
1396:Chilula
1382:Esselen
1361:Chumash
1010:1497550
621:Nisenan
588:, 1987)
582:Nisenan
502:rabbits
442:Housing
302:Customs
285:malaria
259:History
172:pronoun
162:Nisenan
103:and an
97:Nisenan
75:Nisenan
71:English
31:Nisenan
1614:Yokuts
1589:Washoe
1563:Tongva
1558:Tolowa
1541:Shasta
1527:(Yuma)
1515:Patwin
1500:Ohlone
1469:Mohave
1371:Cupeño
1340:Saklan
1252:Konkow
1137:
1131:664293
1129:
1077:
1033:
1008:
973:
901:
861:
836:
789:
764:
692:
516:, and
510:salmon
500:, and
490:acorns
484:, 2014
450:, and
253:Patwin
245:Konkow
241:Washoe
233:Valley
169:plural
86:other
1675:Maidu
1624:Yurok
1599:Wiyot
1594:Wintu
1584:Wappo
1463:Modoc
1447:Maidu
1411:Cahto
1406:Karuk
1257:Maidu
1127:JSTOR
1006:JSTOR
971:JSTOR
562:Notes
518:trout
506:Bears
409:Miwok
249:Maidu
190:Maidu
186:Maidu
182:Maidu
129:Maidu
121:Maidu
1619:Yuki
1609:Yana
1520:Pomo
1474:Mono
1426:Kizh
1392:Hupa
1174:Vice
1135:PMID
1075:ISBN
1031:ISBN
899:ISBN
859:ISBN
834:ISBN
787:ISBN
762:ISBN
743:2018
690:ISBN
494:Tule
472:Food
465:K’um
452:K’um
373:The
247:and
235:and
156:Name
148:, a
111:and
95:The
1117:doi
998:doi
963:doi
736:PBS
558:.
498:elk
177:,.
1641::
1398:,
1198:.
1172:.
1147:^
1133:.
1125:.
1113:50
1111:.
1107:.
1092:^
1083:.
1004:.
992:.
969:.
959:76
957:.
943:^
801:^
734:.
704:^
635:^
619:.
593:^
580:,
512:,
504:.
461:Hu
456:Hu
454:.
448:Hu
228:.
152:.
1496:)
1492:(
1402:)
1394:(
1342:)
1338:(
1290:e
1283:t
1276:v
1208:.
1183:.
1158:.
1141:.
1119::
1039:.
1012:.
1000::
994:7
977:.
965::
907:.
867:.
842:.
795:.
770:.
745:.
698:.
629:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
