152:
501:) and Navajo are closer to each other than either is to Mescalero/Chiricahua. Lipan Apache and Plains Apache are nearly extinct, and Chiricahua is severely endangered. Mescalero, Jicarilla, and Western Apache are considered endangered as well, with some children still learning the languages despite the number of child speakers continuing to diminish. Navajo is one of the most vigorous North American languages, but has still faced decline, with use among first-graders decreasing from 90% in 1968 to 30% in 1998.
2021:
508:(INALI) and have the official status of national languages of Mexico. To revitalize the languages, the institute created a community based Language Planning Council with native speakers to establish and develop grammar rules and the normalization of the writing system, an official alphabet has been validated since then while other grammar topics are still in development.
2479:
Morris Opler (1975) has suggested that Hoijer's original formulation that
Jicarilla and Lipan in an Eastern branch was more in agreement with the cultural similarities between both and their differences from the other Western Apachean groups. Other linguists, particularly
2238:
Hoijer (1938) divided the
Apachean sub-family into an Eastern branch consisting of Jicarilla, Lipan, and Plains Apache and a Western branch consisting of Navajo, Western Apache (San Carlos), Chiricahua, and Mescalero based on the merger of Proto-Apachean
1043:
The practical orthography corresponds to the pronunciation of the
Southern Athabaskan languages fairly well (as opposed to the writing systems of English or Vietnamese). Below is a table pairing up the phonetic notation with the orthographic symbol:
3814:
Durbin, Marshall. (1964). A componential analysis of the San Carlos dialect of
Western Apache: A study based on the analysis of the phonology, morphophonics, and morphemics. (Doctoral dissertation, State University of New York,
2488:
are considered the relationships between the languages appear to be more complex. Additionally, it has been pointed out by Martin Huld (1983) that since Plains Apache does not merge Proto-Athabascan
494:
of noun and verb stems. His earlier 1938 classification had only two branches with Plains Apache grouped together with the other
Eastern languages (i.e. with Jicarilla and Lipan).
4563:
3441:
Liebe-Harkot, Marie-Louise. (1984). A comparison of
Apachean languages, exemplified by the verb system for handling verbs. In H. Krenn, J. Niemeyer, & U. Eberhardt (Eds.),
3940:
de Reuse, Willem J. (1993). Stylistic and dialectal variation in
Western Apache phonology. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
1853:
Rising and falling tones are less common in the language (often occurring over morpheme boundaries) and often occur on long vowels. Vowels can carry tone as well as syllabic
292:
is the only member of the Plains Apache group. The
Southwestern group can be further divided into two subgroups (A) Western and (B) Eastern. The Western subgroup consists of
4558:
1927:(presenting problems for computerization). Recently, de Reuse (2006) has found that Western Apache also has a mid tone, which he indicates with a macron diacritic
3894:
Greenfeld, Philip J. (1972). The phonological hierarchy of the White
Mountain dialect of Western Apache. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson).
2399:
merger, to consider Plains Apache to be equidistant from the other languages, now called
Southwestern Apachean. Thus, some stems that originally started with
1509:
in Western Apache, Navajo, Mescalero, and Chiricahua; in Jicarilla, the nasal vowels are indicated by underlining the vowel, results in 16 different vowels:
3561:
Webster, Anthony K. (1999). Sam Kenoi's "Coyote and the Whiteman": Contact in and out of a Chiricahua narrative. In A. Trefzer & R. L. Murray (Eds.),
3464:
de Reuse, Willem J. (2001). Prototypes and fuzziness in the system and usage of Apachean classificatory verb stems. In S. Tuttle & G. Holton (Eds.),
3937:
Potter, Brian. (1997). Wh/indefinites and the structure of the clause in Western Apache. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
1896:
Additionally, rising tone on long vowels is indicated by an unmarked first vowel and an acute accent on the second. It is vice versa for falling tone:
542:
497:
Mescalero and Chiricahua are considered different languages even though they are mutually intelligible. Western Apache (especially the Dilzhe'e
4568:
4096:
578:
Southern Athabaskan languages generally have a consonant inventory similar to the set of 33 consonants below (based mostly on Western Apache):
1784:
languages. Hoijer and other linguists analyze Southern Athabaskan languages as having four tones (using Americanist transcription system):
3690:. Axelrod, Melissa; Gómez de García, Jule; Lachler, Jordan; & Burke, Sean (Eds.). UNM Press. (Estimated publication date: summer 2006).
3872:
Gordon, Matthew; Potter, Brian; Dawson, John; de Reuse, Willem; & Ladefoged, Peter. (2001). Phonetic structures of Western Apache.
4005:
3855:
Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 24, Part 4). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
3835:
Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History, (Vol. 24, Part 3). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
505:
2497:
Other differences and similarities among the Southern Athabaskan languages can be observed in the following modified and abbreviated
2255:
in the Eastern branch. Thus, as can be seen in the example below, when the Western languages have noun or verb stems that start with
1436:
Southern Athabaskan languages have four vowels of contrasting tongue dimensions (as written in a general "practical" orthography):
4573:
2484:(1973), have noted that a classification based only on the initial consonants of noun and verb stems is arbitrary and when other
230:
peoples. Elsewhere, Athabaskan is spoken by many indigenous groups of peoples in Alaska, Canada, Oregon and northern California.
3919:
Hill, Faith. (1963). Some comparisons between the San Carlos and White Mountain dialects of Western Apache. In H. Hoijer (Ed.),
3423:
Hoijer, Harry. (1971). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock. In K. H. Basso & M. E. Opler (Eds.),
4548:
3683:
Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History (Vol. 8). New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
4046:
White Mountain Apache Language: Issues in Language Shift, Textbook Development, and Native Speaker-University Collaboration
4010:
917:
671:
440:
3569:
1406:, depending on the dialect of the speaker. This is represented in the consonant table above as . The same is true with
1021:
970:
758:
17:
3583:
Webster, Anthony K. (1999). Lisandro Medez's "Coyote and Deer": On reciprocity, narrative structures, and interactions.
4336:
4302:
4089:
4058:
765:
3923:(pp. 149–154). University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3276:
3952:
3867:
3808:
3793:
3778:
3763:
3727:
3632:
3519:
3494:
3458:
3450:
2032:
4030:
3413:(pp. 1–29). University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
924:
678:
3897:
Greenfeld, Philip J. (1978). Some special phonological characteristics of the White Mountain dialect of Apachean.
3427:(pp. 3–6). Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona (No. 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
524:
3994:. (Ed. Hoijer, Harry). University of California Studies in Linguistics vol. 29. Berkeley: California UP. 76-101.
64:
4268:
1719:
never occurs in the orthography. This practice continues into the present (perhaps somewhat inconsistently).
4553:
4443:
4438:
4113:
4082:
1865:
977:
261:
953:
910:
664:
3543:
Opler, Morris E., & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache.
2490:
2443:
2395:
2247:
2241:
2192:
2147:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1491:
1479:
1472:
1458:
1427:
can occur in a syllable by itself in which case it is a syllabic . This is not indicated in the spelling.
989:
877:
870:
800:
793:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
690:
538:
534:
284:
The seven Southern Athabaskan languages can be divided into two groups according to the classification of
3311:. A. Roman, 1868. Length 322 pages. Chapter XX discusses the Apache language, number system, and grammar.
3258:
938:
751:
3308:
1501:
These vowels may also be short or long and oral (non-nasal) or nasal. Nasal vowels are indicated by an
1013:
657:
650:
175:
48:
3420:. University of California publications in linguistics 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4283:
4050:
963:
931:
4196:
2393:
He later revised his proposal in 1971 when he found that Plains Apache did not participate in the
490:
Hoijer's classification is based primarily on the differences of the pronunciation of the initial
4453:
805:
685:
406:
293:
273:
4273:
4025:
3279:
Brooke, James. "Indians Striving to Save Their Languages." New York Times, p. A1, April 9, 1998.
4491:
984:
744:
700:
644:
520:
327:
103:
3740:
3445:. Linguistische Arbeiten (Max Niemeyer Verlag) (Nos. 145-146). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
3395:
563:
4408:
4201:
4176:
3339:
Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes.
846:
839:
811:
498:
435:
256:
There are several well-known historical people whose first language was Southern Athabaskan.
4322:
3645:
Rushforth, Scott. (1991). Uses of Bearlake and Mescalero (Athapaskan) classificatory verbs.
4105:
4068:
4020:
2485:
171:
78:
4154:
4133:
3979:
Hoijer, Harry. (1975). The history and customs of the Lipan, as told by Augustina Zuazua.
3756:
Portraits of "the whiteman": Linguistic play and cultural symbols among the Western Apache
1868:
system by representing only high tone with an acute accent and leaving low tone unmarked:
8:
4165:
3664:
2104:
1923:
Nasal vowels carry tone as well, resulting in a two diacritics on vowels with high tone:
900:
895:
772:
356:
313:
4051:
Phonetic Structures of Western Apache (318 kb PDF: technical work on acoustic phonetics)
3840:
3820:
3289:
559:
4469:
4217:
4191:
4149:
3594:
Webster, Anthony K. (2006). On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Function of the
3350:
Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense.
1781:
596:
591:
459:
376:
309:
3485:
Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.),
142:
4316:
4227:
4186:
4181:
3948:
3863:
3804:
3789:
3774:
3759:
3723:
3628:
3570:
Sam Kenoi's coyote stories: Poetics and rhetoric in some Chiricahua Apache narratives
3515:
3490:
3454:
3446:
2481:
616:
601:
207:
4514:
4394:
4371:
4364:
4278:
4252:
4171:
3277:
https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/09/us/indians-striving-to-save-their-languages.html
946:
586:
3668:
567:
4448:
4401:
4388:
4309:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4222:
4062:
3563:
Reclaiming Native American cultures, proceedings of the Native American Symposium
611:
390:
297:
269:
59:
4159:
3383:
Hoijer, Harry. (1949). The Apachean verb, part V: The theme and prefix complex.
2494:, Plains Apache cannot be considered an Apachean language as defined by Hoijer.
151:
4529:
4506:
4474:
4352:
4232:
4128:
3751:
3474:. (1936). Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho.
3328:
Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages.
1713:
in certain contexts. These contexts do not include nasalized vowels, so nasal
1692:
864:
634:
555:
471:
4542:
4358:
3801:
Western Apache-English dictionary: A community-generated bilingual dictionary
289:
227:
4055:
1954:
Here are some vowel contrasts involving nasalization, tone, and length from
219:
4035:
3686:
Phone, Wilhelmina; Olson, Maureen; & Martinez, Matilda. (forthcoming).
3471:
3314:
2498:
2056:
2052:
1723:
779:
417:
285:
4045:
4040:
3715:. Native American Materials Development Center, Ramah Navajo School Board.
3507:
Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
128:
999:
4015:
3640:
Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero
3556:
Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero
3361:
Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers.
2020:
504:
The Southern Athabaskan languages spoken in Mexico are regulated by the
4074:
3372:
Hoijer, Harry. (1948). The Apachean verb, part IV: Major form classes.
1955:
1940:
1752:
830:
558:. One can expect minor variations for other related languages (such as
305:
183:
3786:
Wisdom sits in places: Landscape and language among the Western Apache
3771:
Western Apache language and culture: Essays in linguistic anthropology
3468:(No. 1, pp. 75–94). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
70:
3565:(pp. 67–80). Durant, OK: Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
3443:
Sprache und Text: Akten des 18: Linguistischen Kolloquiums, Linz 1983
3409:
Hoijer, Harry. (1963). The Athapaskan languages. In H. Hoijer (Ed.),
2064:
2060:
1756:
1379:
All words that begin with a vowel are pronounced with a glottal stop
639:
625:
551:
491:
301:
265:
136:
122:
118:
3616:
Breunginger, Evelyn; Hugar, Elbys; & Lathan, Ellen Ann. (1982).
3489:(Vol. 10, pp. 393–400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
4041:
Issues in Language Textbook Development: The Case of Western Apache
3969:(rev. ed.). Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
3883:
Greenfeld, Philip J. (1971). Playing card names in Western Apache.
3700:
Tuttle, Siri G.; & Sandoval, Merton. (2002). Jicarilla Apache.
736:
530:
257:
211:
195:
187:
3540:. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
4006:
How Different can Languages be?: The grammatical mosaic of Navajo
3926:
Mierau, Eric. (1963). Concerning Yavapai-Apache bilingualism.
3536:
Hoijer, Harry. (1946). Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.),
1385:. This glottal stop is never written at the beginning of a word.
606:
215:
179:
550:
All Southern Athabaskan languages are somewhat similar in their
3908:
Greenfeld, Philip J. (1984). A treatment for stress in Apache.
3688:
Abáachi mizaa łáo iłkee’ shijai: Dictionary of Jicarilla Apache
2259:, the related forms in the Eastern languages will start with a
1502:
445:
223:
203:
52:
3525:
Hoijer, Harry. (1939). Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish.
3430:
Hymes, Dell H. (1957). A note on Athapaskan glottochronology.
202:. The languages are spoken in the northern Mexican states of
199:
3947:. Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 51. Lincom.
3799:
Bray, Dorothy, & White Mountain Apache Tribe. (1998).
3697:. Albuquerque: Native American Materials Development Center.
3862:. New York: American Folk-Lore Society (J. J. Augustin).
191:
3962:. Fort Apache, AZ: White Mountain Apache Culture Center.
1772:
Other practices may be used in other Apachean languages.
156:
Historical distribution of Southern Athabaskan languages
3466:
Proceedings of the 2001 Athabaskan Languages Conference
1034:
Only Navajo and Western Apache have glottalized nasals.
4564:
Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
272:
and is famous for his leadership during and after the
3945:
A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language
2407:
in Plains Apache, but the other languages start with
4559:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
1864:
The practical orthography has tried to simplify the
1337:, especially in Western Apache (may be pronounced ).
529:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
233:
Self-designations for Western Apache and Navajo are
3718:Wilson, Alan, & Vigil Martine, Rita. (1996).
3598:Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives.
222:. Those languages are spoken by various groups of
3788:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
3702:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4540:
3965:White Mountain Apache Culture Center. (1983).
3958:White Mountain Apache Culture Center. (1972).
3317:. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages.
1695:, there is a practice where orthographic vowels
1638:IPA equivalents for Western Apache oral vowels:
554:. The following description will concentrate on
543:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3693:Phone, Wilma; & Torivio, Patricia. (1981).
1736:. Similarly, Navajo does not use orthographic
2051:The Southern Athabascan branch was defined by
4090:
3928:International Journal of American Linguistics
3910:International Journal of American Linguistics
3885:International Journal of American Linguistics
3874:International Journal of American Linguistics
3647:International Journal of American Linguistics
3487:Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest
3432:International Journal of American Linguistics
3400:International Journal of American Linguistics
3385:International Journal of American Linguistics
3374:International Journal of American Linguistics
3363:International Journal of American Linguistics
3352:International Journal of American Linguistics
3341:International Journal of American Linguistics
3330:International Journal of American Linguistics
4036:Goddard's Jicarilla Texts (translation only)
3574:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
247:
239:
3860:Myth and tales of the White Mountain Apache
3758:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1038:
4097:
4083:
4021:Grammatical Sketch of Chiricahua/Mescalero
3627:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3514:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
3396:The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages
3773:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
3730:. (Includes book and cassette recording).
2085:(in addition to the widespread merger of
1943:, a falling tone can occur on a syllabic
4104:
3620:. Mescalero: NM: Mescalero Apache Tribe.
2011:
3967:New! keys to reading and writing Apache
3838:
3818:
3663:
1726:and other American linguists' work all
1364:(& may be pronounced ), and before
506:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
14:
4541:
3538:Linguistic structures in North America
3425:Apachean culture history and ethnology
4569:Indigenous languages of North America
4078:
3625:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts
3512:Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts
1765:in all contexts (including nasalized
1742:, consistently writing this vowel as
1346:the majority of the time, but before
1319:The fricative is usually written as
1307:Fricatives and are both written as
583:
463:(a.k.a. Hikariya Apache) (in Apache:
410:(a.k.a. Coyotero Apache) (in Apache:
332:
288:: (I) Plains and (II) Southwestern.
4065:, Apache Online Etymology Dictionary
3825:. American Museum of Natural History
2015:
2001: 'you two are going to chew it'
1388:Some words are pronounced either as
533:. For the distinction between ,
308:. The Eastern subgroup consists of
264:was a famous raider and war leader.
4026:Other Apache Ethnographical Sources
3992:Studies in the Athapaskan Languages
3921:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
3741:Navajo language § Bibliography
3418:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
3411:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
1889:is written instead of the previous
24:
3300:
1780:Southern Athabaskan languages are
279:
25:
4585:
3999:
3990:Bittle. 1963. “Kiowa–Apache.” In
3695:Jicarilla mizaa medaóołkai dáłáéé
1020:
1012:
983:
976:
969:
962:
952:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
845:
838:
810:
804:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
348:Chiricahua-Mescalero (in Apache:
27:Subfamily of Athabaskan languages
3803:. Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Press.
3600:Southwest Journal of Linguistics
2019:
1046:
150:
4011:Simplified Apache Pronunciation
3722:. Guilford, CT: Audio-Forum.
3642:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
3558:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
2403:in Proto-Athabascan start with
2067:of the Proto-Athabascan series
525:International Phonetic Alphabet
214:and to a much lesser degree in
4574:Indigenous languages of Mexico
4016:Chiricahua and Mescalero Texts
3858:Goodwin, Grenville. (1939).
3416:Hoijer, Harry (Ed.). (1963).
3282:
3270:
2007: 'you two are chewing it'
13:
1:
4549:Southern Athabaskan languages
3839:Goddard, Pliny Earle (1920).
3819:Goddard, Pliny Earle (1919).
3263:
573:
394:(a.k.a. Navahu˙) (in Navajo:
3943:de Reuse, Willem J. (2006).
3568:Webster, Anthony K. (1999).
2152:"handle fabric-like object"
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
511:
7:
3899:Anthropological Linguistics
3842:White Mountain Apache texts
3713:Jicarilla Apache dictionary
3618:Mescalero Apache dictionary
3307:Cremony, John Carey. 1868.
3259:Southern Athabascan grammar
2055:primarily according to its
1759:, this vowel is written as
1376:(& may be pronounced ).
1303:Some spelling conventions:
10:
4590:
3784:Basso, Keith H. (1996).
3769:Basso, Keith H. (1990).
3738:
3256:
3252:
1809:(marked with grave accent
1793:(marked with acute accent
1505:(or nasal hook) diacritic
1340:The fricative is written
335:Kiowa–Apache) (in Apache:
176:Southwestern United States
49:Southwestern United States
4523:
4505:
4483:
4462:
4431:
4422:
4381:
4344:
4335:
4294:
4261:
4210:
4142:
4121:
4112:
3960:Western Apache dictionary
3711:Vicenti, Carson. (1981).
3623:Hoijer, Harry. (1938).
3585:American Indian Quarterly
3510:Hoijer, Harry. (1938).
3394:Hoijer, Harry. (1956).
2275:
2270:
1915:(instead of Americanist:
1904:(instead of Americanist:
1866:Americanist transcription
1583:
1530:
1514:
1431:
998:
894:
829:
633:
622:
615:
610:
590:
585:
149:
135:
117:
97:
60:Linguistic classification
58:
42:
37:
32:
4262:Central British Columbia
4071:, Apache Language Sample
3638:Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988).
3554:Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988).
3290:"Lengua N'dee/N'nee/Ndé"
1841:(marked with circumflex
1039:Orthography (consonants)
174:spoken primarily in the
3822:San Carlos Apache texts
3476:American Anthropologist
3319:American Anthropologist
1775:
1730:-vowels are written as
521:phonetic transcriptions
274:Long Walk of the Navajo
194:) with two outliers in
4295:Other North Athabaskan
3670:Jicarilla Apache texts
3309:Life Among the Apaches
1995: 'his stepmother'
518:This article contains
465:Abáachi, Abáachi mizaa
248:
240:
4345:California Athabaskan
4303:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
2486:sound correspondences
2012:Comparative phonology
1331:it may be written as
4554:Athabaskan languages
4143:Central Alaska–Yukon
4106:Athabaskan languages
3665:Goddard, Pliny Earle
260:(Goyaałé) who spoke
172:Athabaskan languages
170:) is a subfamily of
4211:Northwestern Canada
4069:Language-Museum.com
2105:Northern Athabascan
2103:also found in many
1977: 'my buckskin'
1825:(marked with háček
1315:(see also #2 below)
322:Southern Athabaskan
164:Southern Athabaskan
84:Southern Athabascan
33:Southern Athabascan
18:Southern Athabaskan
4269:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
4061:2012-04-23 at the
3720:Apache (Jicarilla)
2031:. You can help by
4536:
4535:
4530:extinct languages
4501:
4500:
4418:
4417:
4402:Upper Rogue River
4395:Lower Rogue River
4382:Oregon Athabaskan
4331:
4330:
4187:Southern Tutchone
4182:Northern Tutchone
3250:
3249:
2520:
2477:
2476:
2391:
2390:
2236:
2235:
2049:
2048:
1956:Chiricahua Apache
1636:
1635:
1499:
1498:
1370:it is written as
1358:it is written as
1316:
1301:
1300:
1031:
1030:
367:Chiricahua proper
161:
160:
16:(Redirected from
4581:
4515:Proto-Athabaskan
4463:Eastern Apachean
4432:Western Apachean
4429:
4428:
4342:
4341:
4284:Southern Carrier
4122:Southern Alaskan
4119:
4118:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4076:
4075:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3274:
2518:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2445:
2414:
2413:
2397:
2266:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2194:
2149:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2044:
2041:
2023:
2016:
1983: 'my bread'
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1439:
1438:
1314:
1047:
1024:
1016:
991:
987:
980:
973:
966:
956:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
879:
872:
849:
842:
814:
808:
802:
795:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
692:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
629:
581:
580:
540:
536:
334:
253:, respectively.
252:
251:
244:
243:
154:
145:
131:
111:Eastern Apachean
108:Western Apachean
30:
29:
21:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4519:
4497:
4484:Plains Apachean
4479:
4458:
4414:
4377:
4327:
4290:
4257:
4206:
4197:Upper Kuskokwim
4138:
4108:
4103:
4063:Wayback Machine
4002:
3997:
3848:
3846:
3828:
3826:
3752:Basso, Keith H.
3743:
3676:
3674:
3303:
3301:Further reading
3298:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
2517:
2437:
2418:
2306:
2289:
2141:
2124:
2114:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2029:needs expansion
2014:
1989: 'his hip'
1778:
1707:are written as
1434:
1418:in a few words.
1041:
788:
638:
623:
576:
548:
547:
546:
514:
488:
396:Naabeehó bizaad
282:
280:Family division
249:Naabeehó bizaad
246:
238:
157:
141:
127:
75:Athabaskan–Eyak
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4587:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4534:
4533:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4507:Proto-language
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4454:Western Apache
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4056:EtymOnline.com
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4001:
4000:External links
3998:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3924:
3917:
3906:
3895:
3892:
3881:
3870:
3856:
3845:. The Trustees
3836:
3816:
3812:
3797:
3782:
3767:
3748:
3747:
3746:Western Apache
3739:Main article:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3716:
3709:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3673:. The Trustees
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3636:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3592:
3581:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3541:
3534:
3523:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3483:
3469:
3462:
3439:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3392:
3381:
3370:
3359:
3348:
3337:
3326:
3312:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3257:Main article:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2516:Western Apache
2514:
2511:
2508:
2482:Michael Krauss
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2047:
2046:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1971: 'beaver'
1966:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1802:
1777:
1774:
1693:Western Apache
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1421:In many words
1419:
1386:
1377:
1338:
1317:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
981:
974:
967:
960:
958:
949:
943:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
905:
903:
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
874:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
843:
836:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
797:
790:
784:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
739:
733:
732:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
682:
675:
668:
661:
654:
647:
642:
631:
630:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
575:
572:
556:Western Apache
541:⟩, see
517:
516:
515:
513:
510:
487:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
481:
480:
468:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
443:
438:
436:White Mountain
433:
432:
431:
430:Southern Tonto
428:
427:Northern Tonto
407:Western Apache
403:
387:
386:
385:
373:
372:
371:
368:
340:
318:
294:Western Apache
281:
278:
235:N'dee biyat'i,
159:
158:
155:
147:
146:
139:
133:
132:
125:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:
106:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
65:Dené–Yeniseian
62:
56:
55:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4586:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4493:
4492:Plains Apache
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Pacific Coast
4334:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:3-89586-861-2
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3916:(1), 105-111.
3915:
3911:
3907:
3905:(1), 150-157.
3904:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:(3), 195-196.
3890:
3886:
3882:
3880:(4), 415-481.
3879:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:0-8165-1451-8
3865:
3861:
3857:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:0-927534-79-7
3806:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:0-8263-1724-3
3791:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:0-8165-1323-6
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:0-521-29593-9
3761:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3728:0-88432-903-8
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:0-404-15783-1
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3551:(4), 617-634.
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3533:(2), 110-115.
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:0-404-15783-1
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:0-16-004579-7
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:(2), 224-235.
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:Sapir, Edward
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:3-484-30146-5
3456:
3452:
3451:3-484-30145-7
3448:
3444:
3440:
3438:(4), 291-297.
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3406:(4), 219-232.
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3380:(4), 247–259.
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3347:(4), 193-203.
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:Hoijer, Harry
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
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3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
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3119:
3116:
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3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
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3076:
3073:
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3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
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2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
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2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
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2922:
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2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
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2885:
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2879:
2876:
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2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2780:łį́į́chaayáné
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
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2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
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2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2027:This section
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965: 'feces'
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1787:
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1783:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1754:
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1741:
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1735:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
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1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1681:
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1669:
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1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1599:
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1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1551:
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1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1488:
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1484:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
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1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
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1345:
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1339:
1336:
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1330:
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1324:
1323:
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1304:
1296:
1293:
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1287:
1284:
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1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
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1224:
1222:
1219:
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1209:
1207:
1206:
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1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1048:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
965:
961:
959:
955:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
906:
904:
902:
899:
897:
893:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
875:
868:
866:
863:
862:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
832:
828:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
813:
807:
798:
791:
787:prenasalized/
786:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
646:
643:
641:
636:
632:
627:
621:
618:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
588:
582:
579:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
532:
528:
526:
522:
509:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
478:
474:
473:
469:
466:
462:
461:
457:
456:
454:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
429:
426:
425:
423:
419:
416:
415:
413:
412:N'dee biyát'i
409:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
392:
388:
383:
379:
378:
374:
369:
366:
365:
363:
362:N'nee biyat'i
359:
358:
354:
353:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:
342:Southwestern
341:
338:
330:
329:
328:Plains Apache
325:
324:
323:
320:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Plains Apache
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
242:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
153:
148:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
116:
110:
107:
105:
104:Plains Apache
102:
101:
100:
96:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
66:
63:
61:
57:
54:
51:and northern
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4525:
4490:
4423:
4409:Upper Umpqua
4407:
4400:
4393:
4370:
4363:
4351:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4202:Upper Tanana
4177:Lower Tanana
4164:
4031:Apache texts
3991:
3984:
3980:
3966:
3959:
3944:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3841:
3827:. Retrieved
3821:
3800:
3785:
3770:
3755:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3675:. Retrieved
3669:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3511:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3284:
3272:
2519:(San Carlos)
2499:Swadesh list
2496:
2489:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2276:
2271:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2107:languages).
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2053:Harry Hoijer
2050:
2037:
2033:adding to it
2028:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1872:high tone:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:Harry Hoijer
1722:However, in
1721:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1526:Low-Central
1506:
1500:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:, but after
1321:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1042:
577:
549:
537:and ⟨
519:
503:
496:
489:
476:
475:(in Apache:
470:
464:
458:
421:
420:(in Apache:
411:
405:
399:
395:
389:
381:
380:(in Apache:
375:
370:Warm Springs
361:
360:(in Apache:
355:
349:
336:
326:
321:
286:Harry Hoijer
283:
255:
234:
232:
167:
163:
162:
98:Subdivisions
83:
45:distribution
4218:Dene Suline
3981:Linguistics
3391:(1), 12–22.
3369:(2), 51-59.
3336:(1), 13-23.
3325:(1), 75-87.
2986:-dzistsii’
2774:łééchą́ą́’í
2513:Chiricahua
2427:Chiricahua
2419:Athabascan
2293:Chiricahua
2128:Chiricahua
2115:Athabascan
1878:low tone:
1845:, Example:
1829:, Example:
1813:, Example:
1797:, Example:
1517:High-Front
1000:Approximant
865:glottalized
737:glottalized
645:unaspirated
400:Diné bizaad
241:Diné bizaad
178:(including
4543:Categories
4439:Chiricahua
4166:Holikachuk
4150:Deg Hitʼan
3708:, 105-112.
3653:, 251-266.
3606:, 143-160.
3580:, 137-163.
3502:Chiricahua
3358:(1), 1-13.
3264:References
3106:-´-chį́sh
3094:-´-chį́į́h
2706:-zhą́ą́yí
2523:Jicarilla
2433:Jicarilla
2430:Mescalero
2299:Jicarilla
2296:Mescalero
2134:Jicarilla
2131:Mescalero
2065:consonants
1941:Chiricahua
1857:(Example:
1753:Chiricahua
1520:Mid-Front
574:Consonants
568:Chiricahua
477:Ndé miizaa
441:San Carlos
382:Ndé Bizaa'
357:Chiricahua
350:Ndee Bizaa
306:Chiricahua
262:Chiricahua
220:Nuevo León
184:New Mexico
79:Athabaskan
43:Geographic
4528:indicate
4470:Jicarilla
4444:Mescalero
4323:Tsuutʼina
4274:Chilcotin
4192:Tanacross
3934:(1), 1-3.
3849:24 August
3829:24 August
3815:Buffalo).
3754:(1979).
3677:24 August
3658:Jicarilla
3611:Mescalero
3453:(Bd. 1);
2823:nooshchíí
2726:’isdzání
2720:’isdzánhń
2063:-initial
2040:June 2008
1911:falling:
1757:Mescalero
1523:Mid-Back
1071:spelling
1065:spelling
1059:spelling
1053:spelling
901:voiceless
896:Fricative
701:aspirated
640:Affricate
626:affricate
564:Jicarilla
552:phonology
512:Phonology
492:consonant
460:Jicarilla
448:(ˀa˙paču)
422:Dilzhę́’é
377:Mescalero
310:Jicarilla
302:Mescalero
266:Manuelito
208:Chihuahua
137:Glottolog
119:ISO 639-2
4424:Southern
4317:Tsetsaut
4155:Gwichʼin
4134:Denaʼina
4114:Northern
4059:Archived
3667:(1911).
3545:Language
3527:Language
3461:(Bd. 2).
2946:-ghaish
2937:-gheezhe
2934:-yęęzhii
2786:nii’łį́
2723:’isdzání
2714:’asdzání
2697:-zą́ą́yé
2444:*k̯aʔx̣ʷ
2312:"water"
2197:"stone"
1931:, as in
1900:rising:
1447:Central
597:Alveolar
592:Alveolar
535:/ /
531:Help:IPA
455:Eastern
345:Western
258:Geronimo
212:Coahuila
196:Oklahoma
188:Colorado
168:Apachean
143:apac1239
38:Apachean
4526:Italics
4372:Wailaki
4365:Mattole
4253:Tahltan
4228:Dunneza
4172:Koyukon
3987:, 5-38.
3596:yi-/bi-
3591:, 1-24.
3253:Grammar
3186:-s-gąą
3174:-s-gaan
3166:-zaadi
3103:-chį́sh
3097:-´-chį́
3046:-tsii’
2991:feather
2943:-yezhii
2940:-ghęęzh
2906:-ts’įh
2846:-t’ąą’
2717:’isdzáń
2700:-zhaazh
2686:-ⁿdiis
2510:Navajo
2507:
2438:Apache
2424:Navajo
2352:"fire"
2307:Apache
2290:Apache
2288:Western
2285:Navajo
2277:Eastern
2272:Western
2171:-tsuudz
2142:Apache
2125:Apache
2123:Western
2120:Navajo
1999:hah’aał
1993:bík’ai’
1987:bik’ai’
1838:falling
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1203:d/n/nd
835:simple
789:voiced
728:kʰ(kʷʰ)
628:series)
617:Glottal
607:Palatal
602:Lateral
523:in the
499:variety
446:Cibecue
337:Naishan
216:Durango
180:Arizona
71:Na-Dené
4449:Navajo
4389:Tolowa
4310:Nicola
4279:Dakelh
4248:Tagish
4243:Slavey
4238:Sekani
4223:Dogrib
3951:
3866:
3807:
3792:
3777:
3762:
3735:Navajo
3726:
3631:
3518:
3493:
3457:
3449:
3246:-laa’
3234:-´-la’
3183:-s-gan
3177:-s-gan
3163:-zaadi
3157:-zaade
3154:-tsoo’
3151:tongue
3146:-ghoo
3140:-ghoo’
3100:-chį́h
3086:-ⁿdáa
3034:-tsii’
3026:-ghaa
3023:-ghaa’
3014:-ghaa’
3006:-t’a’
2983:-tsee’
2980:-tsee’
2977:-tsee’
2974:-tsee’
2966:-dii’
2911:grease
2903:-ts’in
2866:-tsįį
2843:-t’ąą’
2840:-t’ąą’
2834:-t’ąą’
2826:chish
2783:chíníí
2746:diⁿdí
2703:-zhááh
2694:-yáázh
2683:-ⁿdees
2646:naaki
2580:nohwíí
2526:Lipan
2491:*k̯/*c
2448:"big"
2436:Plains
2417:Proto-
2396:*k̯/*c
2305:Plains
2302:Lipan
2186:-tsoos
2181:-tsoos
2176:-tsoos
2166:-tsuuz
2161:-tsooz
2156:-tsooz
2148:*k̯uʔs
2140:Plains
2137:Lipan
2113:Proto-
2057:merger
2005:hah’ał
1981:shibán
1975:shiban
1963:cha̧a̧
1939:. In
1885:Then,
1822:rising
1587:short
1584:Nasal
1534:short
1503:ogonek
1444:Front
1432:Vowels
947:voiced
587:Labial
560:Navajo
539:
391:Navajo
333:a.k.a.
304:, and
298:Navajo
270:Navajo
268:spoke
228:Navajo
224:Apache
204:Sonora
190:, and
166:(also
53:Mexico
4475:Lipan
4233:Kaska
4129:Ahtna
3974:Other
3604:25(2)
3226:-goh
3206:-kii
3200:-kee’
3194:-kee’
3160:-zaad
3137:-ghoo
3134:-woo’
3131:tooth
3126:-zí’
3114:-zéé’
3111:mouth
3083:-ⁿdáá
3077:-ⁿdáa
3074:-náá’
3066:-jaa
3057:-zhaa
3054:-jaa’
3043:-tsii
3040:-tsii
3037:-tsii
3020:-ghaa
3017:-ghaa
3003:-t’a’
3000:-t’a’
2997:-t’a’
2994:-t’a’
2963:-dee’
2960:-dee’
2957:-dee’
2954:-dee’
2914:-k’ah
2900:ts’in
2897:ts’į’
2894:ts’in
2871:blood
2860:-tsį’
2857:-tsįį
2854:-tsį’
2837:-t’ąą
2820:ch’il
2791:louse
2777:kéjaa
2766:łǫ́’
2763:łógee
2743:diⁿdé
2711:woman
2691:small
2680:-neez
2677:-neez
2674:-neez
2666:-tso
2643:naaki
2640:naaki
2637:naaki
2634:naaki
2626:ła’-
2600:łą́ą́
2586:nahí
2467:-tsaa
2462:-tsaa
2457:-tsaa
2452:-tsaa
2097:into
2079:into
1891:nìzìz
1887:niziz
1782:tonal
1612:long
1559:long
1531:Oral
1455:High
1450:Back
831:Nasal
612:Velar
527:(IPA)
472:Lipan
418:Tonto
314:Lipan
200:Texas
4359:Hupa
4353:Kato
3949:ISBN
3864:ISBN
3851:2012
3831:2012
3805:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3775:ISBN
3760:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3679:2012
3629:ISBN
3516:ISBN
3491:ISBN
3455:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3243:-la’
3240:-la’
3237:-laa
3231:hand
3223:-go’
3220:-god
3217:-go’
3214:-god
3211:knee
3203:-kee
3197:-kee
3191:foot
3180:-gan
3171:claw
3143:-woo
3123:-zé’
3120:-zé’
3091:nose
3080:-náá
3063:-jaa
3060:-jaa
3031:head
3011:hair
2971:tail
2951:horn
2926:xáí
2923:ik'a
2920:k’ah
2917:k’ah
2891:bone
2886:dił
2863:-tsį
2851:meat
2831:leaf
2817:tsin
2814:tsin
2811:tree
2806:yaa
2803:yaa’
2800:yaa’
2794:yaa’
2757:łóí’
2754:łóó’
2751:fish
2740:nnéé
2737:nⁿdé
2734:diné
2671:long
2663:-tso
2660:-tso
2657:-tso
2654:-tso
2620:ła’-
2606:łą́
2591:many
2583:nahí
2577:náhí
2574:nihí
2566:ⁿdí
2546:shí
2540:shíí
2472:-cha
2381:kǫǫʼ
2376:ko̱ʼ
2245:and
2231:tséé
2206:tséé
2193:*ce·
2091:and
2073:and
2061:stem
1969:chaa
1790:high
1776:Tone
1755:and
1701:and
1688:= .
1682:= ,
1676:= ,
1670:= ,
1664:= ,
1658:= ,
1652:= ,
1646:= ,
1486:Low
1469:Mid
1412:and
1352:and
1198:b/m
1176:tł’
1154:ch’
1132:ts’
1068:IPA
1062:IPA
1056:IPA
1050:IPA
635:Stop
312:and
237:and
226:and
218:and
198:and
192:Utah
4160:Hän
3985:161
3398:.
3117:-zé
3071:eye
3051:ear
2931:egg
2883:dił
2880:dił
2877:dił
2874:dił
2797:yaa
2771:dog
2760:łóg
2731:man
2651:big
2631:two
2623:ła’
2617:ła’
2614:ła’
2611:one
2597:łą́
2594:łą́
2560:ⁿdi
2557:ⁿdí
2551:you
2543:shí
2537:shí
2534:shí
2401:*k̯
2386:kǫʼ
2366:kųų
2361:kǫʼ
2356:kǫʼ
2346:kóó
2251:to
2226:tsí
2221:tsé
2216:tsé
2211:tsé
2201:tsé
2094:*čʷ
2070:*k̯
2059:of
2035:.
1861:).
1806:low
1769:).
1751:In
1691:In
1400:or
1394:or
1279:gh
1247:’n
1242:’m
1237:zh
1215:sh
1171:tł
1166:dl
1149:ch
1127:ts
1122:dz
1110:k’
1088:t’
766:tʃʼ
759:tɬʼ
752:tsʼ
723:tʃʰ
718:tɬʰ
713:tsʰ
570:).
245:or
129:apa
4545::
3983:,
3932:29
3930:,
3914:50
3912:,
3903:20
3901:,
3889:37
3887:,
3878:67
3876:,
3706:32
3704:,
3651:57
3649:,
3602:,
3589:23
3587:,
3578:23
3576:,
3572:.
3549:42
3547:,
3531:15
3529:,
3480:38
3478:,
3436:22
3434:,
3404:22
3402:,
3389:15
3387:,
3378:14
3376:,
3367:12
3365:,
3356:12
3354:,
3345:11
3343:,
3334:11
3332:,
3323:40
3321:,
2603:łá
2571:we
2563:ni
2554:ni
2501::
2411:.
2409:ts
2405:ch
2371:kų
2341:kó
2336:kó
2331:tú
2326:tú
2321:tū
2316:tó
2263::
2248:*k
2242:*t
2100:*č
2088:*č
2082:*c
2076:*c
1958::
1951:.
1949:n̂
1947::
1935:,
1925:ą́
1917:â·
1913:áa
1906:ǎ·
1902:aá
1893:.
1748:.
1704:oo
1685:aa
1673:oo
1661:ee
1649:ii
1631:ąą
1626:ǫǫ
1621:ęę
1616:įį
1578:aa
1573:oo
1568:ee
1563:ii
1403:nd
1343:gh
1334:hw
1313:.
1254:h
1232:z
1225:n
1220:m
1210:s
1193:p
1188:b
1181:ł
1159:l
1144:j
1137:’
1115:h
1105:k
1100:g
1093:y
1083:t
1078:d
1025:)
992:)
990:ɣʷ
957:)
880:)
878:ˀn
873:)
871:ˀm
815:)
801:ⁿd
796:)
794:ⁿb
773:kʼ
745:tʼ
708:tʰ
693:)
691:kʷ
679:tʃ
672:tɬ
665:ts
566:,
562:,
424:)
414:)
398:,
364:)
352:)
316:.
300:,
296:,
276:.
210:,
206:,
186:,
182:,
121:/
4098:e
4091:t
4084:v
3955:.
3853:.
3833:.
3811:.
3796:.
3781:.
3766:.
3681:.
3635:.
3522:.
3497:.
3292:.
2531:I
2261:k
2257:t
2253:k
2042:)
2038:(
1945:n
1937:ǭ
1933:ō
1929:¯
1919:)
1908:)
1880:a
1874:á
1859:ń
1855:n
1849:)
1847:â
1843:ˆ
1833:)
1831:ǎ
1827:ˇ
1817:)
1815:à
1811:`
1801:)
1799:á
1795:´
1767:ų
1762:u
1745:o
1739:u
1733:o
1728:o
1716:u
1710:u
1698:o
1679:a
1667:o
1655:e
1643:i
1606:ą
1601:ǫ
1596:ę
1591:į
1553:a
1548:o
1543:e
1538:i
1507:˛
1492:a
1480:o
1473:e
1459:i
1424:n
1415:m
1409:b
1397:n
1391:d
1382:’
1373:w
1367:o
1361:y
1355:e
1349:i
1328:o
1322:h
1310:h
1022:w
1019:(
1014:j
988:(
985:ɣ
978:ʒ
971:l
964:z
954:v
951:(
939:h
932:x
925:ʃ
918:ɬ
911:s
876:(
869:(
847:n
840:m
812:n
809:/
806:d
803:/
799:(
792:(
780:ʔ
689:(
686:k
658:t
651:p
637:/
624:(
545:.
479:)
467:)
402:)
384:)
339:)
331:(
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