181:
2949:
1081:, 'magpie'). Many of the stem nouns have different forms depending on their morphological context, with an absolute form when unpossessed, an inflected form when possessed, and a combining form in compounds or nominalized phrases. The formation of these is generally irregular, although certain patterns do exist, such as initial
975:
Almost every noun in Plains Apache can optionally take a pronominal prefix to indicate its possessor. These prefixes are as follows (some of the prefixes have multiple forms in free variation; in these cases, the more common variant is listed first).
2161:
Gatschet, Albert S. (1884). Na-isha Band, Apache (Kiowa Apache). Vocabulary and brief texts with interlinear translation
November - December, 1884. Manuscript 62, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Washington,
1998:
Noun phrases always contain only a noun, as Plains Apache has no determiners or adjectives; the equivalent of adjectival modification is achieved by the use of compound and nominalized nouns discussed above.
2165:
Goddard, Pliny Earle. (1911). Field notes in
California Athabascan languages. American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia,
1290:-changing prefixes found throughout the family). Bittle (1963) identifies 14 positions in the verb template, divided into the verbal base (which defines the lexical meaning of the verb) and
1063:
The noun bases to which these prefixes can be added are of one of three classes: primary, compound, and nominalized. Primary noun bases are mostly monosyllabic stems such as
1246:, combining form of 'water'). The third kind of noun bases are nominalized verbs or phrases, which may or may not include some kind of a relative enclitic. Examples include
275:. As a member of the broader Athabaskan family, it has an extremely complex system of verbal morphology, often enabling entire sentences to be constructed with only a verb.
1048:, 'a hoop owned by some unknown person'). The fourth person is reserved for possessors who are deemed to be in some way remote from the speaker, usually socially; compare
2975:
1042:
Some of these forms require further explanation. The indefinite third person may be used when the possessor is unknown, and is similar in meaning to 'someone's' (e.g.
2995:
738:, though these variants are in free variation with the unretroflexed realizations. The plain alveolar and velar series are slightly fronted preceding
1907:
However, due to the morphological complexity of Plains Apache verb inflection, it is often possible for a sentence to consist of a single verb, e.g.
1294:
prefixes (which inflect the verb for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and voice). The following verb template table is reproduced from Bittle:
2674:
1201:, 'her breast'. Lastly, some can only take the indefinite prefix, effectively turning them into regular alienably possessed nouns starting with
834:
Additionally, all vowels may be either short or long and nasal or oral. Length is indicated in the orthography by writing the vowel twice (e.g.
2210:
3000:
1054:, which would refer to a hoop belonging to someone who the speaker is familiar with and interacts with frequently and informally, and
2980:
2170:
Hoijer, Harry (1971). "The
Position of the Apachean Languages in the Athapaskan Stock". In Basso, Keith H.; Opler, Morris E. (eds.).
1228:
The second kind of noun bases are compounds, which are formed from two noun stems and sometimes an enclitic of obscure meaning (e.g.
185:
Historical distribution of
Southern Athabaskan languages. Plains Apache (labeled Kiowa Apache) is located in northwestern Oklahoma.
3005:
2105:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 29. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 76–101.
2985:
1717:
1161:). In these cases the indefinite prefix must be used if one wishes to talk about the object without specifying the possessor (
1722:
Like other
Southern Athabaskan languages, Plains Apache has strongly head-final tendencies, with a predominant word order of
578:
380:
2667:
681:
498:
203:
2450:
2416:
2203:
515:
872:'pants', though initial clusters are rare and must co-occur with a long vowel, making most syllables (C)V(:)(C), e.g.
920:, 'kindness'). Syllables with short vowels bear a single toneme, but those with long vowels have one toneme for each
1493:
However, a verb in Plains Apache never has an affix in each position. A typical verb might be inflected as follows:
1177:, 'his fat (which comes from the body of something or someone else, but is now in his possession)' contrasting with
595:
400:
1278:
Like those of most other
Athabaskan languages, Plains Apache verbs are highly morphologically complex, exhibiting
1171:
of these nouns, an additional possessor prefix can be attached before the indefinite prefix, yielding forms like
284:
193:
295:
Plains Apache has a large consonant inventory resembling that of its close relatives Navajo and
Western Apache.
93:
2953:
2660:
808:
2382:
251:
Plains Apache is the most divergent member of the
Southern Athabaskan languages, a family which also includes
2788:
2557:
2552:
2537:
2227:
2196:
2013:
1183:, 'his fat (which is a part of his own body)'. Some of these nouns may change their meaning when preceded by
641:
225:
109:
1075:, 'antelope'), and some others are simply unanalyzable polysyllables, perhaps originally onomatopoeic (e.g.
2896:
1621:
The above example displays the zero classifier. Following is an example of a fully inflected verb with the
794:
588:
390:
167:
893:
889:
885:
855:
851:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
2903:
1723:
787:
612:
508:
2120:
Studies in
Southwestern ethnolinguistics: meaning and history in the languages of the American Southwest
730:. The fricated alveolar and postalveolar series are tend to be realized as slightly retroflex preceding
1145:
825:
690:
370:
360:
1990:
2397:
761:
Plains Apache distinguishes four vowel qualities, much like the other
Southern Athabaskan languages.
634:
605:
272:
2310:
2039:
233:
2990:
2567:
1060:, used for someone who the speaker has a purely formal relationship with and does not know well.
410:
268:
2387:
3010:
2891:
1279:
651:
543:
534:
491:
429:
313:
2699:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
1069:, 'charcoal', though a few of them seem to consist of an unidentified prefix and a stem (e.g.
858:, although this variation is more free, and is lexicalized by some speakers in certain words.
2683:
2522:
2315:
2290:
1291:
1287:
674:
667:
482:
264:
2436:
2827:
2219:
1168:
104:
2268:
2247:
8:
2934:
2833:
2279:
525:
470:
460:
450:
440:
340:
256:
854:
tends to be closer to , and when short, closer to . An analogous alternation is true of
2742:
2583:
2331:
2305:
2263:
1283:
1021:
921:
308:
303:
260:
237:
1286:
marking, and the characteristic Athabaskan classifier system (a set of four mandatory
159:
2798:
2771:
2759:
2737:
2732:
2430:
2341:
2300:
2295:
2155:
Plains Apache: Strength Relations Among the Phonological Elements in a Dying Language
2106:
335:
325:
99:
1612:
is the modal prefix in slot 11, slots 12 and 13 are occupied by zero morphemes, and
199:
2929:
2919:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2783:
2754:
2748:
2717:
2711:
2628:
2508:
2485:
2478:
2392:
2366:
2285:
353:
283:
This article follows the orthography of Bittle (1963); where this differs from the
245:
73:
2174:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona. Vol. 21. pp. 3–6.
1730:
rather than prepositions. This is illustrated in the following example sentences:
2924:
2844:
2839:
2814:
2808:
2727:
2562:
2515:
2502:
2423:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2336:
320:
252:
85:
2273:
180:
2875:
2803:
2777:
2765:
2722:
2643:
2620:
2588:
2466:
2346:
2242:
908:
system with two levels, low and high. Low is written with a grave accent (e.g.
802:
172:
20:
2969:
2472:
1727:
1031:
905:
229:
66:
42:
2793:
420:
52:
2110:
143:
1252:, 'zebra, tiger', from the identical verb meaning 'marks are on it', and
781:
769:
2652:
2188:
1489:
3SBJ:3rd person (singular), subject 3OBJ:3rd person (singular), object
819:
774:
248:
as of 2008, when Alfred Chalepah, Jr., the last native speaker, died.
567:
561:
152:
136:
2687:
661:
241:
211:
56:
2127:
Bittle, William E. (1971). "A brief history of the Kiowa-Apache".
884:'dust'. All consonants may appear in the syllable onset, although
347:
207:
2118:
Bittle, William E. (1967). "Kiowa-Apache". In Hoijer, H. (ed.).
2101:
Bittle, William E. (1963). "Kiowa-Apache". In Hoijer, H. (ed.).
2008:
1144:
Some stem nouns, especially those referring to body parts, are
841:
621:
1951:
2018:
2140:
Bittle, William E. (1979). "Kiowa Apache Raiding Behavior".
1929:
896:
may appear in the syllable coda, whether word-final or not.
1148:, i.e. they cannot occur without a possessor prefix (e.g.
914:, 'bank'), and high is written with an acute accent (e.g.
210:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
888:
and a null onset are not permitted word-initially; only
1718:
Southern Athabascan grammar § Typological overview
1871:
1675:
1552:
1849:
1530:
2096:(PhD thesis). Los Angeles: University of California.
1900:
dirt 3SG- back- PP ADV- 3OBJ- PROG- 3SBJ- CLF- throw
1129:, 'his language') and a final V:h becoming Vʔ (e.g.
866:
The Plains Apache syllable is maximally CCV:C, e.g.
710:
is only found in prefixes and does not occur before
1618:is the stem in slot 14. All other slots are empty.
924:of the vowel, making for a total of four contours:
2094:The position of Kiowa-Apache in the Apachean group
1622:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1043:
956:
947:
938:
929:
915:
909:
879:
873:
867:
845:
835:
2976:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
2967:
2068:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma).
2044:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1264:, 'he scratches out' plus the relative enclitic
1828:
1519:
1809:
1638:
1504:
840:, 'water'); nasalization is indicated with an
2668:
2204:
746:, and slightly backed and rounded preceding
2122:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1984:NUM- THM- IPFV- 1DUPL.SBJ- CLF- {go to war}
1940:
1664:
78:2008, with the death of Alfred Chalepah Jr.
2675:
2661:
2211:
2197:
1897:séé mi- džǫ́ʔ- dą́ʔ dà- yi- ɣí- ø- ø- nííł
1860:
850:, 'earth'). When long, the realization of
179:
2682:
1594:is the indirect object prefix in slot 1,
1541:
2218:
2152:
1987:'Each one of us is starting off to war'
1606:is the direct object prefix in slot 7,
1581:1SG.OBJ- PP- 3OBJ- PFV- 3SBJ- CLF- give
204:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2968:
2178:
2172:Apachean Culture History and Ethnology
2169:
2139:
2126:
2117:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2656:
2192:
2183:(PhD thesis). University of Oklahoma.
2181:Classificatory Verbs in Plains Apache
2066:Classificatory Verbs in Plains Apache
861:
300:
2157:(MA thesis). University of Oklahoma.
2996:Endangered Dené–Yeniseian languages
2794:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
2103:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2037:
1838:
1704:1SG.OBJ- NUM- IPFV- 3SBJ- CLF- boil
1642:
1508:
13:
3001:Extinct languages of North America
1989:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1966:
1882:
1768:
1757:
1686:
1563:
16:North American aboriginal language
14:
3022:
824:
807:
793:
786:
689:
680:
673:
666:
650:
640:
633:
611:
604:
594:
587:
577:
542:
524:
514:
507:
497:
490:
469:
459:
449:
439:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
2981:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
2948:
2947:
1167:, 'lips'). In order to indicate
287:, IPA is given between slashes.
2142:Oklahoma Papers in Anthropology
2129:Oklahoma Papers in Anthropology
1955:
1918:
1653:
1600:is the postposition in slot 2,
1240:, combining form of 'eye', and
726:and also does not occur before
3006:Languages extinct in the 2000s
2153:Collins, Melanie Ruth (1983).
2058:
2031:
1:
2986:Southern Athabaskan languages
2075:
2046:. Oklahoma Historical Society
2014:Southern Athabaskan languages
965:
290:
2897:Black American Sign Language
278:
226:Southern Athabaskan language
7:
2789:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
2092:Bittle, William E. (1956).
2083:Bittle, William E. (n.d.),
2002:
1981:da- di- ∅- į̀į̀d- ∅- mą̀ą̀s
1903:'He threw dirt on his back'
1794:Séé míídžǫ́ʔdą́ʔ dàyìɣínííł
10:
3027:
2040:"Apache Tribe of Oklahoma"
1786:man water INDEF- CLF- boil
1715:
1578:ši- a- yi- dí- ∅- ∅- ʔą̀ą̀
1258:, 'badger', from the verb
718:is in free variation with
236:, living primarily around
18:
2943:
2912:
2884:
2704:
2694:
2637:
2619:
2597:
2576:
2545:
2536:
2495:
2458:
2449:
2408:
2375:
2324:
2256:
2235:
2226:
2085:Plains Apache field notes
1711:
1707:'They two are boiling me'
1305:
1302:
1299:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1002:
997:
991:
981:
823:
792:
756:
660:
560:
418:
346:
324:
319:
312:
307:
302:
190:
178:
166:
150:
134:
129:
82:
72:
62:
48:
38:
33:
28:
2376:Central British Columbia
2087:(Unpublished manuscript)
2024:
1273:
970:
234:Apache Tribe of Oklahoma
19:Not to be confused with
2749:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1973:
1962:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1914:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1824:
1816:
1805:
1797:
1775:
1764:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1660:
1649:
1634:
1623:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1570:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1515:
1500:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1044:
957:
948:
939:
930:
916:
910:
899:
880:
874:
868:
846:
836:
228:formerly spoken by the
2892:American Sign Language
2409:Other North Athabaskan
2179:Morgan, J. L. (2012).
2064:Morgan, J. L. (2012).
1783:dèènáá kóó ʔí- ł- bééš
1306:Paradigmatic prefixes
1280:polypersonal agreement
1154:, 'his lips', but not
192:This article contains
2459:California Athabaskan
2417:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
1789:'The man boils water'
1701:ši- go- ∅- ∅- ł- bèèš
1146:inalienably possessed
1117:when inflected (e.g.
2257:Central Alaska–Yukon
2220:Athabaskan languages
1234:, 'his tears', from
1219:, 'his enemy', not *
1169:alienable possession
961:, 'spread of cedars'
904:Plains Apache has a
2325:Northwestern Canada
1724:subject-object-verb
1627:classifier prefix:
1584:'He gives it to me'
1420:Adverbial prefixes
1348:Adverbial prefixes
1314:Adverbial prefixes
890:/d,g,ʔ,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,h,l/
520:⟨tšʼ⟩
503:⟨tłʼ⟩
232:, organized as the
110:Southern Athabaskan
2383:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
1734:Dèènáá kóó ʔíłbééš
1141:, 'his feather').
862:Syllable Structure
465:⟨tš⟩
455:⟨ts⟩
445:⟨tł⟩
405:⟨dž⟩
395:⟨dz⟩
385:⟨dl⟩
244:. The language is
2963:
2962:
2772:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2650:
2649:
2644:extinct languages
2615:
2614:
2532:
2531:
2516:Upper Rogue River
2509:Lower Rogue River
2496:Oregon Athabaskan
2445:
2444:
2301:Southern Tutchone
2296:Northern Tutchone
2038:Everett, Dianna.
1486:
1485:
1410:Deictic prefixes
1040:
1039:
832:
831:
813:⟨e⟩
704:
703:
695:⟨y⟩
646:⟨ž⟩
624:
600:⟨š⟩
583:⟨ł⟩
570:
537:
485:
475:⟨k⟩
432:
415:⟨g⟩
375:⟨d⟩
365:⟨b⟩
356:
257:Chiricahua Apache
218:
217:
200:rendering support
196:phonetic symbols.
3018:
2951:
2950:
2904:Plains Sign Talk
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2629:Proto-Athabaskan
2577:Eastern Apachean
2546:Western Apachean
2543:
2542:
2456:
2455:
2398:Southern Carrier
2236:Southern Alaskan
2233:
2232:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2175:
2158:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2114:
2097:
2088:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2035:
1994:
1968:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1931:
1920:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1840:
1830:
1811:
1770:
1759:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1458:Subject pronoun
1326:Indirect object
1297:
1296:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1255:hà-ts'í-ɣą̀ą̀s-é
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1195:, 'milk' versus
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
979:
978:
960:
951:
942:
933:
919:
913:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
871:
857:
853:
849:
839:
828:
814:
811:
797:
790:
764:
763:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
696:
693:
684:
677:
670:
654:
647:
644:
637:
620:
615:
608:
601:
598:
591:
584:
581:
566:
546:
533:
528:
521:
518:
511:
504:
501:
494:
481:
476:
473:
466:
463:
456:
453:
446:
443:
428:
423:
416:
413:
406:
403:
396:
393:
386:
383:
376:
373:
366:
363:
352:
298:
297:
273:Jicarilla Apache
261:Mescalero Apache
183:
162:
146:
139:
88:
26:
25:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2939:
2908:
2880:
2700:
2690:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2633:
2611:
2598:Plains Apachean
2593:
2572:
2528:
2491:
2441:
2404:
2371:
2320:
2311:Upper Kuskokwim
2252:
2222:
2217:
2187:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1960:
1945:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1905:
1895:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1822:
1814:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1773:
1762:
1751:
1743:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1691:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1632:
1586:
1576:
1568:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1498:
1491:
1446:Modal prefixes
1374:Iterative mode
1276:
1213:, 'enemy', but
973:
968:
902:
864:
812:
759:
753:
694:
645:
599:
582:
519:
502:
474:
464:
454:
444:
414:
404:
394:
384:
374:
364:
315:
293:
281:
198:Without proper
186:
158:
142:
135:
125:
89:
86:Language family
84:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Apache culture
2988:
2983:
2978:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2913:Non-Indigenous
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2885:Sign languages
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:Proto-language
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2568:Western Apache
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2406:
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2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
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2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2137:
2124:
2115:
2098:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2057:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1972:
1961:
1946:
1935:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1855:
1844:
1833:
1823:
1815:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1716:Main article:
1713:
1710:
1692:
1681:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1588:In this case,
1569:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1514:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1464:
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1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
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1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:Direct object
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1386:Number prefix
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1275:
1272:
1261:hà-ts'í-ɣą̀ą̀s
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
985:
982:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
953:
944:
935:
901:
898:
863:
860:
830:
829:
822:
816:
815:
805:
799:
798:
791:
784:
778:
777:
772:
767:
758:
755:
702:
701:
699:
697:
687:
685:
678:
671:
664:
658:
657:
655:
648:
638:
631:
629:
627:
625:
617:
616:
609:
602:
592:
585:
575:
573:
571:
564:
558:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
540:
538:
530:
529:
522:
512:
505:
495:
488:
486:
478:
477:
467:
457:
447:
437:
435:
433:
425:
424:
417:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
350:
344:
343:
338:
333:
329:
328:
323:
318:
311:
306:
301:
292:
289:
280:
277:
269:Western Apache
224:language is a
216:
215:
202:, you may see
188:
187:
184:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
156:
148:
147:
140:
132:
131:
130:Language codes
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
94:Dené–Yeniseian
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
31:
30:
21:Kiowa language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3023:
3012:
3011:Plains Apache
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:Plains Apache
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2606:Plains Apache
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Pacific Coast
2448:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1911:Dàdį̀į̀mą̀ą̀s
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1728:postpositions
1725:
1719:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
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1579:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
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1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:Tense prefix
1433:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1358:Theme prefix
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:Postposition
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1298:
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1293:
1289:
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1271:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1127:
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1115:
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1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
959:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
926:
925:
923:
918:
912:
907:
906:register tone
897:
882:
878:'cactus' and
876:
870:
859:
848:
843:
838:
827:
821:
818:
817:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
765:
762:
754:
751:
700:
698:
692:
688:
686:
683:
679:
676:
672:
669:
665:
663:
659:
656:
653:
649:
643:
639:
636:
632:
630:
628:
626:
623:
619:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
597:
593:
590:
586:
580:
576:
574:
572:
569:
565:
563:
559:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
545:
541:
539:
536:
532:
531:
527:
523:
517:
513:
510:
506:
500:
496:
493:
489:
487:
484:
480:
479:
472:
468:
462:
458:
452:
448:
442:
438:
436:
434:
431:
427:
426:
422:
412:
408:
402:
398:
392:
388:
382:
378:
372:
368:
362:
358:
355:
351:
349:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
331:
330:
327:
322:
317:
310:
305:
299:
296:
288:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
240:in southwest
239:
235:
231:
230:Plains Apache
227:
223:
222:Plains Apache
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
189:
182:
177:
174:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
138:
133:
128:
116:
115:Plains Apache
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
75:
71:
68:
67:Plains Apache
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
43:United States
41:
37:
32:
29:Plains Apache
27:
22:
2952:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2832:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2776:
2764:
2747:
2696:
2639:
2605:
2604:
2523:Upper Umpqua
2521:
2514:
2507:
2484:
2477:
2465:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2316:Upper Tanana
2291:Lower Tanana
2278:
2180:
2171:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2065:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
1997:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1808:
1800:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1721:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1685:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1637:
1620:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1562:
1551:
1540:
1529:
1518:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1303:Verbal base
1292:paradigmatic
1277:
1227:
1143:
1062:
1041:
998:dàxí- ~ dá-
974:
903:
865:
833:
760:
752:
706:The phoneme
705:
535:prenasalised
294:
282:
265:Lipan Apache
250:
221:
219:
191:
173:Kiowa Apache
151:
114:
53:Caddo County
34:Kiowa Apache
2332:Dene Suline
2148:(2): 33–47.
1497:Šàyédíʔą̀ą̀
1470:Classifier
1036:góó- ~ gó-
1011:3rd person
1003:2nd person
992:1st person
928:high-high,
483:glottalized
206:instead of
2970:Categories
2935:Vietnamese
2834:Potawatomi
2705:Indigenous
2553:Chiricahua
2280:Holikachuk
2264:Deg Hitʼan
2135:(1): 1–34.
2076:References
2050:20 January
1270:'he who'.
1249:dáł-ts'ààh
1231:bí-déé-kòò
1216:bí-ʔí-dààh
1189:, such as
1174:bí-ʔí-k'àʔ
1057:góó-bą̀ą̀s
1032:4th person
1022:indefinite
1016:bí- ~ mí-
966:Morphology
946:low-high,
940:béè-lą̀ą̀ʔ
937:high-low,
722:preceding
291:Consonants
105:Athabaskan
2743:Chickasaw
2684:Languages
2642:indicate
2584:Jicarilla
2558:Mescalero
2437:Tsuutʼina
2388:Chilcotin
2306:Tanacross
1977:go to war
1631:Šìgółbèèš
1300:Position
1099:becoming
1078:ʔą̀ą̀ʔą̀ʔ
1051:bí-bą̀ą̀s
1045:ʔí-bą̀ą̀s
984:Singular
955:low-low,
952:, 'snake'
943:, 'point'
568:voiceless
562:Fricative
430:aspirated
279:Phonology
153:Glottolog
137:ISO 639-3
63:Ethnicity
2954:Category
2799:Muscogee
2766:Delaware
2760:Comanche
2738:Cheyenne
2733:Cherokee
2688:Oklahoma
2538:Southern
2431:Tsetsaut
2269:Gwichʼin
2248:Denaʼina
2228:Northern
2003:See also
934:, 'bark'
662:Sonorant
341:fricated
316:alveolar
309:Alveolar
304:Bilabial
242:Oklahoma
238:Anadarko
212:Help:IPA
160:kiow1264
57:Oklahoma
2930:Spanish
2920:English
2870:Wyandot
2863:Wichita
2856:Tonkawa
2850:Shawnee
2784:Koasati
2755:Choctaw
2718:Arapaho
2712:Alabama
2697:Italics
2640:Italics
2486:Wailaki
2479:Mattole
2367:Tahltan
2342:Dunneza
2286:Koyukon
1288:valence
1282:, rich
1222:bí-dààh
1210:ʔí-dààh
1180:bí-k'àʔ
1164:ʔí-dààh
1151:bí-dààh
1138:bí-t'áʔ
987:Plural
931:tʼǫ́ǫ́š
348:Plosive
336:lateral
326:Glottal
246:extinct
208:Unicode
100:Na-Dene
74:Extinct
2925:German
2845:Seneca
2840:Quapaw
2815:Pawnee
2809:Ottawa
2728:Cayuga
2563:Navajo
2503:Tolowa
2424:Nicola
2393:Dakelh
2362:Tagish
2357:Slavey
2352:Sekani
2337:Dogrib
2111:574743
2109:
2009:Apache
1974:mą̀ą̀s
1948:į̀į̀d-
1817:džǫ́ʔ-
1738:dèènáá
1712:Syntax
1311:Theme
1284:aspect
1207:(e.g.
1198:bí-bèʔ
1192:ʔí-bèʔ
1126:bí-zàà
1111:, and
1093:, and
1072:dèè-éh
869:stłèèh
844:(e.g.
842:ogonek
757:Vowels
622:voiced
354:tenuis
332:plain
271:, and
253:Navajo
49:Region
2876:Yuchi
2828:Ponca
2804:Osage
2778:Kansa
2723:Caddo
2589:Lipan
2347:Kaska
2243:Ahtna
2025:Notes
2019:Kiowa
1952:1DUPL
1893:throw
1820:back-
1758:INDEF
1749:water
1615:ʔą̀ą̀
1571:ʔą̀ą̀
1478:Stem
1274:Verbs
1156:*
1135:>
1132:t'ààh
1123:>
1066:t'èèš
971:Nouns
847:nǫ̀ǫ̀
770:Front
321:Velar
314:Post-
2473:Hupa
2467:Kato
2107:OCLC
2052:2020
1991:help
1941:IPFV
1890:nííł
1872:3SBJ
1861:PROG
1850:3OBJ
1825:dą́ʔ
1801:dirt
1779:boil
1776:bééš
1726:and
1697:boil
1694:bèèš
1676:3SBJ
1665:IPFV
1609:-dí-
1603:-yi-
1574:give
1553:3SBJ
1531:3OBJ
1158:dààh
1026:ʔí-
1006:dí-
995:ší-
958:gààd
949:gòóʔ
922:mora
900:Tone
892:and
875:xòòš
782:High
775:Back
742:and
734:and
708:/ⁿd/
220:The
2686:of
2274:Hän
2166:PA.
2162:DC.
1967:CLF
1956:SBJ
1930:THM
1926:di-
1919:NUM
1915:da-
1883:CLF
1857:ɣí-
1846:yi-
1839:ADV
1835:dà-
1810:3SG
1806:mi-
1798:séé
1769:CLF
1754:ʔí-
1746:kóó
1741:man
1687:CLF
1654:NUM
1650:go-
1643:OBJ
1639:1SG
1635:ši-
1597:-a-
1591:ši-
1564:CLF
1542:PFV
1538:dí-
1527:yi-
1509:OBJ
1505:1SG
1501:ši-
1475:14
1463:13
1451:12
1439:11
1427:10
1243:kòò
1237:déé
1225:).
1204:ʔí-
1186:ʔí-
1120:sàà
917:šéł
911:bìs
894:/ɬ/
886:/l/
881:séé
856:/o/
852:/i/
837:kóó
820:Low
803:Mid
748:/o/
744:/e/
740:/i/
736:/e/
732:/i/
728:/o/
724:/a/
720:/x/
716:/h/
712:/o/
516:tʃʼ
509:tsʼ
499:tɬʼ
461:tʃʰ
451:tsʰ
441:tɬʰ
285:IPA
194:IPA
168:ELP
144:apk
2972::
2146:20
2144:.
2133:12
2131:.
2042:.
1993:);
1963:∅-
1937:∅-
1879:ø-
1868:ø-
1829:PP
1765:ł-
1683:ł-
1672:∅-
1661:∅-
1624:ł-
1560:∅-
1549:∅-
1520:PP
1516:a-
1415:9
1403:8
1391:7
1379:6
1367:5
1355:4
1343:3
1331:2
1319:1
1267:-é
1105:,
1087:,
750:.
714:.
544:ⁿd
526:kʼ
492:tʼ
471:kʰ
401:tʃ
391:ts
381:tɬ
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
96:?
55:,
2714:*
2676:e
2669:t
2662:v
2212:e
2205:t
2198:v
2113:.
2054:.
1969:-
1958:-
1954:.
1943:-
1932:-
1921:-
1885:-
1874:-
1863:-
1852:-
1841:-
1812:-
1771:-
1760:-
1689:-
1678:-
1667:-
1656:-
1645:-
1641:.
1566:-
1555:-
1544:-
1533:-
1522:-
1511:-
1507:.
1114:l
1108:z
1102:ɣ
1096:ł
1090:s
1084:x
826:a
809:ɛ
795:o
788:i
691:j
682:l
675:n
668:m
652:ɣ
642:ʒ
635:z
613:h
606:x
596:ʃ
589:s
579:ɬ
421:ʔ
411:k
371:t
361:p
214:.
23:.
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