Computer security - Knowledge

550: 1250:. Attackers can use creative ways to gain access to real accounts. A common scam is for attackers to send fake electronic invoices to individuals showing that they recently purchased music, apps, or others, and instructing them to click on a link if the purchases were not authorized. A more strategic type of phishing is spear-phishing which leverages personal or organization-specific details to make the attacker appear like a trusted source. Spear-phishing attacks target specific individuals, rather than the broad net cast by phishing attempts. 995:, direct-access attacks, or other forms of cyber attacks, eavesdropping attacks are unlikely to negatively affect the performance of networks or devices, making them difficult to notice. In fact, "the attacker does not need to have any ongoing connection to the software at all. The attacker can insert the software onto a compromised device, perhaps by direct insertion or perhaps by a virus or other malware, and then come back some time later to retrieve any data that is found or trigger the software to send the data at some determined time." 3181:

Incident response planning allows an organization to establish a series of best practices to stop an intrusion before it causes damage. Typical incident response plans contain a set of written instructions that outline the organization's response to a cyberattack. Without a documented plan in place, an organization may not successfully detect an intrusion or compromise and stakeholders may not understand their roles, processes and procedures during an escalation, slowing the organization's response and resolution.

3525:, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If the industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently. Daniel R. McCarthy analyzed this public-private partnership in cybersecurity and reflected on the role of cybersecurity in the broader constitution of political order. 4511: 1509:

discovered 30% of cybersecurity incidents involved internal actors within a company. Research shows information security culture needs to be improved continuously. In "Information Security Culture from Analysis to Change", authors commented, "It's a never-ending process, a cycle of evaluation and change or maintenance." To manage the information security culture, five steps should be taken: pre-evaluation, strategic planning, operative planning, implementation, and post-evaluation.

3682:(CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure and cyber systems. It provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond & recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada's critical infrastructure sectors. It posts regular cybersecurity bulletins & operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. 15875: 2188:

containing sensitive data and attachments to the wrong recipient, the inability to recognize misleading URLs and to identify fake websites and dangerous email attachments. A common mistake that users make is saving their user id/password in their browsers to make it easier to log in to banking sites. This is a gift to attackers who have obtained access to a machine by some means. The risk may be mitigated by the use of two-factor authentication.

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virtual) threat. If a front door's lock is connected to the Internet, and can be locked/unlocked from a phone, then a criminal could enter the home at the press of a button from a stolen or hacked phone. People could stand to lose much more than their credit card numbers in a world controlled by IoT-enabled devices. Thieves have also used electronic means to circumvent non-Internet-connected hotel door locks.

2934:, all utilize secure controlled access technology for any of their buildings. However, the use of this form of technology is spreading into the entrepreneurial world. More and more companies are taking advantage of the development of digitally secure controlled access technology. GE's ACUVision, for example, offers a single panel platform for access control, alarm monitoring and digital recording. 3031:. An attack could cause a loss of power in a large area for a long period of time, and such an attack could have just as severe consequences as a natural disaster. The District of Columbia is considering creating a Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Authority within the city, with the goal being for customers to have more insight into their own energy use and giving the local electric utility, 915:(DoS) are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim's account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single 3948:. In 2017, CCIPS published A Framework for a Vulnerability Disclosure Program for Online Systems to help organizations "clearly describe authorized vulnerability disclosure and discovery conduct, thereby substantially reducing the likelihood that such described activities will result in a civil or criminal violation of law under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 U.S.C. § 1030)." 3422:

company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. When Avid Life Media did not take the site offline the group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned; but the website remained to function.

4679:'s arrival and with the digital transformation initiated in recent years, the notion of cybersecurity has become a familiar subject in both our professional and personal lives. Cybersecurity and cyber threats have been consistently present for the last 60 years of technological change. In the 1970s and 1980s, computer security was mainly limited to 1049:) is any software code or computer program "intentionally written to harm a computer system or its users." Once present on a computer, it can leak sensitive details such as personal information, business information and passwords, can give control of the system to the attacker, and can corrupt or delete data permanently. Another type of malware is 829:

or attacks from the last 12 months." These figures were much higher for "medium businesses (59%), large businesses (69%), and high-income charities with £500,000 or more in annual income (56%)." Yet, although medium or large businesses are more often the victims, since larger companies have generally improved their security over the last decade,

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applications." However, they are also multi-staged, meaning that “they can infiltrate networks and move laterally inside the network.” The attacks can be polymorphic, meaning that the cyberattacks used such as viruses, worms or trojans “constantly change (“morph”) making it nearly impossible to detect them using signature-based defences.”

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environments that are deemed as vital to operations. All critical targeted environments are susceptible to compromise and this has led to a series of proactive studies on how to migrate the risk by taking into consideration motivations by these types of actors. Several stark differences exist between the hacker motivation and that of

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strong domestic innovation; Peace and safety should be kept by making it easier for the US to stop people from using computer tools for bad things, working with friends and partners to do this; and increase the United States' impact around the world to support the main ideas behind an open, safe, reliable, and compatible Internet.

935:(DRDoS), where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim. With such attacks, the amplification factor makes the attack easier for the attacker because they have to use little bandwidth themselves. To understand why attackers may carry out these attacks, see the 'attacker motivation' section. 2225:

simple to implement and mostly dependent on discipline or education. It can be thought of as an abstract list of tips or measures that have been demonstrated as having a positive effect on personal or collective digital security. As such, these measures can be performed by laypeople, not just security experts.

1991:(TPMs) secure devices by integrating cryptographic capabilities onto access devices, through the use of microprocessors, or so-called computers-on-a-chip. TPMs used in conjunction with server-side software offer a way to detect and authenticate hardware devices, preventing unauthorized network and data access. 3993:

in an effort to ensure that all DoD personnel involved in network infrastructure defense have minimum levels of IT industry recognized knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA). Andersson and Reimers (2019) report these certifications range from CompTIA's A+ and Security+ through the ICS2.org's CISSP, etc.

1328:, in the context of computer security, aims to convince a user to disclose secrets such as passwords, card numbers, etc. or grant physical access by, for example, impersonating a senior executive, bank, a contractor, or a customer. This generally involves exploiting people's trust, and relying on their 4171:

Analyzes and assesses vulnerabilities in the infrastructure (software, hardware, networks), investigates using available tools and countermeasures to remedy the detected vulnerabilities and recommends solutions and best practices. Analyzes and assesses damage to the data/infrastructure as a result of

3793:(OPM), which compromised the records of about 4.2 million current and former government employees. And the strategy calls for the U.S. to continue to name and shame bad cyber actors, calling them out publicly for attacks when possible, along with the use of economic sanctions and diplomatic pressure. 3231:

In 1988, 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On 2 November 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers – the first

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is an organized approach to addressing and managing the aftermath of a computer security incident or compromise with the goal of preventing a breach or thwarting a cyberattack. An incident that is not identified and managed at the time of intrusion typically escalates to a more damaging event such as

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are typically used in software licensing schemes to unlock software capabilities, but they can also be seen as a way to prevent unauthorized access to a computer or other device's software. The dongle, or key, essentially creates a secure encrypted tunnel between the software application and the key.

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Protecting against social engineering and direct computer access (physical) attacks can only happen by non-computer means, which can be difficult to enforce, relative to the sensitivity of the information. Training is often involved to help mitigate this risk by improving people's knowledge of how to

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possible, to hardware implementation faults that allow for access or guessing of other values that normally should be inaccessible. In Side-channel attack scenarios, the attacker would gather such information about a system or network to guess its internal state and as a result access the information

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Multi-vector polymorphic attacks, as the name describes, are both multi-vectored and polymorphic. Firstly, they are a singular attack that involves multiple methods of attack. In this sense, they are “multi-vectored (i.e. the attack can use multiple means of propagation such as via the Web, email and

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Department for Science, Innovation & Technology released a report on cyber attacks over the last 12 months. They surveyed 2,263 UK businesses, 1,174 UK registered charities, and 554 education institutions. The research found that "32% of businesses and 24% of charities overall recall any breaches

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The US Department of Defense (DoD) issued DoD Directive 8570 in 2004, supplemented by DoD Directive 8140, requiring all DoD employees and all DoD contract personnel involved in information assurance roles and activities to earn and maintain various industry Information Technology (IT) certifications

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In July 2015, a hacker group is known as The Impact Team successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison, created by Avid Life Media. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the

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A key aspect of threat modeling for any system is identifying the motivations behind potential attacks and the individuals or groups likely to carry them out. The level and detail of security measures will differ based on the specific system being protected. For instance, a home personal computer, a

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is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private computer conversation (communication), usually between hosts on a network. It typically occurs when a user connects to a network where traffic is not secured or encrypted and sends sensitive business data to a colleague, which, when listened to by

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attack tools to US agencies and close allies, but eventually, the tools made their way to foreign adversaries. In 2016, NSAs own hacking tools were hacked, and they have been used by Russia and North Korea. NSA's employees and contractors have been recruited at high salaries by adversaries, anxious

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more than a year earlier in a data breach, resulting in the theft of approximately 21.5 million personnel records handled by the office. The Office of Personnel Management hack has been described by federal officials as among the largest breaches of government data in the history of the United

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The most common acts of digital hygiene can include updating malware protection, cloud back-ups, passwords, and ensuring restricted admin rights and network firewalls. As opposed to a purely technology-based defense against threats, cyber hygiene mostly regards routine measures that are technically

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The focus on the end-user represents a profound cultural change for many security practitioners, who have traditionally approached cybersecurity exclusively from a technical perspective, and moves along the lines suggested by major security centers to develop a culture of cyber awareness within the

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In order to ensure adequate security, the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a network, better known as the CIA triad, must be protected and is considered the foundation to information security. To achieve those objectives, administrative, physical and technical security measures should

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WiFi SSID spoofing is where the attacker simulates a WIFI base station SSID to capture and modify internet traffic and transactions. The attacker can also use local network addressing and reduced network defenses to penetrate the target's firewall by breaching known vulnerabilities. Sometimes known

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Performs security monitoring, security and data/logs analysis, and forensic analysis, to detect security incidents, and mount the incident response. Investigates and utilizes new technologies and processes to enhance security capabilities and implement improvements. May also review code or perform

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In the future, wars will not just be fought by soldiers with guns or with planes that drop bombs. They will also be fought with the click of a mouse a half a world away that unleashes carefully weaponized computer programs that disrupt or destroy critical industries like utilities, transportation,

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switch from one country to another, from one jurisdiction to another – moving around the world, using the fact that we don't have the capability to globally police operations like this. So the Internet is as if someone given free plane tickets to all the online criminals of the world." The use of

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Implementing fixes in aerospace systems poses a unique challenge because efficient air transportation is heavily affected by weight and volume. Improving security by adding physical devices to airplanes could increase their unloaded weight, and could potentially reduce cargo or passenger capacity.

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As the human component of cyber risk is particularly relevant in determining the global cyber risk an organization is facing, security awareness training, at all levels, not only provides formal compliance with regulatory and industry mandates but is considered essential in reducing cyber risk and

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Disabling USB ports is a security option for preventing unauthorized and malicious access to an otherwise secure computer. Infected USB dongles connected to a network from a computer inside the firewall are considered by the magazine Network World as the most common hardware threat facing computer

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It is possible to reduce an attacker's chances by keeping systems up to date with security patches and updates and by hiring people with expertise in security. Large companies with significant threats can hire Security Operations Centre (SOC) Analysts. These are specialists in cyber defences, with

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in organizations. Cultural concepts can help different segments of the organization work effectively or work against effectiveness toward information security within an organization. Information security culture is the "...totality of patterns of behavior in an organization that contributes to the

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Horizontal escalation (or account takeover) is where an attacker gains access to a normal user account that has relatively low-level privileges. This may be through stealing the user's username and password. Once they have access, they have gained a “foothold,” and using this foothold the attacker

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However, in the 1970s and 1980s, there were no grave computer threats because computers and the internet were still developing, and security threats were easily identifiable. More often, threats came from malicious insiders who gained unauthorized access to sensitive documents and files. Although

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Following cyberattacks in the first half of 2013, when the government, news media, television stations, and bank websites were compromised, the national government committed to the training of 5,000 new cybersecurity experts by 2017. The South Korean government blamed its northern counterpart for

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Student programs are also available for people interested in beginning a career in cybersecurity. Meanwhile, a flexible and effective option for information security professionals of all experience levels to keep studying is online security training, including webcasts. A wide range of certified

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has its first fully formed cyber plan in 15 years, as a result of the release of this National Cyber plan. In this policy, the US says it will: Protect the country by keeping networks, systems, functions, and data safe; Promote American wealth by building a strong digital economy and encouraging

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industry is very reliant on a series of complex systems which could be attacked. A simple power outage at one airport can cause repercussions worldwide, much of the system relies on radio transmissions which could be disrupted, and controlling aircraft over oceans is especially dangerous because

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Andersson and Reimers (2014) found that employees often do not see themselves as part of their organization's information security effort and often take actions that impede organizational changes. Indeed, the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report 2020, which examined 3,950 security breaches,

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Broad titles that encompass any one or all of the other roles or titles tasked with protecting computers, networks, software, data or information systems against viruses, worms, spyware, malware, intrusion detection, unauthorized access, denial-of-service attacks, and an ever-increasing list of

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Since 2010, Canada has had a cybersecurity strategy. This functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure. The strategy has three main pillars: securing government systems, securing vital private cyber systems, and helping Canadians to be

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shows, is the equivalent of establishing simple routine measures to minimize the risks from cyber threats. The assumption is that good cyber hygiene practices can give networked users another layer of protection, reducing the risk that one vulnerable node will be used to either mount attacks or

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are by far the most common prevention systems from a network security perspective as they can (if properly configured) shield access to internal network services and block certain kinds of attacks through packet filtering. Firewalls can be both hardware and software-based. Firewalls monitor and

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Similarly, Techopedia defines security architecture as "a unified security design that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a certain scenario or environment. It also specifies when and where to apply security controls. The design process is generally reproducible." The key

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is a policy framework by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) which aims to protect the public and private infrastructure from cyberattacks, and safeguard "information, such as personal information (of web users), financial and banking information and sovereign data".

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or system failure. The intended outcome of a computer security incident response plan is to contain the incident, limit damage and assist recovery to business as usual. Responding to compromises quickly can mitigate exploited vulnerabilities, restore services and processes and minimize losses.

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Normal internet users are most likely to be affected by untargeted cyberattacks. These are where attackers indiscriminately target as many devices, services, or users as possible. They do this using techniques that take advantage of the openness of the Internet. These strategies mostly include

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To inform the general public on how to protect themselves online, Public Safety Canada has partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations, and launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. They also run the GetCyberSafe portal for

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While the IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, it also provides opportunities for misuse. In particular, as the Internet of Things spreads widely, cyberattacks are likely to become an increasingly physical (rather than simply

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Medical records have been targeted in general identify theft, health insurance fraud, and impersonating patients to obtain prescription drugs for recreational purposes or resale. Although cyber threats continue to increase, 62% of all organizations did not increase security training for their

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The end-user is widely recognized as the weakest link in the security chain and it is estimated that more than 90% of security incidents and breaches involve some kind of human error. Among the most commonly recorded forms of errors and misjudgment are poor password management, sending emails

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Additionally, recent attacker motivations can be traced back to extremist organizations seeking to gain political advantage or disrupt social agendas. The growth of the internet, mobile technologies, and inexpensive computing devices have led to a rise in capabilities but also to the risk to

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and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $ 13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $ 226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically

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Security architecture can be defined as the "practice of designing computer systems to achieve security goals." These goals have overlap with the principles of "security by design" explored above, including to "make initial compromise of the system difficult," and to "limit the impact of any

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Although systems can be created which are safe against a multitude of attacks, that does not mean that attacks will not be attempted. Despite one's security, all companies' systems should aim to be able to detect and spot attacks as soon as they occur to ensure the most effective response to

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concerned with reducing organizations' risk of hack or data breaches. According to research from the Enterprise Strategy Group, 46% of organizations say that they have a "problematic shortage" of cybersecurity skills in 2016, up from 28% in 2015. Commercial, government and non-governmental

3962:'s role in cybersecurity is to strengthen the protection of critical communications infrastructure, to assist in maintaining the reliability of networks during disasters, to aid in swift recovery after, and to ensure that first responders have access to effective communications services. 3143:

Attackers motivations can vary for all types of attacks from pleasure to political goals. For example, "hacktivists" may target a company or organization that carries out activities they do not agree with. This would be to create bad publicity for the company by having its website crash.

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International legal issues of cyber attacks are complicated in nature. There is no global base of common rules to judge, and eventually punish, cybercrimes and cybercriminals - and where security firms or agencies do locate the cybercriminal behind the creation of a particular piece of

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Message spoofing (via email, SMS or OTT messaging) is where the attacker spoofs the identity or carrier service while the target is using messaging protocols like email, SMS or OTT (IP-based) messaging apps. The attacker can then monitor conversations, launch social attacks or trigger

4778:, shortly after the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) launched Mosaic 1.0, the first web browser, in 1993. Netscape had SSL version 1.0 ready in 1994, but it was never released to the public due to many serious security vulnerabilities. These weaknesses included 4755:

Between September 1986 and June 1987, a group of German hackers performed the first documented case of cyber espionage. The group hacked into American defense contractors, universities, and military base networks and sold gathered information to the Soviet KGB. The group was led by

1981:(AES) provides a stronger measure of security since it is harder to hack and replicate the dongle than to simply copy the native software to another machine and use it. Another security application for dongles is to use them for accessing web-based content such as cloud software or 3708:, slated for release within the current week. A substantial allocation of $ 7.2 million is earmarked for the establishment of a voluntary cyber health check program, facilitating businesses in conducting a comprehensive and tailored self-assessment of their cybersecurity upskill. 3378:

are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing

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The purpose of the Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group (MAAWG) is to bring the messaging industry together to work collaboratively and to successfully address the various forms of messaging abuse, such as spam, viruses, denial-of-service attacks and other messaging exploitations.

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signed Executive Order 14028 on May 12, 2021, to increase software security standards for sales to the government, tighten detection and security on existing systems, improve information sharing and training, establish a Cyber Safety Review Board, and improve incident response.

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is an Internet-based conflict that involves politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. Such attacks can, for example, disable official websites and networks, disrupt or disable essential services, steal or alter classified data, and cripple financial

3955:, also known as USCYBERCOM, "has the mission to direct, synchronize, and coordinate cyberspace planning and operations to defend and advance national interests in collaboration with domestic and international partners." It has no role in the protection of civilian networks. 3194:

Containment, eradication and recovery: Isolating affected systems to prevent escalation and limit impact, pinpointing the genesis of the incident, removing malware, affected systems and bad actors from the environment and restoring systems and data when a threat no longer

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has been mostly restricted to research operating systems. Capabilities can, however, also be implemented at the language level, leading to a style of programming that is essentially a refinement of standard object-oriented design. An open-source project in the area is the

3089:, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to 2676:

which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. WiFi, Bluetooth, and cell phone networks on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.

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which allow an attacker to gain direct access to a computer's memory. The attacks "take advantage of a feature of modern computers that allows certain devices, such as external hard drives, graphics cards, or network cards, to access the computer's memory directly."

3260:, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of 4611:

is an approach to operating system design which has only the near-minimum amount of code running at the most privileged level – and runs other elements of the operating system such as device drivers, protocol stacks and file systems, in the safer, less privileged

3899:. The division is home to US-CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System. The National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure. 3715:. Furthermore, it affords them access to a repository of educational resources and materials, fostering the acquisition of skills necessary for an elevated cybersecurity posture. This groundbreaking initiative was jointly disclosed by Minister for Cyber Security 2286:

often lack the skills, interest or budget to pursue attackers. Furthermore, identifying attackers across a network may necessitate collecting logs from multiple locations within the network and across various countries, a process that can be both difficult and

1968:, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below. 13374: 3035:, the chance to better estimate energy demand. The D.C. proposal, however, would "allow third-party vendors to create numerous points of energy distribution, which could potentially create more opportunities for cyber attackers to threaten the electric grid." 943:

A direct-access attack is when an unauthorized user (an attacker) gains physical access to a computer, most likely to directly copy data from it or steal information. Attackers may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing

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service as a pre-vetted support service, to rapidly address potential vulnerabilities, and stop adversaries before they impact US federal, state and local governments. These services are commonly referred to as Highly Adaptive Cybersecurity Services (HACS).

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The Indian Companies Act 2013 has also introduced cyber law and cybersecurity obligations on the part of Indian directors. Some provisions for cybersecurity have been incorporated into rules framed under the Information Technology Act 2000 Update in 2013.

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Spoofing is an act of pretending to be a valid entity through the falsification of data (such as an IP address or username), in order to gain access to information or resources that one is otherwise unauthorized to obtain. Spoofing is closely related to

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of U.S. information systems and also for collecting foreign intelligence. The agency analyzes commonly used software and system configurations to find security flaws, which it can use for offensive purposes against competitors of the United States.

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SSL hijacking, typically coupled with another media-level MITM attack, is where the attacker spoofs the SSL authentication and encryption protocol by way of Certificate Authority injection in order to decrypt, surveil and modify traffic. See also

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until the conception of the Internet, where, with increased connectivity, computer viruses and network intrusions began to take off. After the spread of viruses in the 1990s, the 2000s marked the institutionalization of organized attacks such as

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organizations all employ cybersecurity professionals. The fastest increases in demand for cybersecurity workers are in industries managing increasing volumes of consumer data such as finance, health care, and retail. However, the use of the term

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are programs that pretend to be helpful or hide themselves within desired or legitimate software to "trick users into installing them." Once installed, a RAT (remote access trojan) can create a secret backdoor on the affected device to cause

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An attack aimed at physical infrastructure or human lives is often called a cyber-kinetic attack. As IoT devices and appliances become more widespread, the prevalence and potential damage of cyber-kinetic attacks can increase substantially.

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High capability hackers, often with larger backing or state sponsorship, may attack based on the demands of their financial backers. These attacks are more likely to attempt more serious attack. An example of a more serious attack was the

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are almost identical to the legitimate one. The fake website often asks for personal information, such as login details and passwords. This information can then be used to gain access to the individual's real account on the real website.

4270:(IMDA). It outlines the different OT cybersecurity job positions as well as the technical skills and core competencies necessary. It also depicts the many career paths available, including vertical and lateral advancement opportunities. 2727:

to enable its members to access their health care records, as well as to provide an overview of health care plans. Patient records are increasingly being placed on secure in-house networks, alleviating the need for extra storage space.

2156:(ACL), with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions associated with an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects. 1709:

A state of computer security is the conceptual ideal, attained by the use of three processes: threat prevention, detection, and response. These processes are based on various policies and system components, which include the following:

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security incidents, examines available recovery tools and processes, and recommends solutions. Tests for compliance with security policies and procedures. May assist in the creation, implementation, or management of security solutions.

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Identifying attackers is difficult, as they may operate through proxies, temporary anonymous dial-up accounts, wireless connections, and other anonymizing procedures which make back-tracing difficult – and are often located in another

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Vertical escalation however targets people higher up in a company and often with more administrative power, such as an employee in IT with a higher privilege. Using this privileged account will then enable the attacker to invade other

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to install backdoors, giving them remote administrative access to a system. Once they have access, cybercriminals can "modify files, steal personal information, install unwanted software, and even take control of the entire computer."

3407:, names, dates and places of birth, addresses, and fingerprints of current and former government employees as well as anyone who had undergone a government background check. It is believed the hack was perpetrated by Chinese hackers. 3512:

Many government officials and experts think that the government should do more and that there is a crucial need for improved regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem.

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or security controls. These weaknesses may exist for many reasons, including original design or poor configuration. Due to the nature of backdoors, they are of greater concern to companies and databases as opposed to individuals.

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compromise." In practice, the role of a security architect would be to ensure the structure of a system reinforces the security of the system, and that new changes are safe and meet the security requirements of the organization.

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A vulnerability refers to a flaw in the structure, execution, functioning, or internal oversight of a computer or system that compromises its security. Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the

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reader software designed for mobile devices, offer new, secure ways for mobile phones to connect to access control systems. These control systems provide computer security and can also be used for controlling access to secure

3789:, urging nations to adhere to a set of norms, both through international law and voluntary standards. It also calls for specific measures to harden U.S. government networks from attacks, like the June 2015 intrusion into the 1662:

track system activity so that when a security breach occurs, the mechanism and extent of the breach can be determined. Storing audit trails remotely, where they can only be appended to, can keep intruders from covering their

3058:. Tests are being conducted to secure OTA ("over-the-air") payment and credit card information from and to a mobile phone. Combination SIM/DVD devices are being developed through Smart Video Card technology which embeds a 1939:

protect themselves and by increasing people's awareness of threats. However, even in highly disciplined environments (e.g. military organizations), social engineering attacks can still be difficult to foresee and prevent.

1133:(MITM) involve a malicious attacker trying to intercept, surveil or modify communications between two parties by spoofing one or both party's identities and injecting themselves in-between. Types of MITM attacks include: 10834: 10331: 13367: 1261:

describes a situation where an attacker with some level of restricted access is able to, without authorization, elevate their privileges or access level. For example, a standard computer user may be able to exploit a

1002:(VPN), which encrypts data between two points, is one of the most common forms of protection against eavesdropping. Using the best form of encryption possible for wireless networks is best practice, as well as using 11853: 2862:

Additionally, e-Drivers' licenses are being developed using the same technology. For example, Mexico's licensing authority (ICV) has used a smart card platform to issue the first e-Drivers' licenses to the city of

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Internet Report: Surveying the Digital Future (2000) found that the privacy of personal data created barriers to online sales and that more than nine out of 10 internet users were somewhat or very concerned about

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are a specific type of malware, and are normally a malicious code that hijacks software with the intention to "do damage and spread copies of itself." Copies are made with the aim to spread to other programs on a

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operating system to attack and damage equipment used in Iran to refine nuclear materials. Iran responded by heavily investing in their own cyberwarfare capability, which it began using against the United States.

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where banks give customers hand-held card readers to perform online secure transactions. Other developments in this arena include the development of technology such as Instant Issuance which has enabled shopping

7603: 2633:(e-tickets). These have been made possible by advances in online credit card transactions in partnership with the airlines. Long-distance bus companies are also switching over to e-ticketing transactions today. 2075:. Using secure operating systems is a good way of ensuring computer security. These are systems that have achieved certification from an external security-auditing organization, the most popular evaluations are 1870:. In order for these tools to be effective, they must be kept up to date with every new update the vendor release. Typically, these updates will scan for the new vulnerabilities that were introduced recently. 8535: 7365: 3647:. The regulation requires that any entity that processes personal data incorporate data protection by design and by default. It also requires that certain organizations appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO). 3047:(Subscriber Identity Module) card, a device that is embedded in most of the world's cellular devices before any service can be obtained. The SIM card is just the beginning of this digitally secure environment. 4559:

software aids networks in preventing malware infection and data theft at network entry points made vulnerable by the prevalence of potentially infected devices such as laptops, mobile devices, and USB drives.

3101:

analyzing the optimal investment level in information security, one can conclude that the amount a firm spends to protect information should generally be only a small fraction of the expected loss (i.e., the

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services allow companies and consumers to engage in secure communications and commerce. Several versions of SSL and TLS are commonly used today in applications such as web browsing, e-mail, internet faxing,

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refers to a device, typically a push-button switch, which detects when a computer case is opened. The firmware or BIOS is programmed to show an alert to the operator when the computer is booted up the next

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Before a secure system is created or updated, companies should ensure they understand the fundamentals and the context around the system they are trying to create and identify any weaknesses in the system.

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Any computational system affects its environment in some form. This effect it has on its environment can range from electromagnetic radiation, to residual effect on RAM cells which as a consequence make a

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For example, programs can be installed into an individual user's account, which limits the program's potential access, as well as being a means control which users have specific exceptions to policy. In

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has issued a Singapore Operational Technology (OT) Cybersecurity Competency Framework (OTCCF). The framework defines emerging cybersecurity roles in Operational Technology. The OTCCF was endorsed by the

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The growth in the number of computer systems and the increasing reliance upon them by individuals, businesses, industries, and governments means that there are an increasing number of systems at risk.

1912:

Whilst no measures can completely guarantee the prevention of an attack, these measures can help mitigate the damage of possible attacks. The effects of data loss/damage can be also reduced by careful

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authorities, counter-attacks, and the like. In some special cases, the complete destruction of the compromised system is favored, as it may happen that not all the compromised resources are detected.

1332:. A common scam involves emails sent to accounting and finance department personnel, impersonating their CEO and urgently requesting some action. One of the main techniques of social engineering are 7421: 4342:

to install them; to install them only when there is a demonstrated need (e.g. software needed to perform assignments); to install only those which are known to be reputable (preferably with access

2617:. The introduction of the ePassport has assisted border officials in verifying the identity of the passport holder, thus allowing for quick passenger processing. Plans are under way in the US, the 10119: 9095: 3126:, some are activists, others are criminals looking for financial gain. State-sponsored attackers are now common and well resourced but started with amateurs such as Markus Hess who hacked for the 5404: 12185: 10414: 9183: 6255: 2052:(PUFs) can be used as a digital fingerprint or a unique identifier to integrated circuits and hardware, providing users the ability to secure the hardware supply chains going into their systems. 3198:

Post incident activity: Post mortem analysis of the incident, its root cause and the organization's response with the intent of improving the incident response plan and future response efforts.

3191:

Detection and analysis: Identifying and investigating suspicious activity to confirm a security incident, prioritizing the response based on impact and coordinating notification of the incident

11605: 9339: 13057: 10090: 9029: 3312:(PLCs) in a targeted attack. This is generally believed to have been launched by Israel and the United States to disrupt Iran's nuclear program – although neither has publicly admitted this. 4443:

are one or more copies kept of important computer files. Typically, multiple copies will be kept at different locations so that if a copy is stolen or damaged, other copies will still exist.

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to force companies and organizations to protect their systems, infrastructure and information from any cyberattacks, but also to protect its own national infrastructure such as the national

1191:

from a (fictional) bank. The sender is attempting to trick the recipient into revealing confidential information by confirming it at the phisher's website. Note the misspelling of the words

9535: 923:(DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points. In this case, defending against these attacks is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the 13417: 11204: 6442: 3704:

resilience of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and enhance their capabilities in responding to cyber threats. This financial backing is an integral component of the soon-to-be-unveiled

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are similar to viruses, however viruses can only function when a user runs (opens) a compromised program. Worms are self-replicating malware that spread between programs, apps and devices

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techniques involve transforming information, scrambling it, so it becomes unreadable during transmission. The intended recipient can unscramble the message; ideally, eavesdroppers cannot.

1091:

is a type of malware that secretly gathers information from an infected computer and transmits the sensitive information back to the attacker. One of the most common forms of spyware are

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of confidentiality, integrity, and availability as a clear and simple way to describe key security goals. While still relevant, many more elaborate frameworks have since been proposed.

1222:

is the attempt of acquiring sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details directly from users by deceiving the users. Phishing is typically carried out by

833:(SMBs) have also become increasingly vulnerable as they often "do not have advanced tools to defend the business." SMBs are most likely to be affected by malware, ransomware, phishing, 9905: 3383:

had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.

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Security by design, or alternately secure by design, means that the software has been designed from the ground up to be secure. In this case, security is considered a main feature.

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Sztyber-Betley, A., Syfert, M., Kościelny, J. M., & Górecka, Z. (2023). Controller Cyber-Attack Detection and Isolation †: Sensors (14248220). Sensors (14248220), 23(5), 2778.

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information are also prominent hacking targets, because of the potential for immediate financial gain from transferring money, making purchases, or selling the information on the

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communications, and energy. Such attacks could also disable military networks that control the movement of troops, the path of jet fighters, the command and control of warships.

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aims to guard against the accidental introduction of security vulnerabilities. It is also possible to create software designed from the ground up to be secure. Such systems are

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Role-based access control is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users, used by the majority of enterprises with more than 500 employees, and can implement

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have either been successfully attacked or had potentially deadly vulnerabilities demonstrated, including both in-hospital diagnostic equipment and implanted devices including

1946:, seeks to prevent social engineering and other fraudulent tricks and traps by instilling a resistance to persuasion attempts through exposure to similar or related attempts. 5139: – part of information security that focuses on raising consciousness regarding potential risks of the rapidly evolving forms of information and the accompanying threats 2966:

that enables them to collect and exchange data. Concerns have been raised that this is being developed without appropriate consideration of the security challenges involved.

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or alteration of data. It is an intentional but unauthorized act resulting in the modification of a system, components of systems, its intended behavior, or data. So-called

10241: 4707:, were foundational moments in the history of the field of computer security. Ware's work straddled the intersection of material, cultural, political, and social concerns. 3264:'s Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user. 11845: 11703: 8944: 8409:

Cole, Jeffrey I.; Suman, Michael; Schramm, Phoebe; van Bel, Daniel; Lunn, B.; Maguire, Phyllisane; Hanson, Koran; Singh, Rajesh; Aquino, Jedrix-Sean; Lebo, Harlan (2000).

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Surfacing in 2017, a new class of multi-vector, polymorphic cyber threats combine several types of attacks and change form to avoid cybersecurity controls as they spread.

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When a target user opens the HTML, the malicious code is activated; the web browser then "decodes" the script, which then unleashes the malware onto the target's device.

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means that no one is trusted by default from inside or outside the network, and verification is required from everyone trying to gain access to resources on the network.

956:

or using wireless microphones. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be bypassed by booting another operating system or tool from a

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malware and network breaches existed during the early years, they did not use them for financial gain. By the second half of the 1970s, established computer firms like

2001:

Drive locks are essentially software tools to encrypt hard drives, making them inaccessible to thieves. Tools exist specifically for encrypting external drives as well.

13145: 13123: 7361: 4254:, were established supported by the Government's cybersecurity strategy in order to encourage start-ups and innovation and to address the skills gap identified by the 3374:

computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using

1656:). Ideally, a secure system should require a deliberate, conscious, knowledgeable and free decision on the part of legitimate authorities in order to make it insecure. 10059: 9717: 9399: 3097:

However, reasonable estimates of the financial cost of security breaches can actually help organizations make rational investment decisions. According to the classic

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Companies should design and centre their security around techniques and defences which make attacking their data or systems inherently more challenging for attackers.

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IP address spoofing is where the attacker hijacks routing protocols to reroute the targets traffic to a vulnerable network node for traffic interception or injection.

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The sheer number of attempted attacks, often by automated vulnerability scanners and computer worms, is so large that organizations cannot spend time pursuing each.

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is necessarily defined by the assessed security requirements of an individual system and may cover the range from simple upgrade of protections to notification of

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Strategic planning: To come up with a better awareness program, clear targets need to be set. Assembling a team of skilled professionals is helpful to achieve it.

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is where attackers hijack domain name assignments to redirect traffic to systems under the attackers control, in order to surveil traffic or launch other attacks.

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and the societies they support. Security is of especially high importance for systems that govern large-scale systems with far-reaching physical effects, such as

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techniques can be used to defend data in transit between systems, reducing the probability that the data exchange between systems can be intercepted or modified.

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and other verification tools can be used to enable critical algorithms and code used in secure systems to be mathematically proven to meet their specifications.

3643:(GDPR). The GDPR, which came into force on 25 May 2018, grants individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA) the right to the 12051: 11037: 9990: 4006:

is a name given to expert groups that handle computer security incidents. In the US, two distinct organizations exist, although they do work closely together.

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an attacker, could be exploited. Data transmitted across an "open network" allows an attacker to exploit a vulnerability and intercept it via various methods.

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which can even provide their own set of system libraries, limiting the software's, or anyone controlling it, access to the server's versions of the libraries.

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Operative planning: A good security culture can be established based on internal communication, management buy-in, security awareness and a training program.

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standard for encryption. This standard was later withdrawn due to widespread criticism. The NSA additionally were revealed to have tapped the links between

2648:

Desktop computers and laptops are commonly targeted to gather passwords or financial account information or to construct a botnet to attack another target.

1121:. These attacks often begin with a "sudden pop-up with an urgent message, usually warning the user that they've broken the law or their device has a virus." 11547: 8882: 7414: 3744: 821:

Various people or parties are vulnerable to cyber attacks; however, different groups are likely to experience different types of attacks more than others.

12494: 11377:"Ensuring the Security of Federal Information Systems and Cyber Critical Infrastructure and Protecting the Privacy of Personally Identifiable Information" 9879: 6790: 10115: 9085: 8637: 13626: 10955: 10406: 6251: 5379: 2844:, the danger is much greater – and in a widely publicized 2015 test, hackers remotely carjacked a vehicle from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch. 1806:, which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet. 13245: 11763: 11173: 9175: 6946: 3321: 13652: 12552: 9331: 9025: 4782:

and a vulnerability that allowed hackers to alter unencrypted communications sent by users. However, in February 1995, Netscape launched Version 2.0.

900:

Backdoors can be very hard to detect and are usually discovered by someone who has access to the application source code or intimate knowledge of the

13520: 12813: 12207: 11597: 11151: 10082: 8619: 1955: 245: 13065: 12574: 7974: 1637:, where the design is such that more than one subsystem needs to be violated to compromise the integrity of the system and the information it holds. 1095:, which record all of a user's keyboard inputs/keystrokes, to "allow hackers to harvest usernames, passwords, bank account and credit card numbers." 11315: 9062: 8830: 8455: 8160: 8056: 7271: 5552: 3925: 3611: 2477:

The most common web technologies for improving security between browsers and websites are named SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), and its successor TLS (

1909:

their role ranging from "conducting threat analysis to investigating reports of any new issues and preparing and testing disaster recovery plans."

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A high-level management position responsible for the entire security division/staff. A newer position is now deemed needed as security risks grow.

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A high-level management position responsible for the entire information security division/staff. The position may include hands-on technical work.

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The third priority of the FBI is to: "Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes", and they, along with the

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being used as an attack vector, and the car's onboard microphones being used for eavesdropping. However, if access is gained to a car's internal

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that stores a digitized photograph and personal information such as name, gender, and date of birth. In addition, more countries are introducing

1935:: a card, dongle, cellphone, or another piece of hardware. This increases security as an unauthorized person needs both of these to gain access. 1562:

by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken.

11823: 9514:. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 9 – 10, 2010. 8509: 4598:

are computers that are intentionally left vulnerable to attack by crackers. They can be used to catch crackers and to identify their techniques.

4092:, which mandates robust protection of digital computers and equipment and communications systems at nuclear power plants against cyber threats. 1701:

Practicing security architecture provides the right foundation to systematically address business, IT and security concerns in an organization.

1029:. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact with the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon by monitoring the faint 14321: 14105: 10353: 9960: 9279: 3970: 1358: 1053:, which is when "malware installs itself onto a victim's machine, encrypts their files, and then turns around and demands a ransom (usually in 13472: 12516: 11979: 9205: 8754: 1960:

Hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as

13315: 11793: 8998: 8913: 8651: 6916: 6195: 4018: 3888: 3261: 2558:, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the 14038: 10897: 10149: 9838: 8186: 7450: 7246: 5968: 11102: 11068: 10436: 6850: 3392: 2787:

with the apparent dual motive of embarrassing the company through data leaks and crippling the company by wiping workstations and servers.

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is the accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alteration in data between two updates of a data record.

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Designs a security system or major components of a security system, and may head a security design team building a new security system.

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secure online. There is also a Cyber Incident Management Framework to provide a coordinated response in the event of a cyber incident.

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control incoming and outgoing traffic of a computer network and establish a barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network.

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and have full unrestricted access to a system. The severity of attacks can range from attacks simply sending an unsolicited email to a

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Chermick, Steven; Freilich, Joshua; Holt, Thomas (April 2017). "Exploring the Subculture of Ideologically Motivated Cyber-Attackers".

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Companies should ensure that their core services that rely on technology are protected so that the systems are essentially never down.

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Cyber hygiene relates to personal hygiene as computer viruses relate to biological viruses (or pathogens). However, while the term

2011:

Mobile-enabled access devices are growing in popularity due to the ubiquitous nature of cell phones. Built-in capabilities such as

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are expected to be even more complex. All of these systems carry some security risks, and such issues have gained wide attention.

13289: 12074: 11403: 9467: 8936: 8081: 7571: 7476: 6285: 3740: 3679: 3152:, which reportedly utilised the spear-phising, destruction of files, and denial-of-service attacks to carry out the full attack. 2435: 12420:. Cybersecurity Unit, Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section Criminal Division U.S. Department of Justice. July 2017 11695: 10301: 10271: 9253: 8243: 1770:

solutions can prevent the client to visit malicious web pages and inspect the content before downloading to the client machines.

1513:

Pre-evaluation: To identify the awareness of information security within employees and to analyze the current security policies.

732:(IoT). Cybersecurity is one of the most significant new challenges facing the contemporary world, due to both the complexity of 15628: 15600: 8410: 6994: 6720: 4463:

techniques can be used to attempt to ensure that all software loaded has been certified as authentic by the system's designers.

3528:

On 22 May 2020, the UN Security Council held its second ever informal meeting on cybersecurity to focus on cyber challenges to

13812: 13337: 12369: 11442:"Privatizing Political Authority: Cybersecurity, Public-Private Partnerships, and the Reproduction of Liberal Political Order" 10851: 8483:. International Conference on Aviation Safety and Security in the 21st Century, White House Commission on Safety and Security. 7387: 6588: 555: 15653: 14842: 14283:

Cybersecurity Best Practices | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2024, from

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serve as a gatekeeper system between networks, allowing only traffic that matches defined rules. They often include detailed

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computer systems are commonly attacked by activists and foreign powers. Local and regional government infrastructure such as

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worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable. In 2014, the

1782:. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the 1292:

then may move around the network of users at this same lower level, gaining access to information of this similar privilege.

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In June 2021, the cyber attack took down the largest fuel pipeline in the U.S. and led to shortages across the East Coast.

791: 11935: 8755:"Humana Web Site Named Best Interactive Site by eHealthcare Strategy & Trends; re LOUISVILLE, Ky., Nov. 15 PRNewswire" 6229: 2273:. If they successfully breach security, they have also often gained enough administrative access to enable them to delete 15658: 14930: 14873: 14069: 11362: 9252:. SEC'11 Proceedings of the 20th USENIX conference on Security. Berkeley, California, US: USENIX Association. p. 6. 8334: 7296: 5949: 3848: 3790: 3735: 3431: 3400: 2800: 2072: 2062: 1666: 650:

An example of a physical security measure: a metal lock on the back of a personal computer to prevent hardware tampering.

8310:"Analysis | The Cybersecurity 202: Agencies struggling with basic cybersecurity despite Trump's pledge to prioritize it" 4142:

There are a few critical voices that question whether cybersecurity is as significant a threat as it is made out to be.

15163: 14314: 14274: 14255: 14152: 14130: 14051: 13263: 13040: 10761:

Wilcox, S. and Brown, B. (2005) 'Responding to Security Incidents – Sooner or Later Your Systems Will Be Compromised',

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radar surveillance only extends 175 to 225 miles offshore. There is also potential for attack from within an aircraft.

2217:

compromise another node or network, especially from common cyberattacks. Cyber hygiene should also not be mistaken for

1545:

Post-evaluation: To assess the success of the planning and implementation, and to identify unresolved areas of concern.

888:

Backdoors may be added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access or by an attacker for malicious reasons.

830: 554: 49: 12601:

Air Traffic Control: FAA Needs a More Comprehensive Approach to Address Cybersecurity As Agency Transitions to NextGen

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Some provisions for cybersecurity have been incorporated into rules framed under the Information Technology Act 2000.

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of the correctness of computer systems is possible, it is not yet common. Operating systems formally verified include

15810: 15638: 15168: 14805: 12092: 12043: 9659: 7168: 4262: 3959: 2563: 2292: 17: 12604: 11423:"Former White House aide backs some Net regulation / Clarke says government, industry deserve 'F' in cyber security" 11029: 8702: 8510:"Air Traffic Control Systems Vulnerabilities Could Make for Unfriendly Skies [Black Hat] – SecurityWeek.Com" 3711:

This avant-garde health assessment serves as a diagnostic tool, enabling enterprises to ascertain the robustness of

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Maness, Ryan C.; Valeriano, Brandon (25 March 2015). "The Impact of Cyber Conflict on International Interactions".

12732: 9565: 5039: 4760:, who was arrested on 29 June 1987. He was convicted of espionage (along with two co-conspirators) on 15 Feb 1990. 4700: 4255: 4014: 4002: 3974: 3896: 3661: 3164:

bank, and a classified military network each face distinct threats, despite using similar underlying technologies.

920: 13863: 12272: 11905: 11875: 11725: 11665: 11340: 10928: 10572: 9362: 4604:

are devices or software applications that monitor networks or systems for malicious activity or policy violations.

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organization, recognizing that a security-aware user provides an important line of defense against cyber attacks.

15939: 15286: 14855: 13970: 13881: 13096: 11630: 11441: 10807:"The TJX Companies, Inc. Victimized by Computer System Intrusion; Provides Information to Help Protect Customers" 10789: 8967: 8589: 7903: 3978: 3911: 3865: 3764:

these attacks, as well as incidents that occurred in 2009, 2011, and 2012, but Pyongyang denies the accusations.

2595: 2567: 2398: 1022: 66: 11543: 9592: 8874: 6765: 1582:

The UK government's National Cyber Security Centre separates secure cyber design principles into five sections:

15577: 15539: 15196: 14904: 12502: 11583: 9868: 6469:"HTML smuggling surges: Highly evasive loader technique increasingly used in banking malware, targeted attacks" 5136: 4660:

is a type of malware added to a legitimate program that lies dormant until it is triggered by a specific event.

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to potentially offer better quality and access to healthcare, or fitness trackers to lower insurance premiums.

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Disconnecting or disabling peripheral devices (like camera, GPS, removable storage, etc.), that are not in use.

1611:, where each part of the system has only the privileges that are needed for its function. That way, even if an 572: 556: 518: 13615: 13399: 11565: 8633: 5524: 3011:

exploits, viruses, and data breaches of sensitive data stored on hospital servers. On 28 December 2016 the US

1439:

with a different host's IP address. This causes data to be sent to the attacker rather than the intended host.

856:

To secure a computer system, it is important to understand the attacks that can be made against it, and these

15719: 15696: 15426: 15416: 14668: 14307: 14213:"Enterprise information security, a review of architectures and frameworks from interoperability perspective" 13989: 12325: 11242: 11165: 10962: 10874: 10500: 5212: 4685: 4651: 4108: 4081: 4049: 3697: 3636: 3309: 3188:

Preparation: Preparing stakeholders on the procedures for handling computer security incidents or compromises

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Companies should create secure systems designed so that any attack that is "successful" has minimal severity.

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Aviation security : terrorist acts demonstrate urgent need to improve security at the nation's airports

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can provide a practical solution for the problem of securely communicating when no key is shared in advance.

15800: 15388: 15296: 15201: 14977: 14962: 13197: 12547: 12542: 11143: 10444: 8000: 6942: 6494:"Obfuscated Files or Information: HTML Smuggling, Sub-technique T1027.006 – Enterprise | MITRE ATT&CK®" 5200: 5189: 5097: 5027: 3966: 3907: 3841: 3810: 3615: 3149: 3016: 3012: 2591: 2164: 2049: 1978: 1634: 1608: 1416: 1146: 1118: 633: 165: 153: 12805: 12578: 8615: 4744:

in 1971. The program was purely experimental in nature and carried no malicious payload. A later program,

15888: 15623: 15121: 14860: 14781: 14581: 8447: 7336: 7147:. Proceeding DAC '83 Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference. IEEE Press. pp. 221–227. 5772: 4648:

is spyware that silently captures and stores each keystroke that a user types on the computer's keyboard.

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be employed. The amount of security afforded to an asset can only be determined when its value is known.

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Privilege escalation can be separated into two strategies, horizontal and vertical privilege escalation:

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In addition to its own specific duties, the FBI participates alongside non-profit organizations such as

2636:

The consequences of a successful attack range from loss of confidentiality to loss of system integrity,

2629:

technology. The airline industry is moving from the use of traditional paper tickets towards the use of

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There is growing concern that cyberspace will become the next theater of warfare. As Mark Clayton from

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The new U.S. cyber strategy seeks to allay some of those concerns by promoting responsible behavior in

3453:, often the local authorities cannot take action due to lack of laws under which to prosecute. Proving 3416: 3277: 3122:, the motivations for breaches of computer security vary between attackers. Some are thrill-seekers or 3044: 2796: 2366: 1877:

against their systems to identify vulnerabilities. In some sectors, this is a contractual requirement.

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Schlienger, Thomas; Teufel, Stephanie (2003). "Information security culture-from analysis to change".

6158: 5293: 4136: 15878: 15805: 15780: 15643: 15291: 14897: 14698: 14416: 11815: 5056: 4623: 4619: 4446: 4434: 3579:

helps protect societies worldwide from the threat of cybercrime through the Convention on Cybercrime.

3483: 2171: 2146: 2132: 2128: 1924: 1799: 1618: 1555: 1357:

team was the victim of this type of cyber scam with a perpetrator impersonating the team's president

1344: 1263: 1026: 912: 825: 784: 511: 260: 11846:"Government of Canada Launches Cyber Security Awareness Month With New Public Awareness Partnership" 10536:

Gordon, Lawrence; Loeb, Martin (November 2002). "The Economics of Information Security Investment".

9520: 9424: 9271: 7697:"A Survey on Supply Chain Security: Application Areas, Security Threats, and Solution Architectures" 2829:

may use WiFi and Bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices and the cell phone network.

2442:

interested in manipulating markets and making illicit gains. Websites and apps that accept or store

1873:

Beyond vulnerability scanning, many organizations contract outside security auditors to run regular

15934: 15729: 15562: 15148: 15017: 14683: 14561: 14456: 13468: 13311: 12520: 12417: 10605: 10525:(Report). Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, Government, and Finance Division. RL32331. 8655: 7825: 5033: 4786: 4775: 4065: 4024: 3834: 3689:

Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's cybersecurity strategy in early 2015.

3548:

The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is the global association of CSIRTs. The

3257: 2478: 2455: 2414: 2325: 2232:

was coined almost simultaneously with the creation of the first working computer viruses, the term

2160: 2020: 1982: 1838: 1522:

Implementation: Four stages should be used to implement the information security culture. They are:

1130: 1081: 834: 553: 436: 395: 365: 315: 13447: 11785: 8905: 8195: 6184: 3501:

that was to remain free of government intervention, as can be seen in many of today's libertarian

15790: 15724: 15615: 15431: 15091: 14771: 14723: 14386: 14163: 13022: 10141: 8703:"The Australian ePassport. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website" 7446: 7203:

Ingredients of Operating System Correctness? Lessons Learned in the Formal Verification of PikeOS

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announced some initial safety standards, and called for states to come up with uniform policies.

2841: 2736:

Large corporations are common targets. In many cases attacks are aimed at financial gain through

2720: 2700:

companies use the internet to provide enhanced products and services, for example through use of

2626: 2378: 2350: 2283: 2218: 2138: 1994: 1988: 1965: 1927:

is a method for mitigating unauthorized access to a system or sensitive information. It requires

1481:

smuggling allows an attacker to "smuggle" a malicious code inside a particular HTML or web page.

999: 965: 953: 175: 11197:"U.S. Suspects Hackers in China Breached About four (4) Million People's Records, Officials Say" 11099: 7742: 6842: 5993: 3346:

global surveillance. There were also indications that the NSA may have inserted a backdoor in a

1694:

determination of controls based on risk assessment, good practices, finances, and legal matters.

15855: 15686: 15567: 15334: 15324: 15319: 13678: 12173: 12169: 9938: 9796: 9515: 9176:"Cybersecurity expert: It will take a 'major event' for companies to take this issue seriously" 8844: 8297: 8293: 7855: 7820: 6048: 4592:

is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network.

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should maintain the security of Internet-connected devices – but no structure for enforcement.

2345: 2241: 2176: 2112: 1889:. They aim to assess systems for risk and to predict and test for their vulnerabilities. While 1844: 1117:, or suggest the perception of a threat in order to manipulate users into buying or installing 430: 14203: 9906:"Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems" 8395: 8372: 7695:

Hassija, Vikas; Chamola, Vinay; Gupta, Vatsal; Jain, Sarthak; Guizani, Nadra (15 April 2021).

7104:. 18th Annual IEEE Symposium of Logic in Computer Science, 2003. Proceedings. pp. 45–54. 7088:

network vulnerability scans at least quarterly and after any significant change in the network

6526:. Perth. Security Research Institute (SRI), Edith Cowan University: 1st to 3rd December 2009. 5118: – Academic discipline studying the relationship between computer systems and their users 4581:

and the Internet, but can also be used internally to impose traffic rules between networks if

4242:

attacks by hackers acting as individuals or as part of organized crime or foreign governments.

3981:

has devoted funding to securing systems on board the planes of private manufacturers, and the

1885:

The act of assessing and reducing vulnerabilities to cyber attacks is commonly referred to as

15929: 15924: 15825: 15795: 15785: 15681: 15595: 15471: 15411: 15378: 15368: 15251: 15216: 15206: 15143: 15012: 14987: 14982: 14947: 14812: 14546: 13545: 10852:"The Stuxnet Attack On Iran's Nuclear Plant Was 'Far More Dangerous' Than Previously Thought" 7210: 6995:"Knowing Value of Data Assets is Crucial to Cybersecurity Risk Management | SecurityWeek.Com" 6129: 5580: 5169: 4562: 4546: 4290:

systems. These systems can protect either the whole computer, such as through an interactive

3937: 3217:

Some illustrative examples of different types of computer security breaches are given below.

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Where an attack succeeds and a breach occurs, many jurisdictions now have in place mandatory

1859: 1728: 1110: 13943: 12471: 12119: 9591: (House of Lords 16 June 2008) ("15. ... alleged to total over $ 700,000"), 9121: 7325:. NYS Cyber Security Conference, Empire State Plaza Convention Center, Albany, NY, 3–4 June. 6816: 6520:"Exploring the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Information Security Culture" 4726:

started offering commercial access control systems and computer security software products.

3666:

Most countries have their own computer emergency response team to protect network security.

1738:(IDS) products are designed to detect network attacks in-progress and assist in post-attack 1603:

These design principles of security by design can include some of the following techniques:

15585: 15557: 15529: 15524: 15353: 15329: 15281: 15264: 15259: 15241: 15231: 15226: 15188: 15138: 15133: 15050: 14996: 14832: 14744: 14693: 14638: 14506: 14479: 14461: 14359: 14330: 14284: 12881: 12243: 11404:"The Venn diagram between libertarians and crypto bros is so close it's basically a circle" 7641: 7545: 6672: 6320: 4960: 4595: 4582: 4413: 4343: 4331: 4184: 3241: 3074: 3003:. There are many reports of hospitals and hospital organizations getting hacked, including 2946:(IoT) is the network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, and buildings that are 2855:

into its cars' computer systems. In the area of autonomous vehicles, in September 2016 the

2361: 2330: 2245: 2043: 2016: 1775: 1558:

is an action, device, procedure or technique that reduces a threat, a vulnerability, or an

1501: 1258: 869: 850: 772: 768: 448: 390: 310: 14426: 1631:, approaches to make modules more secure where formal correctness proofs are not possible. 8: 15850: 15775: 15691: 15676: 15441: 15221: 15178: 15173: 15070: 15060: 15032: 14616: 14391: 14349: 13494: 12841: 10806: 10740: 9765: 9493:"The Cutting Edge of RFID Technology and Applications for Manufacturing and Distribution" 8114: 7857: 5690: 5124: 4985: 4840: 4663: 4578: 4550: 4450: 4431:

techniques can be used to ensure that communication end-points are who they say they are.

4317: 4303: 3644: 3632: 3584: 3471: 3332: 3136: 2987: 2744:. Examples include the loss of millions of clients' credit card and financial details by 2637: 2555: 2482: 2153: 2142: 2124: 1890: 1398: 1306: 767:

are still used to prevent unauthorized tampering. IT security is not a perfect subset of

733: 698: 425: 250: 160: 13984: 12885: 7865:. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). IEEE Press. pp. 1–6. 7645: 3533: 1447:

published research on the life-threatening risk of spoofing in the healthcare industry.

15815: 15714: 15590: 15547: 15456: 15398: 15383: 15373: 15158: 14957: 14800: 14728: 14633: 14191: 14025: 13938: 13768: 13596: 13285: 13003: 10689: 10553: 9819: 9086:"Sony Hackers Have Over 100 Terabytes Of Documents. Only Released 200 Gigabytes So Far" 8798: 8773: 7884: 7838: 7724: 7672: 7629: 7472: 7123: 6390: 6020: 5068: 4905: 4865: 4745: 4733: 3380: 3367: 3305: 3237: 2943: 2804: 2784: 2753: 2716: 2606: 2602: 2547: 2443: 2388: 2340: 1943: 1653: 1559: 1432: 1034: 729: 12762: 11300: 10293: 10263: 9536:"Gary McKinnon profile: Autistic 'hacker' who started writing computer programs at 14" 9234: 8089: 6548:

Post-secondary Education Network Security: the End User Challenge and Evolving Threats

6277: 5901: 5886: 5869: 5053: – Computer security standard to prevent cross-site scripting and related attacks 4767:, was distributed via the Internet. It gained significant mainstream media attention. 3823: 1923:

Outside of formal assessments, there are various methods of reducing vulnerabilities.

15835: 15765: 15744: 15706: 15514: 15461: 15153: 15065: 14939: 14848: 14606: 14541: 14491: 14438: 14396: 14270: 14251: 14234: 14199: 14195: 14183: 14148: 14126: 14092: 14047: 14029: 14017: 14000:

Branch, Jordan (24 September 2020). "What's in a Name? Metaphors and Cybersecurity".

13760: 13036: 13007: 12995: 12960: 12909: 12713: 12703: 12439: 10722: 10712: 10693: 10654: 10580: 9244: 8803: 8391: 8368: 7874: 7728: 7716: 7677: 7659: 7630:"Reconfigurable Security Architecture (RESA) Based on PUF for FPGA-Based IoT Devices" 7148: 7113: 7077: 7052: 7025: 6898: 6570: 6560: 6382: 6374: 6364: 6324: 6024: 6010: 5780: 5447: 5360: 5271: 5157: 5109: 4811: 4556: 4482: 4478: 3977:, and following successful attacks on airports and claimed attacks on airplanes, the 3576: 3514: 3454: 3119: 3098: 3086: 2776: 2630: 2538:

acting on behalf of banks to issue on-the-spot credit cards to interested customers.

2506:

implementations of these technologies, including at least one implementation that is

2495: 2409: 2261: 2212:

is a fundamental principle relating to information security and, as the analogy with

1802:) to provide real-time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called 1455: 1425:

spoofing, where an attacker produces a fake biometric sample to pose as another user.

1227: 1092: 949: 857: 760: 741: 686: 682: 670: 582: 420: 350: 13772: 13653:"How NIST can protect the CIA triad, including the often overlooked 'I' – integrity" 13600: 13368:"The UK Cyber Security Strategy: Report on Progress and Forward Plans December 2014" 10202: 8421: 7127: 6713: 6394: 5288: 5239: – Approach to computer security from the US Defense Information Systems Agency 4453:

techniques can be used to ensure privilege separation and mandatory access control.

4416:

can have their access to other applications controlled at the virtual machine level.

4378:-like operating systems there is an option to further restrict an application using 3027:

In distributed generation systems, the risk of a cyber attack is real, according to

814:. Vulnerabilities can be researched, reverse-engineered, hunted, or exploited using 751:

While many aspects of computer security involve digital security such as electronic

15944: 15668: 15552: 15519: 15314: 15236: 15125: 15111: 15106: 15055: 15042: 14967: 14920: 14817: 14757: 14521: 14511: 14406: 14290: 14224: 14175: 14084: 14009: 13752: 13711: 13588: 13345: 13028: 12987: 12950: 12940: 12899: 12889: 12763:

10 CFR 73.54, Protection of digital computer and communication systems and networks

12695: 12575:"Automotive Cybersecurity – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)" 12543:"Cybersecurity for Medical Devices and Hospital Networks: FDA Safety Communication" 12377: 11453: 11296: 11082: 10681: 10644: 10557: 10545: 9823: 9811: 9090: 8793: 8785: 7888: 7866: 7842: 7830: 7708: 7667: 7649: 7519: 7499: 7105: 6888: 6662: 6638: 6552: 6527: 6356: 6316: 6002: 5881: 5394: 5350: 5340: 5218: 5178: 5145: 5074: 4950: 4915: 4900: 4870: 4825: 4737: 4626:

can be used to test if an IP address is in use. If it is, attackers may then try a

4387: 4321: 3945: 3941: 3458: 3070: 2830: 2814: 2697: 2669: 2503: 2383: 2213: 2099: 1874: 1852: 1818: 1574: 1463: 1431:(ARP) spoofing, where an attacker sends spoofed address resolution protocol onto a 1313: 1030: 901: 815: 705: 694: 678: 626: 597: 541: 400: 101: 13905:"Bush Order Expands Network Monitoring: Intelligence Agencies to Track Intrusions" 13741:"The Origin and Early History of the Computer Security Software Products Industry" 12790: 12775: 12658: 11083:"NIST Removes Cryptography Algorithm from Random Number Generator Recommendations" 10476:"D.C. distributed energy proposal draws concerns of increased cybersecurity risks" 7232: 3806: 2438:, SWIFT, investment banks, and commercial banks are prominent hacking targets for 15739: 15633: 15605: 15499: 15451: 15436: 15421: 15276: 15271: 15211: 15101: 15075: 15027: 14972: 14708: 14688: 14586: 14411: 14401: 11106: 10838: 10793: 9795:

Singh, Jatinder; Pasquier, Thomas; Bacon, Jean; Ko, Hajoon; Eyers, David (2015).

6493: 5471: 5151: 5103: 5062: 4965: 4930: 4890: 4589: 4466: 4351: 4298:

server. There are many methods for identifying and authenticating users, such as

3892: 3831: 3743:

is the nodal agency which monitors the cyber threats in the country. The post of

3716: 3253: 3107: 2992: 2963: 2947: 2884: 2685: 2681: 2665: 2653: 2434:

The computer systems of financial regulators and financial institutions like the

2076: 1985:(VPNs). In addition, a USB dongle can be configured to lock or unlock a computer. 1374: 1351: 1018: 1014: 961: 924: 180: 71: 40: 14229: 14212: 12699: 11118: 9144:

Tracking & Hacking: Security & Privacy Gaps Put American Drivers at Risk

7923:"Studies prove once again that users are the weakest link in the security chain" 6696: 6675: 6656: 6546: 5634: 4278:

The following terms used with regards to computer security are explained below:

3244:

who said "he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet".

2779:

in retaliation for the firm's CEO claiming to have infiltrated their group, and

685:

that may result in unauthorized information disclosure, theft of (or damage to)

15845: 15749: 15648: 15494: 15466: 14878: 14776: 14626: 14576: 14551: 14516: 14496: 14376: 14364: 13740: 13625:. US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. pp. 11–3–11–4. 12894: 12869: 12370:"Robert S. Mueller, III – InfraGard Interview at the 2005 InfraGard Conference" 11927: 11060: 9332:"Tesla fixes software bug that allowed Chinese hackers to control car remotely" 7696: 7142: 6531: 5259: 5015: 4970: 4925: 4885: 4688:. This led to the formalization of cybersecurity as a professional discipline. 4503: 4460: 4428: 4409: 4355: 4347: 4287: 4127: 3933: 3619: 3518: 3327: 3252:

In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the

3131: 3103: 3090: 3043:

Perhaps the most widely known digitally secure telecommunication device is the

2883:(Radio Frequency Identification) technology as an efficient, digitally secure, 2810: 2768: 2737: 2673: 2661: 2614: 2486: 2310: 2305: 2249: 2192:

protecting individuals and companies from the great majority of cyber threats.

1862:, which analyzes a computer system in search of known vulnerabilities, such as 1786:. They can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the 1779: 1718: 1486: 1402: 1388: 1329: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1064: 881: 489: 320: 273: 203: 84: 61: 14013: 13575: 13032: 11358: 10726: 10709:

Security engineering : a guide to building dependable distributed systems

9815: 8789: 8219:"From AI to Russia, Here's How Estonia's President Is Planning for the Future" 7856:

Abreu, Vilmar; Santin, Altair O.; Viegas, Eduardo K.; Stihler, Maicon (2017).

7712: 7504: 7109: 6360: 6353:

Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing: Trusted Biometrics under Spoofing Attacks

6006: 5012: – Conceptual diagrams showing how an asset, or target, might be attacked 4320:

consists of computer programs that attempt to identify, thwart, and eliminate

4250:

In the United Kingdom, a nationwide set of cybersecurity forums, known as the

4227:

A DPO is tasked with monitoring compliance with data protection laws (such as

3050:

The Smart Card Web Servers draft standard (SCWS) defines the interfaces to an

15913: 15734: 15022: 14788: 14749: 14718: 14713: 14566: 14556: 14526: 14238: 14187: 14096: 14021: 13764: 13715: 13259: 12999: 12991: 12964: 12913: 12717: 10685: 10658: 10649: 10632: 10584: 9240: 7870: 7720: 7663: 6902: 6574: 6556: 6378: 5364: 5275: 5194: 5091: 4980: 4945: 4940: 4920: 4880: 4875: 4860: 4850: 4779: 4749: 4730: 4534: 4283: 4073: 3778: 3720: 3701: 3604: 3522: 3498: 3450: 3375: 3273: 3233: 3184:

There are four key components of a computer security incident response plan:

2912: 2826: 2780: 2094: 2088: 1814: 1787: 1615:

gains access to that part, they only have limited access to the whole system.

1347:(BEC) scams had cost US businesses more than $ 2 billion in about two years. 1239: 1071: 984: 945: 592: 325: 220: 117: 12692:

CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT

9797:"Twenty Cloud Security Considerations for Supporting the Internet of Things" 9272:"Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway – With Me in It" 9026:"How one man tracked down Anonymous – and paid a heavy price" 8478: 6524:

Proceedings of the 7th Australian Information Security Management Conference

5605: 4680: 4354:, with a robust process in place to identify, test and install any released 3827:. Although various other measures have been proposed – none have succeeded. 2868: 1485:

files can carry payloads concealed as benign, inert data in order to defeat

15830: 15489: 14822: 14678: 14381: 12945: 12928: 12303: 12208:"Biden Adviser On Cyber Threats And The New Executive Order To Combat Them" 11458: 11014: 10519: 10142:"Hospitals keep getting attacked by ransomware – Here's why" 9243:; Karl Koscher; Alexei Czeskis; Franziska Roesner; Tadayoshi Kohno (2011). 9236: 8807: 8495: 7681: 5930:"What is a man-in-the-middle attack and how can I protect my organization?" 5399: 5085: 4935: 4895: 4855: 4803: 4526: 4514: 4496: 4472: 4101: 3895:

program and requirements for cybersecurity in the United States called the

3338: 3157: 3063: 3000: 2931: 2848: 2837: 2749: 2451: 2447: 2320: 2315: 2274: 2270: 1843:

Vulnerability management is the cycle of identifying, fixing or mitigating

1767: 1747: 1722: 1715: 1691:

the relationship of different components and how they depend on each other.

1628: 1467: 1408: 1152: 873: 764: 717: 607: 413: 280: 233: 88: 27:

Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage

13418:"Singapore Operational Technology (OT) Cybersecurity Competency Framework" 13171: 10573:"U.S. and Britain Help Ukraine Prepare for Potential Russian Cyberassault" 10549: 10407:"New cybersecurity guidelines for medical devices tackle evolving threats" 10354:"Former New Hampshire Psychiatric Hospital Patient Accused Of Data Breach" 7492:"Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise" 7175: 6893: 6876: 6642: 4510: 3973:

is concerned with automotive cybersecurity. After being criticized by the

2458:

have also been tampered with in order to gather customer account data and

15820: 15446: 15358: 14762: 14596: 14571: 14536: 14371: 14179: 13756: 13613: 13592: 13120:"Government vs. Commerce: The Cyber Security Industry and You (Part One)" 12904: 12600: 11956:"Australian federal government announces cybersecurity support for SMBs", 11287:

Mansfield-Devine, Steve (1 September 2015). "The Ashley Madison affair".

9557: 8706: 7805: 7200:

Baumann, Christoph; Beckert, Bernhard; Blasum, Holger; Bormer, Thorsten.

6355:. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. London: Springer. 5355: 5009: 4990: 4955: 4830: 4764: 4757: 4704: 4696: 4608: 4490: 4059: 3878:

Penetration test § Standardized government penetration test services

3529: 3463: 3281: 3226: 3177: 3051: 2951: 2741: 2672:

have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and

2657: 2546:

Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of

2529:

chip which is embedded in credit cards. Further developments include the

2511: 2507: 2490: 2471: 1763:

Cyber security awareness training to cope with cyber threats and attacks.

1743: 1659: 1624: 1436: 1412: 799: 619: 587: 483: 370: 107: 14088: 11980:"Need for proper structure of PPPs to address specific cyberspace risks" 11625: 11623: 11243:"Estimate of Americans hit by government personnel data hack skyrockets" 11119:

Michael Riley; Ben Elgin; Dune Lawrence; Carol Matlack (17 March 2014).

8244:"Professor Len Adleman explains how he coined the term "computer virus"" 5345: 5328: 4729:

One of the earliest examples of an attack on a computer network was the

4469:

is the nondisclosure of information except to another authorized person.

3069:

Other telecommunication developments involving digital security include

1215:

appears to be legitimate, the hyperlink points at the phisher's webpage.

15840: 15770: 15363: 15096: 14952: 14827: 14643: 14591: 14474: 14354: 14299: 14140: 12955: 12418:"A Framework for a Vulnerability Disclosure Program for Online Systems" 12268: 11499: 10786: 9629:"Massive Data Breach Puts 4 Million Federal Employees' Records at Risk" 4845: 4790: 4657: 4645: 4613: 4542: 4522: 4486: 4335: 4307: 3952: 3786: 3596: 3557: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3371: 3285: 3055: 3008: 3004: 2772: 2745: 2701: 2649: 2551: 2535: 2522: 2518: 2439: 2335: 2236:

is a much later invention, perhaps as late as 2000 by Internet pioneer

2108: 2024: 1489:. These payloads can be reconstructed on the other side of the filter. 1422: 1273: 1238:

call. They often direct users to enter details at a fake website whose

1050: 972: 916: 889: 846: 756: 725: 721: 340: 335: 112: 14294: 12929:"How We Stopped Worrying about Cyber Doom and Started Collecting Data" 11013:

to hand over all call data shows scale of domestic surveillance under

8528:"Hacker Says He Can Break into Airplane Systems Using In-Flight Wi-Fi" 8140:"President of the Republic at the Aftenposten's Technology Conference" 7654: 6435:"Photos of an NSA "upgrade" factory show Cisco router getting implant" 4286:

restricts access to a computer to a group of users through the use of

3813:

is the key legislation. It prohibits unauthorized access or damage of

3686:

Canadian citizens, and Cyber Security Awareness Month during October.

3618:

with the objective to improve network and information security in the

3370:

computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then

1774:

Today, computer security consists mainly of preventive measures, like

1183: 15345: 15306: 14703: 14658: 14653: 14501: 14469: 13839:"The Morris Worm - 30 Years Since First Major Attack on the Internet" 11620: 10989:"NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily" 9057: 7834: 6667: 5842: 5421: 5127: – Technical and Policy systems to give users appropriate access 4995: 4975: 4835: 4654:

is the use of deception to manipulate individuals to breach security.

4634: 4627: 4394:

to further restrict the access of an application to system resources.

4339: 4311: 4299: 4231:), data protection policies, awareness-raising, training, and audits. 3918: 3852: 3569: 3467: 3123: 2996: 2864: 2724: 2622: 2237: 2012: 1917: 1863: 1739: 1649: 1268: 1246:

Preying on a victim's trust, phishing can be classified as a form of

1098: 877: 752: 577: 360: 210: 190: 95: 56: 12870:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" 12186:"Home | Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Committee" 11579: 10777:

Jonathan Zittrain, 'The Future of The Internet', Penguin Books, 2008

10234:"Zombie OS lurches through Royal Melbourne Hospital spreading virus" 9961:"Hotel room burglars exploit critical flaw in electronic door locks" 8937:"Exclusive: FBI warns healthcare sector vulnerable to cyber attacks" 6307:

Butterfield, Andrew; Ngondi, Gerard Ekembe, eds. (21 January 2016).

5148: – Right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the internet 15406: 14889: 14663: 14621: 14484: 14106:"Ex-IDF cyber intel. official reveals secrets behind cyber offense" 13314:. MS-ISAC (Multi-State Information Sharing & Analysis Center). 12495:"Military's Cyber Commander Swears: "No Role" in Civilian Networks" 12321: 11561: 8826: 6409:"80 to 0 in Under 5 Seconds: Falsifying a Medical Patient's Vitals" 6252:"Bucks leak tax info of players, employees as result of email scam" 4771: 4676: 4402: 4085: 3588: 3363: 2955: 2908: 2579: 1848: 1810: 1783: 1381: 1362: 1333: 1281: 1276:

on large amounts of data. Privilege escalation usually starts with

1219: 842: 709: 690: 454: 185: 133: 12694:. EDULEARN19 Proceedings. Vol. 1. IATED. pp. 7858–7866. 8732:"Is Your Watch Or Thermostat A Spy? Cybersecurity Firms Are On It" 8677: 8480:

Computer Security in Aviation: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Risks

6386: 2937: 2767:

Not all attacks are financially motivated, however: security firm

1977:

The principle is that an encryption scheme on the dongle, such as

1565:

Some common countermeasures are listed in the following sections:

860:

can typically be classified into one of the following categories:

646: 14673: 14648: 14611: 13787:"A Brief History of Computer Viruses & What the Future Holds" 12603:(Report). U. S. Government Accountability Office. 14 April 2015. 11521: 11010: 10898:"Cyberwar Issues Likely to Be Addressed Only After a Catastrophe" 9606:"Fresh Leak on US Spying: NSA Accessed Mexican President's Email" 9588:

Mckinnon V Government of The United States of America and Another

9246:

Comprehensive Experimental Analyses of Automotive Attack Surfaces

8845:"Staples: Breach may have affected 1.16 million customers' cards" 8772:

Kruse, CB; Smith, B; Vanderlinden, H; Nealand, A (21 July 2017).

8057:"Risky business: why security awareness is crucial for employees" 7975:"90% of security incidents trace back to PEBKAC and ID10T errors" 6551:. ICERI2017 Proceedings. Vol. 1. IATED. pp. 1787–1796. 5934: 5227: – Reliance on design or implementation secrecy for security 5163: 5021: 4741: 4566: 4398: 4391: 4371: 4367: 4325: 4010: 3592: 3553: 3549: 3506: 3446: 3301: 2888: 2757: 2559: 2028: 1867: 1444: 1212: 1114: 1102: 1088: 1054: 1046: 992: 893: 745: 442: 330: 305: 298: 170: 12467:

Remarks at the Defense Information Technology Acquisition Summit

12293:

AFP-JiJi, "U.S. boots up cybersecurity center", 31 October 2009.

11598:"Government of Canada Launches Canada's Cyber Security Strategy" 7628:

Babaei, Armin; Schiele, Gregor; Zohner, Michael (26 July 2022).

6518:

Lim, Joo S.; Chang, Shanton; Maynard, Sean; Ahmad, Atif (2009).

5606:"What is a backdoor attack? Definition and prevention | NordVPN" 5329:"Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey" 5154: – Being aware of safety and security risks on the Internet 3073:, which use the embedded SIM card to generate a legally binding 1851:. Vulnerability management is integral to computer security and 1266:

in the system to gain access to restricted data; or even become

808:

exists. Actors maliciously seeking vulnerabilities are known as

14531: 14446: 14145:

Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness

13576:"Computer Security Discourse at RAND, SDC, and NSA (1958-1970)" 13244:. NICCS (US National Initiative for Cybercareers and Studies). 12193: 11316:"Hackers Breached Colonial Pipeline Using Compromised Password" 11166:"Millions more Americans hit by government personnel data hack" 10606:"Cyber-Attack Against Ukrainian Critical Infrastructure | CISA" 10083:"Hacking Hospitals And Holding Hostages: Cybersecurity In 2016" 8906:"2.5 Million More People Potentially Exposed in Equifax Breach" 8634:"Centralised Services: NewPENS moves forward – Eurocontrol.int" 7804:

Sandhu, R; Coyne, EJ; Feinstein, HL; Youman, CE (August 1996).

7209:. Embedded World Conference, Nuremberg, Germany. Archived from 5870:"Cyber-Attacks – Trends, Patterns and Security Countermeasures" 4807: 4530: 4440: 4379: 3565: 3351: 3289: 3280:

and that the hackers had accessed a system that stored data on

3256:, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using 2959: 2818: 2708: 1973: 1961: 1913: 1902: 1405:

to hide their identity or impersonate another computing system.

957: 928: 674: 496: 345: 285: 123: 12399: 11109:, 31 October 2013, Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai, mashable.com 10380:"Texas Hospital hacked, affects nearly 30,000 patient records" 10324:"Legion cyber-attack: Next dump is sansad.nic.in, say hackers" 9691:"Encryption "would not have helped" at OPM, says DHS official" 9510:

Rahman, Mohammad Anwar; Khadem, Mohammad Miftaur; Sarder, MD.

8027:"IBM Security Services 2014 Cyber Security Intelligence Index" 7767:

Sanghavi, Alok (21 May 2010). "What is formal verification?".

6519: 5969:"New polymorphic malware evades three-quarters of AV scanners" 5525:"Cyber attacks on SMBs: Current Stats and How to Prevent Them" 4350:

by installing as few as possible. They are typically run with

4235: 3891:

has a dedicated division responsible for the response system,

1361:, resulting in the handover of all the team's employees' 2015 14211:

Shariati, Marzieh; Bahmani, Faezeh; Shams, Fereidoon (2011).

10518:

Cashell, B.; Jackson, W. D.; Jickling, M.; Webel, B. (2004).

8771: 8359:

Lin, Tom C. W. (3 July 2017). "The New Market Manipulation".

8187:"Security execs call on companies to improve 'cyber hygiene'" 5327:

Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart; Øverby, Harald (2021).

5206: 5106: – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors 4363: 4291: 3600: 3561: 3386: 3160:

actors seeking to attack based on an ideological preference.

3032: 2892: 2712: 2264:

is often very difficult for a variety of reasons, including:

2035: 1898: 1795: 1757: 1188: 1003: 13198:"How to become a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)?" 12339: 12271:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate. 12005: 11726:"Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy" 11666:"Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy" 10116:"Cyber-Angriffe: Krankenhäuser rücken ins Visier der Hacker" 9450:"Thales supplies smart driver license to 4 states in Mexico" 9206:"The problem with self-driving cars: who controls the code?" 8559:"Hacker says to show passenger jets at risk of cyber attack" 7901: 5380:"Global Cybersecurity: New Directions in Theory and Methods" 5260:"Towards a More Representative Definition of Cyber Security" 4201: 3220: 2809:

Vehicles are increasingly computerized, with engine timing,

919:

can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of

14119:

The Hacker Playbook: Practical Guide To Penetration Testing

10517: 10437:"Postmarket Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices" 8086:

CPNI – Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure

5994:"What is Cyber Threat Intelligence and How is it Evolving?" 4711: 4375: 4228: 4162:

Typical cybersecurity job titles and descriptions include:

3859: 3457:

is also a major problem for all law enforcement agencies. "

3347: 2880: 2499: 2466: 2042:

of components in mobile and desktop computers by utilizing

1905:– but these make up a very small percentage of the market. 1894: 1791: 1482: 1478: 1145:

as a Pineapple attack thanks to a popular device. See also

1007: 14162:

Montagnani, Maria Lillà; Cavallo, Mirta Antonella (2018).

13728:

Note: this document has been superseded by later versions.

13705:

Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security

12146:"Do You Know About Biggest Cybersecurity Threats In 2023?" 12093:"Do You Know About Biggest Cybersecurity Threats In 2023?" 12027:"South Korea seeks global support in cyber attack probe". 11998:"National Cyber Safety and Security Standards(NCSSS)-Home" 11474:"It's Time to Treat Cybersecurity as a Human Rights Issue" 11266:"Hacking Linked to China Exposes Millions of U.S. Workers" 10809:(Press release). The TJX Companies, Inc. 17 January 2007. 9991:"Hospital Medical Devices Used As Weapons in Cyberattacks" 8968:"Lack of Employee Security Training Plagues US Businesses" 8596:. Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics 8448:"Hackers attacked the U.S. energy grid 79 times this year" 7803: 6624: 6622: 6620: 5807:"What Are Eavesdropping Attacks & How To Prevent Them" 5215: – Common ground of physical and information security 5203: – Overview of and topical guide to computer security 4112:

wrote in a 2015 article titled "The New Cyber Arms Race":

1037:

is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.

13058:"Cybersecurity Skills Shortage Impact on Cloud Computing" 12212: 12120:"National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America" 11121:"Target Missed Warnings in Epic Hack of Credit Card Data" 11100:"New Snowden Leak: NSA Tapped Google, Yahoo Data Centers" 10711:(3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons. 10264:"Hacked Lincolnshire hospital computer systems 'back up'" 9660:"U.S. government hacked; feds think China is the culprit" 7781: 4723: 4641:

to identify accessible network services and applications.

3544:

Many different teams and organizations exist, including:

3536:, new technologies are too often used to violate rights. 3343: 3127: 3059: 2927: 2923: 2915:

controls, police and intelligence agency communications,

2570:, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies. 2526: 1866:, insecure software configuration, and susceptibility to 1354: 1340: 1208: 1187:

An example of a phishing email, disguised as an official

704:

The field is significant due to the expanded reliance on

14285:

https://www.cisa.gov/topics/cybersecurity-best-practices

13702: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11361:. Hack in the Box Security Conference. 9 December 2012. 10571:

Sanger, David E.; Barnes, Julian E. (20 December 2021).

10294:"Lincolnshire operations cancelled after network attack" 8616:"Pan-European Network Services (PENS) – Eurocontrol.int" 7949:"The Role of Human Error in Successful Security Attacks" 7297:"NCSC's cyber security training for staff now available" 3474:

add to the difficulty of investigation and enforcement.

3167: 2118: 1621:

to prove the correctness of crucial software subsystems.

1549: 931:

or from a range of other possible techniques, including

697:, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the 14248:

Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs to Know

12227:

Executive Order on Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity

9903: 9869:"Internet of Things: Science Fiction or Business Fact?" 8999:"Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack" 8774:"Security Techniques for the Electronic Health Records" 8408: 7694: 6617: 6351:

Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark; Li, Stan, eds. (2014).

6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 5174:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

5120:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

5030: – Nonprofit organization focused on cybersecurity 4039: 3983:

Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System

3272:

In early 2007, American apparel and home goods company

3080: 2891:, RFID can be read up to 20 feet away. RFID is used by 2618: 2594:) and NewPENS, and in the US with the NextGen program, 2255: 12837:"Obama to be urged to split cyberwar command from NSA" 12242:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from 12170:

International Cybercrime Reporting and Cooperation Act

11313: 11220:"China Suspected in Theft of Federal Employee Records" 10172:"MedStar Hospitals Recovering After 'Ransomware' Hack" 9740:"GE's Introduces ACUVision as a Single Panel Solution" 9363:"Self-Driving Cars Gain Powerful Ally: The Government" 8411:

The UCLA Internet report: Surveying the digital future

7743:"The Most Secure OS: What is the Safest OS Available?" 7199: 7024:. Boca Raton, Fla.: Auerbach Publications. p. 1. 5547: 5545: 5495:"Syzbot: Google Continuously Fuzzing The Linux Kernel" 5326: 5258:

Schatz, Daniel; Bashroush, Rabih; Wall, Julie (2017).

4060:

NEI 08-09: Cybersecurity Plan for Nuclear Power Plants

3940:

crime and is specialized in the search and seizure of

3700:

announced an $ 18.2 million investment to fortify the

3425: 2510:. Open source allows anyone to view the application's 1673:

is kept as short as possible when bugs are discovered.

1401:, where an attacker alters the source IP address in a 1141:

zero-day-vulnerabilities to allow for further attacks.

13312:"Cyber Security Awareness Free Training and Webcasts" 13288:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 12 May 2010. 12628:"FAA Working on New Guidelines for Hack-Proof Planes" 11653: 11341:"Mikko Hypponen: Fighting viruses, defending the net" 7169:"Abstract Formal Specification of the seL4/ARMv6 API" 6943:"Why ONI May Be Our Best Hope for Cyber Security Now" 6760: 6758: 5950:"Multi-Vector Attacks Demand Multi-Vector Protection" 5112: – Security architecture implemented in hardware 4763:

In 1988, one of the first computer worms, called the

4525:

is used to protect the confidentiality of a message.

3930:

United States Department of Justice Criminal Division

3439: 2801:

Automated driving system § Risks and liabilities

2541: 2103:. Beyond this, formal verification aims to prove the 14210: 14070:"The Roots of the United States' Cyber (In)Security" 13089:"Why is a Degree in Cyber Security one of the Best?" 12927:

Maness, Ryan C.; Valeriano, Brandon (11 June 2018).

12463: 10671: 9794: 9558:"Gary McKinnon extradition ruling due by 16 October" 9468:"4 Companies Using RFID for Supply Chain Management" 9302:"Hackers take control of car, drive it into a ditch" 7572:"Direct memory access protections for Mac computers" 6517: 6462: 6460: 6144: 6071:"Protect yourself from phishing – Microsoft Support" 5141:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3996: 3655: 1166: 798:

vulnerability is one for which at least one working

14267:

Introduction to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity

10538:

ACM Transactions on Information and System Security

9839:"Why The FTC Can't Regulate The Internet Of Things" 8498:(Report). United States. General Accounting Office. 8386:Lin, Tom C. W. (2016). "Financial Weapons of War". 7627: 7498:. Special Publication (NIST SP). Gaithersburg, MD. 7247:"Everything you need for a career as a SOC analyst" 6467:Intelligence, Microsoft Threat (11 November 2021). 5542: 5257: 4346:used to create the application,- and to reduce the 3910:(BJA) are part of the multi-agency task force, The 3497:is complicated. For some, cyberspace was seen as a 3267: 2625:to introduce SmartGate kiosks with both retina and 2598:are moving to create their own dedicated networks. 971:Direct service attackers are related in concept to 13614:A. J. Neumann, N. Statland and R. D. Webb (1977). 13574: 8590:"Online course bolsters cybersecurity in aviation" 8194: 7520:"Access Control Statistics: Trends & Insights" 7144:Formal verification of a real-time hardware design 6755: 5992: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5307: 5166: – Any risk related to information technology 5036: – Methods used to protect cloud based assets 4577:features. They are near-universal between company 4159:is more prevalent in government job descriptions. 3985:. Concerns have also been raised about the future 3315: 2847:Manufacturers are reacting in numerous ways, with 2640:outages, loss of aircraft, and even loss of life. 2027:validation such as thumbprint readers, as well as 1384:. There are several types of spoofing, including: 14164:"Cybersecurity and Liability in a Big Data World" 14161: 13703:Stoneburner, G.; Hayden, C.; Feringa, A. (2004). 13521:"A Brief History of the Cybersecurity Profession" 13024:Style and Statistics: The Art of Retail Analytics 10875:"Stuxnet Worm a U.S. Cyber-Attack on Iran Nukes?" 10022:"Pacemaker hack can deliver deadly 830-volt jolt" 8133: 8131: 7895: 7782:Ferraiolo, D.F. & Kuhn, D.R. (October 1992). 7597:"Using IOMMU for DMA Protection in UEFI Firmware" 7415:"Intel Trusted Execution Technology: White Paper" 7140: 6766:"How the NCSC thinks about security architecture" 6457: 6306: 5719:"What Is a DMA Attack? Analysis & Mitigation" 5452:. Tech Security Conference At: San Francisco, CA. 5197: – Open source approach to computer security 5100: – Concept to reduce computer security risks 5024: – Test to determine whether a user is human 3969:has issued guidance for medical devices, and the 3357: 1956:Computer security compromised by hardware failure 1949: 1725:can protect systems files and data, respectively. 1495: 1419:to obscure their identity, or to pose as another. 15911: 14036: 13568: 13566: 12834: 12625: 11696:"Cyber Incident Management Framework For Canada" 11286: 9939:"Rethinking Security for the Internet of Things" 9766:"Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative" 8823:"Home Depot: 56 million cards exposed in breach" 8109: 8107: 7489: 6870: 6868: 6628: 6544: 6278:"What is Spoofing? – Definition from Techopedia" 5991:Tounsi, Wiem (15 May 2019), Tounsi, Wiem (ed.), 5575: 5573: 5449:Computer Security and Mobile Security Challenges 4384:restricting the application to its own 'sandbox' 4221: 3926:Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section 3612:European Network and Information Security Agency 2298: 1750:serve a similar function for individual systems. 1060:Types of malware include some of the following: 968:standard are designed to prevent these attacks. 13931: 13864:"1993: Mosaic Launches and the Web is Set Free" 13424:(Press release). 8 October 2021. Archived from 12977: 12926: 12689: 11030:"Transcript: ARD interview with Edward Snowden" 7490:Souppaya, Murugiah P.; Scarfone, Karen (2013). 7141:Umrigar, Zerksis D.; Pitchumani, Vijay (1983). 5924: 5922: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5512: 4541:ciphers are suitable for bulk encryption using 4211: 3840:was signed, which prompted the creation of the 3838:Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity 3202: 3106:of the loss resulting from a cyber/information 2938:Internet of things and physical vulnerabilities 2071:refers to technology that is used to implement 552: 14265:Wu, Chwan-Hwa (John); Irwin, J. David (2013). 14245: 14008:(1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 39–70. 12776:Cyber Security Plan for Nuclear Power Reactors 12322:"Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) – Home" 12304:"Federal Bureau of Investigation – Priorities" 11959:"2023-2030 Australian Cyber Security Strategy" 11087:National Institute of Standards and Technology 10953: 9710:"Schools Learn Lessons From Security Breaches" 9509: 9119: 8820: 8128: 7905:Economic Analysis of Role-Based Access Control 7496:National Institute of Standards and Technology 7071: 6589:Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report 2020 5986: 5984: 5982: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5777:Seven Deadliest Unified Communications Attacks 5629: 5627: 5309:"Reliance spells end of road for ICT amateurs" 5264:Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law 4533:are designed to make any practical attempt of 4070:Cyber Security Plan for Nuclear Power Reactors 3971:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 3322:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present) 3236:. The software was traced back to 23-year-old 2141:capable of enforcing privilege separation are 778: 728:, and the various devices that constitute the 716:. It is also significant due to the growth of 14929:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 14905: 14315: 14083:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 157–185. 14040:Cybersecurity: A Generic Reference Curriculum 13563: 12659:"Protecting Civil Aviation from Cyberattacks" 12263: 12261: 10929:"Cone of silence surrounds U.S. cyberwarfare" 10926: 10501:"Current Releases - The Open Mobile Alliance" 9657: 8875:"Target: 40 million credit cards compromised" 8726: 8724: 8104: 7048:CCNA Cybersecurity Operations Companion Guide 6865: 6350: 6159:"What is Privilege Escalation? – CrowdStrike" 5771:York, Dan (1 January 2010), York, Dan (ed.), 5570: 5181: – Process of carrying out a cyberattack 5065: – Information technology risk insurance 5018: – Method of discovering password length 4135:was created in 2009 and many other countries 4019:United States Department of Homeland Security 3399:States. Data targeted in the breach included 3304:reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's 3262:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3015:released its recommendations for how medical 2797:Autonomous car § Potential disadvantages 2771:had a serious series of attacks in 2011 from 1317:which is assumed by the victim to be secure. 1025:(FBI) and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of 627: 519: 13927: 13925: 13882:"Web Design Museum - Netscape Navigator 2.0" 13616:"Post-processing audit tools and techniques" 11009:Exclusive: Top secret court order requiring 10773: 10771: 10570: 9836: 9626: 7412: 7320: 6466: 5919: 5773:"Chapter 3 – Eavesdropping and Modification" 5653: 3706:2023-2030 Australian Cyber Security Strategy 3455:attribution for cybercrimes and cyberattacks 3085:Serious financial damage has been caused by 2836:Simple examples of risk include a malicious 1125: 14123:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform 13338:"DoD Approved 8570 Baseline Certifications" 12730: 12080:. No. March 2032. white house. US gov. 12041: 11852:. Government of Canada. 27 September 2012. 11335: 11333: 10796:. United States Department of Defense, 1986 10203:"US hospitals hacked with ancient exploits" 10019: 8752: 8494:Dillingham, Gerald L. (20 September 2001). 7911:. Research Triangle Institute. p. 145. 7542:"Forget IDs, use your phone as credentials" 6228:. No. 25 February 2016. Archived from 5979: 5824: 5741: 5739: 5624: 5172: – Technology standards and techniques 5077: – Emerging field of computer security 5059: – Process to reduce a security threat 5047: – Policy-based removal of components 4236:Security Consultant/Specialist/Intelligence 4084:, this guideline is instrumental in aiding 3572:are all members of this international team. 2514:, and look for and report vulnerabilities. 2056: 1887:information technology security assessments 1880: 1832: 1669:of all vulnerabilities, to ensure that the 1500:Employee behavior can have a big impact on 1391:, is where an attacker forges the sending ( 907: 14912: 14898: 14322: 14308: 14037:Costigan, Sean; Hennessy, Michael (2016). 13400:"Cyber skills for a vibrant and secure UK" 12733:"DHS launches national cyber alert system" 12656: 12258: 11144:"Home Depot says 53 million emails stolen" 11141: 10895: 10633:"Q&A. What Motivates Cyber-Attackers?" 10535: 9936: 9688: 9512:Application of RFID in Supply Chain System 9083: 8934: 8721: 8556: 8493: 7791:15th National Computer Security Conference 5867: 5133: – Access control by authenticated ID 4454: 4408:Java and other languages which compile to 4294:screen, or individual services, such as a 4072:, outlines a comprehensive framework for 4052:outlines cybersecurity requirements under 3932:. The CCIPS is in charge of investigating 3387:Office of Personnel Management data breach 3066:into the card body of a regular SIM card. 2857:United States Department of Transportation 634: 620: 526: 512: 14866:Security information and event management 14228: 13922: 13902: 12954: 12944: 12903: 12893: 12492: 12464:William J. Lynn, III (12 November 2009). 11756:"Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre" 11457: 10986: 10768: 10648: 10630: 10110: 10108: 9519: 9269: 9053:"What caused Sony hack: What we know now" 8797: 8137: 7824: 7671: 7653: 7503: 7473:"Secure Hard Drives: Lock Down Your Data" 6967: 6917:"How to Increase Cybersecurity Awareness" 6892: 6877:"Internet security: firewalls and beyond" 6817:"security architecture – Glossary | CSRC" 6666: 6432: 5885: 5398: 5354: 5344: 5233: – Mechanism v. policy design choice 5081:Cybersecurity information technology list 4202:Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) 4150:Cybersecurity is a fast-growing field of 4029:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 3987:Next Generation Air Transportation System 3221:Robert Morris and the first computer worm 2404:Security information and event management 2182: 2137:Within computer systems, two of the main 1858:Vulnerabilities can be discovered with a 1714:Limiting the access of individuals using 1687:attributes of security architecture are: 1532:Communication with organizational members 1505:protection of information of all kinds." 1033:transmissions generated by the hardware. 880:is any secret method of bypassing normal 14329: 13836: 13286:"Cybersecurity Training & Exercises" 13262:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 13117: 13086: 12867: 12470:(Speech). Washington D.C. Archived from 12374:Infragard (Official Site) – "Media Room" 12150:University Libraries UNT Digital Library 12124:University Libraries UNT Digital Library 11439: 11330: 11314:Turton, W.; Mehrotra, K. (4 June 2021). 11240: 10706: 10674:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 10058:. Kaiser Health News. 17 November 2014. 9122:"The next frontier of hacking: your car" 9050: 9023: 8445: 8294:Promoting Good Cyber Hygiene Act of 2017 8054: 7902:A.C. O'Connor & R.J. Loomis (2002). 7766: 7390:. TheWindowsClub.com. 10 February 2010. 7099: 7072:Calder, Alan; Williams, Geraint (2014). 6874: 6545:Reimers, Karl; Andersson, David (2017). 6219: 6182: 5736: 5713: 5711: 5445: 5185:List of computer security certifications 5088: – Users' disregard for IT security 5071: – Self-defense against cyberattack 4509: 4397:Generalized security frameworks such as 4050:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 3860:Standardized government testing services 3539: 3410: 2851:in 2016 pushing out some security fixes 1677: 1182: 938: 933:distributed reflective denial-of-service 771:, thus does not fit completely into the 645: 14264: 14246:Singer, P. W.; Friedman, Allan (2014). 13745:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 13581:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 13020: 12803: 12690:Anderson, David; Reimers, Karl (2019). 11568:from the original on 23 September 2014. 11194: 10741:"The Leading Cloud Recruiting Software" 10637:Technology Innovation Management Review 10382:. Healthcare IT News. 4 November 2016. 9949:from the original on 20 September 2013. 9115: 9113: 8476: 8184: 7076:(3rd ed.). IT Governance Limited. 7044: 7019: 6791:"Secure System Architecture and Design" 6094: 5966: 5492: 5377: 5221: – Layer to protect users' privacy 4810:began exploiting security flaws in the 3680:Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre 3292:, and merchandise return transactions. 3278:unauthorized computer systems intrusion 3276:announced that it was the victim of an 2436:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 1640:Default secure settings, and design to 1253: 837:, and Denial-of Service (DoS) Attacks. 14: 15912: 15629:Knowledge representation and reasoning 14068:Fuller, Christopher J (11 June 2018). 14067: 13999: 13676: 13546:"One step ahead in computing security" 13055: 12835:Nakashima, Ellen (13 September 2016). 12328:from the original on 20 November 2011. 12054:from the original on 25 September 2013 11986:from the original on 13 November 2017. 11365:from the original on 25 November 2016. 11263: 11058: 10813:from the original on 27 September 2012 10473: 10404: 10360:from the original on 29 September 2017 10118:. Wirtschafts Woche. 7 December 2016. 10105: 9708:Davis, Michelle R. (19 October 2015). 9259:from the original on 21 February 2015. 8996: 8903: 8833:from the original on 18 December 2014. 8742:from the original on 11 February 2015. 8622:from the original on 12 December 2016. 8001:"Protect your online banking with 2FA" 6940: 6726:from the original on 20 November 2014. 6222:"CEO email scam costs companies $ 2bn" 5990: 5410:from the original on 4 September 2019. 5209: – Computer security organization 4338:, so general corporate practice is to 3713:Australia's cyber security regulations 3517:said during a panel discussion at the 3482:The role of the government is to make 3113: 2410:Software and operating system updating 1535:Courses for all organizational members 1470:capability into routers are examples. 1300: 15654:Philosophy of artificial intelligence 14893: 14843:Host-based intrusion detection system 14303: 13725:from the original on 12 October 2004. 13650: 13248:from the original on 5 November 2020. 13118:de Silva, Richard (11 October 2011). 12493:Shachtman, Noah (23 September 2010). 12350:from the original on 9 September 2010 12072: 11938:from the original on 11 November 2014 11916:from the original on 2 November 2014. 11826:from the original on 11 November 2014 11586:from the original on 17 October 2014. 11550:from the original on 3 December 2014. 11420: 11383:from the original on 19 November 2015 11359:"Mikko Hypponen – Behind Enemy Lines" 11347:from the original on 16 January 2013. 11217: 11176:from the original on 28 February 2017 11154:from the original on 9 December 2014. 11071:from the original on 1 February 2016. 10908:from the original on 18 February 2011 10885:from the original on 16 October 2013. 10872: 10455:from the original on 29 December 2016 10417:from the original on 28 December 2016 10386:from the original on 29 December 2016 10334:from the original on 29 December 2016 10304:from the original on 29 December 2016 10274:from the original on 29 December 2016 10244:from the original on 29 December 2016 10213:from the original on 16 November 2016 10182:from the original on 29 December 2016 10152:from the original on 29 December 2016 10122:from the original on 29 December 2016 10093:from the original on 29 December 2016 9746:. Security Info Watch. 11 August 2005 9707: 9568:from the original on 6 September 2012 9373:from the original on 14 February 2017 9098:from the original on 17 December 2014 8965: 8855:from the original on 21 December 2014 8587: 8516:from the original on 8 February 2015. 8458:from the original on 18 February 2015 8161:"Cyber security breaches survey 2023" 8138:Kaljulaid, Kersti (16 October 2017). 8055:Caldwell, Tracey (12 February 2013). 5708: 5553:"Cyber security breaches survey 2023" 5493:Larabel, Michael (28 December 2017). 5231:Separation of protection and security 5116:Human–computer interaction (security) 4752:in 1972 and used to destroy Creeper. 4630:to detect which services are exposed. 4191: 3607:are some of the members of the MAAWG. 3477: 3326:In early 2013, documents provided by 3308:. It did so by disrupting industrial 3173:Computer security incident management 3168:Computer security incident management 3038: 2731: 2119:Capabilities and access control lists 1568: 1550:Computer protection (countermeasures) 1320: 1101:, as the name suggests, is a form of 14973:Energy consumption (Green computing) 14919: 14104:Bob, Yonah Jeremy (21 August 2021). 13903:Nakashima, Ellen (26 January 2008). 13738: 13632:from the original on 10 October 2016 13572: 13475:from the original on 6 November 2011 12874:Energy Research & Social Science 12671:from the original on 17 October 2016 12406:from the original on 23 August 2006. 12269:"FAQ: Cyber Security R&D Center" 12143: 12117: 12090: 12044:"Seoul Puts a Price on Cyberdefense" 11906:"Cyber Security Cooperation Program" 11886:from the original on 2 November 2014 11876:"Cyber Security Cooperation Program" 11856:from the original on 3 November 2014 11736:from the original on 2 November 2014 11706:from the original on 2 November 2014 11676:from the original on 2 November 2014 11641:from the original on 2 November 2014 11608:from the original on 2 November 2014 11401: 11379:. Government Accountability Office. 11142:Rosenblatt, Seth (6 November 2014). 10520:The Economic Impact of Cyber-Attacks 10052:"How Your Pacemaker Will Get Hacked" 9918:from the original on 12 October 2016 9405:from the original on 21 January 2017 9360: 9342:from the original on 2 February 2017 9312:from the original on 2 February 2017 9282:from the original on 19 January 2017 9186:from the original on 20 January 2017 9156:from the original on 9 November 2016 9110: 8978:from the original on 9 November 2017 8916:from the original on 1 December 2017 8885:from the original on 1 December 2017 8821:Melvin Backman (18 September 2014). 8569:from the original on 13 October 2015 8538:from the original on 8 February 2015 7859:A multi-domain role activation model 7609:from the original on 9 December 2021 6321:10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001 6201:from the original on 3 December 2013 6001:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–49, 5779:, Boston: Syngress, pp. 41–69, 5770: 5446:Zlatanov, Nikola (3 December 2015). 5305: 4268:Infocomm Media Development Authority 4176: 4040:U.S. NRC, 10 CFR 73.54 Cybersecurity 3532:. According to UN Secretary-General 3493:The government's regulatory role in 3300:In 2010, the computer worm known as 3081:Cost and impact of security breaches 2817:, seat belt tensioners, door locks, 2696:Today many healthcare providers and 2429: 2256:Difficulty of responding to breaches 1704: 1057:) to return that data to the user." 792:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures 667:information technology (IT) security 15659:Distributed artificial intelligence 14931:ACM Computing Classification System 14874:Runtime application self-protection 14139: 14116: 14103: 14063:from the original on 10 March 2017. 13932:Nicole Perlroth (7 February 2021). 13813:"First incident of cyber-espionage" 13318:from the original on 6 January 2015 13292:from the original on 7 January 2015 12743:from the original on 31 August 2005 12306:. 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MyFox Twin Cities, 29 March 2007. 10405:Becker, Rachel (27 December 2016). 10080: 9393:"Federal Automated Vehicles Policy" 9361:Kang, Cecilia (19 September 2016). 9132:from the original on 17 March 2017. 9065:from the original on 4 January 2015 9051:Palilery, Jose (24 December 2014). 8640:from the original on 19 March 2017. 8446:Pagliery, Jose (18 November 2014). 8385: 8358: 7272:"Turn on 2-step verification (2SV)" 7226: 6949:from the original on 20 August 2016 6853:from the original on 3 October 2014 6840: 6220:Scannell, Kara (24 February 2016). 5967:Millman, Renee (15 December 2017). 5160: – Branch of computer security 5045:Content Disarm & Reconstruction 4818: 4703:, and the later publication of the 4637:is used to probe an IP address for 4405:help administrators control access. 4165: 3849:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 3791:U.S. Office of Personnel Management 3745:National Cyber Security Coordinator 3736:National Cyber Security Policy 2013 3650: 3432:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 3426:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 3401:personally identifiable information 2643: 2502:(voice-over-IP). There are various 2240:. It has since been adopted by the 2111:underlying a system; important for 2063:Security-evaluated operating system 1817:, to extend data accessibility and 246:forensics-focused operating systems 24: 15164:Integrated development environment 14425: 13964: 13501:from the original on 16 March 2014 13380:from the original on 18 April 2018 13260:"Current Job Opportunities at DHS" 13126:from the original on 24 April 2014 12816:from the original on 16 April 2015 12310:from the original on 11 July 2016. 12240:"National Cyber Security Division" 11816:"Report a Cyber Security Incident" 11631:"Canada's Cyber Security Strategy" 11253:from the original on 10 July 2015. 11027: 10832:Largest Customer Info Breach Grows 10631:Han, Chen; Dongre, Rituja (2014). 9937:Clearfield, Chris (20 June 2013). 9885:from the original on 17 March 2015 9697:from the original on 24 June 2017. 9216:from the original on 16 March 2017 9120:Timothy B. 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SCMagazine.com. 4 October 2008. 7394:from the original on 20 March 2014 7388:"Lock and protect your Windows PC" 7368:from the original on 20 March 2014 6738:"Cyber security design principles" 6445:from the original on 4 August 2014 6114: 5666:"Denial of Service (DoS) guidance" 5094: – Protection of digital data 4489:, i.e., finding who perpetrated a 4121:This has led to new terms such as 3904:National White Collar Crime Center 3641:General Data Protection Regulation 3440:Legal issues and global regulation 3247: 2977: 2823:advanced driver-assistance systems 2542:Utilities and industrial equipment 2421: 2199: 1809:Some organizations are turning to 1798:, built into the operating system 1466:and security services planting of 1413:Media Access Control (MAC) address 548: 25: 15956: 15639:Automated planning and scheduling 15169:Software configuration management 14806:Security-focused operating system 14168:Market and Competition Law Review 13373:. 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Associated Press. 20 May 2016. 6095:Lazarus, Ari (23 February 2018). 5999:Cyber-Vigilance and Digital Trust 5747:"What Are Eavesdropping Attacks?" 5251: 4806:. In 2007, the United States and 4797:NSA contractors created and sold 4340:restrict or block users the power 4095: 4090:Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 3997:Computer emergency readiness team 3960:Federal Communications Commission 3656:Computer emergency response teams 3295: 2564:Computer Emergency Readiness Team 2525:cooperated to develop the secure 2293:security breach notification laws 2252:institutions and heads of state. 1995:Computer case intrusion detection 1794:-based operating systems such as 1473: 1411:, where an attacker modifies the 1395:, or source) address of an email. 1167:Multi-vector, polymorphic attacks 15893: 15883: 15874: 15873: 14602:Insecure direct object reference 13896: 13874: 13856: 13830: 13805: 13779: 13732: 13696: 13670: 13644: 13607: 13538: 13513: 13487: 13461: 13440: 13410: 13392: 13360: 13330: 13304: 13278: 13252: 13234: 13216: 13190: 13172:"About Cyber Security architect" 13164: 13146:"Department of Computer Science" 13138: 13111: 13080: 13049: 13014: 12971: 12920: 12868:Overland, Indra (1 March 2019). 12861: 12828: 12797: 12782: 12768: 12755: 12724: 12683: 12650: 12638:from the original on 19 May 2016 12619: 12593: 12567: 12555:from the original on 28 May 2016 12535: 12509: 12486: 12457: 12432: 12410: 12392: 12362: 12332: 12314: 12296: 12287: 12232: 12220: 12200: 12178: 12163: 12137: 12111: 12084: 12066: 12050:. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. 12035: 12020: 11990: 11972: 11950: 11920: 11898: 11868: 11838: 11808: 11778: 11748: 11718: 11688: 11590: 11572: 11554: 11536: 11514: 11492: 11466: 11433: 11414: 11395: 11369: 11351: 11307: 11280: 11257: 11234: 11211: 11188: 11158: 11135: 11112: 11093: 11075: 11052: 11021: 10987:Greenwald, Glenn (6 June 2013). 10980: 10954:John Bumgarner (27 April 2010). 10947: 10920: 10889: 10866: 10862:from the original on 9 May 2014. 10844: 10825: 10799: 10780: 10755: 10733: 10700: 10665: 10624: 10598: 10564: 10529: 10511: 10493: 10467: 10429: 10398: 10372: 10356:. 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(15 November 2000). 8746: 8695: 8670: 8644: 8626: 8608: 8588:Cesar, Alan (15 December 2023). 8581: 8550: 8520: 8502: 8487: 8470: 8439: 8402: 8379: 8352: 8327: 8302: 8287: 8262: 8236: 8211: 8178: 8153: 6605:from the original on 19 May 2020 6313:A Dictionary of Computer Science 6258:from the original on 20 May 2016 5040:Comparison of antivirus software 4774:started developing the protocol 4701:Spring Joint Computer Conference 4015:National Cyber Security Division 4003:Computer emergency response team 3975:Government Accountability Office 3897:National Cyber Security Division 3767: 3719:and Minister for Small Business 3662:Computer emergency response team 3268:TJX customer credit card details 3022: 2879:Shipping companies have adopted 2596:air navigation service providers 2082: 1697:the standardization of controls. 1443:In 2018, the cybersecurity firm 1207:ncy, respectively. Although the 979: 15884: 15287:Computational complexity theory 14856:Information security management 13739:Yost, Jeffrey R. (April 2015). 13266:from the original on 2 May 2013 13087:Robinson, Terry (30 May 2018). 12731:Verton, Dan (28 January 2004). 12091:Adil, Sajid (16 October 2023). 11195:Barrett, Devlin (4 June 2015). 10896:Kim Zetter (17 February 2011). 10474:Brandt, Jaclyn (18 June 2018). 10020:Jeremy Kirk (17 October 2012). 9904:Ovidiu Vermesan; Peter Friess. 9804:IEEE Internet of Things Journal 9084:James Cook (16 December 2014). 8966:Seals, Tara (6 November 2015). 8339:Federal Bureau of Investigation 8082:"Developing a Security Culture" 8074: 8048: 8019: 7993: 7967: 7941: 7915: 7849: 7797: 7775: 7760: 7735: 7701:IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7688: 7621: 7589: 7564: 7534: 7512: 7483: 7465: 7439: 7406: 7380: 7354: 7329: 7321:Treglia, J.; Delia, M. 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In-store payment systems and 2399:Security information management 2248:of the United States, the FBI, 1078:the need for human interaction. 1023:Federal Bureau of Investigation 67:Hacking of consumer electronics 15071:Network performance evaluation 13934:"How the U.S. Lost to Hackers" 12804:Clayton, Mark (7 March 2011). 12144:Adil, Sajid (September 2018). 12118:Adil, Sajid (September 2018). 11421:Kirby, Carrie (24 June 2011). 6631:South African Computer Journal 5874:Procedia Economics and Finance 5486: 5456: 5439: 5414: 5371: 5320: 5299: 5282: 5137:Information security awareness 4324:and other malicious software ( 4273: 4080:. Drafted with input from the 4033:Software Engineering Institute 3796: 3758: 3393:Office of Personnel Management 3358:Target and Home Depot breaches 3342:exposing the massive scale of 3310:programmable logic controllers 2919:, as well as student records. 2825:on many models. Additionally, 2790: 2601:Many modern passports are now 2204:Related to end-user training, 1950:Hardware protection mechanisms 1496:Information security practices 13: 1: 15442:Multimedia information system 15427:Geographic information system 15417:Enterprise information system 15006:Computer systems organization 13677:Perrin, Chad (30 June 2008). 13056:Oltsik, Jon (18 March 2016). 12810:The Christian Science Monitor 11402:King, Georgia (23 May 2018). 11301:10.1016/S1353-4858(15)30080-5 11264:Sanger, David (5 June 2015). 10956:"Computers as Weapons of War" 9658:Liptak, Kevin (4 June 2015). 6875:Oppliger, Rolf (1 May 1997). 6128:. 17 May 2022. Archived from 6097:"Phishers send fake invoices" 5887:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01077-1 5378:Stevens, Tim (11 June 2018). 5244: 5213:Physical information security 4789:(NSA) is responsible for the 4686:distributed denial of service 4222:Data Protection Officer (DPO) 4109:The Christian Science Monitor 3772: 3749:Prime Minister's Office (PMO) 3747:has also been created in the 3698:Australian federal government 3637:Council of the European Union 3396:discovered it had been hacked 2902: 2691: 2611:facial recognition technology 2357:Data loss prevention software 2299:Types of security and privacy 2050:Physical Unclonable Functions 2023:(NFC) on non-iOS devices and 1847:, especially in software and 921:distributed denial-of-service 15801:Computational social science 15389:Theoretical computer science 15202:Software development process 14978:Electronic design automation 14963:Very Large Scale Integration 13990:Resources in other libraries 13837:FBI News (2 November 2018). 13651:Irwin, Luke (5 April 2018). 12548:Food and Drug Administration 12075:"National security strategy" 11224:U.S. News & World Report 10961:. IO Journal. Archived from 10445:Food and Drug Administration 9627:Sanders, Sam (4 June 2015). 8935:Jim Finkle (23 April 2014). 8652:"NextGen Data Communication" 8557:Jim Finkle (4 August 2014). 7362:"Token-based authentication" 7251:www.cybersecurityjobsite.com 7102:Formal verification at Intel 5868:Bendovschi, Andreea (2015). 5635:"What is a backdoor attack?" 5201:Outline of computer security 5190:List of cyber warfare forces 5098:Defense strategy (computing) 5028:Center for Internet Security 4419:Some software can be run in 4247:courses are also available. 4212:Chief Security Officer (CSO) 3967:Food and Drug Administration 3908:Bureau of Justice Assistance 3842:NIST Cybersecurity Framework 3811:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 3692: 3616:agency of the European Union 3362:A Ukrainian hacker known as 3203:Notable attacks and breaches 3150:2015 Ukraine power grid hack 3013:Food and Drug Administration 2688:are also potential targets. 2592:Pan-European Network Service 2165:discretionary access control 1979:Advanced Encryption Standard 1609:principle of least privilege 1529:Commitment of the management 1450: 1437:Media Access Control address 1417:network interface controller 831:small and midsize businesses 166:Chaos Communication Congress 7: 15624:Natural language processing 15412:Information storage systems 14861:Information risk management 14782:Multi-factor authentication 14338:Related security categories 14250:. Oxford University Press. 14230:10.1016/j.procs.2010.12.089 12700:10.21125/edulearn.2019.1914 12657:Bart Elias (18 June 2015). 12073:White, House (March 2023). 12029:BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific 11427:The San Francisco Chronicle 9542:. London. 23 January 2009. 9149:(Report). 6 February 2015. 7784:"Role-Based Access Control" 7337:"What is a license dongle?" 6941:Woodie, Alex (9 May 2016). 6849:. Janalta Interactive Inc. 6690:"CNSS Instruction No. 4009" 6315:. Oxford University Press. 5002: 4714:publication introduced the 4602:Intrusion-detection systems 4133:United States Cyber Command 3953:United States Cyber Command 3882: 3868:(GSA) has standardized the 3645:protection of personal data 2874: 2573: 2531:Chip Authentication Program 2373:Intrusion prevention system 1823:advanced persistent threats 1538:Commitment of the employees 1429:Address Resolution Protocol 1368: 1178: 863: 779:Vulnerabilities and attacks 10: 15961: 15540:Human–computer interaction 15510:Intrusion detection system 15422:Social information systems 15407:Database management system 14838:Intrusion detection system 14796:Computer security software 14452:Advanced persistent threat 14147:(2nd ed.). Springer. 14002:International Organization 13224:"Data Protection Officers" 13021:Bullard, Brittany (2016). 12980:Armed Forces & Society 12895:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018 12779:- Nuclear Energy Institute 12340:"Infragard, Official Site" 11786:"Cyber Security Bulletins" 11218:Risen, Tom (5 June 2015). 8778:Journal of Medical Systems 7475:. PCMag.com. 11 May 2009. 7447:"SafeNet ProtectDrive 8.4" 7323:Cyber Security Inoculation 6658:Internet Security Glossary 5237:Software-defined perimeter 5225:Security through obscurity 4670: 4145: 4099: 4056:, specifically in §73.54. 3875: 3659: 3429: 3417:Ashley Madison Data Breach 3414: 3319: 3224: 3206: 2981: 2794: 2517:The credit card companies 2446:, brokerage accounts, and 2367:Intrusion detection system 2122: 2086: 2060: 1953: 1942:Inoculation, derived from 1836: 1736:Intrusion Detection System 1572: 1372: 1304: 1040: 1027:internet service providers 1006:instead of an unencrypted 782: 714:wireless network standards 478:2600: The Hacker Quarterly 216:List of computer criminals 15869: 15806:Computational engineering 15781:Computational mathematics 15758: 15705: 15667: 15614: 15576: 15538: 15480: 15397: 15343: 15305: 15250: 15187: 15120: 15084: 15041: 15005: 14938: 14927: 14737: 14437: 14423: 14417:Digital rights management 14337: 14269:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 14217:Procedia Computer Science 14174:(2). 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Elsevier BV: 537–543. 13716:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA 13573:Misa, Thomas J. (2016). 12992:10.1177/0095327x15572997 12761:Details can be found in 11934:. Government of Canada. 11822:. Government of Canada. 11732:. Government of Canada. 11702:. Government of Canada. 11672:. Government of Canada. 11637:. Government of Canada. 10686:10.1177/1043986217699100 8420:(Report). Archived from 7871:10.1109/ICC.2017.7997247 7022:Vulnerability Management 6970:"What Is The CIA Triad?" 6557:10.21125/iceri.2017.0554 6532:10.4225/75/57B4065130DEF 5843:"What is Malware? | IBM" 5581:"How cyber attacks work" 5034:Cloud computing security 4787:National Security Agency 4252:U.K Cyber Security Forum 4066:Nuclear Energy Institute 3928:(CCIPS) operates in the 3726: 2707:The health care company 2479:Transport Layer Security 2415:Vulnerability Management 2326:Anti-subversion software 2284:Law enforcement officers 2260:Responding to attempted 2161:mandatory access control 2073:secure operating systems 2057:Secure operating systems 2021:near-field communication 1989:Trusted platform modules 1983:Virtual Private Networks 1966:trusted platform modules 1881:Reducing vulnerabilities 1839:Vulnerability management 1833:Vulnerability management 1554:In computer security, a 954:covert listening devices 908:Denial-of-service attack 872:in a computer system, a 396:Cloud computing security 15791:Computational chemistry 15725:Photograph manipulation 15616:Artificial intelligence 15432:Decision support system 14772:Computer access control 14724:Rogue security software 14387:Electromagnetic warfare 13868:Web Development History 13657:www.itgovernanceusa.com 13202:cybersecuritycareer.org 12933:Politics and Governance 12048:The Wall Street Journal 11446:Politics and Governance 11201:The Wall Street Journal 10707:Anderson, Ross (2020). 9943:Harvard Business Review 9876:Harvard Business Review 9425:"Vehicle Cybersecurity" 8477:Neumann, P. G. (1997). 8115:"Cyber Hygiene – ENISA" 7074:PCI DSS: A Pocket Guide 6843:"Security Architecture" 6714:"InfosecToday Glossary" 6473:Microsoft Security Blog 5695:www.interelectronix.com 5422:"About the CVE Program" 5387:Politics and Governance 5294:Encyclopædia Britannica 5131:Identity-based security 5051:Content Security Policy 4068:'s NEI 08-09 document, 4031:(DARPA) and run by the 3519:RSA Security Conference 3405:Social Security numbers 2842:controller area network 2627:fingerprint recognition 2379:Log management software 2351:Computer-aided dispatch 2219:proactive cyber defence 2113:cryptographic protocols 1931:a password or PIN, and 1671:window of vulnerability 1000:virtual private network 966:Trusted Platform Module 818:or customized scripts. 669:) is the protection of 176:Hackers on Planet Earth 15940:Information governance 15856:Educational technology 15687:Reinforcement learning 15437:Process control system 15335:Computational geometry 15325:Algorithmic efficiency 15320:Analysis of algorithms 14968:Systems on Chip (SoCs) 14818:Obfuscation (software) 14547:Browser Helper Objects 14431: 13817:Guinness World Records 12946:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1368 11459:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1335 10650:10.22215/timreview/838 10505:openmobilealliance.org 8454:. Cable News Network. 8005:NZ Bankers Association 7020:Foreman, Park (2009). 6047:. Case. Archived from 5400:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1569 4518: 4119: 4078:nuclear power industry 3631:On 14 April 2016, the 3376:self checkout machines 2615:identity-related fraud 2346:Cryptographic software 2277:to cover their tracks. 2183:User security training 1652:for the equivalent in 1460:malicious modification 1216: 1021:have been used by the 651: 559: 431:Homebrew Computer Club 15826:Electronic publishing 15796:Computational biology 15786:Computational physics 15682:Unsupervised learning 15596:Distributed computing 15472:Information retrieval 15379:Mathematical analysis 15369:Mathematical software 15252:Theory of computation 15217:Software construction 15207:Requirements analysis 15085:Software organization 15013:Computer architecture 14983:Hardware acceleration 14948:Printed circuit board 14813:Data-centric security 14694:Remote access trojans 14429: 13422:Cyber Security Agency 12519:. FCC. Archived from 11061:"Can You Trust NIST?" 11034:La Foundation Courage 10931:. Stars and Stripes. 10550:10.1145/581271.581274 9338:. 21 September 2016. 8972:Infosecurity Magazine 8654:. FAA. Archived from 7602:. Intel Corporation. 7420:. Intel Corporation. 7413:James Greene (2012). 7100:Harrison, J. (2003). 6894:10.1145/253769.253802 6075:support.microsoft.com 5170:IT security standards 4547:public-key encryption 4513: 4455:Capabilities vs. ACLs 4358:or updates for them. 4263:Cyber Security Agency 4114: 3938:intellectual property 3914:, also known as IC3. 3876:Further information: 3540:International actions 3411:Ashley Madison breach 3213:List of data breaches 3209:List of cyber-attacks 3207:Further information: 2984:Medical device hijack 2590:In Europe, with the ( 1860:vulnerability scanner 1678:Security architecture 1186: 1147:Malicious association 973:direct memory attacks 939:Direct-access attacks 649: 558: 15586:Concurrent computing 15558:Ubiquitous computing 15530:Application security 15525:Information security 15354:Discrete mathematics 15330:Randomized algorithm 15282:Computability theory 15260:Model of computation 15232:Software maintenance 15227:Software engineering 15189:Software development 15139:Programming language 15134:Programming paradigm 15051:Network architecture 14745:Application security 14639:Privilege escalation 14507:Cross-site scripting 14360:Cybersex trafficking 14331:Information security 14180:10.2139/ssrn.3220475 13757:10.1109/MAHC.2015.21 13593:10.1109/MAHC.2016.48 13497:. 10 November 2010. 12440:"Mission and Vision" 12190:www.hsgac.senate.gov 11912:. 16 December 2015. 11910:Public Safety Canada 11880:Public Safety Canada 11820:Public Safety Canada 11790:Public Safety Canada 11760:Public Safety Canada 11730:Public Safety Canada 11700:Public Safety Canada 11670:Public Safety Canada 11635:Public Safety Canada 10858:. 20 November 2013. 10792:6 March 2016 at the 10787:Information Security 10480:Daily Energy Insider 10448:. 28 December 2016. 10330:. 12 December 2016. 9967:. 26 November 2012. 9911:. River Publishers. 9564:. 6 September 2012. 9212:. 23 December 2015. 8881:. 19 December 2013. 8851:. 19 December 2014. 8388:Minnesota Law Review 7546:Fox Business Network 7045:Johnson, A. (2018). 6999:www.securityweek.com 6702:on 27 February 2012. 6185:"Social Engineering" 6101:Consumer Information 6051:on 13 September 2015 4961:Paul C. van Oorschot 4583:network segmentation 4575:intrusion prevention 4551:digital certificates 4457:discusses their use. 4414:Java virtual machine 4344:to the computer code 4304:identification cards 4185:security engineering 3472:bullet proof servers 3242:Robert Tappan Morris 3075:electronic signature 3029:Daily Energy Insider 3017:device manufacturers 2964:network connectivity 2684:devices such as the 2566:, a division of the 2556:nuclear power plants 2331:Anti-tamper software 2170:A further approach, 2143:access control lists 2067:One use of the term 2044:direct memory access 2017:Bluetooth low energy 1502:information security 1259:Privilege escalation 1254:Privilege escalation 1045:Malicious software ( 773:security convergence 769:information security 449:Masters of Deception 391:Application security 15861:Document management 15851:Operations research 15776:Enterprise software 15692:Multi-task learning 15677:Supervised learning 15399:Information systems 15222:Software deployment 15179:Software repository 15033:Real-time computing 14392:Information warfare 14350:Automotive security 14117:Kim, Peter (2014). 13948:on 28 December 2021 13909:The Washington Post 13495:"Endpoint Security" 12886:2019ERSS...49...36O 12842:The Washington Post 12517:"FCC Cybersecurity" 12505:on 6 November 2010. 12196:on 20 January 2012. 12008:on 19 February 2018 11150:. CBS Interactive. 11131:on 27 January 2015. 11105:9 July 2014 at the 10968:on 19 December 2011 10300:. 31 October 2016. 10270:. 2 November 2016. 9616:on 6 November 2015. 9540:The Daily Telegraph 9497:Supply Chain Market 9028:. Arstechnica.com. 9001:. Arstechnica.com. 8636:. 17 January 2016. 8314:The Washington Post 8199:on 10 December 2022 7646:2022Senso..22.5577B 7548:. 4 November 2013. 5691:"Computer Security" 5346:10.3390/su132413677 5125:Identity management 4986:Salvatore J. Stolfo 4841:Daniel J. Bernstein 4664:Zero trust security 4579:local area networks 4571:intrusion detection 4451:access control list 4421:software containers 4318:Anti-virus software 4137:have similar forces 4088:to comply with the 3847:In response to the 3815:protected computers 3633:European Parliament 3530:international peace 3462:techniques such as 3391:In April 2015, the 3333:The Washington Post 3306:nuclear centrifuges 3114:Attacker motivation 2988:Medical data breach 2638:air traffic control 2603:biometric passports 2483:identity management 2444:credit card numbers 2221:, a military term. 2154:access-control list 2125:Access control list 1929:something you know: 1891:formal verification 1813:platforms, such as 1435:to associate their 1399:IP address spoofing 1343:reported that such 1339:In early 2016, the 1307:Side-channel attack 1301:Side-channel attack 824:In April 2023, the 794:(CVE) database. An 734:information systems 426:Chaos Computer Club 161:Black Hat Briefings 35:Part of a series on 15644:Search methodology 15591:Parallel computing 15548:Interaction design 15457:Computing platform 15384:Numerical analysis 15374:Information theory 15159:Software framework 15122:Software notations 15061:Network components 14958:Integrated circuit 14801:Antivirus software 14669:Social engineering 14634:Polymorphic engine 14587:Fraudulent dialers 14492:Hardware backdoors 14432: 14110:The Jerusalem Post 14077:Diplomatic History 13939:The New York Times 13870:. 8 December 2021. 13428:on 16 October 2021 13348:on 21 October 2016 13099:on 10 October 2021 12849:on 12 October 2016 11604:. 3 October 2010. 11544:"European council" 11478:Human Rights Watch 11270:The New York Times 10577:The New York Times 10328:The Indian Express 9837:Chris Clearfield. 9367:The New York Times 9182:. 5 January 2017. 8910:The New York Times 8335:"Protected Voices" 8274:www.jec.senate.gov 7955:. 2 September 2014 7522:. 23 February 2024 7229:"Getting it Right" 5902:"What is malware?" 5811:Verizon Enterprise 5612:. 30 November 2023 5069:Cyber self-defense 4906:Lawrence A. Gordon 4866:Dorothy E. Denning 4693:April 1967 session 4652:Social engineering 4569:, and may include 4519: 4382:or other means of 4261:In Singapore, the 4192:Security architect 4044:In the context of 3478:Role of government 3381:antivirus software 3368:Target Corporation 3330:were published by 3238:Cornell University 3130:, as recounted by 3039:Telecommunications 2944:Internet of things 2867:, in the state of 2805:Automotive hacking 2764:business in 2015. 2754:Target Corporation 2732:Large corporations 2717:Oracle Corporation 2631:electronic tickets 2548:telecommunications 2389:Records management 2341:Antivirus software 1944:inoculation theory 1933:something you have 1654:safety engineering 1569:Security by design 1433:local area network 1326:Social engineering 1321:Social engineering 1280:techniques, often 1278:social engineering 1248:social engineering 1217: 1107:social engineering 738:power distribution 730:Internet of things 652: 573:Process management 560: 256:Social engineering 15920:Computer security 15907: 15906: 15836:Electronic voting 15766:Quantum Computing 15759:Applied computing 15745:Image compression 15515:Hardware security 15505:Security services 15462:Digital marketing 15242:Open-source model 15154:Modeling language 15066:Network scheduler 14887: 14886: 14849:Anomaly detection 14754:Secure by default 14607:Keystroke loggers 14542:Drive-by download 14430:vectorial version 14397:Internet security 14345:Computer security 14295:10.3390/s23052778 14089:10.1093/dh/dhy038 13976:Computer security 13971:Library resources 13791:www.kaspersky.com 13448:"Confidentiality" 12794:for more details. 12709:978-84-09-12031-4 12402:. 25 March 2015. 10765:, 7(2), pp. 41–48 10178:. 31 March 2016. 9997:. 6 August 2015. 8738:. 6 August 2014. 8709:on 9 January 2015 8534:. 4 August 2014. 8361:Emory Law Journal 8250:. 1 November 2017 8092:on 9 October 2018 7929:. 22 January 2014 7655:10.3390/s22155577 7031:978-1-4398-0150-5 7001:. 3 December 2018 6566:978-84-697-6957-7 6016:978-1-78630-448-3 5786:978-1-59749-547-9 5641:. 4 December 2023 5499:www.phoronix.com/ 5474:on 15 August 2020 5289:Computer security 5158:Internet security 5110:Hardware security 4812:Microsoft Windows 4748:, was created by 4557:Endpoint security 4537:them infeasible. 4527:Cryptographically 4479:Cyber attribution 4177:Security engineer 4027:: created by the 3944:in computers and 3824:§ 1030(e)(2) 3610:ENISA : The 3577:Council of Europe 3354:'s data centers. 3240:graduate student 3120:physical security 3099:Gordon-Loeb Model 3087:security breaches 3071:mobile signatures 2917:personnel records 2831:Self-driving cars 2670:activity trackers 2496:instant messaging 2430:Financial systems 2262:security breaches 2069:computer security 1875:penetration tests 1804:physical firewall 1705:Security measures 1464:Evil Maid attacks 1350:In May 2016, the 1274:ransomware attack 1228:instant messaging 1119:unwanted software 1013:Programs such as 904:of the computer. 763:measures such as 761:physical security 671:computer software 655:Computer security 644: 643: 583:Memory management 542:Operating systems 536: 535: 384:Computer security 351:Keystroke logging 18:Software security 16:(Redirected from 15952: 15897: 15896: 15887: 15886: 15877: 15876: 15697:Cross-validation 15669:Machine learning 15553:Social computing 15520:Network security 15315:Algorithm design 15237:Programming team 15197:Control variable 15174:Software library 15112:Software quality 15107:Operating system 15056:Network protocol 14921:Computer science 14914: 14907: 14900: 14891: 14890: 14758:Secure by design 14689:Hardware Trojans 14522:History sniffing 14512:Cross-site leaks 14407:Network security 14324: 14317: 14310: 14301: 14300: 14280: 14261: 14242: 14232: 14207: 14158: 14136: 14113: 14100: 14074: 14064: 14062: 14045: 14033: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13947: 13942:. Archived from 13929: 13920: 13919: 13917: 13915: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13878: 13872: 13871: 13860: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13849: 13834: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13809: 13803: 13802: 13800: 13798: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13736: 13730: 13726: 13724: 13709: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13689: 13683:techrepublic.com 13674: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13648: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13631: 13620: 13611: 13605: 13604: 13578: 13570: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13542: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13491: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13469:"Data Integrity" 13465: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13396: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13379: 13372: 13364: 13358: 13357: 13355: 13353: 13344:. Archived from 13334: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13323: 13308: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13282: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13194: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13148:. Archived from 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13115: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13095:. Archived from 13084: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13068:on 23 March 2016 13064:. Archived from 13053: 13047: 13046: 13018: 13012: 13011: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12958: 12948: 12924: 12918: 12917: 12907: 12897: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12845:. Archived from 12832: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12801: 12795: 12786: 12780: 12772: 12766: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12670: 12663: 12654: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12623: 12617: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12577:. Archived from 12571: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12560: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12501:. Archived from 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12474:on 15 April 2010 12461: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12444:www.cybercom.mil 12436: 12430: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12376:. Archived from 12366: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12318: 12312: 12311: 12300: 12294: 12291: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12265: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12218: 12217: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12192:. Archived from 12182: 12176: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12104: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12024: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12004:. Archived from 12002:www.ncdrc.res.in 11994: 11988: 11987: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11954: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11662: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11627: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11518: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11373: 11367: 11366: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11289:Network Security 11284: 11278: 11277: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11226:. Archived from 11215: 11209: 11208: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11127:. Archived from 11116: 11110: 11097: 11091: 11090: 11089:. 21 April 2014. 11079: 11073: 11072: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11028:Seipel, Hubert. 11025: 11019: 11018: 11006: 11004: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10967: 10960: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10856:Business Insider 10848: 10842: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10803: 10797: 10784: 10778: 10775: 10766: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10737: 10731: 10730: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10652: 10628: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10602: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10454: 10441: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10260: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10146:Business Insider 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10112: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10081:Leetaru, Kalev. 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10017: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9917: 9910: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9884: 9873: 9865: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9801: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9689:Sean Gallagher. 9686: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9308:. 22 July 2015. 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9251: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9117: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9091:Business Insider 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8801: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8728: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8705:. Archived from 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8658:on 13 March 2015 8648: 8642: 8641: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8512:. 27 July 2012. 8506: 8500: 8499: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8427:on 23 April 2003 8426: 8415: 8406: 8400: 8399: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8306: 8300: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8193:. Archived from 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8135: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8088:. Archived from 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8031: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8007:. 7 October 2018 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7864: 7853: 7847: 7846: 7835:10.1109/2.485845 7828: 7810: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7707:(8): 6222–6246. 7692: 7686: 7685: 7675: 7657: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7426: 7419: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7341:www.revenera.com 7333: 7327: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7231:. Archived from 7224: 7218: 7217: 7216:on 19 July 2011. 7215: 7208: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7180: 7174:. Archived from 7173: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6670: 6668:10.17487/RFC2828 6653: 6647: 6646: 6626: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6498:attack.mitre.org 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6200: 6189: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6155: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6122:"Email Security" 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6031: 5996: 5988: 5977: 5976: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5839: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5662: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5549: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5521: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5402: 5384: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5358: 5348: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5311: 5303: 5297: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5255: 5219:Privacy software 5179:Cyber kill chain 5175: 5146:Internet privacy 5142: 5121: 5075:Cyberbiosecurity 4951:Peter G. Neumann 4901:Shafi Goldwasser 4871:Peter J. Denning 4826:Ross J. Anderson 4819:Notable scholars 4624:ping application 4356:security patches 4322:computer viruses 4166:Security analyst 3942:digital evidence 3906:(NW3C), and the 3870:penetration test 3826: 3651:National actions 3534:António Guterres 3459:Computer viruses 3137:The Cuckoo's Egg 2815:anti-lock brakes 2698:health insurance 2654:tablet computers 2644:Consumer devices 2384:Parental control 2214:personal hygiene 2100:secure by design 1853:network security 1819:machine learning 1635:Defense in depth 1575:Secure by design 1330:cognitive biases 1314:Cold boot attack 1161:TLS interception 925:zombie computers 902:operating system 706:computer systems 663:digital security 636: 629: 622: 551: 538: 537: 528: 521: 514: 401:Network security 102:Hacker Manifesto 41:Computer hacking 32: 31: 21: 15960: 15959: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15935:Data protection 15910: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15894: 15865: 15846:Word processing 15754: 15740:Virtual reality 15701: 15663: 15634:Computer vision 15610: 15606:Multiprocessing 15572: 15534: 15500:Security hacker 15476: 15452:Digital library 15393: 15344:Mathematics of 15339: 15301: 15277:Automata theory 15272:Formal language 15246: 15212:Software design 15183: 15116: 15102:Virtual machine 15080: 15076:Network service 15037: 15028:Embedded system 15001: 14934: 14923: 14918: 14888: 14883: 14733: 14433: 14421: 14412:Copy protection 14402:Mobile security 14333: 14328: 14277: 14258: 14155: 14133: 14072: 14060: 14054: 14043: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13979: 13978: 13974: 13967: 13965:Further reading 13962: 13961: 13951: 13949: 13930: 13923: 13913: 13911: 13901: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13884:. 10 March 2023 13880: 13879: 13875: 13862: 13861: 13857: 13847: 13845: 13835: 13831: 13821: 13819: 13811: 13810: 13806: 13796: 13794: 13793:. 19 April 2023 13785: 13784: 13780: 13737: 13733: 13722: 13707: 13701: 13697: 13687: 13685: 13679:"The CIA Triad" 13675: 13671: 13661: 13659: 13649: 13645: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13618: 13612: 13608: 13571: 13564: 13554: 13552: 13544: 13543: 13539: 13529: 13527: 13519: 13518: 13514: 13504: 13502: 13493: 13492: 13488: 13478: 13476: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13431: 13429: 13416: 13415: 13411: 13398: 13397: 13393: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13370: 13366: 13365: 13361: 13351: 13349: 13336: 13335: 13331: 13321: 13319: 13310: 13309: 13305: 13295: 13293: 13284: 13283: 13279: 13269: 13267: 13258: 13257: 13253: 13240: 13239: 13235: 13230:. January 2021. 13222: 13221: 13217: 13207: 13205: 13204:. 1 August 2021 13196: 13195: 13191: 13181: 13179: 13178:. 1 August 2021 13170: 13169: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13144: 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13116: 13112: 13102: 13100: 13093:DegreeQuery.com 13085: 13081: 13071: 13069: 13054: 13050: 13043: 13019: 13015: 12976: 12972: 12925: 12921: 12866: 12862: 12852: 12850: 12833: 12829: 12819: 12817: 12802: 12798: 12787: 12783: 12773: 12769: 12760: 12756: 12746: 12744: 12729: 12725: 12710: 12688: 12684: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12661: 12655: 12651: 12641: 12639: 12624: 12620: 12610: 12608: 12599: 12598: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12573: 12572: 12568: 12558: 12556: 12541: 12540: 12536: 12526: 12524: 12515: 12514: 12510: 12491: 12487: 12477: 12475: 12462: 12458: 12448: 12446: 12438: 12437: 12433: 12423: 12421: 12416: 12415: 12411: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12381: 12380:on 17 June 2011 12368: 12367: 12363: 12353: 12351: 12338: 12337: 12333: 12320: 12319: 12315: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12292: 12288: 12278: 12276: 12267: 12266: 12259: 12249: 12247: 12246:on 11 June 2008 12238: 12237: 12233: 12225: 12221: 12206: 12205: 12201: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12168: 12164: 12154: 12152: 12142: 12138: 12128: 12126: 12116: 12112: 12102: 12100: 12089: 12085: 12077: 12071: 12067: 12057: 12055: 12040: 12036: 12031:. 7 March 2011. 12026: 12025: 12021: 12011: 12009: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11978: 11977: 11973: 11963: 11961: 11957: 11955: 11951: 11941: 11939: 11926: 11925: 11921: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11887: 11874: 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11844: 11843: 11839: 11829: 11827: 11814: 11813: 11809: 11799: 11797: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11739: 11737: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11709: 11707: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11664: 11663: 11654: 11644: 11642: 11629: 11628: 11621: 11611: 11609: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11560: 11559: 11555: 11542: 11541: 11537: 11527: 11525: 11522:"FIRST Members" 11520: 11519: 11515: 11505: 11503: 11500:"FIRST Mission" 11498: 11497: 11493: 11483: 11481: 11472: 11471: 11467: 11438: 11434: 11419: 11415: 11400: 11396: 11386: 11384: 11375: 11374: 11370: 11357: 11356: 11352: 11339: 11338: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11318:. Bloomberg L.P 11312: 11308: 11285: 11281: 11262: 11258: 11239: 11235: 11230:on 6 June 2015. 11216: 11212: 11193: 11189: 11179: 11177: 11172:. 9 July 2017. 11164: 11163: 11159: 11140: 11136: 11117: 11113: 11107:Wayback Machine 11098: 11094: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11057: 11053: 11043: 11041: 11026: 11022: 11002: 11000: 10985: 10981: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10958: 10952: 10948: 10938: 10936: 10925: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10894: 10890: 10871: 10867: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10839:Wayback Machine 10830: 10826: 10816: 10814: 10805: 10804: 10800: 10794:Wayback Machine 10785: 10781: 10776: 10769: 10760: 10756: 10746: 10744: 10739: 10738: 10734: 10719: 10705: 10701: 10670: 10666: 10629: 10625: 10615: 10613: 10604: 10603: 10599: 10589: 10587: 10569: 10565: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10484: 10482: 10472: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10439: 10435: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10361: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10322: 10321: 10317: 10307: 10305: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10277: 10275: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10247: 10245: 10232:Pauli, Darren. 10230: 10226: 10216: 10214: 10201:Pauli, Darren. 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10155: 10153: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10114: 10113: 10106: 10096: 10094: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10056:The Daily Beast 10050: 10049: 10045: 10035: 10033: 10018: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9974: 9972: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9862: 9852: 9850: 9835: 9831: 9799: 9793: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9764: 9763: 9759: 9749: 9747: 9738: 9737: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9706: 9702: 9687: 9683: 9673: 9671: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9625: 9621: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9571: 9569: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9521:10.1.1.397.7831 9508: 9504: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9476: 9474: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9433: 9431: 9423: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9376: 9374: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9306:The Independent 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9219: 9217: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9118: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8979: 8964: 8960: 8950: 8948: 8933: 8929: 8919: 8917: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8886: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8819: 8815: 8770: 8766: 8751: 8747: 8730: 8729: 8722: 8712: 8710: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8659: 8650: 8649: 8645: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8492: 8488: 8475: 8471: 8461: 8459: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8384: 8380: 8357: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8268: 8267: 8263: 8253: 8251: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8227: 8225: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8202: 8200: 8191:Financial Times 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8136: 8129: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8105: 8095: 8093: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8010: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7982: 7981:. 15 April 2015 7973: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7900: 7896: 7881: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7808: 7802: 7798: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7765: 7761: 7751: 7749: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7693: 7689: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7580: 7578: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7553: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7488: 7484: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7430: 7428: 7424: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7364:. SafeNet.com. 7360: 7359: 7355: 7345: 7343: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7301:www.ncsc.gov.uk 7295: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7276:www.ncsc.gov.uk 7270: 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7227:Ganssle, Jack. 7225: 7221: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7120: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051:. Cisco Press. 7043: 7039: 7032: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6873: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6841:Jannsen, Cory. 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6770:www.ncsc.gov.uk 6764: 6763: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6742:www.ncsc.gov.uk 6736: 6735: 6731: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6699: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6627: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6567: 6543: 6539: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6413:www.trellix.com 6407: 6406: 6402: 6371: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6305: 6301: 6291: 6289: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6232:on 23 June 2016 6226:Financial Times 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6163:crowdstrike.com 6157: 6156: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6027: 6017: 5989: 5980: 5965: 5961: 5956:. 24 July 2017. 5948: 5947: 5943: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5849:. 14 April 2022 5841: 5840: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5670:www.ncsc.gov.uk 5664: 5663: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5585:www.ncsc.gov.uk 5579: 5578: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5529:crowdstrike.com 5523: 5522: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5325: 5321: 5304: 5300: 5287: 5283: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5173: 5152:Internet safety 5140: 5119: 5104:Fault tolerance 5063:Cyber insurance 5005: 5000: 4966:Roger R. Schell 4931:Brian LaMacchia 4891:Joan Feigenbaum 4821: 4799:click-and-shoot 4673: 4622:. The standard 4467:Confidentiality 4412:and run in the 4352:least privilege 4336:executable code 4276: 4238: 4224: 4214: 4204: 4194: 4179: 4168: 4148: 4104: 4098: 4062: 4042: 3999: 3893:risk management 3885: 3880: 3862: 3832:executive order 3818: 3799: 3775: 3770: 3761: 3729: 3695: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3629: 3542: 3480: 3442: 3434: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3389: 3360: 3324: 3318: 3298: 3270: 3254:Rome Laboratory 3250: 3248:Rome Laboratory 3229: 3223: 3215: 3205: 3170: 3116: 3108:security breach 3083: 3041: 3025: 2993:Medical devices 2990: 2980: 2978:Medical systems 2940: 2907:Government and 2905: 2885:tracking device 2877: 2807: 2793: 2734: 2694: 2686:Nest thermostat 2682:home automation 2666:quantified self 2646: 2576: 2544: 2432: 2424: 2422:Systems at risk 2419: 2311:Anti-keyloggers 2301: 2287:time-consuming. 2258: 2206:digital hygiene 2202: 2200:Digital hygiene 2185: 2139:security models 2135: 2123:Main articles: 2121: 2091: 2085: 2077:Common Criteria 2065: 2059: 1958: 1952: 1883: 1845:vulnerabilities 1841: 1835: 1719:access controls 1707: 1680: 1667:Full disclosure 1577: 1571: 1552: 1498: 1487:content filters 1476: 1453: 1377: 1375:Spoofing attack 1371: 1352:Milwaukee Bucks 1323: 1309: 1303: 1256: 1203:ved and discrep 1181: 1169: 1128: 1043: 1031:electromagnetic 982: 962:Disk encryption 941: 910: 866: 816:automated tools 787: 781: 640: 565:Common features 557: 549: 532: 503: 502: 472: 464: 463: 416: 406: 405: 386: 376: 375: 301: 291: 290: 276: 266: 265: 236: 226: 225: 206: 196: 195: 181:Security BSides 156: 146: 145: 91: 77: 76: 72:List of hackers 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15958: 15948: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15891: 15881: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15762: 15760: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15752: 15750:Solid modeling 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15711: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15699: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15673: 15671: 15665: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15649:Control method 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15620: 15618: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15608: 15603: 15601:Multithreading 15598: 15593: 15588: 15582: 15580: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15544: 15542: 15536: 15535: 15533: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15495:Formal methods 15492: 15486: 15484: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15474: 15469: 15467:World Wide Web 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15403: 15401: 15395: 15394: 15392: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15350: 15348: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15311: 15309: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15256: 15254: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15193: 15191: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15130: 15128: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15088: 15086: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15047: 15045: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15009: 15007: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14999: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14944: 14942: 14936: 14935: 14928: 14925: 14924: 14917: 14916: 14909: 14902: 14894: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14881: 14879:Site isolation 14876: 14871: 14870: 14869: 14863: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14846: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14803: 14793: 14792: 14791: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14777:Authentication 14769: 14768: 14767: 14766: 14765: 14755: 14752: 14741: 14739: 14735: 14734: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14577:Email spoofing 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14517:DOM clobbering 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14497:Code injection 14494: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14443: 14441: 14435: 14434: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14377:Cyberterrorism 14374: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14365:Computer fraud 14362: 14352: 14347: 14341: 14339: 14335: 14334: 14327: 14326: 14319: 14312: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14287: 14281: 14276:978-1466572133 14275: 14262: 14257:978-0199918119 14256: 14243: 14208: 14159: 14154:978-3319172439 14153: 14137: 14132:978-1494932633 14131: 14114: 14101: 14065: 14053:978-9284501960 14052: 14034: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13981: 13980: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13921: 13895: 13873: 13855: 13829: 13804: 13778: 13731: 13695: 13669: 13643: 13606: 13562: 13537: 13512: 13486: 13460: 13439: 13409: 13391: 13359: 13329: 13303: 13277: 13251: 13233: 13215: 13189: 13163: 13152:on 3 June 2013 13137: 13122:. Defence IQ. 13110: 13079: 13048: 13042:978-1119270317 13041: 13013: 12986:(2): 301–323. 12970: 12919: 12860: 12827: 12796: 12781: 12767: 12754: 12723: 12708: 12682: 12649: 12618: 12592: 12581:on 25 May 2016 12566: 12534: 12523:on 27 May 2010 12508: 12485: 12456: 12431: 12409: 12391: 12361: 12331: 12313: 12295: 12286: 12257: 12231: 12219: 12199: 12177: 12162: 12136: 12110: 12083: 12065: 12034: 12019: 11989: 11971: 11949: 11932:Get Cyber Safe 11928:"GetCyberSafe" 11919: 11897: 11867: 11837: 11807: 11777: 11747: 11717: 11687: 11652: 11619: 11589: 11571: 11553: 11535: 11513: 11491: 11465: 11432: 11413: 11394: 11368: 11350: 11329: 11306: 11279: 11256: 11233: 11210: 11187: 11157: 11134: 11111: 11092: 11074: 11051: 11020: 10979: 10946: 10919: 10888: 10865: 10843: 10824: 10798: 10779: 10767: 10754: 10732: 10718:978-1119642817 10717: 10699: 10680:(3): 212–233. 10664: 10623: 10612:. 20 July 2021 10597: 10563: 10544:(4): 438–457. 10528: 10510: 10492: 10466: 10428: 10397: 10371: 10345: 10315: 10285: 10255: 10224: 10193: 10163: 10133: 10104: 10073: 10043: 10012: 9982: 9952: 9929: 9896: 9860: 9829: 9810:(3): 269–284. 9787: 9757: 9731: 9714:Education Week 9700: 9681: 9650: 9619: 9610:SPIEGEL ONLINE 9597: 9579: 9549: 9527: 9502: 9484: 9472:atlasRFIDstore 9459: 9441: 9416: 9384: 9353: 9323: 9293: 9262: 9227: 9197: 9167: 9135: 9109: 9076: 9043: 9016: 8989: 8958: 8927: 8896: 8866: 8836: 8813: 8764: 8759:prnewswire.com 8745: 8720: 8694: 8669: 8643: 8625: 8607: 8580: 8549: 8519: 8501: 8486: 8469: 8438: 8401: 8378: 8351: 8326: 8301: 8286: 8261: 8248:WeLiveSecurity 8235: 8210: 8177: 8152: 8127: 8103: 8073: 8047: 8018: 7992: 7966: 7940: 7914: 7894: 7880:978-1467389990 7879: 7848: 7826:10.1.1.50.7649 7796: 7774: 7759: 7734: 7687: 7620: 7588: 7563: 7533: 7511: 7482: 7464: 7438: 7405: 7379: 7353: 7328: 7313: 7288: 7263: 7238: 7235:on 4 May 2013. 7219: 7192: 7181:on 21 May 2015 7160: 7154:978-0818600265 7153: 7133: 7119:978-0769518848 7118: 7092: 7083:978-1849285544 7082: 7064: 7058:978-0135166246 7057: 7037: 7030: 7012: 6986: 6960: 6933: 6908: 6864: 6833: 6808: 6782: 6754: 6729: 6705: 6681: 6648: 6643:10520/EJC27949 6616: 6580: 6565: 6537: 6510: 6485: 6456: 6425: 6400: 6370:978-1447165248 6369: 6343: 6330:978-0199688975 6329: 6299: 6282:techopedia.com 6269: 6243: 6212: 6183:Arcos Sergio. 6175: 6143: 6132:on 22 May 2022 6113: 6087: 6062: 6036: 6015: 5978: 5973:SC Magazine UK 5959: 5941: 5918: 5893: 5860: 5823: 5798: 5785: 5763: 5735: 5707: 5682: 5652: 5623: 5597: 5569: 5541: 5511: 5485: 5455: 5438: 5413: 5370: 5333:Sustainability 5319: 5314:The Australian 5298: 5281: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5176: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5016:Bicycle attack 5013: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4971:Bruce Schneier 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4926:Butler Lampson 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4886:Deborah Estrin 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4802:to compete in 4780:replay attacks 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4631: 4617: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4585:is configured. 4560: 4554: 4508: 4507: 4504:Data integrity 4501: 4494: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4461:Chain of trust 4458: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4429:Authentication 4426: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410:Java byte code 4406: 4395: 4348:attack surface 4329: 4315: 4288:authentication 4275: 4272: 4256:U.K Government 4244: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187:methodologies. 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4147: 4144: 4128:cyberterrorism 4100:Main article: 4097: 4096:Modern warfare 4094: 4061: 4058: 4054:10 CFR Part 73 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4022: 4013:: part of the 3998: 3995: 3934:computer crime 3884: 3881: 3861: 3858: 3817:as defined in 3803:18 U.S.C. 3798: 3795: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3728: 3725: 3694: 3691: 3671: 3668: 3660:Main article: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620:European Union 3614:(ENISA) is an 3608: 3585:France Telecom 3580: 3573: 3541: 3538: 3479: 3476: 3441: 3438: 3430:Main article: 3427: 3424: 3415:Main article: 3412: 3409: 3388: 3385: 3359: 3356: 3328:Edward Snowden 3320:Main article: 3317: 3314: 3297: 3296:Stuxnet attack 3294: 3269: 3266: 3249: 3246: 3225:Main article: 3222: 3219: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3169: 3166: 3132:Clifford Stoll 3115: 3112: 3104:expected value 3082: 3079: 3040: 3037: 3024: 3021: 2979: 2976: 2939: 2936: 2904: 2901: 2876: 2873: 2827:connected cars 2811:cruise control 2792: 2789: 2785:hacked in 2014 2769:HBGary Federal 2738:identity theft 2733: 2730: 2711:partners with 2693: 2690: 2674:accelerometers 2662:mobile devices 2645: 2642: 2575: 2572: 2543: 2540: 2489:services, and 2487:authentication 2440:cybercriminals 2431: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2306:Access control 2302: 2300: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2257: 2254: 2230:computer virus 2201: 2198: 2184: 2181: 2120: 2117: 2087:Main article: 2084: 2081: 2061:Main article: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2047: 2033: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1951: 1948: 1882: 1879: 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1780:exit procedure 1772: 1771: 1764: 1761: 1751: 1733: 1726: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1657: 1638: 1632: 1622: 1616: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1573:Main article: 1570: 1567: 1556:countermeasure 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1497: 1494: 1475: 1474:HTML smuggling 1472: 1452: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1426: 1420: 1406: 1403:network packet 1396: 1389:Email spoofing 1373:Main article: 1370: 1367: 1322: 1319: 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1255: 1252: 1224:email spoofing 1211:of the bank's 1180: 1177: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1096: 1086: 1079: 1069: 1042: 1039: 981: 978: 946:software worms 940: 937: 909: 906: 882:authentication 865: 862: 853:and scanning. 826:United Kingdom 783:Main article: 780: 777: 701:they provide. 642: 641: 639: 638: 631: 624: 616: 613: 612: 611: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:Device drivers 590: 585: 580: 575: 567: 566: 562: 561: 545: 544: 534: 533: 531: 530: 523: 516: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 493: 490:Nuts and Volts 486: 481: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 452: 446: 440: 437:Legion of Doom 434: 428: 423: 417: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 393: 387: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 302: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 277: 274:Practice sites 272: 271: 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 223: 218: 213: 207: 204:Computer crime 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 120: 115: 110: 105: 98: 92: 85:Hacker culture 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 74: 69: 64: 62:Cryptovirology 59: 53: 48: 47: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15957: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15900: 15892: 15890: 15882: 15880: 15872: 15871: 15868: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15757: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15735:Mixed reality 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15708: 15704: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15674: 15672: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15617: 15613: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15581: 15579: 15575: 15569: 15568:Accessibility 15566: 15564: 15563:Visualization 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15404: 15402: 15400: 15396: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15347: 15342: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15308: 15304: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15249: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15190: 15186: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15083: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15044: 15040: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15023:Dependability 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15004: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14941: 14937: 14932: 14926: 14922: 14915: 14910: 14908: 14903: 14901: 14896: 14895: 14892: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14794: 14790: 14789:Authorization 14787: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14750:Secure coding 14748: 14747: 14746: 14743: 14742: 14740: 14736: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14719:SQL injection 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14699:Vulnerability 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14684:Trojan horses 14682: 14680: 14679:Software bugs 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14628: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14567:Eavesdropping 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14557:Data scraping 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14527:Cryptojacking 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14436: 14428: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14325: 14320: 14318: 14313: 14311: 14306: 14305: 14302: 14296: 14292: 14288: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14272: 14268: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14249: 14244: 14240: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14160: 14156: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14071: 14066: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14042: 14041: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13998: 13997: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13946: 13941: 13940: 13935: 13928: 13926: 13910: 13906: 13899: 13883: 13877: 13869: 13865: 13859: 13844: 13840: 13833: 13818: 13814: 13808: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13735: 13729: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13684: 13680: 13673: 13658: 13654: 13647: 13628: 13624: 13617: 13610: 13602: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13577: 13569: 13567: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13526: 13522: 13516: 13500: 13496: 13490: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13449: 13443: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13405: 13401: 13395: 13376: 13369: 13363: 13347: 13343: 13342:iase.disa.mil 13339: 13333: 13317: 13313: 13307: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13265: 13261: 13255: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13177: 13173: 13167: 13151: 13147: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13114: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13083: 13067: 13063: 13062:Network World 13059: 13052: 13044: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13025: 13017: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12966: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12911: 12906: 12905:11250/2579292 12901: 12896: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12864: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12838: 12831: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12800: 12793: 12792: 12785: 12778: 12777: 12771: 12764: 12758: 12742: 12738: 12737:Computerworld 12734: 12727: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12705: 12701: 12697: 12693: 12686: 12667: 12660: 12653: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12622: 12606: 12602: 12596: 12580: 12576: 12570: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12538: 12522: 12518: 12512: 12504: 12500: 12499:brookings.edu 12496: 12489: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12460: 12445: 12441: 12435: 12419: 12413: 12405: 12401: 12395: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12317: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12290: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12228: 12223: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12203: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12166: 12151: 12147: 12140: 12125: 12121: 12114: 12098: 12097:Cybernexguard 12094: 12087: 12076: 12069: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12038: 12030: 12023: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11985: 11981: 11975: 11960: 11953: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11841: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11811: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11751: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11721: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11626: 11624: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11593: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11523: 11517: 11501: 11495: 11480:. 26 May 2020 11479: 11475: 11469: 11460: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11436: 11428: 11424: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11398: 11382: 11378: 11372: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11346: 11342: 11336: 11334: 11317: 11310: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11214: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11191: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11138: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11115: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11070: 11066: 11065:IEEE Spectrum 11062: 11055: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11016: 11012: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10869: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10840: 10836: 10833: 10828: 10812: 10808: 10802: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10783: 10774: 10772: 10764: 10758: 10742: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10714: 10710: 10703: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10643:(10): 40–42. 10642: 10638: 10634: 10627: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10532: 10521: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10496: 10481: 10477: 10470: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10438: 10432: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10401: 10385: 10381: 10375: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10167: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10047: 10031: 10027: 10026:Computerworld 10023: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9864: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9745: 9741: 9735: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9685: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9654: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9583: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9401: 9394: 9388: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9336:The Telegraph 9333: 9327: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9297: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9255: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9241:Stefan Savage 9238: 9231: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9152: 9145: 9139: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9114: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9080: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9047: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9004: 9000: 8993: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8900: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8497: 8490: 8482: 8481: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8141: 8134: 8132: 8116: 8110: 8108: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8035: 8028: 8022: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7980: 7979:Computerworld 7976: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7907: 7906: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7860: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7813:IEEE Computer 7807: 7800: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7770: 7769:EE Times_Asia 7763: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7605: 7598: 7592: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7521: 7515: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7423: 7416: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7324: 7317: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7212: 7205: 7204: 7196: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7068: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6887:(5): 92–102. 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6869: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6822: 6821:csrc.nist.gov 6818: 6812: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6722: 6715: 6709: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6677: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6461: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5356:11250/2978306 5352: 5347: 5342: 5339:(24): 13677. 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5250: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5195:Open security 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5092:Data security 5090: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4981:Gene Spafford 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4946:Kevin Mitnick 4944: 4942: 4941:Carl Landwehr 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Monica S. Lam 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911:Peter Gutmann 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4881:Chuck Easttom 4879: 4877: 4876:Cynthia Dwork 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Lorrie Cranor 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4851:Stefan Brands 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4750:Ray Tomlinson 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4731:computer worm 4727: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4695:organized by 4694: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4539:Symmetric-key 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4515:Cryptographic 4512: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473:Cryptographic 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4284:authorization 4281: 4280: 4279: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4196: 4195: 4186: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157:cybersecurity 4153: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074:cybersecurity 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3779:United States 3768:United States 3765: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3724: 3722: 3721:Julie Collins 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702:cybersecurity 3699: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3667: 3663: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3523:San Francisco 3520: 3516: 3510: 3509:discussions. 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499:virtual space 3496: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3258:trojan horses 3255: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:computer worm 3228: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3023:Energy sector 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001:insulin pumps 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913:traffic light 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2781:Sony Pictures 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2742:data breaches 2739: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2668:devices like 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:smart watches 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504:interoperable 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:cyber hygiene 2231: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2210:cyber hygiene 2207: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2115:for example. 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2095:secure coding 2090: 2089:Secure coding 2083:Secure coding 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Apache Hadoop 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:network stack 1785: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:fail insecure 1643: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1448: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1264:vulnerability 1260: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1240:look and feel 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082:Trojan horses 1080: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 986: 985:Eavesdropping 980:Eavesdropping 977: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 905: 903: 898: 895: 891: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 861: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 838: 836: 832: 827: 822: 819: 817: 813: 812: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 786: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718:smart devices 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659:cybersecurity 656: 648: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 618: 617: 615: 614: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 569: 568: 564: 563: 547: 546: 543: 540: 539: 529: 524: 522: 517: 515: 510: 509: 507: 506: 499: 498: 494: 492: 491: 487: 485: 482: 480: 479: 475: 474: 468: 467: 460: 456: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 415: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 385: 380: 379: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 300: 295: 294: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 275: 270: 269: 262: 261:Vulnerability 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234:Hacking tools 230: 229: 222: 221:Script kiddie 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 155: 150: 149: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 121: 119: 118:Maker culture 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 103: 99: 97: 94: 93: 90: 86: 81: 80: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 51: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 15930:Cyberwarfare 15925:Cryptography 15831:Cyberwarfare 15490:Cryptography 15481: 14823:Data masking 14382:Cyberwarfare 14344: 14266: 14247: 14220: 14216: 14171: 14167: 14144: 14118: 14109: 14080: 14076: 14039: 14005: 14001: 13975: 13950:. Retrieved 13945:the original 13937: 13912:. Retrieved 13908: 13898: 13886:. Retrieved 13876: 13867: 13858: 13846:. Retrieved 13842: 13832: 13820:. Retrieved 13816: 13807: 13795:. Retrieved 13790: 13781: 13751:(2): 46–58. 13748: 13744: 13734: 13727: 13698: 13686:. Retrieved 13682: 13672: 13660:. Retrieved 13656: 13646: 13634:. Retrieved 13622: 13609: 13587:(4): 12–25. 13584: 13580: 13553:. Retrieved 13549: 13540: 13528:. Retrieved 13524: 13515: 13503:. Retrieved 13489: 13477:. Retrieved 13463: 13451:. Retrieved 13442: 13430:. Retrieved 13426:the original 13421: 13412: 13403: 13394: 13382:. Retrieved 13362: 13350:. Retrieved 13346:the original 13341: 13332: 13320:. Retrieved 13306: 13294:. Retrieved 13280: 13268:. Retrieved 13254: 13236: 13227: 13218: 13206:. Retrieved 13201: 13192: 13180:. Retrieved 13175: 13166: 13154:. Retrieved 13150:the original 13140: 13128:. Retrieved 13113: 13101:. Retrieved 13097:the original 13092: 13082: 13070:. 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Unlike a 2791:Automobiles 2702:tele-health 2650:Smartphones 2536:mall kiosks 2512:source code 2508:open source 2491:domain name 2472:credit card 2145:(ACLs) and 2105:correctness 1642:fail secure 1365:tax forms. 1197:discrepancy 1105:which uses 796:exploitable 765:metal locks 726:televisions 722:smartphones 588:File system 484:Hacker News 371:Infostealer 154:Conferences 108:Hackerspace 15914:Categories 15899:Glossaries 15771:E-commerce 15364:Statistics 15307:Algorithms 15265:Stochastic 15097:Middleware 14953:Peripheral 14828:Encryption 14704:Web shells 14644:Ransomware 14592:Hacktivism 14355:Cybercrime 13952:9 February 13914:8 February 13888:4 December 13848:23 January 13822:23 January 13662:16 January 13555:13 October 13530:13 October 13479:31 October 13453:31 October 13432:23 October 13228:ico.org.uk 13103:10 October 12675:4 November 12527:3 December 12384:9 December 11942:3 November 11890:1 November 11860:3 November 11830:3 November 11800:1 November 11770:1 November 11740:1 November 11710:3 November 11680:3 November 11645:1 November 11612:1 November 11387:3 November 11322:3 December 10972:30 October 10939:30 October 10727:1224516855 10616:4 December 10590:4 December 9922:4 November 9889:4 November 9477:3 February 9409:22 January 9377:22 January 9346:22 January 9316:22 January 9286:22 January 9220:22 January 9190:22 January 9160:4 November 8982:8 November 8784:(8): 127. 8687:3 February 7927:CSO Online 7793:: 554–563. 6847:Techopedia 6598:(Report). 6478:7 December 6418:9 February 6387:2014942635 6309:"spoofing" 6292:16 January 6168:7 December 6136:24 October 6080:6 December 6030:6 December 5954:MSSP Alert 5853:6 December 5816:5 December 5792:5 December 5756:5 December 5728:4 December 5675:4 December 5645:4 December 5393:(2): 1–4. 5245:References 4846:Matt Blaze 4791:protection 4675:Since the 4646:key logger 4639:open ports 4614:user space 4596:Honey pots 4523:Encryption 4487:cybercrime 4447:Capability 4388:namespaces 3851:President 3787:cyberspace 3773:Cyber Plan 3503:blockchain 3495:cyberspace 3488:power-grid 3372:Home Depot 3286:debit card 3056:smart card 3009:Windows XP 3005:ransomware 2997:pacemakers 2982:See also: 2903:Government 2869:Nuevo León 2795:See also: 2773:hacktivist 2746:Home Depot 2692:Healthcare 2613:to reduce 2552:power grid 2523:MasterCard 2474:security. 2336:Anti-theft 2177:E language 2109:algorithms 2040:sandboxing 2032:buildings. 1954:See also: 1914:backing up 1864:open ports 1821:to detect 1721:and using 1234:, or on a 1113:, trigger 1093:keyloggers 1051:ransomware 950:keyloggers 917:IP address 892:often use 847:ransomware 757:encryption 598:Networking 578:Interrupts 341:Logic bomb 336:Ransomware 113:Hacktivism 15720:Rendering 15715:Animation 15346:computing 15297:Semantics 14988:Processor 14659:Shellcode 14654:Scareware 14502:Crimeware 14462:Backdoors 14239:1877-0509 14196:216704215 14188:1556-5068 14097:0145-2096 14030:224886794 14022:0020-8183 13765:1934-1547 13384:20 August 13322:9 January 13296:9 January 13208:4 January 13182:1 January 13027:. Wiley. 13008:146145942 13000:0095-327X 12965:2183-2463 12914:2214-6296 12880:: 36–40. 12791:NEI 08-09 12788:Refer to 12718:2340-1117 12344:Infragard 11003:16 August 10694:152277480 10659:1927-0321 10585:0362-4331 10411:The Verge 9516:CiteSeerX 9429:nhtsa.gov 9069:4 January 9058:CNN Money 8600:9 January 8452:CNN Money 8096:8 October 8066:8 October 8040:9 October 7985:8 October 7959:8 October 7933:8 October 7821:CiteSeerX 7729:226767829 7721:2327-4662 7664:1424-8220 6903:0001-0782 6857:9 October 6801:4 January 6637:: 46–52. 6575:2340-1095 6379:2191-6594 6336:8 October 6025:187294508 5880:: 24–31. 5616:3 January 5478:17 August 5365:2071-1050 5276:1558-7215 4996:Moti Yung 4976:Dawn Song 4836:Adam Back 4770:In 1993, 4716:CIA triad 4635:port scan 4628:port scan 4563:Firewalls 4481:, is an 4312:biometric 4300:passwords 4086:licensees 3958:The U.S. 3919:InfraGard 3853:Joe Biden 3830:In 2013, 3820:18 U.S.C. 3801:The 1986 3693:Australia 3570:Microsoft 3515:R. Clarke 3468:fast flux 3232:internet 3007:attacks, 2865:Monterrey 2777:Anonymous 2725:Microsoft 2623:Australia 2607:microchip 2238:Vint Cerf 2163:(MAC) or 2025:biometric 2013:Bluetooth 2005:networks. 1918:insurance 1776:firewalls 1740:forensics 1729:Firewalls 1650:fail-safe 1456:Tampering 1451:Tampering 1423:Biometric 1415:of their 1336:attacks. 1296:accounts. 1099:Scareware 1068:computer. 1015:Carnivore 890:Criminals 878:algorithm 753:passwords 742:elections 459:Blue team 451:(defunct) 445:(defunct) 439:(defunct) 433:(defunct) 421:Anonymous 361:Web shell 211:Crimeware 191:Summercon 139:White hat 129:Black hat 122:Types of 96:Hackathon 57:Phreaking 15879:Category 15707:Graphics 15482:Security 15144:Compiler 15043:Networks 14940:Hardware 14833:Firewall 14738:Defenses 14664:Spamming 14649:Rootkits 14622:Phishing 14582:Exploits 14143:(2015). 14058:Archived 14046:. NATO. 13773:18929482 13720:Archived 13627:Archived 13623:nist.gov 13601:17609542 13505:15 March 13499:Archived 13473:Archived 13375:Archived 13316:Archived 13290:Archived 13264:Archived 13246:Archived 13176:cisa.gov 13156:30 April 13130:24 April 13124:Archived 13072:23 March 12820:16 April 12814:Archived 12741:Archived 12666:Archived 12636:Archived 12605:Archived 12553:Archived 12404:Archived 12348:Archived 12326:Archived 12308:Archived 12273:Archived 12172: at 12052:Archived 11984:Archived 11936:Archived 11914:Archived 11884:Archived 11854:Archived 11824:Archived 11794:Archived 11764:Archived 11734:Archived 11704:Archived 11674:Archived 11639:Archived 11606:Archived 11584:Archived 11566:Archived 11548:Archived 11381:Archived 11363:Archived 11345:Archived 11274:Archived 11251:Archived 11205:Archived 11174:Archived 11152:Archived 11103:Archived 11069:Archived 11038:Archived 10997:Archived 10933:Archived 10906:Archived 10883:Archived 10879:CBS News 10860:Archived 10835:Archived 10811:Archived 10790:Archived 10747:13 March 10450:Archived 10415:Archived 10384:Archived 10358:Archived 10332:Archived 10302:Archived 10298:BBC News 10272:Archived 10268:BBC News 10242:Archived 10211:Archived 10180:Archived 10176:NBC News 10150:Archived 10120:Archived 10091:Archived 10060:Archived 10030:Archived 9999:Archived 9969:Archived 9947:Archived 9913:Archived 9880:Archived 9847:Archived 9774:Archived 9718:Archived 9695:Archived 9668:Archived 9637:Archived 9566:Archived 9562:BBC News 9544:Archived 9400:Archived 9371:Archived 9340:Archived 9310:Archived 9280:Archived 9254:Archived 9214:Archived 9184:Archived 9151:Archived 9130:Archived 9096:Archived 9063:Archived 9036:29 March 9030:Archived 9009:29 March 9003:Archived 8976:Archived 8945:Archived 8914:Archived 8883:Archived 8853:Archived 8831:Archived 8827:CNNMoney 8808:28733949 8740:Archived 8638:Archived 8620:Archived 8594:Aerogram 8567:Archived 8542:19 March 8536:Archived 8514:Archived 8462:16 April 8456:Archived 8367:: 1253. 8296: at 7682:35898079 7604:Archived 7556:20 March 7550:Archived 7526:26 April 7477:Archived 7457:20 March 7451:Archived 7422:Archived 7398:20 March 7392:Archived 7372:20 March 7366:Archived 7128:44585546 6947:Archived 6851:Archived 6721:Archived 6600:Archived 6449:3 August 6443:Archived 6395:27594864 6286:Archived 6256:Archived 6205:16 April 6196:Archived 5751:Fortinet 5504:25 March 5464:"Ghidra" 5431:12 April 5405:Archived 5003:See also 4772:Netscape 4681:academia 4677:Internet 4535:breaking 4500:systems. 4403:AppArmor 4314:systems. 4082:U.S. NRC 3946:networks 3883:Agencies 3741:CERT- In 3635:and the 3593:AT&T 3589:Facebook 3554:AT&T 3403:such as 3364:Rescator 3118:As with 2956:software 2948:embedded 2932:Pentagon 2909:military 2875:Shipping 2664:such as 2580:aviation 2574:Aviation 2362:Firewall 2242:Congress 2149:(RBAC). 1849:firmware 1811:big data 1784:Internet 1754:Response 1742:, while 1613:attacker 1382:phishing 1369:Spoofing 1334:phishing 1282:phishing 1220:Phishing 1193:received 1179:Phishing 998:Using a 964:and the 876:, or an 870:backdoor 864:Backdoor 843:phishing 775:schema. 710:Internet 699:services 691:software 687:hardware 679:networks 603:Security 455:Red team 311:Backdoor 186:ShmooCon 134:Grey hat 15945:Malware 15889:Outline 14674:Spyware 14617:Payload 14612:Malware 14552:Viruses 14532:Botnets 14439:Threats 14204:3220475 13843:fbi.gov 13797:12 June 13636:19 June 13352:19 June 12882:Bibcode 12853:15 June 12747:15 June 12739:. 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