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in such activities is not one of the actual interests of the programmer subculture of hackers and it does not have significance in its actual activities, either. A further difference is that, historically, members of the programmer subculture of hackers were working at academic institutions and used the computing environment there. In contrast, the prototypical computer security hacker had access exclusively to a home computer and a modem. However, since the mid-1990s, with home computers that could run Unix-like operating systems and with inexpensive internet home access being available for the first time, many people from outside of the academic world started to take part in the programmer subculture of hacking.
651:, less skilled criminals who rely on tools written by others with very little knowledge about the way they work. This usage has become so predominant that the general public is largely unaware that different meanings exist. Though the self-designation of hobbyists as hackers is generally acknowledged and accepted by computer security hackers, people from the programming subculture consider the computer intrusion related usage incorrect, and emphasize the difference between the two by calling security breakers "crackers" (analogous to a
1017:'s current usage of the term may be traced back to the early 1980s. When the term, previously used only among computer enthusiasts, was introduced to wider society by the mainstream media in 1983, even those in the computer community referred to computer intrusion as hacking, although not as the exclusive definition of the word. In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively with the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology. Alternative terms such as
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themselves from construction kits. However, all these activities have died out during the 1980s when the phone network switched to digitally controlled switchboards, causing network hacking to shift to dialing remote computers with modems when pre-assembled inexpensive home computers were available and when academic institutions started to give individual mass-produced workstation computers to scientists instead of using a central timesharing system. The only kind of widespread hardware modification nowadays is
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existing infrastructure (especially the software environment they work with), while the latter primarily and strongly emphasize the general act of circumvention of security measures, with the effective use of the knowledge (which can be to report and help fixing the security bugs, or exploitation reasons) being only rather secondary. The most visible difference in these views was in the design of the MIT hackers'
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1063:, identifying those who use the technically-oriented sense (as opposed to the exclusively intrusion-oriented sense) as members of the computing community. On the other hand, due to the variety of industries software designers may find themselves in, many prefer not to be referred to as hackers because the word holds a negative denotation in many of those industries.
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hacker that encompasses such activities. The computer security hacking subculture, on the other hand, tends not to distinguish between the two subcultures as harshly, acknowledging that they have much in common including many members, political and social goals, and a love of learning about technology. They restrict the use of the term cracker to their categories of
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use of the term consistently pertains primarily to criminal activities, despite attempts by the technical community to preserve and distinguish the original meaning. Today, the mainstream media and general public continue to describe computer criminals, with all levels of technical sophistication, as
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itself could be modified to automatically generate the rogue code, to make detecting the modification even harder. Because the compiler is itself a program generated from a compiler, the Trojan horse could also be automatically installed in a new compiler program, without any detectable modification
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and various variants. The programmer subculture of hackers has stories about several hardware hacks in its folklore, such as a mysterious "magic" switch attached to a PDP-10 computer in MIT's AI lab that, when switched off, crashed the computer. The early hobbyist hackers built their home computers
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The programmer subculture of hackers sees secondary circumvention of security mechanisms as legitimate if it is done to get practical barriers out of the way for doing actual work. In special forms, that can even be an expression of playful cleverness. However, the systematic and primary engagement
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Hackers with malicious intentions. They often steal, exploit, and sell data, and are usually motivated by personal gain. Their work is usually illegal. A cracker is like a black hat hacker, but is specifically someone who is very skilled and tries via hacking to make profits or to benefit, not just
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from the other perspective. According to Eric S. Raymond, it "nicely illustrates the difference between 'hacker' and 'cracker'. Stoll's portrait of himself, his lady Martha, and his friends at
Berkeley and on the Internet paints a marvelously vivid picture of how hackers and the people around them
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hence calls him "a true hacker who blundered". Nevertheless, members of the programmer subculture have a tendency to look down on and disassociate from these overlaps. They commonly refer disparagingly to people in the computer security subculture as crackers and refuse to accept any definition of
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According to
Raymond, hackers from the programmer subculture usually work openly and use their real name, while computer security hackers prefer secretive groups and identity-concealing aliases. Also, their activities in practice are largely distinct. The former focus on creating new and improving
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used the term hacker in this context already in 1963 in its pejorative meaning for someone messing with the phone system. The overlap quickly started to break when people joined in the activity who did it in a less responsible way. This was the case after the publication of an article exposing the
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As the security-related usage has spread more widely, the original meaning has become less known. In popular usage and in the media, "computer intruders" or "computer criminals" is the exclusive meaning of the word. In computer enthusiast and hacker culture, the primary meaning is a complimentary
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and used negatively, including those who have historically preferred to self-identify as hackers. Many advocate using the more recent and nuanced alternate terms when describing criminals and others who negatively take advantage of security flaws in software and hardware. Others prefer to follow
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or promote a specific date as a "National Day of Civic
Hacking" to encourage participation from civic hackers. Civic hackers, though often operating autonomously and independently, may work alongside or in coordination with certain aspects of government or local infrastructure such as trains and
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The controversy is usually based on the assertion that the term originally meant someone messing about with something in a positive sense, that is, using playful cleverness to achieve a goal. But then, it is supposed, the meaning of the term shifted over the decades and came to refer to computer
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The term "hacker" started out with a benign definition: It described computer programmers who were especially adept at solving technical problems. By the mid-1990s, however, it was widely used to refer to those who turned their skills toward breaking into computers, whether for mild mischief or
674:": "A true hacker is not a group person. He's a person who loves to stay up all night, he and the machine in a love-hate relationship... They're kids who tended to be brilliant but not very interested in conventional goals It's a term of derision and also the ultimate compliment."
984:(which disclaimed any knowledge in these activities), broke into computers of American military organizations and academic institutions. They sold data from these machines to the Soviet secret service, one of them in order to fund his drug addiction. The case was solved when
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common popular usage, arguing that the positive form is confusing and unlikely to become widespread in the general public. A minority still use the term in both senses despite the controversy, leaving context to clarify (or leave ambiguous) which meaning is intended.
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allows companies to acquire information on products or services that can be stolen or used as leverage within the marketplace. Lastly, state-sponsored attacks provide nation states with both wartime and intelligence collection options conducted on, in, or through
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to vandalize. Crackers find exploits for system vulnerabilities and often use them to their advantage by either selling the fix to the system owner or selling the exploit to other black hat hackers, who in turn use it to steal information or gain royalties.
929:, the Dalton gang, etc. The acts performed by these kids are vandalism at best and probably trespass and theft at worst. ... I have watched kids testifying before Congress. It is clear that they are completely unaware of the seriousness of their acts."
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thinks that "the common theory that 'hacker' originally was a benign term and the malicious connotations of the word were a later perversion is untrue." He found that the malicious connotations were already present at MIT in 1963 (quoting
850:. Second, many hackers thrive off of increasing their reputation within the hacker subculture and will leave their handles on websites they defaced or leave some other evidence as proof that they were involved in a specific hack. Third,
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A possible middle ground position has been suggested, based on the observation that "hacking" describes a collection of skills and tools which are used by hackers of both descriptions for differing reasons. The analogy is made to
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Four primary motives have been proposed as possibilities for why hackers attempt to break into computers and networks. First, there is a criminal financial gain to be had when hacking systems with the specific purpose of stealing
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that can be mitigated. White hats are usually employed by the target system's owner and are typically paid (sometimes quite well) for their work. Their work is not illegal because it is done with the system owner's
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to break into computer systems and access data which would otherwise be inaccessible to them. In a positive connotation, though, hacking can also be utilized by legitimate figures in legal situations. For example,
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As a result, the definition is still the subject of heated controversy. The wider dominance of the pejorative connotation is resented by many who object to the term being taken from their cultural
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Since the mid-1980s, there are some overlaps in ideas and members with the computer security hacking community. The most prominent case is Robert T. Morris, who was a user of MIT-AI, yet wrote the
1040:"hackers" and do not generally make use of the word in any of its non-criminal connotations. Members of the media sometimes seem unaware of the distinction, grouping legitimate "hackers" such as
925:
to the source of the new compiler. However, Thompson disassociated himself strictly from the computer security hackers: "I would like to criticize the press in its handling of the 'hackers,' the
904:
There are some subtle overlaps, however, since basic knowledge about computer security is also common within the programmer subculture of hackers. For example, Ken
Thompson noted during his 1983
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However, because the positive definition of hacker was widely used as the predominant form for many years before the negative definition was popularized, "hacker" can therefore be seen as a
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were coined in an effort to maintain the distinction between hackers within the legitimate programmer community and those performing computer break-ins. Further terms such as
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An encounter of the programmer and the computer security hacker subculture occurred at the end of the 1980s, when a group of computer security hackers, sympathizing with the
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707:, addressing challenges relevant to neighborhoods, cities, states or countries and the infrastructure within them. Municipalities and major government agencies such as
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description for a particularly brilliant programmer or technical expert. A large segment of the technical community insist the latter is the correct usage, as in the
1608:
647:
Mainstream usage of "hacker" mostly refers to computer criminals, due to the mass media usage of the word since the 1990s. This includes what hacker jargon calls
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The main basic difference between programmer subculture and computer security hacker is their mostly separate historical origin and development. However, the
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sometimes use hacking techniques to collect evidence on criminals and other malicious actors. This could include using anonymity tools (such as a
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developed when laws against breaking into computers came into effect, to distinguish criminal activities from those activities which were legal.
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Originally, hacker simply meant advanced computer technology enthusiast (both hardware and software) and adherent of programming subculture; see
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1071:, specifically picking locks, which is a skill which can be used for good or evil. The primary weakness of this analogy is the inclusion of
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994:, a German film adaption with fictional elements, shows the events from the attackers' perspective. Stoll described the case in his book
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Hacking can also have a broader sense of any roundabout solution to a problem, or programming and hardware development in general, and
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988:, a scientist working as a system administrator, found ways to log the attacks and to trace them back (with the help of many others).
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reports that considerable overlap existed for the early phreaking at the beginning of the 1970s. An article from MIT's student paper
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All three subcultures have relations to hardware modifications. In the early days of network hacking, phreaks were building
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or a particular known password, allowing a backdoor into the system with the latter password. He named his invention the "
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Dey, Debabrata, Atanu Lahiri, and
Guoying Zhang. "Hacker behavior, network effects, and the security software market."
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Baker, Bruce D. "Sin and the Hacker Ethic: The
Tragedy of Techno-Utopian Ideology in Cyberspace Business Cultures."
687:, an MIT student newspaper), and at that time referred to unauthorized users of the telephone network, that is, the
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has spread the term's broader usage to the general public even outside the profession or hobby of electronics (see
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813:. The concept expanded to the hobbyist home computing community, focusing on hardware in the late 1970s (e.g. the
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1222:
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1959:
Lloyd, Gene. "Developing
Algorithms to Identify Spoofed Internet Traffic". Colorado Technical University, 2014
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2635:"Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects"
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829:) in the 1980s/1990s. Later, this would go on to encompass many new definitions such as art, and
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are people involved with circumvention of computer security. There are several types, including:
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20:
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1805:
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in the popular usage of "hacker", despite their lack of an underlying skill and knowledge base.
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442:
1786:"Frustrated Over Late SEPTA Trains, Software Developer Creates App Proposing Better Schedules"
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developed a web application that displayed a comparison of the actual arrival times of local
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1705:"Thanks to civic hackers, a Montreal company just made Baltimore's bus system more usable"
8:
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1093:, conducting cyber attacks on a business or organisation in order to bring social change
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1648:"Government releases 'unprecedented amount of data' for National Day of Civic Hacking"
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trains to their scheduled times after being reportedly frustrated by the discrepancy.
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Reflecting the two types of hackers, there are two definitions of the word "hacker":
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2411:
Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the
Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age
2302:
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1908:
1681:"Bus pass: Civic hackers open transit data MTA said would cost too much to share"
1448:
1422:, "S P A C E W A R: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums:" In
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37:
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Underground: Tales of
Hacking, Madness and Obsession on the Electronic Frontier
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movement that developed into the computer security hacker subculture of today.
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2317:
Himanen, Pekka. "19. The hacker ethic as the culture of the information age."
2799:
2759:
2729:
1753:"Why does this data from our troubled Philadelphia Traffic Court cost $ 11K?"
1599:"Time To Make Plans For June's National Day of Civic Hacking - IEEE Spectrum"
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who achieves goals by non-standard means. The term has become associated in
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2086:"The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman"
1298:
1173:"Searching Places Unknown: Law Enforcement Jurisdiction on the Dark Web"
1129:
744:
Hackers who work to keep data safe from other hackers by finding system
2256:
1806:"This app shows you how often SEPTA Regional Rail is late (with fixes)"
1729:"This app shows you how often SEPTA Regional Rail is late (with fixes)"
1090:
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856:
818:
352:
347:
124:
2428:
1398:
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639:. If doing so for malicious purposes, the person can also be called a
1394:
1301:"Hacker types, motivations and strategies: A comprehensive framework"
1235:
990:
826:
775:, but do not have the malicious intent typical of a black hat hacker.
712:
595:
372:
222:
202:
107:
68:
33:
1576:"Open Data and Innovation at the National Day of Civic Hacking 2016"
771:
Computer security experts who may sometimes violate laws or typical
2332:
The palgrave handbook of international cybercrime and cyberdeviance
1415:
1260:"In '95, these people defined tech: Gates, Bezos, Mitnick and more"
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969:
926:
921:
913:
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688:
619:
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466:
197:
145:
2640:. In Feller, J.; Fitzgerald, B.; Hissam, S.; et al. (eds.).
2330:
Holt, Thomas J. "Computer hacking and the hacker subculture." in
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342:
317:
310:
182:
912:"login" command that would accept either the intended encrypted
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2193:"EDN - 'Hacker' is used by mainstream media, September 5, 1983"
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508:
357:
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buses. For example, in 2008, Philadelphia-based civic hacker
1603:
1299:
Samuel Chng; Han Yu Lu; Ayush Kumar; David Yau (Mar 2022).
1264:
909:
708:
671:
2214:
901:, which deliberately did not have any security measures.
587:) to mask their identities online and pose as criminals.
2443:
The
Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Hacking & Phreaking
2296:
Die Hacker: Strukturanalyse einer jugendlichen Subkultur
1625:"National Day of Civic Hacking is about 'civic bravery'"
2455:
2387:
Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier
2615:
The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age
1826:"SEPTA rider creates app proposing 'better schedules'"
670:
Sometimes, "hacker" is simply used synonymously with "
1517:"White House, NASA Celebrate National Day of Hacking"
2460:
Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace
1823:
1251:
1113:"Tallinn, Hacking, and Customary International Law"
2560:The Hacker Diaries: Confessions of Teenage Hackers
2557:
2457:
1994:
1992:
793:is an idea derived from a community of enthusiast
2797:
2083:
1853:"What are crackers and hackers? | Security News"
2734:The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit
2687:Raymond, Eric S.; Steele, Guy L., eds. (1996).
1989:
908:lecture that it is possible to add code to the
2686:
2642:Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
2376:
531:
2580:
2456:Slatalla, Michelle; Joshua Quittner (1995).
1370:
566: – someone with knowledge of
2633:Lakhani, Karim R.; Wolf, Robert G. (2005).
2632:
1558:"Join Us for National Day of Civic Hacking"
1292:
862:
727:
2669:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
1436:
1434:
1207:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
1008:
538:
524:
2348:Journal of Management Information Systems
2046:
1783:
1678:
1384:
1316:
1257:
1234:
1128:
1087:, an unskilled computer security attacker
2478:
2025:
1883:"Happy 60th Birthday to the Word "Hack""
1170:
1110:
951:
866:
699:Civic hackers use their security and/or
27:
16:Person skilled in information technology
2707:
2611:
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2276:Journal of Religion and Business Ethics
2190:
1907:
1702:
1555:
1431:
2798:
2728:
2587:
2555:
2534:
2502:
1880:
1352:from the original on November 10, 2015
1220:
811:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
703:to create solutions, often public and
2506:Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime
1803:
1750:
1726:
1453:American Dialect Society Mailing List
920:". Furthermore, Thompson argued, the
803:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2662:
2408:
2339:
1923:from the original on 10 October 2008
1622:
1562:California Health and Human Services
893:activities of Draper and Engressia.
32:Participants in the Coding da Vinci
1824:Metro Magazine Staff (2014-01-22).
1305:Computers in Human Behavior Reports
258:forensics-focused operating systems
13:
2267:
2229:. Fortune Magazine. Archived from
2220:
1514:
1472:from the original on March 4, 2021
1339:
1283:criminal gain. Which brings us to
1005:like to live and how they think."
14:
2847:
2752:
2541:. University of Minnesota Press.
779:
2783:
2769:
2758:
1048:along with criminal "crackers".
2714:. Prentice Hall International.
2651:from the original on 2015-09-23
2523:from the original on 2009-03-09
2245:
2203:from the original on 2020-04-29
2191:Deffree, Suzanne (2019-09-05).
2184:
2173:from the original on 2008-09-13
2157:
2146:from the original on 2008-09-13
2130:
2119:from the original on 2008-09-13
2103:
2092:from the original on 2021-03-07
2077:
2066:from the original on 2007-09-24
2028:"Reflections on Trusting Trust"
2019:
2008:from the original on 2008-09-15
1978:from the original on 2008-09-21
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1901:
1874:
1845:
1832:from the original on 2023-11-20
1812:from the original on 2023-12-04
1792:from the original on 2023-11-20
1784:Lattanzio, Vince (2014-01-20).
1776:
1763:from the original on 2023-11-03
1739:from the original on 2023-11-03
1715:from the original on 2023-11-03
1703:Babcock, Stephen (2015-02-25).
1691:from the original on 2023-11-03
1671:
1658:from the original on 2022-10-04
1635:from the original on 2023-11-03
1611:from the original on 2023-11-03
1586:from the original on 2023-06-02
1548:
1535:from the original on 2023-11-03
1503:from the original on 2023-11-03
1484:
1458:
1371:Malkin, G.; Laquey, T. (1993).
1187:from the original on 2021-04-20
1153:from the original on 2021-04-20
949:and black hat hackers instead.
899:Incompatible Timesharing System
880:and proponent of hacker culture
694:
635:Someone who is able to subvert
79:Hacking of consumer electronics
1679:Gallagher, Sean (2015-02-25).
1409:
1364:
1333:
1258:Skillings, Jon (27 May 2020).
1214:
1198:
1171:Ghappour, Ahmed (2017-04-01).
1164:
1111:Ghappour, Ahmed (2017-01-01).
1104:
601:
1:
2774:The dictionary definition of
2564:. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media.
2026:Thompson, Ken (August 1984).
1804:Reyes, Juliana (2014-01-09).
1751:Reyes, Juliana (2014-07-11).
1727:Reyes, Juliana (2014-01-09).
1097:
1002:The KGB, the Computer, and Me
616:Black hat (computer security)
612:White hat (computer security)
1917:A Brief History of Hackerdom
1881:London, Jay (6 April 2015).
178:Chaos Communication Congress
7:
2806:Hacking (computer security)
2711:The Art of Unix Programming
2690:The New Hacker's Dictionary
1623:Hong, Albert (2016-06-08).
1342:"A Short History of "Hack""
1078:
10:
2852:
2356:Dreyfus, Suelette (1997).
1373:"Internet Users' Glossary"
1318:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100167
1223:"Internet Users' Glossary"
1000:and in the TV documentary
836:
783:
605:
490:2600: The Hacker Quarterly
228:List of computer criminals
18:
2708:Raymond, Eric S. (2003).
2581:Free software/open source
2084:Richard Stallman (2002).
2035:Communications of the ACM
1493:"What is a Civic Hacker?"
2535:Thomas, Douglas (2002).
2503:Taylor, Paul A. (1999).
2223:"A who's who of hackers"
1466:"The Origin of "Hacker""
863:Overlaps and differences
807:Tech Model Railroad Club
801:in the 1960s around the
728:Security related hacking
711:have been known to host
577:law enforcement agencies
408:Cloud computing security
2612:Himanen, Pekka (2001).
1919:. Thyrsus Enterprises.
1221:Malkin, G, ed. (1996).
1009:Representation in media
554:is a person skilled in
188:Hackers on Planet Earth
21:Hacker (disambiguation)
2169:. The Jargon Lexicon.
2142:. The Jargon Lexicon.
2115:. The Jargon Lexicon.
2004:. The Jargon Lexicon.
1974:. The Jargon Lexicon.
1556:Abegail (2016-06-04).
1442:Antedating of "Hacker"
965:
881:
815:Homebrew Computer Club
556:information technology
443:Homebrew Computer Club
41:
2821:Computing terminology
2597:. Beijing: O'Reilly.
2429:Hacker's Encyclopedia
2409:Levy, Steven (2002).
2314:(Random House, 2010).
2139:A Story About 'Magic'
2048:10.1145/358198.358210
955:
870:
606:Further information:
31:
2826:Computer programming
2792:at Wikimedia Commons
2594:Hackers and Painters
2556:Verton, Dan (2002).
2485:The Hacker Crackdown
2392:Simon & Schuster
2350:29.2 (2012): 77-108.
2166:Part III. Appendices
2112:Part III. Appendices
1243:1983. Archived from
874:, maintainer of the
795:computer programmers
461:Masters of Deception
403:Application security
19:For other uses, see
2319:The Network Society
1913:"The Early Hackers"
1177:Stanford Law Review
1130:10.1017/aju.2017.59
982:Chaos Computer Club
852:corporate espionage
844:credit card numbers
817:) and on software (
701:programming acumens
438:Chaos Computer Club
173:Black Hat Briefings
47:Part of a series on
40:, April 26–27, 2014
2448:2016-09-05 at the
2434:2007-07-08 at the
2301:2017-09-30 at the
2285:2023-01-16 at the
1911:(25 August 2000).
1447:2007-10-25 at the
966:
956:The front page of
882:
268:Social engineering
42:
2836:Internet security
2816:Computing culture
2788:Media related to
2693:. The MIT Press.
2516:978-0-415-18072-6
2464:. HarperCollins.
2340:Computer security
2221:DuBois, Shelley.
1468:. April 1, 2008.
960:, a long-running
823:software cracking
799:systems designers
773:ethical standards
637:computer security
548:
547:
396:Computer security
363:Keystroke logging
2843:
2831:Computer viruses
2787:
2773:
2762:
2747:
2725:
2704:
2683:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2639:
2629:
2618:. Random House.
2608:
2575:
2563:
2552:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2499:
2475:
2463:
2424:
2405:
2373:
2334:(2020): 725-742.
2312:The hacker ethic
2310:Himanen, Pekka.
2294:Hasse, Michael.
2261:
2260:
2255:. Archived from
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2233:on June 19, 2011
2218:
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1885:. Archived from
1878:
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1859:. Archived from
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1397:. Archived from
1395:10.17487/RFC1392
1388:
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1359:
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1268:. Archived from
1255:
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1236:10.17487/RFC1983
1218:
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1196:
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1108:
1015:mainstream media
997:The Cuckoo's Egg
846:or manipulating
733:Security hackers
718:William Entriken
540:
533:
526:
413:Network security
114:Hacker Manifesto
53:Computer hacking
44:
43:
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2496:
2480:Sterling, Bruce
2472:
2450:Wayback Machine
2436:Wayback Machine
2421:
2402:
2370:
2342:
2337:
2303:Wayback Machine
2287:Wayback Machine
2278:4.2 (2020): 1+
2270:
2268:Further reading
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2095:
2093:
2088:. GNU Project.
2082:
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2020:
2011:
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1863:on May 15, 2011
1857:www.pctools.com
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1515:Finley, Klint.
1506:
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1463:
1459:
1455:(13. June 2003)
1449:Wayback Machine
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1386:10.1.1.418.7680
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962:online magazine
872:Eric S. Raymond
865:
848:banking systems
839:
809:(TMRC) and the
788:
782:
746:vulnerabilities
730:
697:
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608:Security hacker
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564:security hacker
560:popular culture
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193:Security BSides
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84:List of hackers
64:
38:Berlin, Germany
24:
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2753:External links
2751:
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2730:Turkle, Sherry
2726:
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2538:Hacker Culture
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2262:
2259:on 2006-05-03.
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1667:
1654:. 2013-05-31.
1644:
1620:
1595:
1582:. 2016-06-03.
1580:whitehouse.gov
1547:
1545:
1544:
1499:. 2013-05-15.
1483:
1457:
1440:Fred Shapiro:
1430:
1408:
1401:on 2016-05-16.
1363:
1346:The New Yorker
1332:
1291:
1272:on 28 May 2020
1250:
1247:on 2016-06-05.
1213:
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1102:
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1077:
1073:script kiddies
1042:Linus Torvalds
1010:
1007:
986:Clifford Stoll
947:script kiddies
864:
861:
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791:Hacker culture
786:Hacker culture
784:Main article:
781:
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2782:
2780:at Wiktionary
2779:
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2756:
2745:
2743:0-262-70111-1
2739:
2736:. MIT Press.
2735:
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2721:0-13-142901-9
2717:
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2700:0-262-68092-0
2696:
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2681:
2679:0-385-19195-2
2675:
2672:. Doubleday.
2671:
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2647:
2644:. MIT Press.
2643:
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2625:0-375-50566-0
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2604:0-596-00662-4
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2548:0-8166-3345-2
2544:
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2518:
2512:
2509:. Routledge.
2508:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2495:0-553-08058-X
2491:
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2375:
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1889:on 7 May 2016
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2776:
2766:at Wikibooks
2733:
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2688:
2667:
2664:Levy, Steven
2653:. Retrieved
2641:
2614:
2592:
2589:Graham, Paul
2559:
2536:
2525:. Retrieved
2505:
2484:
2459:
2441:Revelation:
2427:Logik Bomb:
2410:
2390:. New York:
2386:
2362:. Mandarin.
2357:
2347:
2331:
2318:
2311:
2275:
2257:the original
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2226:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2196:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2165:
2159:
2148:. Retrieved
2138:
2132:
2121:. Retrieved
2111:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2079:
2068:. Retrieved
2038:
2034:
2021:
2010:. Retrieved
2000:
1980:. Retrieved
1970:
1964:
1955:
1950:Levy, part 3
1946:
1941:Levy, part 2
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1916:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1876:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1856:
1847:
1834:. Retrieved
1814:. Retrieved
1794:. Retrieved
1778:
1765:. Retrieved
1757:Technical.ly
1756:
1741:. Retrieved
1733:Technical.ly
1732:
1717:. Retrieved
1709:Technical.ly
1708:
1693:. Retrieved
1685:Ars Technica
1684:
1673:
1660:. Retrieved
1651:
1637:. Retrieved
1629:Technical.ly
1628:
1613:. Retrieved
1602:
1588:. Retrieved
1579:
1565:. Retrieved
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1537:. Retrieved
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1505:. Retrieved
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1460:
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1423:
1411:
1399:the original
1376:
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1354:. Retrieved
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1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1263:
1253:
1245:the original
1226:
1216:
1205:
1200:
1189:. Retrieved
1180:
1176:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1120:
1117:AJIL Unbound
1116:
1106:
1069:locksmithing
1065:
1058:
1050:
1035:
1012:
1001:
995:
989:
979:
975:case modding
967:
941:
935:
931:
918:Trojan horse
906:Turing Award
903:
895:
889:
885:
883:
875:
840:
831:life hacking
789:
731:
705:open-sourced
698:
695:Civic hacker
682:
678:Fred Shapiro
676:
669:
667:definition.
661:
657:
646:
623:
589:
551:
549:
507:
500:
488:
483:Publications
328:Trojan horse
293:HackThisSite
135:
112:
25:
2413:. Penguin.
2253:"TMRC site"
1893:16 December
1652:VentureBeat
1497:Digital.gov
1356:November 3,
1183:(4): 1075.
1123:: 224–228.
964:for hackers
942:Jargon File
938:Morris worm
886:Jargon File
877:Jargon File
819:video games
805:'s (MIT's)
665:Jargon File
659:criminals.
653:safecracker
602:Definitions
496:Hacker News
383:Infostealer
166:Conferences
120:Hackerspace
2800:Categories
2655:2016-03-25
2527:2009-03-08
2488:. Bantam.
2207:2020-09-07
2177:2008-10-18
2150:2008-10-18
2123:2008-10-18
2096:2008-10-18
2070:2007-08-24
2041:(8): 761.
2012:2008-10-18
1982:2008-10-18
1927:6 December
1867:2016-09-10
1836:2023-11-20
1816:2023-11-20
1796:2023-11-20
1767:2023-11-03
1743:2023-11-03
1719:2023-11-03
1695:2023-11-03
1662:2023-11-03
1639:2023-11-03
1615:2023-11-03
1590:2023-11-03
1567:2023-11-03
1539:2023-11-03
1507:2023-11-03
1418:quoted in
1227:IETF Tools
1191:2020-09-06
1157:2020-09-06
1098:References
1091:Hacktivism
1061:shibboleth
970:blue boxes
922:C compiler
857:cyberspace
757:or Cracker
713:hackathons
353:Logic bomb
348:Ransomware
125:Hacktivism
1971:phreaking
1529:1059-1028
1381:CiteSeerX
1327:2451-9588
1147:158071009
1139:2398-7723
1027:white hat
1023:black hat
827:demoscene
755:Black hat
740:White hat
596:life hack
471:Blue team
463:(defunct)
457:(defunct)
451:(defunct)
445:(defunct)
433:Anonymous
373:Web shell
223:Crimeware
203:Summercon
151:White hat
141:Black hat
134:Types of
108:Hackathon
69:Phreaking
34:hackathon
2732:(1984).
2666:(1984).
2646:Archived
2591:(2004).
2521:Archived
2482:(1992).
2446:Archived
2432:Archived
2384:(1991).
2299:Archived
2283:Archived
2227:Reporter
2201:Archived
2171:Archived
2144:Archived
2117:Archived
2090:Archived
2061:Archived
2057:34854438
2006:Archived
1976:Archived
1921:Archived
1830:Archived
1810:Archived
1790:Archived
1761:Archived
1737:Archived
1713:Archived
1689:Archived
1656:Archived
1633:Archived
1609:Archived
1584:Archived
1533:Archived
1501:Archived
1476:March 1,
1470:Archived
1445:Archived
1416:Alan Kay
1350:Archived
1185:Archived
1151:Archived
1079:See also
1031:gray hat
927:414 gang
914:password
890:The Tech
767:Grey hat
749:consent.
689:phreaker
684:The Tech
620:Grey hat
585:dark web
572:exploits
467:Red team
323:Backdoor
198:ShmooCon
146:Grey hat
2790:Hackers
2764:Hacking
2237:19 June
2001:cracker
1210:. 1984.
1019:cracker
837:Motives
641:cracker
583:or the
562:with a
455:LulzSec
343:Spyware
318:Rootkit
311:Malware
263:Payload
253:Exploit
183:DEF CON
136:hackers
62:History
2777:Hacker
2740:
2718:
2697:
2676:
2622:
2601:
2568:
2545:
2513:
2492:
2468:
2452:(1996)
2438:(1997)
2417:
2398:
2366:
2323:online
2305:(1994)
2280:online
2055:
1527:
1428:(1972)
1383:
1325:
1276:28 May
1145:
1137:
1053:jargon
958:Phrack
940:. The
825:, the
618:, and
552:hacker
509:Phrack
426:Groups
358:Botnet
298:Zone-H
2649:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2053:S2CID
2031:(PDF)
1521:Wired
1143:S2CID
722:SEPTA
333:Virus
101:ethic
2738:ISBN
2716:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2239:2011
1929:2008
1895:2016
1604:IEEE
1525:ISSN
1478:2021
1406:1392
1377:IETF
1358:2015
1323:ISSN
1278:2020
1265:CNET
1135:ISSN
1044:and
1029:and
1013:The
910:UNIX
797:and
709:NASA
672:geek
568:bugs
368:HIDS
338:Worm
99:and
2197:EDN
2043:doi
1404:RFC
1391:doi
1313:doi
1241:RFC
1231:doi
1125:doi
1121:111
655:).
598:).
581:VPN
570:or
378:RCE
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