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themselves and their future. Scholars that have studied the social characteristics that arise from having an immigrant status have defined this state of struggle as the "master status" that anchors their decisions in every aspect of their lives, often serving as a crippling agent in their individual developments. When looking specifically into the Latino population, there is an immense hesitance in pursuing education post-high school. According to a study conducted by Abrego in 2006, Latino immigrants without a legal status were more reluctant in pursuing higher education levels, including college as compared to their legal brethren. Most immigrants suffer silently in this manner due to a lack of a healthy immigrant niche construction through which they are able to assimilate accordingly and take advantage of the educational and social opportunities. In Norway for example, the government was able to facilitate increasing levels of re-distributive policies that allowed for a functional welfare state in which the immigrant population were able to lower the gaps of social class differences and becoming increasingly affluent in their ambitions of maintaining better lifestyles. Hence, social mobility is the deferred offspring of many welfare states including the United States due to their low public spending incentives. Studies conducted on education spending in the United States have shown that as compared to the private funding of education, only 2.7% of the nation's total GDP is spent towards public education.
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and hospital and social services during the 1990s, immigration caused a shift in this employment trend pushing them more towards private or self employment. One causing factor is the growing Puerto Rican and
Mexican population who have increasingly found their employment niches in these specific sectors. Another pattern seen in the economic regression of African-Americans is the invisible role of education in expanding their career opportunities. Historical data shows that the African-American's future advances were highly discounted by scholars like Orley Ashenfelter (1977) and William A. Darity (1982). Consensus studies conducted in the earlier periods of 1940 through 1960 also led many people to argue that black economic mobility through the route of education was closed. Comparatively, the 1990 Census as conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics showed that African-Americans made 63 percent less than the average American due to poor health conditions driven by their unequal social status. Displacement is seen even in low wage sector jobs, including janitorial positions that have become increasingly taken over by Mexicans and while African-Americas have still held these positions in the government, their economic position in considerably diminishing in this area. Hence, the economic stability of African-Americans are not only challenged through their social state but by the growing migration patterns as well.
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economy during the 1996 through 2005 period as over half of taxpayers moved to a different income quintile over this period"; 80 percent of taxpayers had incomes in quintiles as high or higher in 2005 than they did in 1996, and 45 percent of taxpayers not in the highest income quintile moved up at least one quintile. Fewer than half (between 40 and 43%) "of those in the top 1 percent in 1996 were still in the top 1 percent in 2005. Only about 25 percent of the individuals in the top 1/100th percent in 1996 remained in the top 1/100th percent in 2005." The study reassured
Americans "the opportunity for upward mobility" in America despite their concern about the "long-term trend of increasing income inequality in the U.S. economy" After-tax income of the top 1% earners has grown by 176% percent from 1979 to 2007 while it grew only 9% for the lowest 20%.
211:
Mobility
Project study 43% of children born into the bottom quintile (bottom 20%) remain in that bottom quintile as adults. Similarly, 40% of children raised in the top quintile (top 20%) will remain there as adults. Looking at larger moves, only 4% of those raised in the bottom quintile moved up to the top quintile as adults. Around twice as many (8%) of children born into the top quintile fell to the bottom. 37% of children born into the top quintile will fall below the middle. These findings have led researchers to conclude that "opportunity structures create and determine future generations' chances for success. Hence, our lot in life is at least partially determined by where we grow up, and this is partially determined by where our parents grew up, and so on."
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of sons with fathers who had farming occupations ended up in upper nonmanual occupations. In 1973, these differences increased. 59.4% of sons with fathers in upper nonmanual occupations achieved occupations of this same level and 0.9% of sons with fathers in farming occupations ended up in upper nonmanual occupations. However, the occupational structure is more rigid towards the top and bottom. Those in lower nonmanual occupations, and upper and lower manual occupations were more likely to be vertically mobile. Upper nonmanual occupations have the highest level of occupational inheritance. In the 1980s studies found that only 20 percent of the income gap persisted between generations in
America, according to the
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stay there as adults. That shows a level of persistent disadvantage much higher than in
Denmark (25 percent) and Britain (30 percent)âa country famous for its class constraints. Meanwhile, just 8 percent of American men at the bottom rose to the top fifth. That compares with 12 percent of the British and 14 percent of the Danes. Despite frequent references to the United States as a classless society, about 62 percent of Americans (male and female) raised in the top fifth of incomes stay in the top two-fifths, according to research by the Economic Mobility Project of the Pew Charitable Trusts. Similarly, 65 percent born in the bottom fifth stay in the bottom two-fifths.
683:" policies, have created an underclass with severely limited social mobility. Within the United States the prison population has been steadily increasing since the early 1970s and has now surpassed two million, making it the highest per capita rate in the world. This boom has been fueled to a large extent by the War on Drugs starting in the 1980s. In addition to the mobility handicaps of imprisonment, this "war" has effectively created a poor, immobile class by denying one of the most important tools for social mobilityâeducationâin a number of ways
659:, and "there is significant economic 'catching up' between the first and second generations" (second generation being defined as child with at least one parent not born in the United States). This intergenerational mobility includes poor as well as middle income groups, although among the high income Borjas noted a regression towards the mean or equalizing tendency in income/status, whereby children of very successful immigrants tended to have lower, not higher, incomes/status than their parents, becoming successful but not as successful.
22:
43:... ha pieced together an astonishing series of findings: that absolute mobility (the chance that a child will go on to earn more than their parents) has dropped from 90%, a near certainty, to 50%, a coin-toss; that the gap in life-expectancy between rich and poor has widened even as that between blacks and whites has narrowed; and that although the chances of upward mobility differ greatly from one neighbourhood to the next, in nearly every part of America the path for black boys is steeper.
365:, found 67% of Americans who were children in 1968 had higher levels of real family income in 1995â2002 than their parents had in 1967â1971 (although most of this growth in total family income can be attributed to the increasing number of women who work since male earnings have stayed relatively stable throughout this time) As to whether this figure is higher or lower than other countries is difficult to say as this type of measure has not been done for other countries.
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on for promotion. As of the 1990s, the vast majority of all clerical and office workers are women, but made up less than half of all managers. Less than 15% of all managers were minorities, while roughly a quarter of all clerical and office employees were. The networks of women and minorities are simply not as strong as those of males and whites, putting them at a disadvantage in status/income mobility.
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377:"âis the change in class and/or income experienced by individuals during their lifetime. Intra-generational mobility renders the meaning of "short-term" inequality ambiguous, since high intra-generational mobility suggests that those who are currently less well-off (for instance the young) will move up the class or income scale later in life.
81:"); or over the course of a person's lifetime ("intra-generational"). Socioeconomic mobility typically refers to "relative mobility", the chance that an individual American's income or social status will rise or fall in comparison to other Americans, but can also refer to "absolute" mobility, based on changes in living standards in America.
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people live and with the property wealth of their neighbors. For this and other reasons, poor children tend to go to poor schools and more advantaged children to good schools. ... Finally, access both to a quality preschool experience and to higher education continues to depend quite directly on family resources.â
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Sociologists Blau and Duncan collected mobility data along with the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1962. The data included information on occupational family backgrounds. In 1962, 56.8% of sons with fathers who had occupations in upper nonmanual ended up with occupations in the same level. Only 1.2%
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Others have pointed out that men have statistically been willing to accept job conditions that women were not, such as working outside in extreme weather, working where you can become physically dirty on a regular basis, working more hours, etc. This is based on survey information, and shows that it
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Reports analyzing the economic mobility of
African-Americans compared to that of whites have found stark differences. One report found that 53 percent of blacks born in the bottom income quintile remain there as adults, while only 33 percent of whites do. Research has also found that the children of
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In 2012, a graph plotting the relationship between income inequality and intergenerational social mobility in the United States and twelve other developed countriesâdubbed "The Great Gatsby Curve"âshowed "a clear negative relationship" between inequality and social mobility. Countries with low levels
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According to journalist Jason DeParle, "At least five large studies in recent years have found the United States to be less mobile than comparable nations. A project led by Markus Jantti, an economist at a
Swedish university, found that 42 percent of American men raised in the bottom fifth of incomes
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we found significant correlations between intergenerational mobility and income inequality, economic and racial residential segregation, measures of K-12 school quality (such as test scores and high school dropout rates), social capital indices, and measures of family structure (such as the fraction
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We focus on intergenerational mobility because many tax expenditures are loosely motivated by the goal of expanding opportunities for upward income mobility for low-income families. For example, deductions for education and health costs, progressive federal tax deductions for state income taxes, and
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Shifting the perspective to the effects immigration has placed on the existing economic status of the
African-American population, there is yet even higher levels of economic bifurcations. While African-Americans occupied larger employment levels of at least 19 percent in sectors like transportation
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In particular, children coming from low-income immigrant families struggle with the disadvantages of their legal status more than the average
American due to the level of stress they are exposed to, most specifically through the manner in which they are perceived as well as the way in which they see
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are at "a sizable earning disadvantage" compared to native-born workers, and the earnings of different groups of immigrants vary widely. Borjas found that intergenerational upward economic mobility averaged between a 5% to 10% increase in income from the first to the second generation of immigrants,
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One explanation for this is seen in the networks of genders and ethnic groups. The more managers there are in an employees' immediate work environment, the higher the employees chances of interacting and spending time with high status/income employees, the more likely these employees are to be drawn
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education system is simply not very strong and thus is not an effective way to break the link between parental background and a childâs eventual success. ... Second, because Kâ12 education is financed largely at the state and local level, resources devoted to education are closely linked with where
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The difference has worsened since 1979 when the average college graduate made 38% more than the average high school graduate. By 2011 college graduates averaged made 75% more income. "Mobility" to the "class" of college graduates has declined. Those born with parents who graduated from college have
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Multiple reports have found that education promotes economic mobility. The report âPursuing the
American Dream: Economic Mobility Across Generationsâ found that a four-year college degree promotes upward mobility from the bottom and prevents downward mobility from the middle and top. For instance,
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While in any given year, some of the people with low incomes will be "workers on temporary layoff, small businessmen taking writeoffs, farmers hit by bad weather"âthe rise in their income in succeeding years is not the same 'mobility' as poor people rising to middle class or middle income rising to
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If a parent's income had no effect on a child's opportunity for future upward mobility, approximately 20% of poor children who started in the bottom quintile (in the bottom 20% of the US range of incomes) would remain there as poor adults. At the other end of income spectrum, if children were born
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For women, another explanation for this "glass ceiling" effect in the American work force is the job-family trade off. While both men and women feel that a conflict exists between job and family, women with children, particularly married women, are more likely to either temporarily leave the labor
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seems to be the primary reason for America's lag behind other developed countries. A study from the Economic Mobility Project found that growing up in a high-poverty neighborhood increases Americansâ risk of experiencing downward mobility and explains a sizable portion of the black-white downward
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Given the fairly substantial movement of households across income groups over time, it might seem that income measured over a number of years should be significantly more equally distributed than income measured over one year. However, much of the movement of households involves changes in income
380:
How strong Intra-generational mobility is in the US is disputed. Supporting relatively high levels of intragenerational mobility, Thomas A. Garrett reported on a US Treasury study of income mobility from 1996 to 2005. This found "There was considerable income mobility of individuals in the U.S.
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But long-term income statistics show this isn't happening. Mobility opportunities are different for poor and wealthy children in the US. Parental incomes and parental choices of home locations while raising children appear to be major factors in that difference. According to a 2012 Pew Economic
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and diabetes, which can limit education and employment; the sheer size of the income gap between the rich which makes it harder to climb the proverbial income ladder when the rungs are farther apart; poverty, since those with low income have significantly lower rates of mobility than middle and
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was increasing and becoming more permanent, sharply reducing social mobility. A large academic study released in 2014 found US mobility overall has not changed appreciably in the last 25 years (for children born between 1971 and 1996), but a variety of up and down mobility changes were found in
25:
Illustration from a 1916 advertisement for a vocational school in the back of a US magazine. Education has been seen as a key to socioeconomic mobility, and the advertisement appealed to Americans' belief in the possibility of self-betterment as well as threatening the consequences of downward
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is difficult to make direct comparisons ('apples to apples'). Conservatives also question the extent of gender discrimination arguing that competition between firms would lead them to bid up wages of any group if they provided the same or better value of work for less pay as employees.
505:. A 2009 survey of young adults who worked full-time throughout a full year found the median income of whose without a high school diploma ($ 21,000) was below the poverty level for a family of four ($ 22,050) and less than half of what whose with a bachelor's degree earned ($ 45,000).
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had the lowest intergenerational vertical social mobility with about half of the advantages of having a parent with a high income passed on to the next generation. The four countries with the lowest "intergenerational income elasticity", i.e. the highest social mobility, were
2605:
Sandberg, Joanne C., and Daniel B. Cornfield . 2000. Returning to work: The impact of gender, family, and work on terminating a family or medical leave. In T. L. Parcel&D.B. Cornfield (Eds.), Work & family: Research informing policy (pp. 161â84). Thousand Oaks, CA:
152:
In the US only 32% of respondents agreed with the statement that forces beyond their personal control determine their success. In contrast, a majority of European respondents agreed with this view in every country but three (Britain, the Czech Republic and Slovakia). The
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that are large enough to push households into different income groups but not large enough to greatly affect the overall distribution of income. Multi-year income measures also show the same pattern of increasing inequality over time as is observed in annual measures.
406:
In other words, "many people who have incomes greater than $ 1 million one year fall out of the category the next yearâbut thatâs typically because their income fell from, say, 1.05 million to 0.95 million, not because they went back to being middle class."
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contends that "Scandinavian countries changed their education systems, social policies and legal frameworks to create societies where there is a higher degree of mobility. That made their countries more into the land of opportunity that America once was."
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mobility gap. The report's analysis also showed that black children who experience a reduction in their neighborhood's poverty rate have greater economic success in adulthood than black children who experience poverty rates that increase or are stable.
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although there was wide variation among ethnic groups. Other research suggests that length of time resided in the U.S. narrows the occupational gap between Hispanic immigrants and non-Hispanic whites and U.S.-born Hispanic counterparts. Overcoming
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found the pattern of annual and long-term earnings inequality "very close", and the population at top income levels in America "very stable" and had "not mitigated the dramatic increase in annual earnings concentration since the 1970s." A 2011
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Data from the 1996 General Social Survey examined the trade-offs that women and men made as they attempted to balance their employment and family obligations, and the multiple ways that gender affects those trade-offs (Davis & Smith
95:
Social mobility in the US has either remained unchanged or decreased since the 1970s. A 2008 study showed that economic mobility in the U.S. increased from 1950 to 1980, but has declined sharply since 1980. A 2012 study conducted by the
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have both found that about half of the families who start in either the top or the bottom quintile of the income distribution are still there after a decade, and that only 3 to 6 percent rise from bottom to top or fall from top to
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when it comes to finding a job. Women are also more likely than men to take leave from their jobs to care for others rather than themselves. Knowing this, employers are wary of hiring and promoting women in the work force.
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Sandberg, J.C. (1999). The effects of family obligations and workplace resources on men's and women's use of family leaves. In T.L. Parcel (Ed.), Research in the sociology of work, Volume 7, (pp. 261â81). Stamford, CT: JAI
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several different parts of the country. On average, American children entering the labor market today have the same chances of moving up in the income distribution (relative to their parents) as children born in the 1970s.
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Several large studies of mobility in developed countries in recent years have found the US among the lowest in mobility. One study (âDo Poor Children Become Poor Adults?") found that of nine developed countries, the
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3006:"In Climbing Income Ladder, Location Matters: A study finds the odds of rising to another income level are notably low in certain cities, like Atlanta and Charlotte, and much higher in New York and Boston"
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Carlisle, W. (1994). Sharing home responsibilities: Women in dual-career marriages. In C. W. Konek & S. L. Kitch (Eds.), Women and careers: Issues and challenges (pp. 141â52). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
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Despite the increased presence of blacks and women in the work force over the years, women and non-whites hold jobs with less rank, authority, opportunity for advancement and pay than men and whites, a
125:. The idea of Americans rising from humble origins to riches has been called a "civil religion", "the bedrock upon which the American story has been anchored", and part of the American identity (the
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had some of the greatest mobility, while the two countries with the high level of inequalityâChile and Brazilâhad some of the lowest mobility. The curve was introduced in a speech by chairman of the
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Johnson, Wendy; Brett, Caroline E.; Deary, Ian J. (January 1, 2010). "The pivotal role of education in the association between ability and social class attainment: A look across three generations".
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Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility. However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.
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Intergenerational immobility versus economic inequality in 2012. Countries closest to the axis in the left bottom have the highest levels of socio-economic equality and socio-economic mobility.
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study on "Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007" also found multi-year household income distribution in America "only modestly" more equal than annual income.
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higher income individuals. The factors which affect social mobility vary across the United States as does social mobility which in favored areas is much higher than in less favored areas.
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1310:| "In general, the American Dream can be defined as being the opportunity and freedom for all citizens to achieve their goals and become rich and famous if only they work hard enough."
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Corak, Miles. 2006. "Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults? Lessons from a Cross Country Comparison of Generational Earnings Mobility." Research on Economic Inequality, 13 no. 1:143â88.
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The New York Times offers a graphic about social mobility, overall trends, income elasticity and country by country. European nations such as Denmark and France are ahead of the US.
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level to another, through job changes, inheritance, marriage, connections, tax changes, innovation, illegal activities, hard work, lobbying, luck, health changes or other factors.
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employment is usually lower paying employment, with less chance of promotion into a higher status job or likelihood of a return to full-time employment for at least a few years.
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tax credits aimed at low-income families such as the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) all are targeted toward providing increased resources to low income families with children.
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Marioni, Riccardo E.; Davies, Gail; Hayward, Caroline; Liewald, Dave; Kerr, Shona M.; Campbell, Archie; Luciano, Michelle; Smith, Blair H.; Padmanabhan, Sandosh (May 1, 2014).
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Blumenson, Eric; Eva S. Nilsen (May 16, 2002). How to construct an underclass, or how the War on Drugs became a war on education (PDF). Drug Policy Forum of Massachusetts.
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Economic mobility may be affected by factors such as geographic location, education, genetics, culture, race, sex, and interactions among these, as well as family wealth.
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admissions rates vary with the income of the students' parents, with the acceptance rate of the top 0.1% income percentile being almost twice as much as other students.
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into wealthy families in the top 20%, only 20% would stay in that top income category if their mobility opportunities were equal to every other child's in the country.
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Even though mobility has gone down, most Americans still have more income than their parents. A 2007 study "Economic Mobility Project: Across Generations", using
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American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States
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having a four-year college degree makes someone born into the bottom quintile of income three times more likely to climb all the way to the top as an adult.
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African American women are farther behind white women in jobs, says Center of American progress. Fact Finding Report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission
563:âAt virtually every level, education in America tends to perpetuate rather than compensate for existing inequalities. The reasons are threefold. First, the
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that "The American Dream is rapidly becoming the American Illusion since the US now has the lowest rate of social mobility of any of the rich countries."
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A 2022 study suggested that factors that contribute to low levels of intergenerational mobility in the United States include a disparity in returns to
3129:(ed). "'Handbook of U.S. Labor Statistics: Employment, Earnings, Prices, Productivity, and other Labor Data.'" Lanham, MD. Bernam Press. 8th ed. 2005.
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Intergenerational income elasticities for nine developed countries (showing the fraction of children from poor families who grow up to be poor adults)
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showing low mobility. The literature that supports this claim acknowledges that nontrivial confounds are inherent to this line of inquiry, however.
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is compounded with difficulties in finding employment. These two factors contribute towards a high recidivism rate and downward social mobility.
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children to superior schools and preparation for schools so important in an economy where pay is tilted toward educated workers; high levels of
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complains that conservatives have resorted to "extraordinary series of attempts at statistical distortion" in claiming high levels of mobility.
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force or cut back on employment by using flex time, working part-time or part of the year. Unfortunately, the outcome is lower mobility, since
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Estes, S. B.; Glass, J. L. (1996). "Job changes following childbirth: Are women trading compensation for family-responsive work conditions?".
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Others (Robert M. Hauser) have defended educational attainment as also freeing "individuals from the constraints of their social origins."
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Gerstel, N. K. McGonagle (1999). "Job leaves and the limits of the family and medical leave act: the effects of gender, race and family".
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Iversen, Torben; Stephens, John D. (April 1, 2008). "Partisan Politics, the Welfare State, and Three Worlds of Human Capital Formation".
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Maume, David J. "Glass Ceilings and Glass Escalators: Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions".
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Ibarra, Herminia (1992). "Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm".
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with less than 20% of advantages of having a high income parent passed on to their children. (see graph) Nobel Prize-winning economist
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Changes in the distribution of income among tax filers between 1996 and 2006: The role of labor income, capital income, and tax policy
349:, the United Nations special rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights, asserted in a 2017 report on an investigation of extreme
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Several studies have found that inter-generational mobility is lower in the US than in some European countries, in particular the
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1264:"NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES, WHERE IS THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITY? THE GEOGRAPHY OF INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE UNITED STATES"
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found that the bottom quintile is 57% likely to experience upward mobility and only 7% to experience downward mobility. A 2013
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McGuire, Gail M. "Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Networks: The Factors Affecting the Status of Employees' Network Members".
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The correlation between parents' income and their children's income in the United States is estimated between .4 and .6.
2006:
There are some areas in the U.S. where a child's chances of success do not depend heavily on his or her parents' income.
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4373:
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3089:
2924:
2794:
1778:"The Great Gatsby Curve Revisited - Understanding the Relationship Between Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility"
449:
2115:
432:
wealth. It's the mobility of "the guy who works in the college bookstore and has a real job by his early thirties."
9850:
9462:
9408:
9393:
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9130:
8606:
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7377:
4910:
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4238:
2784:
2328:"'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder"
2234:
2222:
972:
676:
647:
588:
Comparing the US with one high-mobility state (Denmark), journalist Kevin Drum concluded that lack of mobility for
445:
1679:
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362:
117:
Many Americans strongly believe the U.S. is a "Land of Opportunity" that offers every child an equal chance at
9231:
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2084:"Diversifying Society's Leaders? The Determinants and Consequences of Admission to Highly Selective Colleges"
464:, low levels of public investment in the human capital of low-income children, high levels of socioeconomic
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4266:
3990:
3043:
2914:
2524:
Jacobs, Sheila (1999). "Trends in Women's Career Patterns and in Gender Occupational Mobility in Britain".
1998:
769:. However, by 2003 improvements in econometrics showed that poverty could endure over several generations.
610:" being said to prevent them from occupying more than a very small percentage in top managerial positions.
453:
350:
337:
161:â69% agreed with the statement "people are rewarded for intelligence and skill"âamong 27 nations surveyed.
89:
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9398:
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2379:
1760:
1062:
Whatever happened to the belief that any American could get to the top? economist.com December 29, 2004
498:
78:
2276:
Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (August 1, 2022).
1936:
384:
However others describe the data as reflecting less mobility. A 2007 inequality and mobility study by
8930:
8236:
8041:
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7598:
7052:
6817:
6784:
6428:
5908:
5506:
4475:
4415:
2238:
2218:
3071:
2990:
2847:"Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination"
2025:
1976:
1379:
440:
Explanations for the relatively low level of social mobility in the US include the better access of
9043:
8423:
8393:
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8100:
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7702:
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5160:
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4410:
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3579:
725:
694:
Denial of higher education funding has been adopted as an additional punishment for drug offenders.
688:
1899:
Uncovering the American Dream: Inequality and Mobility in Social Security Earnings Data since 1937
1093:
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8273:
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6998:
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5918:
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1921:
Congressional Budget Office: Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007
1333:
1288:
1010:
Chetty, Raj; Hendren, Nathaniel; Kline, Patrick; Saez, Emmanuel; Turner, Nicholas (May 1, 2014).
745:
559:
Some scholars (such as Isabel Sawhill) have complained about the effect of education on mobility
67:
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1307:
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4841:
4425:
4054:
3796:
1874:
1361:
1012:"Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility"
239:
230:. Additional popular examples of upward social mobility between generations in America include
3184:
Western, Bruce. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006.
655:
and adjusting to the new environment and culture to American society creates barriers for new
9188:
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3303:
3058:
2977:
2260:
Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States, Measures, Differentials and Trends
2012:
1585:"Large Cross-National Differences in Gene Ă Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence"
1193:
154:
101:
97:
31:
2660:"The Academic Performance of Undocumented Students in Higher Education in the United States"
2406:
Men's and Women's Networks: A Study of Interaction Patterns and Influence in an Organization
9540:
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2405:
2289:
995:
788:
564:
182:
142:
74:
9551:
1205:
Vasia Panousi; Ivan Vidangos; Shanti Ramnath; Jason DeBacker; Bradley Heim (Spring 2013).
146:
8:
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8996:
8806:
8522:
8207:
7838:
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3705:
3685:
3589:
2963:"The Economic Impacts of Tax Expenditures Evidence from Spatial Variation Across the U.S"
1898:
1130:
1123:
1059:
741:
728:
loosely correlate with income mobility with areas which tax the poor heavily such as the
190:
3222:
2293:
1176:
8320:
8308:
8026:
8016:
7993:
7976:
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2439:
2310:
2277:
2068:
1940:
1764:
1617:
1584:
1560:
1535:
1441:
1167:
1094:"How income mobility affects income inequality: US evidence in the 1980s and the 1990s"
1039:
911:
748:, measures of K-12 school quality (such as test scores and high school dropout rates),
702:
138:
3100:
1204:
9063:
8219:
7571:
7069:
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6802:
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6628:
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6020:
6005:
5998:
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5428:
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4905:
4087:
4005:
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3209:
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2920:
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2683:
2582:
2497:
2315:
2060:
1656:
1622:
1604:
1565:
1493:
1433:
1031:
556:
far better odds of graduating from college than those born to high school graduates.
269:
223:
164:
Another report found such beliefs to have gotten stronger over the last few decades.
130:
122:
27:
6418:
6232:
4578:
3283:
2769:
1445:
1171:
1043:
1011:
452:, which leads to lower wages among the least skilled; public health problems, like
8979:
8826:
8532:
8352:
7362:
7203:
7186:
7181:
7020:
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4531:
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4305:
4135:
3943:
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3784:
3757:
3510:
3505:
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3196:
3152:
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2757:
2720:
2710:
2671:
2568:
2560:
2533:
2485:
2431:
2305:
2297:
2052:
1960:
1901:
1862:"The Rich, the Right, and the Facts: Deconstructing the Income Distribution Debate"
1612:
1596:
1555:
1547:
1516:
1489:
1423:
1413:
1383:
1159:
1023:
783:
652:
643:
385:
186:
85:
2916:
Immigration and Opportuntity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States
2899:
2786:
Immigration and Opportuntity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United States
1375:
8688:
8464:
8362:
8134:
7434:
7367:
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7057:
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5363:
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5326:
5311:
5267:
4836:
4276:
3968:
3779:
3525:
3515:
2810:
Smith, James P.; Welch, Finis R. (1989). "Black Economic Progress After Myrdal".
2409:
2392:
2192:
1843:. Julia B. Isaacs. November 13, 2007. Economic Mobility Project, Washington, D.C.
1796:
1644:
1551:
1520:
1340:
1295:
1262:
Chetty, Raj; Nathaniel Henderson; Patrick Kline; Emmanuel Saez; Nicholas Turner.
1105:
717:
713:
419:
304:
243:
231:
118:
21:
3290:
America's Disappearing Middle Class: Implications for Public Policy and Politics
3156:
2564:
2489:
1789:
1387:
740:
Significant correlations have been found between intergenerational mobility and
9158:
9058:
8441:
7576:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7228:
7091:
7025:
6779:
6440:
6393:
6257:
6252:
6217:
6202:
5780:
5596:
5563:
5041:
5036:
4233:
4177:
4016:
3973:
3901:
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3616:
3541:
3495:
3437:
3394:
2865:
2301:
2176:
1652:
1321:
1261:
1143:
749:
283:
126:
2259:
1810:"Trump turning US into 'world champion of extreme inequality', UN envoy warns"
9834:
8139:
7439:
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6883:
6485:
6356:
6304:
6292:
6287:
6277:
6267:
6262:
6182:
6155:
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6140:
6135:
5688:
4811:
4074:
3871:
3660:
3530:
3520:
3478:
3452:
3447:
3384:
3344:
3126:
3039:
3035:
2958:
2954:
2883:
2823:
2761:
2734:
2715:
2698:
2675:
2512:
Women, men and time: Gender differences in paid work, housework, and leisure.
2195:. National Center for Educational Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences
2064:
1994:
1905:
1608:
1600:
1437:
1073:
1035:
871:
626:
619:
607:
602:
black middle-class families are more likely to fall out of the middle class.
461:
389:
346:
279:
50:
3231:
3204:
2537:
2141:"Downward Mobility from the Middle Class: Waking Up from the American Dream"
1402:"Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility"
8446:
8418:
7473:
6465:
6341:
6125:
4107:
4034:
3813:
3803:
3722:
3472:
3379:
3329:
3240:
3200:
3029:
2948:
2891:
2319:
2214:
1988:
1952:
1932:
1857:
1814:
1756:
1640:
1626:
1569:
965:"Inequality from Generation to Generation: The United States in Comparison"
680:
411:
340:
258:
235:
63:
2040:
1536:"Molecular genetic contributions to socioeconomic status and intelligence"
1163:
1027:
8723:
8254:
7591:
7493:
7233:
7096:
6852:
6460:
6381:
6361:
6247:
6120:
6025:
4271:
4102:
4092:
4042:
4024:
3935:
3896:
3690:
3601:
3584:
2874:
2725:
2573:
2396:
Reskin, B., & Padavic, I. (1994), Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press
1920:
1480:
Howell-Moroney, Michael (2008). "The Tiebout Hypothesis 50 Years Later".
1125:
Trends in U.S. family income mobility, 1969â2006 (working paper no. 11-10
423:
315:
158:
3084:
Kerbo, Harold. "Social Stratification and Inequality" (1996) pp. 331â32
1418:
1401:
1144:"Intergenerational economic mobility in the United States, 1940 to 2000"
7586:
7392:
7218:
7213:
7131:
6423:
6366:
6197:
4117:
3457:
3031:
2950:
2831:
2644:
2443:
2278:"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"
2250:
2006 Policy Brief of the Brookings Institution, Isabel Sawhill (2006:3)
2099:
1990:
1648:
1428:
729:
656:
486:
227:
134:
40:
6470:
6222:
9075:
9068:
6797:
6774:
6749:
6475:
6371:
6227:
6177:
6095:
4163:
4158:
4125:
4097:
3985:
3980:
3916:
3891:
3838:
3752:
3467:
3399:
3101:
Francis, David R."'Upward Mobility' In Real Decline, Studies Charge."
2116:"Pursuing the American Dream: Economic Mobility in the United States"
2041:"A Very Uneven Playing Field: Economic Mobility in the United States"
1704:
721:
691:
to remove tens of thousands of adolescents from their public schools.
247:
6207:
2435:
1889:. Report of the DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. November 13, 2007. p. 4.
468:, and low levels of progressiveness in the tax-and-transfer system.
129:) This theme is celebrated in the lives of famous Americans such as
7258:
7208:
6754:
6408:
6398:
6326:
6299:
6212:
6192:
6130:
6110:
6090:
6085:
4172:
4144:
4130:
3997:
3963:
3921:
3906:
3866:
3611:
3270:, Center for Economic and Policy Research Economics Seminar Series.
2845:
Williams, David R.; Jackson, James S.; Anderson, Norman B. (1997).
2364:"Pursuing the American Dream: Economic Mobility Across Generations"
2155:"Promoting Economic Mobility by Increasing Postsecondary Education"
2102:
schools plus others with similar prestige, rankings or selectivity.
2056:
1877:. Inside the Vault. Spring 2010. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
1777:
1660:
1464:"Pursuing the American Dream: Economic Mobility Across Generations"
867:"Two Leading Economists Disagree About the Flagging American Dream"
697:
The war on drugs siphons drug users out of society and into prison.
3254:
964:
716:, partial exemption of the poor from taxation through reliance on
6833:
Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
6566:
6480:
6455:
6403:
6388:
6272:
6100:
6070:
4789:
4168:
4153:
4149:
3911:
3861:
3853:
3843:
3747:
3735:
3594:
3490:
3484:
2645:
Making It In America: Social Mobility in the Immigrant Population
1666:
1190:
Pursuing the American Dream: Economic Mobility Across Generations
778:
333:
325:
296:
288:
174:
2039:
Mitnik, Pablo A.; Bryant, Victoria L.; Grusky, David B. (2024).
1717:
1700:'Scandinavian Dream' is true fix for America's income inequality
173:
If Americans want to live the American dream, they should go to
62:
refers to the upward or downward movement of Americans from one
6759:
6351:
6336:
6331:
6319:
6314:
6242:
6172:
6075:
5854:
4140:
3953:
3886:
3826:
3821:
3628:
3295:
1583:
Tucker-Drob, Elliot M.; Bates, Timothy C. (December 15, 2015).
916:
329:
300:
292:
254:
222:
Famous instances of great economic and social mobility include
2082:
Chetty, Raj; Deming, David J.; Friedman, John N. (July 2023).
6450:
6433:
6413:
6346:
6309:
6237:
6167:
3948:
3876:
3427:
2699:"The Making of Immigrant Niches in an Affluent Welfare State"
1156:
The Board of Regents of the University of WisconsinâMilwaukee
251:
2275:
242:
families yet achieved high political office in adult life.
9581:
6764:
6115:
3958:
3500:
1957:"White House: Here's Why You Have To Care About Inequality"
1533:
2075:
2783:
Bean, Frank D.; Bell-Rose, Stephanie (December 9, 1999).
2270:
2268:
1790:
Economic Report of the President. Transmitted to Congress
257:, perhaps the wealthiest man in America, and its leading
3257:"Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America"
1334:
Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?
1289:
Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?
814:
Criticism of credit scoring systems in the United States
6829:
Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
2844:
2659:
1982:
1207:"Inequality Rising and Permanent Over Past Two Decades"
3139:
Levinson, Paul. "Cellphone". Routledge, New York, 2004
3023:
2630:
The Occupational Assimilation of Hispanics in the U.S.
2265:
1009:
809:
First-generation college students in the United States
478:
First-generation college students in the United States
4608:
3255:
Jo Blanden; Paul Gregg; Stephen Machin (April 2005).
3121:
Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain
1977:"Social Mobility in America: It's All About the Poor"
1104:(2). Ad Libros Publications Inc. in association with
625:
Taking a leave from the work force tends to decrease
2081:
1142:
Aaronson, Daniel; Mazumder, Bhashkar (Winter 2008).
756:(such as the fraction of single parents in an area)
343:, and the President's Economic Report to Congress.
264:
157:found Americans surveyed had the highest belief in
2697:Friberg, Jon Horgen; MidtbĂžen, Arnfinn H. (2019).
2369:. Pew Charitable Trusts Economic Mobility Project.
2352:. Pew Charitable Trusts Economic Mobility Project.
2157:. Pew Charitable Trusts Economic Mobility Project.
2143:. Pew Charitable Trusts Economic Mobility Project.
2038:
1730:Economic mobilities of Families Across Generations
893:Random House Unabridged Dictionary second edition.
3134:Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life.
2118:. Pew Charitable Trusts Economic Mobility Project
1506:
9832:
8287:Native American recognition in the United States
2350:"Neighborhoods and the Black-White Mobility Gap"
2110:
2108:
1841:Economic Mobility of Families Across Generations
1582:
1390:on the TED website). Retrieved 12 December 2014.
1141:
677:America's high incarceration (imprisonment) rate
3205:"Documenting decline in U.S. economic mobility"
3003:
2942:
2747:
2696:
2658:Hsin, Amy; Reed, Holly E. (February 27, 2019).
1742:Income Inequality From Generation To Generation
1128:. Boston, Mass: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
1479:
1238:"Upward Mobility Has Not Declined, Study Says"
88:. The US ranked 27th in the world in the 2020
9567:
8684:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
6868:
4594:
3311:
3284:Eitzen, D S."Upward Mobility Through Sport?."
2913:Bean, Frank D.; Bell-Rose, Stephanie (1999).
2912:
2782:
2105:
1887:Income Mobility in the U.S. from 1996 to 2005
1198:
951:Harder for Americans to Rise From Lower Rungs
368:
167:
4215:
3995:
804:Higher education bubble in the United States
137:, and in popular culture (from the books of
3195:
2225:By DAVID BROOKS| nyt.com |October 31, 2011.
2179:US Department of Health and Human Services.
1744:Robert Lenzner| forbes.com| March 26, 2012
1072:Hungerford, Thomas L. (December 29, 2011).
1055:
1053:
60:Socioeconomic mobility in the United States
9574:
9560:
6882:
6875:
6861:
4601:
4587:
3318:
3304:
2809:
2475:
1807:
1752:
1750:
1091:
1071:
1060:Ever higher society, ever harder to ascend
670:
217:
8297:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
3230:
2873:
2724:
2714:
2572:
2325:
2309:
1908:, Jae Song, September 15, 2007, Figure 4B
1853:
1851:
1849:
1616:
1559:
1427:
1417:
1235:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
590:the poorest children in the United States
9582:Socioeconomic mobility in North America
4203:
3044:"Summary of Project Findings, July 2013"
2997:
2657:
2187:
2185:
1999:"Summary of Project Findings, July 2013"
1867:
1319:the theme song of the 1975â85 TV sitcom
1122:Bradbury, Katherine (October 20, 2011).
1121:
1050:
988:"The Global Social Mobility Report 2020"
579:
481:
314:
268:
20:
8348:List of counties and county equivalents
6798:People of the United States / Americans
5047:Southeast Africans in the United States
5005:African immigrants to the United States
2550:
2135:
2133:
1971:
1969:
1875:U.S. Income Inequality: Itâs Not So Bad
1747:
1708:, June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
1376:How economic inequality harms societies
1213:. Brookings Institution. Archived from
724:for revenue or tax rebates such as the
546:No High School Diploma (or equivalent)
9833:
5074:Southern Africans in the United States
4916:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans
2523:
2421:
1916:
1914:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1457:
1455:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1255:
931:
799:Income inequality in the United States
794:Racial inequality in the United States
448:of unskilled laborers and low rate of
9555:
6856:
5010:Central Africans in the United States
4582:
4202:
3559:
3299:
3136:University of California Press, 2003.
2182:
1399:
1236:LEONHARDT, DAVID (January 23, 2014).
1211:Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
962:
953:| By JASON DePARLE | January 4, 2012]
689:public school zero-tolerance policies
112:
4981:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans
2338:from the original on August 1, 2022.
2193:"Fast Facts, Income of young adults"
2130:
1966:
1946:
1808:Pilkington, Ed (December 15, 2017).
1187:Urahn, Susan K., et al. (July 2012)
1092:Hungerford, Thomas L. (March 2011).
538:High School Diploma (or equivalent)
435:
356:
6050:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
5273:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
5206:North Africans in the United States
4993:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
3171:
3123:. New York: Oxford, Clarendon Press
2408:Academy of management Journal 28:2
2326:Leonhardt, David (August 1, 2022).
2096:from the original on July 31, 2023.
2089:. Opportunity Insights. p. 2.
1911:
1829:
1673:
1452:
1346:
1343:Economic Mobility Project| May 2007
1298:Economic Mobility Project| May 2007
1229:
759:
708:
73:This mobility can be the change in
13:
5101:West Africans in the United States
4976:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans
3561:
3560:
3189:
1776:Berman, Yonatan (August 11, 2016)
1720:Markus JĂ€ntti et al.| January 2006
596:
16:Social and economic class mobility
14:
9862:
9841:Social class in the United States
7693:Director of National Intelligence
6645:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin
5979:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans
4610:Demographics of the United States
3248:
3142:
3004:David Leonhardt (July 22, 2013).
2628:Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago,
1461:
1362:Understanding Mobility in America
1270:. Equality of Opportunity Project
1081:. Congressional Research Service.
9695:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7849:Government Accountability Office
6823:Race and ethnicity in the census
4911:African diaspora in the Americas
4563:
4562:
3325:
2424:Administrative Science Quarterly
1494:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00840.x
1406:Journal of Economic Perspectives
973:IZA Institute of Labor Economics
841:(50 or more weeks of employment)
735:
265:Comparisons with other countries
198:
4921:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans
3286:| zmag.org| September 26, 2007.
3094:
3078:
3049:. equality-of-opportunity.org.
2968:. equality-of-opportunity.org.
2933:
2906:
2838:
2803:
2776:
2741:
2690:
2651:
2636:
2621:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2544:
2526:Gender, Work & Organization
2517:
2504:
2469:
2460:
2450:
2415:
2399:
2385:
2373:
2356:
2342:
2262:Robert M. Hauser| April 6, 2010
2253:
2244:
2228:
2207:
2170:
2161:
2147:
2098:Figure 3. "Ivy-Plus" refers to
2032:
2004:. equality-of-opportunity.org.
1926:
1892:
1880:
1801:
1783:
1770:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1693:
1684:
1633:
1576:
1527:
1500:
1473:
1400:Corak, Miles (August 1, 2013).
1393:
1374:Wilkinson, Richard (Oct 2011).
1368:
1327:
1313:
1301:
1282:
1181:
1135:
1115:
1085:
835:
826:
687:The drug war has combined with
675:According to some researchers,
77:between parents and children ("
9492:Separation of church and state
7708:National Reconnaissance Office
7651:President of the United States
4966:Kittian and Nevisian Americans
4941:Dominican Americans (Dominica)
4204:
2812:Journal of Economic Literature
2703:International Migration Review
2664:International Migration Review
2618:Alexander von Humboldt| p. 127
1975:Kevin Drum (January 5, 2011).
1148:The Journal of Human Resources
1098:Journal of Income Distribution
1065:
1003:
980:
956:
896:
887:
859:
703:education for convicted felons
637:
363:Panel Study of Income Dynamics
246:arrived in the U.S. as a poor
1:
6502:Hispanic and Latino Americans
3104:The Christian Science Monitor
3052:of single parents in an area)
2750:Comparative Political Studies
2045:American Journal of Sociology
848:
9846:Economy of the United States
9820:United States Virgin Islands
7854:Government Publishing Office
7322:Technological and industrial
6572:Indigenous Mexican Americans
2854:Journal of Health Psychology
2616:Gender and Rural Development
2241:| nyt.com |October 31, 2011.
1657:"Upward Mobility In America"
1552:10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.006
1521:10.1016/j.intell.2009.11.008
1482:Public Administration Review
509:Education and Income (2017)
471:
351:poverty in the United States
338:Council of Economic Advisers
90:Global Social Mobility Index
7:
9326:Women's reproductive health
8292:Federally recognized tribes
8155:Public utilities commission
8059:Public Health Service Corps
7962:Code of Federal Regulations
7844:Congressional Budget Office
7698:Central Intelligence Agency
7604:Water supply and sanitation
7031:Declaration of Independence
6813:Maps of American ancestries
6609:French Polynesian Americans
4946:Dutch West Indian Americans
3157:10.1177/0730888499026004005
2919:. Russell Sage Foundation.
2789:. Russell Sage Foundation.
2565:10.1177/0730888499026004006
2490:10.1177/0730888496023004005
2177:2009 HHS POVERTY GUIDELINES
832:(35 or more hours per week)
772:
10:
9867:
8504:Red states and blue states
8409:City commission government
8404:Councilâmanager government
6594:Pacific Islander Americans
3410:Weberian (three-component)
2866:10.1177/135910539700200305
2302:10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4
2213:Federal Reserve chairman,
1795:September 6, 2012, at the
575:
522:Master's degree or higher
517:Young Adult Median Income
475:
373:Another form of mobilityâ"
369:Intragenerational mobility
168:Intergenerational mobility
9795:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
9713:
9587:
9513:
9339:
9212:
9144:
8797:
8793:
8784:
8732:
8597:
8588:
8484:
8455:
8432:
8371:
8338:
8329:
8272:
8260:Comparison of governments
8235:
8198:
8175:
8091:
8071:
8002:
7940:
7862:
7785:
7643:
7634:
7630:
7621:
7343:
7334:
7279:
7239:Post-Cold War (1991â2008)
7080:drafting and ratification
7053:Articles of Confederation
6966:
6900:
6891:
6793:
6785:Punjabi Mexican Americans
6735:
6664:
6584:
6058:
5909:Liechtensteiner Americans
5716:
5260:
4898:
4887:
4755:
4625:
4616:
4558:
4499:
4391:
4359:
4326:
4252:
4224:
4211:
4198:
4116:
4073:
4033:
4015:
3934:
3852:
3812:
3721:
3714:
3669:
3572:
3568:
3555:
3418:
3372:
3368:
3339:
3292:by Trevor Beltz, May 2012
3266:Boushey, Heather (2005).
3119:Goldthorpe, John H. 1987
1680:Economic Mobility Project
1655:(guest) (July 23, 2013).
1386:. (Quote featured on his
1308:English grammar 4U online
963:Corak, Miles (May 2016).
767:Christian Science Monitor
752:indices, and measures of
545:
537:
529:
521:
516:
513:
9815:Turks and Caicos Islands
9279:Prescription drug prices
8399:Mayorâcouncil government
8389:Coterminous municipality
8379:Consolidated city-county
8145:Agriculture commissioner
7795:House of Representatives
7703:National Security Agency
7353:Contiguous United States
6808:Native American ancestry
5583:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies
5439:Indo-Caribbean Americans
5161:Sierra Leonean Americans
5111:Bissau-Guinean Americans
5057:South Sudanese Americans
4532:Pre-industrial East Asia
2762:10.1177/0010414007313117
2716:10.1177/0197918318765168
2676:10.1177/0197918318825478
1761:"The Great Gatsby Curve"
1601:10.1177/0956797615612727
1469:. Pew Charitable Trusts.
1016:American Economic Review
819:
726:earned income tax credit
718:progressive income taxes
9851:Socio-economic mobility
9364:Criticism of government
8709:Social welfare programs
8302:State-recognized tribes
7287:Outline of U.S. history
6999:Continental Association
6770:Louisiana Creole people
5919:Luxembourgish Americans
5089:South African Americans
5025:Equatoguinean Americans
3580:Administrative detainee
3232:10.1126/science.aan3264
2538:10.1111/1468-0432.00067
1937:"Millionaire For A Day"
1106:York University, Canada
746:residential segregation
671:Impact of incarceration
642:According to economist
514:Educational Attainment
466:residential segregation
218:Famous historical cases
9745:British Virgin Islands
9426:Environmental movement
9269:Health insurance costs
9164:Educational attainment
8689:Federal Reserve System
8647:Science and technology
8150:Insurance commissioner
7688:Intelligence Community
7383:minor outlying islands
7146:Civil rights movement
6557:Puerto Rican Americans
5116:Cape Verdean Americans
4971:Saint Lucian Americans
4747:Ethnocultural politics
4715:Racial achievement gap
4645:Educational attainment
3996:
3066:Cite journal requires
2985:Cite journal requires
2510:Shelton, B. A. (1992).
2020:Cite journal requires
744:, economic and racial
585:
570:
490:
429:
404:
324:of inequality such as
320:
274:
196:
45:
35:
26:mobility in the great
9685:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9252:Immigrant health care
8767:Transportation safety
8762:Transportation policy
8752:Public transportation
7822:President pro tempore
7678:Executive departments
7447:National Park Service
7102:Territorial evolution
6654:New Zealand Americans
6619:Micronesian Americans
6614:Marshallese Americans
6515:Costa Rican Americans
5974:Sammarinese Americans
5944:Montenegrin Americans
5674:Azerbaijani Americans
5637:Palestinian Americans
5559:Singaporean Americans
5407:Bangladeshi Americans
5015:Cameroonian Americans
4737:Unemployment by state
4537:Pre-industrial Europe
3268:Horatio Alger is Dead
2393:Women and men at work
1732:Brookings Institution
1589:Psychological Science
1194:Pew Charitable Trusts
1164:10.1353/jhr.2008.0008
1028:10.1257/aer.104.5.141
583:
561:
485:
416:
399:
318:
272:
250:and rose to become a
238:, who were born into
171:
155:Brookings Institution
102:Brookings Institution
98:Pew Charitable Trusts
38:
32:Industrial Revolution
24:
9421:Environmental issues
9086:Political ideologies
8985:Indigenous languages
8185:List of legislatures
7982:separation of powers
7683:Independent agencies
7609:World Heritage Sites
7244:September 11 attacks
7167:SpanishâAmerican War
7107:MexicanâAmerican War
7063:Confederation period
6994:Continental Congress
6727:Venezuelan Americans
6717:Surinamese Americans
6707:Paraguayan Americans
6697:Ecuadorian Americans
6649:Australian Americans
6540:Salvadoran Americans
6535:Panamanian Americans
6530:Nicaraguan Americans
6520:Guatemalan Americans
5959:Portuguese Americans
5924:Macedonian Americans
5914:Lithuanian Americans
5751:Belarusian Americans
5569:Vietnamese Americans
5539:Indonesian Americans
5493:Sri Lankan Americans
5359:Fuzhounese Americans
5156:Senegalese Americans
5094:Zimbabwean Americans
4986:Vincentian Americans
4394: or countries
4205:By country or region
3443:Class discrimination
3279:2006 Social Mobility
3174:Work and Occupations
3145:Work and Occupations
3030:Hendren, Nathaniel;
2949:Hendren, Nathaniel;
2553:Work and Occupations
2514:New York: Greenwood.
2478:Work and Occupations
2235:The Wrong Inequality
2223:The Wrong Inequality
2217:cited by journalist
1989:Hendren, Nathaniel;
1860:(December 19, 2001)
1339:May 3, 2012, at the
1294:May 3, 2012, at the
996:World Economic Forum
789:Occupational burnout
648:immigrants to the US
183:Richard G. Wilkinson
143:Norman Vincent Peale
75:socioeconomic status
30:existing during the
9700:Trinidad and Tobago
9595:Antigua and Barbuda
9264:Health care finance
8757:Rail transportation
8523:Imperial presidency
8245:State constitutions
8190:List of legislators
8140:Auditor/Comptroller
8113:Lieutenant governor
7839:Library of Congress
7730:Diplomatic Security
7373:Indian reservations
7036:American Revolution
6722:Uruguayan Americans
6692:Colombian Americans
6682:Brazilian Americans
6672:Argentine Americans
6552:Dominican Americans
6446:Alaskan Athabaskans
6045:Non-Hispanic whites
6038:Ukrainian Americans
6016:Slovenian Americans
5994:Norwegian Americans
5989:Icelandic Americans
5877:Hungarian Americans
5823:Dagestani Americans
5798:Bulgarian Americans
5617:Jordanian Americans
5554:Malaysian Americans
5524:Cambodian Americans
5476:Pakistani Americans
5466:Maldivian Americans
5419:Bhutanese Americans
5395:Mongolian Americans
5349:Taiwanese Americans
5344:Hong Kong Americans
5192:Ethiopian Americans
5062:Tanzanian Americans
5020:Congolese Americans
4951:Grenadian Americans
4936:Bermudian Americans
4931:Barbadian Americans
4665:Housing segregation
4619:Demographic history
3926:Vanniar (Chieftain)
3262:. The Sutton Trust.
3223:2017Sci...356..382K
3106:. January 27, 2003.
2294:2022Natur.608..108C
1955:(January 13, 2012)
1873:Thomas A. Garrett.
1759:(January 15, 2012)
1665:(Radio broadcast).
1419:10.1257/jep.27.3.79
919:on October 29, 2005
742:economic inequality
510:
497:Wages and earnings
191:economic inequality
9635:Dominican Republic
9374:affirmative action
9347:Capital punishment
9306:Poverty and health
9301:Physician shortage
9274:Health care prices
9204:Standard of living
8887:standard of living
8694:Financial position
8321:Hawaiian home land
8309:Indian reservation
8282:Tribal sovereignty
8125:Secretary of state
7994:United States Code
7910:Territorial courts
7882:Associate Justices
7767:Inspector generals
7254:War in Afghanistan
7117:Reconstruction era
6984:Stamp Act Congress
6712:Peruvian Americans
6702:Guyanese Americans
6677:Bolivian Americans
6599:Chamorro Americans
6525:Honduran Americans
6510:Belizean Americans
6495:Canadian Americans
5964:Romanian Americans
5934:Moldovan Americans
5862:Galician Americans
5840:Estonian Americans
5808:Croatian Americans
5786:Scottish Americans
5741:Austrian Americans
5736:Asturian Americans
5731:Albanian Americans
5679:Georgian Americans
5669:Assyrian Americans
5664:Armenian Americans
5627:Lebanese Americans
5602:Bahraini Americans
5529:Filipino Americans
5471:Nepalese Americans
5434:Gujarati Americans
5383:Ryukyuan Americans
5378:Japanese Americans
5250:Sudanese Americans
5243:Tunisian Americans
5228:Algerian Americans
5211:Egyptian Americans
5187:Eritrean Americans
5166:Togolese Americans
5151:Nigerian Americans
5141:Liberian Americans
5126:Ghanaian Americans
5106:Beninese Americans
5084:Malawian Americans
5030:Gabonese Americans
4961:Jamaican Americans
4926:Bahamian Americans
4832:Moorish Scientists
4732:Standard of living
4507:18th-century Spain
4361:Standard of living
4065:Upper middle class
4060:Lower middle class
3651:Political prisoner
3433:Chattering classes
3405:Spoon class theory
3010:The New York Times
2642:George J. Borjas,
2332:The New York Times
2071:on March 19, 2024.
1941:The New York Times
1935:(November 3, 2011)
1765:The New York Times
586:
530:Bachelor's degree
508:
491:
375:intra-generational
321:
275:
113:Popular perception
79:inter-generational
36:
9828:
9827:
9717:other territories
9549:
9548:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9475:National security
9184:Income inequality
9064:Statue of Liberty
8867:income inequality
8780:
8779:
8772:Trucking industry
8584:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8511:Foreign relations
8499:Electoral College
8480:
8479:
8268:
8267:
8220:District attorney
8067:
8066:
7894:Courts of appeals
7617:
7616:
7330:
7329:
7271:COVID-19 pandemic
7224:Feminist Movement
7070:American frontier
6989:Thirteen Colonies
6850:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6803:American ancestry
6687:Chilean Americans
6629:Palauan Americans
6562:Mexican Americans
6021:Spanish Americans
6006:Serbian Americans
5999:Swedish Americans
5969:Russian Americans
5949:Occitan Americans
5939:Monacan Americans
5929:Maltese Americans
5904:Latvian Americans
5899:Kosovan Americans
5887:Italian Americans
5845:Finnish Americans
5813:Cypriot Americans
5803:Catalan Americans
5776:English Americans
5771:Cornish Americans
5766:British Americans
5761:Bosnian Americans
5756:Belgian Americans
5706:Turkish Americans
5701:Kurdish Americans
5694:Israeli Americans
5684:Iranian Americans
5622:Kuwaiti Americans
5607:Emirati Americans
5549:Laotian Americans
5544:Iu Mien Americans
5512:Burmese Americans
5481:Punjabi Americans
5444:Punjabi Americans
5429:Bengali Americans
5412:Bengali Americans
5371:Tibetan Americans
5339:Chinese Americans
5317:Turkmen Americans
5290:Pashtun Americans
5238:Moroccan American
5136:Ivorian Americans
5131:Guinean Americans
5121:Gambian Americans
5079:Angolan Americans
5067:Ugandan Americans
4956:Haitian Americans
4906:African Americans
4705:Racial inequality
4675:Income inequality
4640:Gender inequality
4576:
4575:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4387:
4386:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4088:Lumpenproletariat
3590:illegal immigrant
3551:
3550:
3463:Classless society
3217:(6336): 382â383.
3197:Katz, Lawrence F.
3132:Lareau, Annette.
2288:(7921): 108â121.
1993:; Patrick Kline;
653:language barriers
553:
552:
436:Causes and issues
357:Absolute mobility
224:Benjamin Franklin
131:Benjamin Franklin
123:economic mobility
106:income inequality
28:income inequality
9858:
9785:Saint Barthélemy
9715:Dependencies and
9588:Sovereign states
9576:
9569:
9562:
9553:
9552:
9529:
9522:
9409:African American
9291:Health insurance
9179:Household income
9049:National symbols
8980:American English
8953:Federal holidays
8862:household income
8795:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8595:
8594:
8533:Anti-Americanism
8457:Special district
8384:Independent city
8353:County executive
8336:
8335:
8130:Attorney general
8089:
8088:
8078:Federal District
7661:Executive Office
7641:
7640:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7388:populated places
7368:federal enclaves
7363:federal district
7341:
7340:
7204:American Century
7187:Great Depression
7182:Roaring Twenties
7142:Women's suffrage
7021:Halifax Resolves
7014:Founding Fathers
7009:military history
6974:Pre-colonial era
6898:
6897:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6854:
6853:
6639:Tongan Americans
6634:Samoan Americans
6624:Native Hawaiians
6604:Fijian Americans
6506:Central America
6066:Native Americans
6011:Slovak Americans
5984:Danish Americans
5954:Polish Americans
5867:German Americans
5850:French Americans
5828:Lezgin Americans
5746:Basque Americans
5689:Jewish Americans
5657:Yemeni Americans
5652:Syrian Americans
5642:Qatari Americans
5578:Romani Americans
5486:Sindhi Americans
5459:Telugu Americans
5449:Sindhi Americans
5424:Indian Americans
5390:Korean Americans
5322:Uyghur Americans
5307:Kyrgyz Americans
5302:Kazakh Americans
5297:Baloch Americans
5285:Afghan Americans
5233:Libyan Americans
5223:Berber Americans
5216:Coptic Americans
5197:Somali Americans
5173:Yoruba Americans
5146:Malian Americans
5052:Kenyan Americans
4896:
4895:
4889:By continent and
4660:Household income
4603:
4596:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4393:
4294:Mexican-American
4222:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4200:
4199:
4001:
3944:Business magnate
3834:Knowledge worker
3719:
3718:
3607:dual or multiple
3570:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3511:Social exclusion
3506:Social cleansing
3420:
3370:
3369:
3359:Economic classes
3320:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3263:
3261:
3244:
3234:
3201:Krueger, Alan B.
3181:
3168:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3048:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2967:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2877:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2756:(4â5): 600â637.
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2655:
2649:
2640:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2419:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2323:
2313:
2272:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2067:. Archived from
2051:(4): 1216â1276.
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1961:The New Republic
1950:
1944:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1902:Wojciech Kopczuk
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1805:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1388:personal profile
1372:
1366:
1365:â April 26, 2006
1357:
1344:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1217:on April 8, 2013
1202:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1007:
1001:
1000:
992:
984:
978:
977:
969:
960:
954:
948:
929:
928:
926:
924:
915:. Archived from
908:
900:
894:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
863:
842:
839:
833:
830:
784:Cycle of poverty
760:History of study
754:family structure
714:Tax expenditures
709:Tax expenditures
644:George J. Borjas
511:
507:
386:Wojciech Kopczuk
194:
86:Nordic countries
55:
9866:
9865:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9824:
9718:
9716:
9709:
9583:
9580:
9550:
9545:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9501:
9487:Opioid epidemic
9404:Native American
9384:intersex rights
9335:
9331:Life expectancy
9321:Medical deserts
9311:Race and health
9208:
9194:Personal income
9140:
9044:National anthem
8877:personal income
8842:Economic issues
8776:
8728:
8576:
8476:
8465:School district
8451:
8434:Minor divisions
8428:
8367:
8325:
8264:
8250:Statutory codes
8231:
8194:
8171:
8081:
8076:
8063:
7998:
7955:civil liberties
7936:
7927:Other tribunals
7906:District courts
7858:
7817:current members
7800:current members
7781:
7715:Law enforcement
7613:
7326:
7275:
7266:Great Recession
7137:Progressive Era
7127:Native genocide
7058:Perpetual Union
7046:Treaty of Paris
7004:United Colonies
6962:
6887:
6881:
6851:
6842:
6789:
6731:
6660:
6580:
6547:Cuban Americans
6188:Mission Indians
6054:
6033:Swiss Americans
5882:Irish Americans
5872:Greek Americans
5835:Dutch Americans
5818:Czech Americans
5791:Welsh Americans
5726:White Americans
5712:
5647:Saudi Americans
5632:Omani Americans
5612:Iraqi Americans
5534:Hmong Americans
5517:Karen Americans
5498:Tamil Americans
5454:Tamil Americans
5364:Hoklo Americans
5354:Hakka Americans
5327:Uzbek Americans
5312:Tajik Americans
5268:Asian Americans
5256:
5183:Horn of Africa
4891:ethnic ancestry
4890:
4883:
4849:Native American
4837:Nation of Islam
4827:Five Percenters
4751:
4720:Racial wage gap
4710:Race and health
4695:Personal income
4627:
4621:
4612:
4607:
4577:
4572:
4546:
4495:
4383:
4355:
4322:
4306:Underprivileged
4248:
4207:
4206:
4182:
4112:
4069:
4029:
4011:
3930:
3848:
3808:
3710:
3665:
3564:
3563:
3547:
3526:Social position
3516:Social mobility
3414:
3364:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3259:
3251:
3192:
3190:Further reading
3187:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3083:
3079:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3047:(Revised draft)
3046:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3002:
2998:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2966:(Revised draft)
2965:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2746:
2742:
2695:
2691:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2549:
2545:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2436:10.2307/2393451
2420:
2416:
2410:Daniel J. Brass
2404:
2400:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2037:
2033:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2002:(Revised draft)
2001:
1987:
1983:
1979:motherjones.com
1974:
1967:
1951:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1923:. October 2011.
1919:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1847:
1839:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1797:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1645:David Leonhardt
1639:
1638:
1634:
1581:
1577:
1532:
1528:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1398:
1394:
1373:
1369:
1358:
1347:
1341:Wayback Machine
1332:
1328:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1296:Wayback Machine
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1140:
1136:
1120:
1116:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1008:
1004:
999:. January 2020.
990:
986:
985:
981:
967:
961:
957:
949:
932:
922:
920:
906:
902:
901:
897:
892:
888:
878:
876:
865:
864:
860:
851:
846:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
775:
762:
738:
711:
673:
640:
599:
597:Gender and race
578:
480:
474:
438:
420:Urban Institute
418:Studies by the
371:
359:
305:Joseph Stiglitz
267:
244:Andrew Carnegie
232:Abraham Lincoln
220:
201:
195:
181:
170:
115:
57:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9864:
9854:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9805:Sint Eustatius
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9750:Cayman Islands
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9721:
9719:
9714:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9591:
9589:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9578:
9571:
9564:
9556:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9543:
9538:
9531:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9443:Mass shootings
9440:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9431:Climate change
9428:
9418:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9369:Discrimination
9366:
9361:
9360:
9359:
9349:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9224:
9218:
9216:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9159:American Dream
9156:
9150:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9126:Transportation
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9059:Mount Rushmore
9056:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
8999:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8945:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8803:
8801:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8738:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8679:Federal budget
8676:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8617:Communications
8614:
8609:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8547:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8538:exceptionalism
8535:
8525:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8516:foreign policy
8508:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8472:
8461:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8375:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8344:
8342:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8284:
8278:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8213:Chief justices
8208:Supreme courts
8204:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8167:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8097:
8095:
8086:
8069:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8047:National Guard
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8008:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7950:Bill of Rights
7946:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7920:list of judges
7917:
7915:list of courts
7903:
7902:
7901:
7899:list of judges
7891:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7868:
7866:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7834:Capitol Police
7831:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7755:Secret Service
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7668:Vice President
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7647:
7645:
7638:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7452:National Parks
7444:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7412:
7407:
7405:Extreme points
7402:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7092:Federalist Era
7089:
7088:
7087:
7085:Bill of Rights
7082:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7033:
7028:
7026:Lee Resolution
7023:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
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6910:
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6902:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6886: articles
6880:
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6805:
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6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6741:
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6730:
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6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6590:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
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6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6498:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6441:Alaska Natives
6438:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6419:Tohono OÊŒodham
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5781:Manx Americans
5778:
5773:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5722:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5597:Arab Americans
5588:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5564:Thai Americans
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5507:Southeast Asia
5504:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5044:
5042:Igbo Americans
5039:
5037:Fula Americans
5034:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4869:Scientologists
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4842:Value Creators
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Middle classes
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:Home-ownership
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4527:Ottoman Empire
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Ancient Greece
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4486:United Kingdom
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4379:Home-ownership
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4234:American Dream
4231:
4225:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
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4166:
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4156:
4147:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
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4079:
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4071:
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4068:
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4057:
4052:
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4031:
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4028:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3818:
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3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
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3792:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3762:
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3760:
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3745:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Migrant worker
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3562:By demographic
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3542:Status Anxiety
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Ranked society
3493:
3488:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Class conflict
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3421: topics
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:Mudsill theory
3392:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3250:
3249:External links
3247:
3246:
3245:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3169:
3140:
3137:
3130:
3127:Jacobs, Eva E.
3124:
3116:
3109:
3108:
3093:
3077:
3068:|journal=
3022:
2996:
2987:|journal=
2941:
2932:
2925:
2905:
2860:(3): 335â351.
2837:
2818:(2): 519â564.
2802:
2795:
2775:
2740:
2709:(2): 322â345.
2689:
2650:
2635:
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2598:
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2252:
2243:
2227:
2206:
2181:
2169:
2160:
2146:
2129:
2104:
2074:
2057:10.1086/728737
2031:
2022:|journal=
1981:
1965:
1945:
1925:
1910:
1891:
1879:
1866:
1845:
1828:
1800:
1782:
1769:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1692:
1683:
1672:
1653:Isabel Sawhill
1632:
1595:(2): 138â149.
1575:
1546:(100): 26â32.
1526:
1499:
1472:
1462:Urhan, Susan.
1451:
1392:
1367:
1345:
1326:
1322:The Jeffersons
1312:
1300:
1281:
1254:
1242:New York Times
1228:
1197:
1180:
1134:
1114:
1084:
1064:
1049:
1022:(5): 141â147.
1002:
979:
955:
930:
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886:
875:. May 14, 2020
857:
850:
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844:
843:
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816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
771:
761:
758:
750:social capital
737:
734:
710:
707:
699:
698:
695:
692:
672:
669:
639:
636:
598:
595:
577:
574:
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473:
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370:
367:
358:
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284:United Kingdom
266:
263:
259:philanthropist
219:
216:
200:
197:
187:TED conference
179:
169:
166:
147:"Movin' on Up"
127:American Dream
114:
111:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9863:
9852:
9849:
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9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9712:
9706:
9705:United States
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
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9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9586:
9577:
9572:
9570:
9565:
9563:
9558:
9557:
9554:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9528:
9524:
9521:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9498:
9495:
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9478:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9465:
9464:
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9456:
9454:
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9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9416:Energy policy
9414:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9358:
9357:incarceration
9355:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9338:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9242:Prenatal care
9240:
9238:
9237:Birth control
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9174:Homeownership
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9143:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
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9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
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9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
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9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9004:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8905:
8902:
8898:
8897:working class
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:homeownership
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8731:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8637:Manufacturing
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8587:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8565:Third parties
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
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8552:
8551:
8548:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
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8524:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
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8471:
8468:
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8466:
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8460:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8445:
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8440:
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8431:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
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8402:
8400:
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8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
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8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
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8345:
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8341:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
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8275:
8271:
8261:
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8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
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8234:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8209:
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8205:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8166:
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8162:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
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8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8085:
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8074:
8070:
8060:
8057:
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8048:
8045:
8043:
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8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
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8013:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7932:U.S. attorney
7930:
7928:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7877:Chief Justice
7875:
7874:
7873:
7872:Supreme Court
7870:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7777:Public policy
7775:
7773:
7772:Civil service
7770:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7440:Sierra Nevada
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7378:insular zones
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7249:War on Terror
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7229:LGBT Movement
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6884:United States
6878:
6873:
6871:
6866:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6855:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:South America
6663:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:North America
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4998:Black Indians
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:Non-religious
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4569:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4491:United States
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:Other regions
4390:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:United States
4214:
4210:
4201:
4197:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Socioeconomic
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Social stigma
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:Social orphan
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:Nouveau riche
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Class traitor
3451:
3449:
3448:Class society
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:Gilbert model
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3090:0-07-034258-X
3087:
3081:
3073:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3042:(July 2013).
3041:
3040:Emmanuel Saez
3037:
3036:Patrick Kline
3033:
3026:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2961:(July 2013).
2960:
2959:Emmanuel Saez
2956:
2955:Patrick Kline
2952:
2945:
2936:
2928:
2926:9781610440332
2922:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2875:2027.42/67159
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2796:9781610440332
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:11250/2500263
2722:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2602:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2574:2027.42/69106
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:(4): 405â36.
2483:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:(3): 422â47.
2429:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1997:(July 2013).
1996:
1995:Emmanuel Saez
1992:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:Noah, Timothy
1949:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:Krugman, Paul
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1906:Emmanuel Saez
1903:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1858:Krugman, Paul
1854:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:Krugman, Paul
1753:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1412:(3): 79â102.
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
998:
997:
989:
983:
975:
974:
966:
959:
952:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
918:
914:
913:
905:
899:
890:
874:
873:
872:The Economist
868:
862:
858:
856:
855:
838:
829:
825:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
770:
768:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:Other factors
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
704:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
684:
682:
678:
668:
664:
660:
658:
654:
649:
645:
635:
631:
628:
627:human capital
623:
621:
615:
611:
609:
608:glass ceiling
603:
594:
591:
582:
573:
569:
566:
560:
557:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
506:
504:
500:
495:
488:
484:
479:
469:
467:
463:
462:human capital
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
428:
425:
421:
415:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:
391:
390:Emmanuel Saez
387:
382:
378:
376:
366:
364:
354:
352:
348:
347:Philip Alston
344:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
280:United States
271:
262:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:working-class
237:
233:
229:
225:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:Current state
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
165:
162:
160:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
139:Horatio Alger
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
110:
107:
103:
99:
93:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
53:
52:
51:The Economist
44:
42:
33:
29:
23:
19:
9810:Sint Maarten
9790:Saint Martin
9704:
9458:Human rights
9438:Gun politics
9389:Islamophobia
9379:antisemitism
9247:Hospice care
9189:Middle class
9169:Homelessness
9146:Social class
9106:Social class
8970:Human rights
8960:Homelessness
8872:middle class
8837:Demographics
8812:Architecture
8719:Unemployment
8699:Labor unions
8447:Town meeting
8424:City council
8419:City manager
8160:State police
8022:Marine Corps
8012:Armed Forces
7987:civil rights
7967:Constitution
7539:Southwestern
7534:Southeastern
7524:Northwestern
7519:Northeastern
7484:Mid-Atlantic
7474:Great Plains
7192:World War II
7075:Constitution
6979:Colonial era
6958:2008âpresent
5280:Central Asia
4879:Zoroastrians
4727:Social class
4542:Soviet Union
4517:Ancient Rome
4374:Homelessness
4299:Upper Middle
4243:
4171: /
4152: /
4143: /
4108:Working poor
4004:
3991:Robber baron
3814:Intellectual
3804:Royal family
3768:Ancient Rome
3622:second-class
3540:
3483:
3482: /
3477:
3473:High society
3380:Elite theory
3357:
3350:
3343:
3330:Social class
3214:
3208:
3177:
3173:
3148:
3144:
3133:
3120:
3113:Bibliography
3112:
3111:
3103:
3096:
3080:
3059:cite journal
3050:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:
2999:
2978:cite journal
2969:
2944:
2935:
2915:
2908:
2857:
2853:
2840:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2785:
2778:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2462:
2452:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2358:
2344:
2331:
2285:
2281:
2255:
2246:
2239:David Brooks
2230:
2219:David Brooks
2215:Ben Bernanke
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2172:
2163:
2149:
2120:. Retrieved
2077:
2069:the original
2048:
2044:
2034:
2013:cite journal
2005:
1984:
1959:
1948:
1939:
1928:
1894:
1882:
1869:
1864:Prospect.org
1821:December 16,
1819:. Retrieved
1815:The Guardian
1813:
1803:
1785:
1772:
1763:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1703:
1695:
1686:
1675:
1661:
1641:Tom Ashbrook
1635:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1543:
1540:Intelligence
1539:
1529:
1515:(1): 55â65.
1512:
1509:Intelligence
1508:
1502:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1370:
1360:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1303:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:January 2014
1267:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1210:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1124:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1074:
1067:
1019:
1015:
1005:
994:
982:
971:
958:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
910:
898:
889:
877:. Retrieved
870:
861:
853:
852:
837:
828:
766:
763:
739:
720:rather than
712:
701:The lack of
700:
681:War on Drugs
674:
665:
661:
641:
632:
624:
616:
612:
604:
600:
587:
571:
565:K through 12
562:
558:
554:
496:
492:
459:
450:unionization
439:
430:
417:
412:Paul Krugman
409:
405:
400:
383:
379:
372:
360:
345:
341:Alan Krueger
322:
310:
276:
236:Bill Clinton
221:
213:
209:
205:
202:
172:
163:
151:
145:to the song
116:
104:study found
94:
83:
72:
64:social class
59:
58:
49:
46:
39:
18:
9780:Puerto Rico
9690:Saint Lucia
9640:El Salvador
9463:Immigration
9394:LGBT rights
9296:Food safety
9131:Video games
8724:Wall Street
8704:Public debt
8607:Agriculture
8543:nationalism
8255:Uniform act
8177:Legislative
8084:Territorial
8042:Coast Guard
8037:Space Force
7787:Legislative
7582:Red (South)
7572:Mississippi
7494:New England
7430:Appalachian
7400:Earthquakes
7297:Discoveries
7292:Demographic
7234:Vietnam War
7177:World War I
7172:Imperialism
7122:Indian Wars
7097:War of 1812
6818:2010 census
6737:Multiethnic
6026:Californios
5892:before 1880
4795:Protestants
4757:By religion
4670:Immigration
4626:By economic
4461:New Zealand
4178:Untouchable
4103:Proletariat
4093:Pea-pickers
4043:Bourgeoisie
3731:Aristocracy
3617:naturalized
3612:native-born
3151:: 483â509.
2670:: 289â315.
2324:Charted in
2199:January 22,
1429:10419/80702
1274:January 23,
1247:January 23,
722:sales taxes
638:Immigration
446:immigration
424:US Treasury
159:meritocracy
9835:Categories
9775:Montserrat
9770:Martinique
9765:Guadeloupe
9620:Costa Rica
9497:Xenophobia
9286:Disability
9227:Healthcare
9136:Visual art
9081:Philosophy
9027:television
9017:newspapers
9007:journalism
8997:Literature
8909:attainment
8560:Republican
8555:Democratic
8528:Ideologies
8489:Corruption
8054:NOAA Corps
7977:preemption
7972:federalism
7587:Rio Grande
7489:Midwestern
7469:West Coast
7464:East Coast
7307:Inventions
7219:Space Race
7214:Korean War
7197:home front
7132:Gilded Age
6745:Afro-Asian
6367:Potawatomi
6198:Chemehuevi
5402:South Asia
4864:Rastafaris
4822:Ahmadiyyas
4775:Christians
4650:Emigration
4628:and social
4451:Luxembourg
4341:Inequality
4006:Superclass
3797:Hereditary
3773:Post-Roman
3764:Patrician
3634:adolescent
3458:Classicide
3032:Raj Chetty
2951:Raj Chetty
2559:: 510â34.
2274:Data from
2167:ages 25â34
2100:Ivy League
1991:Raj Chetty
1667:WBUR 90 FM
1649:Raj Chetty
1380:transcript
1158:: 139â72.
904:"Glossary"
849:References
730:Deep South
657:immigrants
476:See also:
410:Economist
228:Henry Ford
185:at a 2011
135:Henry Ford
41:Raj Chetty
9760:Greenland
9675:Nicaragua
9650:Guatemala
9480:Terrorism
9257:Rationing
9154:Affluence
9101:Sexuality
9069:Uncle Sam
8975:Languages
8904:Education
8847:affluence
8807:Americana
8734:Transport
8632:Insurance
8622:Companies
8602:By sector
8494:Elections
8135:Treasurer
8093:Executive
8032:Air Force
8004:Uniformed
7827:President
7644:Executive
7415:Mountains
7348:Territory
7336:Geography
7160:1954â1968
7155:1896â1954
7150:1865â1896
7112:Civil War
6953:1991â2008
6948:1980â1991
6943:1964â1980
6938:1945â1964
6933:1917â1945
6928:1865â1917
6923:1849â1865
6918:1815â1849
6913:1789â1815
6908:1776â1789
6901:By period
6775:Melungeon
6750:Amerasian
6476:Tsimshian
6283:Chochenyo
6228:Kitanemuk
6178:Menominee
6161:Tuscarora
6096:Chickasaw
6081:Blackfeet
5592:West Asia
5334:East Asia
4854:Neopagans
4780:Catholics
4770:Buddhists
4635:Affluence
4476:Sri Lanka
4369:Education
4336:Household
4229:Affluence
4164:Rat tribe
4126:Ant tribe
4098:Precariat
4083:Lazzaroni
4025:Bohemians
3986:Overclass
3981:Old money
3917:Spartiate
3892:Kshatriya
3882:Hashashin
3839:Professor
3780:Political
3753:Oligarchy
3743:Hanseaten
3661:Stateless
3641:Convicted
3573:By status
3536:Subaltern
3468:Euthenics
3400:New class
3180:: 500â23.
3165:145308055
2884:1359-1053
2824:0022-0515
2735:0197-9183
2684:150715008
2648:Fall 2006
2583:145464821
2532:: 32â46.
2498:145421939
2122:August 1,
2065:0002-9602
1705:CNN Money
1651:(guest),
1647:(guest),
1609:0956-7976
1438:0895-3309
1221:March 23,
1108:: 83â103.
1036:0002-8282
923:March 12,
620:part-time
549:$ 26,000
541:$ 32,000
533:$ 51,800
525:$ 65,000
503:education
499:correlate
472:Education
248:immigrant
9725:Anguilla
9660:Honduras
9630:Dominica
9605:Barbados
9536:Category
9232:Abortion
9096:Religion
9054:Columbia
9012:internet
8948:Holidays
8943:Folklore
8914:literacy
8852:eviction
8742:Aviation
8714:Taxation
8669:Currency
8662:by state
8572:Scandals
8442:Township
8200:Judicial
8101:Governor
7864:Judicial
7750:Marshals
7623:Politics
7577:Missouri
7567:Columbia
7562:Colorado
7557:Arkansas
7550:Longest
7529:Southern
7514:Northern
7358:counties
7312:Military
7302:Economic
7280:By topic
7259:Iraq War
7209:Cold War
6967:By event
6755:Blaxican
6567:Chicanos
6461:Gwich'in
6409:Shoshone
6399:Seminole
6327:Muscogee
6300:Tataviam
6263:Suisunes
6213:Diegueño
6193:Cahuilla
6151:Onondaga
6131:Iroquois
6111:Comanche
6106:Colville
6091:Cheyenne
6086:Cherokee
4680:Language
4568:Category
4500:Historic
4421:Colombia
4411:Cambodia
4346:Personal
4244:Mobility
4173:Freedman
4159:Plebeian
4145:Prisoner
4131:Commoner
4017:Creative
3998:Seigneur
3964:Nobility
3922:Vanniyar
3907:Pendekar
3867:Cossacks
3501:Snobbery
3373:Theories
3241:28438989
3203:(2017).
3015:July 22,
2892:22013026
2770:55656832
2336:Archived
2320:35915342
2091:Archived
1793:Archived
1780:SSRN.com
1662:On Point
1643:(host),
1627:26671911
1570:24944428
1446:11052119
1337:Archived
1292:Archived
1172:55711878
1044:14776623
773:See also
487:Ivy-Plus
442:affluent
422:and the
180:â
68:economic
9755:Curaçao
9740:Bonaire
9735:Bermuda
9665:Jamaica
9645:Grenada
9600:Bahamas
9520:Outline
9468:illegal
9453:Smoking
9316:Obesity
9199:Poverty
9121:Theater
9111:Society
8965:Housing
8926:Fashion
8882:poverty
8827:Cuisine
8799:Culture
8786:Society
8747:Driving
8674:Exports
8652:Tourism
8612:Banking
8590:Economy
8550:Parties
8394:Charter
8358:Sheriff
7805:Speaker
7673:Cabinet
7636:Federal
7544:Western
7509:Eastern
7504:Central
7499:Pacific
7459:Regions
7410:Islands
6893:History
6780:Mulatto
6586:Oceania
6481:Tlingit
6471:Iñupiat
6456:Alutiiq
6404:Shawnee
6389:Quechan
6273:Awaswas
6258:Serrano
6253:Salinan
6233:Luiseño
6223:Juaneño
6218:Esselen
6203:Chumash
6101:Choctaw
6071:Abenaki
4817:Muslims
4790:Mormons
4785:Coptics
4765:Baha'is
4700:Poverty
4471:Romania
4466:Nigeria
4351:Poverty
4254:Classes
4239:History
4150:Peasant
4136:Outcast
4075:Working
4055:Burgher
3912:Samurai
3902:OcÄlĆtl
3862:Chhetri
3854:Warrior
3844:Scholar
3758:Russian
3748:Magnate
3736:Aristoi
3715:By type
3602:Citizen
3595:refugee
3491:Poverty
3485:Parvenu
3419:Related
3390:Marxian
3352:Stratum
3219:Bibcode
3210:Science
2832:2726688
2444:2393451
2412:, 1985"
2311:9352590
2290:Bibcode
1618:4749462
1561:4051988
1488:: 101.
879:May 19,
779:Culture
679:, and "
646:, most
576:Poverty
454:obesity
427:bottom.
334:Finland
326:Denmark
297:Finland
289:Denmark
175:Denmark
9680:Panama
9670:Mexico
9615:Canada
9610:Belize
9541:Portal
9448:Hunger
9399:racism
9340:Issues
9214:Health
9116:Sports
9076:People
8921:Family
8892:wealth
8817:Cinema
8642:Mining
8627:Energy
8372:Cities
8340:County
8274:Tribal
7812:Senate
7656:powers
7552:rivers
7425:ranges
7393:states
7317:Postal
6838:Racism
6760:Cajuns
6429:Yakama
6394:Salish
6372:Pueblo
6357:Pawnee
6352:Paiute
6337:Ojibwe
6332:Navajo
6320:Yokuts
6315:Wintun
6305:Tongva
6293:Tamyen
6288:Karkin
6278:Chalon
6268:Ohlone
6243:Patwin
6208:Cupeño
6183:Mohave
6173:Lenape
6156:Seneca
6146:Oneida
6141:Mohawk
6136:Cayuga
6076:Apache
5855:Cajuns
5718:Europe
4899:Africa
4802:Hindus
4742:Wealth
4426:France
4406:Belize
4401:Africa
4328:Income
4284:Middle
4277:Gentry
4141:Outlaw
4048:Petite
4035:Middle
3969:Landed
3954:Gentry
3887:Knight
3827:Priest
3822:Clergy
3785:Family
3723:Ruling
3672:collar
3629:Clique
3345:Status
3239:
3163:
3088:
2923:
2900:975264
2898:
2890:
2882:
2830:
2822:
2793:
2768:
2733:
2682:
2632:, 2004
2596:Press.
2581:
2496:
2442:
2382:, 1995
2318:
2308:
2282:Nature
2063:
1625:
1615:
1607:
1568:
1558:
1444:
1436:
1170:
1042:
1034:
912:Polity
330:Norway
301:Canada
299:, and
293:Norway
255:tycoon
119:social
54:, 2020
9730:Aruba
9655:Haiti
9527:Index
9352:Crime
9222:Aging
9039:Names
9034:Music
9022:radio
9002:Media
8832:Dance
8822:Crime
8657:Trade
8414:Mayor
8363:Clerk
8331:Local
8073:State
7592:Yukon
7435:Rocky
7420:peaks
6486:Yupik
6466:Haida
6451:Aleut
6434:Yaqui
6414:Sioux
6347:Odawa
6342:Osage
6310:Wappo
6238:Miwok
6168:Kiowa
6126:Houma
4874:Sikhs
4807:Jains
4522:Aztec
4481:Tibet
4456:Nepal
4446:Italy
4436:India
4431:Haiti
4416:China
4316:Under
4311:Lower
4289:Black
4272:Donor
4267:Black
4262:Upper
4169:Slave
4118:Under
3974:Petty
3949:Elite
3936:Upper
3877:Harii
3872:CuÄuh
3706:White
3686:Green
3585:Alien
3428:Caste
3260:(PDF)
3161:S2CID
2896:S2CID
2850:(PDF)
2828:JSTOR
2766:S2CID
2680:S2CID
2606:Sage.
2579:S2CID
2494:S2CID
2457:1996)
2440:JSTOR
2367:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
2087:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1442:S2CID
1359:CAP:
1168:S2CID
1154:(1).
1079:(PDF)
1040:S2CID
991:(PDF)
968:(PDF)
907:(PDF)
854:Notes
820:Notes
501:with
252:steel
9800:Saba
9625:Cuba
9091:Race
8936:list
8931:Flag
8470:list
8314:list
8225:list
8165:list
8118:list
8106:list
8082:and
8027:Navy
8017:Army
7887:list
7599:Time
7479:Gulf
6765:Hapa
6382:Zuni
6362:Pima
6248:Pomo
6121:Crow
6116:Cree
5261:Asia
4812:Jews
4685:LGBT
4441:Iran
4154:Serf
3959:Lord
3897:Nair
3790:List
3701:Pink
3691:Grey
3681:Blue
3670:By "
3237:PMID
3086:ISBN
3072:help
3017:2013
2991:help
2921:ISBN
2888:PMID
2880:ISSN
2820:ISSN
2791:ISBN
2731:ISSN
2316:PMID
2201:2020
2124:2012
2061:ISSN
2026:help
1823:2017
1623:PMID
1605:ISSN
1566:PMID
1434:ISSN
1276:2014
1249:2014
1223:2013
1177:Pdf.
1131:Pdf.
1111:Pdf.
1032:ISSN
925:2024
881:2020
388:and
332:and
282:and
234:and
226:and
141:and
133:and
121:and
8990:ASL
8237:Law
7942:Law
7760:TSA
7745:ICE
7740:FBI
7735:DEA
7725:CBP
7720:ATF
7041:War
6424:Ute
6377:Zia
3696:New
3227:doi
3215:356
3153:doi
2870:hdl
2862:doi
2758:doi
2721:hdl
2711:doi
2672:doi
2569:hdl
2561:doi
2534:doi
2486:doi
2432:doi
2306:PMC
2298:doi
2286:608
2237:By
2221:in
2053:doi
2049:129
1613:PMC
1597:doi
1556:PMC
1548:doi
1517:doi
1490:doi
1424:hdl
1414:doi
1384:TED
1382:).
1160:doi
1024:doi
1020:104
395:CBO
189:on
149:).
66:or
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