1090:. Altruism is defined as "a concern for the welfare of others". If altruism is genetically determined, then altruistic individuals must reproduce their own altruistic genetic traits for altruism to survive, but when altruists lavish their resources on non-altruists at the expense of their own kind, the altruists tend to die out and the others tend to increase. An extreme example is a soldier losing his life trying to help a fellow soldier. This example raises the question of how altruistic genes can be passed on if this soldier dies without having any children.
54:
4406:
980:
6907:
6427:
5067:
3020:
609:
6453:
6440:
3044:
5055:
596:
1207:-like behavior. Thus, when FEV is genetically deleted from the mouse genome, male mice will instantly attack other males, whereas their wild-type counterparts take significantly longer to initiate violent behavior. In addition, FEV has been shown to be required for correct maternal behavior in mice, such that offspring of mothers without the FEV factor do not survive unless cross-fostered to other wild-type female mice.
5087:
5077:
3032:
816:
882:. The three sociobiologies by Scott, Altmann and Wilson have in common to place naturalist studies at the core of the research on animal social behavior and by drawing alliances with emerging research methodologies, at a time when "biology in the field" was threatened to be made old-fashioned by "modern" practices of science (laboratory studies, mathematical biology, molecular biology).
2092:
heritability coefficients have been calculated over the years. . . . Unfortunately, that fundamental intuition is wrong. Heritability isn't an index of how genetic a trait is. A great deal of time has been wasted in the effort of measuring the heritability of traits in the false expectation that somehow the genetic nature of psychological phenomena would be revealed.
787:. It begins with the idea that behaviors have evolved over time, similar to the way that physical traits are thought to have evolved. It predicts that animals will act in ways that have proven to be evolutionarily successful over time. This can, among other things, result in the formation of complex social processes conducive to evolutionary fitness.
1067:. Sociobiologists reason that this protective behavior likely evolved over time because it helped the offspring of the individuals which had the characteristic to survive. This parental protection would increase in frequency in the population. The social behavior is believed to have evolved in a fashion similar to other types of nonbehavioral
861:
came in contact with this emerging sociobiology through his PhD student Stuart A. Altmann, who had been in close relation with the participants to the 1948 conference. Altmann developed his own brand of sociobiology to study the social behavior of rhesus macaques, using statistics, and was hired as a
2046:
Moreover, even highly heritable traits can be strongly manipulated by the environment, so heritability has little if anything to do with controllability. For example, height is on the order of 90% heritable, yet North and South
Koreans, who come from the same genetic background, presently differ in
856:
at a 1948 conference on genetics and social behavior, which called for a conjoint development of field and laboratory studies in animal behavior research. With John Paul Scott's organizational efforts, a "Section of Animal
Behavior and Sociobiology" of the Ecological Society of America was created
790:
The discipline seeks to explain behavior as a product of natural selection. Behavior is therefore seen as an effort to preserve one's genes in the population. Inherent in sociobiological reasoning is the idea that certain genes or gene combinations that influence particular behavioral traits can be
928:
that sociobiology is, despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans, "one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century." "Sociobiology is now part of the core research and curriculum of virtually all biology departments, and it is a foundation of the work of almost all
2091:
But back to the question: What does heritability mean? Almost everyone who has ever thought about heritability has reached a commonsense intuition about it: One way or another, heritability has to be some kind of index of how genetic a trait is. That intuition explains why so many thousands of
806:
for their own offspring and causes the nursing females to come into heat faster, thus allowing more of his genes to enter into the population. Sociobiologists would view this instinctual cub-killing behavior as being inherited through the genes of successfully reproducing male lions, whereas
1101:
that matches the observed behavior. Stability of a strategy can be difficult to prove, but usually, it will predict gene frequencies. The hypothesis can be supported by establishing a correlation between the gene frequencies predicted by the strategy, and those expressed in a population.
963:
is fundamental to evolutionary theory. Variants of hereditary traits which increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce will be more greatly represented in subsequent generations, i.e., they will be "selected for". Thus, inherited behavioral mechanisms that allowed an
1210:
A genetic basis for instinctive behavioral traits among non-human species, such as in the above example, is commonly accepted among many biologists; however, attempting to use a genetic basis to explain complex behaviors in human societies has remained extremely controversial.
2204:
Hendricks TJ, Fyodorov DV, Wegman LJ, Lelutiu NB, Pehek EA, Yamamoto B, Silver J, Weeber EJ, Sweatt JD, Deneris ES. Pet-1 ETS gene plays a critical role in 5-HT neuron development and is required for normal anxiety-like and aggressive behaviour]. Neuron. 2003 Jan
6983:
976:. However, there is continued resistance by some researchers over the application of evolutionary models to humans, particularly from within the social sciences, where culture has long been assumed to be the predominant driver of behavior.
889:, which sparked an intense controversy. Since then "sociobiology" has largely been equated with Wilson's vision. The book pioneered and popularized the attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind social behaviors such as
1109:
and littermates has been explained in such a way. Altruistic behavior, behavior that increases the reproductive fitness of others at the apparent expense of the altruist, in some animals has been correlated to the degree of
957:, as well as nonhuman animal behavior, can be partly explained as the outcome of natural selection. They contend that in order to fully understand behavior, it must be analyzed in terms of evolutionary considerations.
1278:, Chomsky argued for the importance of a sociobiologically informed notion of human nature. Chomsky argued that human beings are biological organisms and ought to be studied as such, with his criticism of the "
1729:
1160:. The researchers who carry out those studies are careful to point out that heritability does not constrain the influence that environmental or cultural factors may have on those traits.
1242:, who drew a distinction between the politics and history of an idea and its scientific validity, argue that sociobiology fails on scientific grounds. Gould grouped sociobiology with
901:, but also in other animals. However, the influence of evolution on behavior has been of interest to biologists and philosophers since soon after the discovery of evolution itself.
1009:
and explanations of animal behavior. Two categories are at the species level; two, at the individual level. The species-level categories (often called "ultimate explanations") are
2385:
A surprising number of intellectuals, particularly on the left, do deny that there is such a thing as inborn talent, especially intelligence. Stephen Jay Gould's 191 bestseller
6975:
1051:
Sociobiologists are interested in how behavior can be explained logically as a result of selective pressures in the history of a species. Thus, they are often interested in
2060:
1989:
911:, written in the early 1890s, is a popular example. The final chapter of the book is devoted to sociobiological explanations of human behavior, and Wilson later wrote a
968:
a greater chance of surviving and/or reproducing in the past are more likely to survive in present organisms. That inherited adaptive behaviors are present in nonhuman
1130:
are active areas of study. In general, females with more bearing opportunities may value offspring less, and may also arrange bearing opportunities to maximize the
6999:
997:
Inherited behavioral traits have been honed by natural selection. Therefore, these traits were probably "adaptive" in the environment in which the species evolved.
1074:
Individual genetic advantage fails to explain certain social behaviors as a result of gene-centred selection. E.O. Wilson argued that evolution may also act upon
325:
6991:
1179:
argues that a history of intergroup conflict for resources between men have led to differences in violence and aggression between men and women. The novelist
929:
field biologists. " Sociobiological research on nonhuman organisms has increased dramatically and continuously in the world's top scientific journals such as
2389:
was written to debunk 'the abstraction of intelligence as a single entity ... and the use of these numbers to rank people in a single series of worthiness'
772:. Among sociobiologists, the controversy between laying weight to different levels of selection was settled between D.S. Wilson and E.O. Wilson in 2007.
1909:
5298:
5155:
1298:, which focused more on altruism than aggression, suggesting that anarchist societies were feasible because of an innate human tendency to cooperate.
5123:
1472:
1774:
1260:
convention, other scholars attempted to cancel them with what
Chagnon later described as "Impassioned accusations of racism, fascism and Nazism";
1175:, posits that female sexual selection has led to increased competitive behavior among men, sometimes resulting in criminality. In another theory,
1282:" doctrine in the social sciences (which would inspire a great deal of Steven Pinker's and others' work in evolutionary psychology), in his 1975
2456:
640:
6841:
3082:
1149:
population, an expansion of altruistic traits within a gene pool may also encourage increasing numbers of individuals with dependent traits.
742:
While the term "sociobiology" originated at least as early as the 1940s; the concept did not gain major recognition until the publication of
2155:
Hernán, Roberto; Kujal, Praveen (2015), Branas-Garza, Pablo; Cabrales, Antonio (eds.), "Gender
Differences in Cooperation and Competition",
6943:
2723:
2105:
768:
could be explained by social environment rather than by biology. Sociobiologists responded by pointing to the complex relationship between
248:
1059:
behavior, and in explaining the similarities, rather than the differences, between cultures. For example, mothers within many species of
6846:
559:
783:
Sociobiology is based on the premise that some behaviors (social and individual) are at least partly inherited and can be affected by
5999:
3622:
3548:
2075:
1309:
the case. However, some critics have argued that the language of sociobiology readily slips from "is" to "ought", an instance of the
866:'s or Altmann's, insofar as he drew on mathematical models of social behavior centered on the maximization of the genetic fitness by
6287:
5889:
367:
2030:
1851:
1152:
Studies of human behavior genetics have generally found behavioral traits such as creativity, extroversion, aggressiveness, and
2770:
73:
7103:
5859:
5779:
5754:
5633:
5513:
5116:
3581:
3543:
2701:
2675:
2653:
2631:
2605:
2583:
2564:
2417:
2378:
2172:
1515:
1378:
1288:. Chomsky further hinted at the possible reconciliation of his anarchist political views and sociobiology in a discussion of
554:
5979:
5187:
4832:
3347:
1926:
The
Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, edited by David M. Buss, John Wiley & Sons, 2005. Chapter 5 by Edward H. Hagen
1257:
1234:
of being "radical scientists", whose stance on human nature is influenced by politics rather than science, while
Lewontin,
780:
E. O. Wilson defined sociobiology as "the extension of population biology and evolutionary theory to social organization".
501:
5759:
5684:
5611:
5587:
5535:
4414:
2823:
1168:
6492:
6419:
6371:
6004:
5390:
5143:
4002:
2313:
Allen, Garland E. (1984). "The Roots of
Biological Determinism: review of The Mismeasure of Man by Stephen Jay Gould".
1835:
1712:
633:
362:
193:
2734:
5799:
4027:
3075:
1749:
1294:
907:
7149:
6936:
6432:
6039:
5824:
5616:
5109:
95:
6034:
6014:
5727:
5472:
5180:
5175:
5148:
2957:
862:"sociobiologist" at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in 1965. Wilson's sociobiology is different from
824:
748:
352:
320:
31:
6550:
6292:
6252:
6207:
5914:
5737:
5307:
5244:
1098:
574:
357:
17:
7154:
7144:
7057:
6364:
6049:
6029:
5966:
5417:
5286:
5227:
5090:
4012:
3036:
1006:
626:
613:
1313:. Pinker has argued that opposition to stances considered anti-social, such as ethnic nepotism, is based on
7129:
6884:
6580:
6212:
5984:
5804:
5427:
5395:
5303:
5038:
3068:
1183:
also has noted applications of sociobiological theory to cultural practices such as slavery and autocracy.
863:
849:
544:
6929:
6662:
6458:
6024:
5259:
5028:
3048:
2265:
857:
in 1956, which became a
Division of Animal Behavior of the American Society of Zoology in 1958. In 1956,
600:
1728:
Mohammed, Sulma I.; Alfarouk, Khalid O.; Elhassan, Ahmed M.; Hamad, Kamal; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2019).
1531:
845:
Hobbes had explained the origins of morals in human society from an amoral sociobiological perspective.
735:. It argues that just as selection pressure led to animals evolving useful ways of interacting with the
6863:
6612:
5919:
5789:
5769:
5548:
5293:
4478:
2965:
2858:
2763:
1321:
by scientific advances. The history of this debate, and others related to it, are covered in detail by
100:
6755:
2743:
6607:
6339:
6310:
6197:
6111:
6019:
5994:
5819:
5784:
5560:
4513:
4473:
4438:
4050:
3629:
3606:
3574:
2744:
Scientist at Work | Edward O. Wilson | Taking a Cue From Ants on
Evolution of Humans by Nicholas Wade
1388:
1373:
1358:
701:
466:
441:
421:
401:
78:
7159:
6877:
6560:
6232:
6116:
5989:
5809:
5742:
5604:
5577:
5432:
5207:
5170:
5080:
3793:
3602:
2916:
2880:
1403:
1343:
1271:
1087:
705:
456:
451:
426:
381:
347:
341:
330:
885:
Once a specialist term, "sociobiology" became widely known in 1975 when Wilson published his book
6535:
6396:
6237:
6103:
5929:
5909:
5899:
5714:
5694:
5565:
5553:
5543:
5400:
5132:
4565:
3699:
2843:
2813:
2803:
1423:
1393:
1368:
1284:
841:
798:
For example, newly dominant male lions often kill cubs in the pride that they did not sire. This
709:
569:
476:
471:
416:
377:
178:
3091:
2133:
1827:
6694:
6657:
6647:
6592:
6540:
6485:
6354:
6349:
6324:
6272:
6267:
6107:
6099:
6090:
6085:
6054:
5946:
5732:
5669:
5422:
5341:
4642:
4324:
4266:
3909:
3157:
1363:
1223:
753:
481:
436:
258:
153:
2291:
2217:"Serotonergic transcriptional programming determines maternal behavior and offspring survival"
7124:
6967:
6381:
6344:
6242:
6151:
6146:
6121:
5849:
5829:
5679:
5599:
5572:
5503:
5271:
4727:
4702:
4682:
4022:
3763:
3693:
3673:
3242:
3217:
3197:
3024:
2818:
2756:
1248:
1153:
1056:
803:
579:
461:
406:
372:
285:
1275:
945:
is commonly substituted for the term sociobiology in order to avoid the public controversy.
822:, a central figure in the history of sociobiology, from the publication in 1975 of his book
7052:
6800:
6565:
6525:
6520:
6334:
6141:
6126:
6094:
6081:
5942:
5854:
5722:
5689:
5664:
5518:
5482:
5376:
5346:
5165:
4947:
4757:
4707:
4518:
4488:
4359:
4319:
4281:
3929:
3567:
3462:
3272:
3222:
2798:
2793:
1954:
1310:
1192:
973:
807:
non-killing behavior may have died out as those lions were less successful in reproducing.
431:
203:
88:
45:
6810:
1191:
Genetic mouse mutants illustrate the power that genes exert on behavior. For example, the
8:
7032:
7022:
6891:
6672:
6401:
6166:
5951:
5869:
5410:
5354:
5281:
5033:
5023:
4862:
4732:
4443:
4433:
4354:
4296:
3377:
3247:
2848:
1428:
1383:
736:
693:
521:
511:
446:
411:
295:
198:
123:
58:
2516:
1958:
1547:
7027:
6952:
6805:
6597:
6575:
6555:
6359:
6202:
6192:
6161:
5956:
5904:
5814:
5764:
5623:
5582:
5498:
5405:
5385:
5239:
5217:
5212:
4975:
4955:
4942:
4767:
4762:
4560:
4508:
4391:
4386:
4301:
4256:
4183:
4105:
4055:
3617:
3612:
3538:
3492:
3472:
3457:
3282:
3277:
2936:
2895:
2865:
2346:
2330:
2241:
2216:
2125:
2017:
1970:
1890:
1820:
1797:
1755:
1678:
1646:
1353:
1270:
has expressed views on sociobiology on several occasions. During a 1976 meeting of the
1002:
983:
942:
875:
769:
564:
496:
280:
208:
173:
3753:
2438:
7139:
7047:
6910:
6617:
6585:
6478:
6452:
6445:
6439:
6222:
6217:
6131:
5933:
5674:
5641:
5508:
5369:
5317:
5276:
5254:
5222:
4960:
4842:
4697:
4364:
4090:
3778:
3768:
3727:
3477:
3357:
3212:
3043:
2981:
2697:
2671:
2663:
2649:
2627:
2620:
2601:
2579:
2560:
2553:
2464:
2433:
2413:
2374:
2338:
2246:
2168:
2022:
2008:
1894:
1831:
1759:
1745:
1708:
1670:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1551:
1511:
1227:
960:
937:
799:
784:
761:
265:
143:
133:
128:
2350:
2129:
1801:
1682:
7134:
7017:
6870:
6815:
6682:
6515:
5651:
5592:
5381:
5324:
5070:
4687:
4374:
4261:
3871:
3834:
3719:
3689:
3202:
3002:
2991:
2853:
2646:
Gene
Worship: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate over Genes, Brain, and Gender
2322:
2236:
2228:
2191:
2160:
2117:
2012:
2004:
1962:
1882:
1789:
1737:
1662:
1617:
1582:
1543:
1503:
1495:
1464:
1253:
1231:
1127:
931:
757:
300:
5523:
2717:
2406:
1701:
7093:
7088:
6825:
6765:
6750:
6735:
6720:
6689:
6642:
6391:
6282:
6247:
6156:
6044:
5938:
5894:
5874:
5747:
5463:
5442:
5197:
4970:
4937:
4286:
4228:
4070:
4007:
3849:
3723:
3487:
3452:
2926:
2833:
2828:
2738:
2368:
1433:
1289:
1079:
917:
902:
879:
661:
253:
243:
105:
3677:
972:
has been multiply demonstrated by biologists, and it has become a foundation of
897:, and nurturance, primarily in ants (Wilson's own research specialty) and other
7098:
7078:
6790:
6745:
6740:
6622:
6530:
5884:
5864:
5774:
5467:
5359:
5234:
5059:
4827:
4637:
4468:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4349:
4291:
4223:
4218:
4080:
4075:
3969:
3924:
3901:
3783:
3773:
3715:
3342:
3152:
2931:
1815:
1418:
1093:
Within sociobiology, a social behavior is first explained as a sociobiological
912:
871:
867:
832:
765:
724:
335:
238:
2215:
Lerch-Haner, JK; Frierson, D; Crawford, LK; Beck, SG; Deneris, ES (Sep 2008).
2121:
1741:
1586:
53:
7118:
7083:
7073:
7037:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6704:
6637:
6545:
6386:
6329:
6319:
5879:
5699:
5659:
5655:
5646:
5489:
5458:
5447:
5437:
5364:
5266:
5160:
4907:
4802:
4692:
4667:
4662:
4555:
4503:
4498:
4276:
4193:
4095:
4060:
3829:
3422:
3317:
3207:
3182:
3177:
2946:
2941:
2838:
2641:
2593:
2531:
2468:
2364:
2186:
2164:
1629:
1594:
1555:
1408:
1261:
1219:
1180:
1176:
1106:
1040:
836:
764:, argued that genes played a role in human behavior, but that traits such as
732:
720:
486:
158:
1988:
Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, E.; Gottesman, Irving; Bouchard, Thomas (2009).
1608:
Freedman, Daniel G. (January 1985). "Sociobiology and the human dimension".
1570:
1137:
An important concept in sociobiology is that temperament traits exist in an
1028:
The individual-level categories (often called "proximate explanations") are
6820:
6770:
6730:
6699:
5477:
5454:
4932:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4877:
4857:
4837:
4747:
4717:
4677:
4657:
4647:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4493:
4483:
4458:
4115:
3949:
3866:
3824:
3685:
3447:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3372:
3352:
3262:
3232:
3192:
3172:
3162:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
2951:
2921:
2887:
2615:
2598:
The ant and the peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today
2512:
2342:
2250:
2026:
1873:
Dobzhansky, Theodosius (September 1966). "Are Naturalists Old-Fashioned?".
1696:
1674:
1650:
1507:
1468:
1438:
1398:
1348:
1267:
1157:
1075:
954:
858:
819:
743:
739:, so also it led to the genetic evolution of advantageous social behavior.
677:
491:
275:
270:
188:
5101:
4405:
979:
6760:
6725:
6315:
6227:
6171:
6009:
5794:
5493:
5312:
5000:
4995:
4965:
4922:
4867:
4807:
4792:
4787:
4752:
4712:
4602:
4592:
4587:
4271:
3997:
3919:
3798:
3788:
3739:
3681:
3517:
3512:
3482:
3437:
3382:
3322:
3307:
3302:
3267:
3227:
3117:
3107:
3102:
2996:
2875:
1318:
1279:
1235:
1115:
898:
728:
689:
516:
233:
183:
6262:
6257:
5974:
5709:
5249:
4985:
4980:
4927:
4912:
4852:
4817:
4812:
4782:
4742:
4722:
4652:
4632:
4381:
4208:
4100:
4045:
3974:
3954:
3914:
3819:
3735:
3669:
3665:
3502:
3497:
3442:
3427:
3367:
3332:
3327:
3297:
3257:
3237:
3167:
3147:
2986:
2900:
2334:
2326:
1974:
1239:
1200:
1138:
1119:
1094:
1068:
1014:
894:
669:
290:
213:
168:
148:
62:
3060:
1222:
argues that critics have been overly swayed by politics and a fear of
6921:
5924:
4902:
4887:
4872:
4822:
4797:
4538:
4339:
4251:
4133:
4065:
4037:
3944:
3758:
3747:
3743:
3711:
3417:
3402:
3387:
3337:
3312:
2870:
2403:
1196:
1172:
1114:
shared between altruistic individuals. A quantitative description of
1083:
1064:
1021:
713:
681:
665:
549:
163:
83:
2232:
1966:
1645:
6632:
6627:
6602:
6501:
6376:
6136:
5841:
5054:
4990:
4917:
4847:
4777:
4772:
4597:
4531:
4128:
4085:
3984:
3856:
3731:
3707:
3507:
3432:
3362:
3292:
3287:
3112:
2808:
1886:
1793:
1666:
1413:
1314:
1243:
1052:
1033:
965:
890:
792:
673:
539:
138:
6984:
Social Behaviour in Animals: With Special Reference to Vertebrates
2106:"The Sociobiology of Sociopathy: An Integrated Evolutionary Model"
2047:
average height by a full 6 inches (Pak, 2004; Schwekendiek, 2008).
1987:
839:
was the first proto-sociobiologist, arguing that in his 1651 book
6667:
6277:
5005:
4737:
4607:
4524:
4369:
4344:
4329:
4311:
4158:
4123:
3964:
3959:
3886:
3881:
3861:
3654:
3639:
3590:
3522:
3252:
3122:
1653:(2007). "Rethinking The Theoretical Foundation of Sociobiology".
1204:
1060:
1044:
969:
697:
685:
657:
1945:
Tessman, Irwin (1995). "Human altruism as a courtship display".
4672:
4203:
4188:
4148:
4143:
4017:
3939:
3934:
3844:
3187:
2748:
2214:
1123:
1111:
595:
1775:"Adaptations of Female Lions to Infanticide by Incoming Males"
815:
6570:
4334:
4233:
4165:
4153:
3891:
3839:
1727:
1164:
1142:
1920:
6677:
6470:
4213:
4198:
4138:
3814:
3703:
3659:
1146:
1131:
3559:
2728:
2481:
1990:"Beyond Heritability: Twin Studies in Behavioral Research"
3992:
1734:
The Genetics of African Populations in Health and Disease
1301:
Wilson has claimed that he had never meant to imply what
1163:
Various theorists have argued that in some environments
3876:
2686:
Human Nature After Darwin: A Philosophical Introduction
2576:
Missing the Revolution: Darwinism for Social Scientists
1935:
Wilson, 1975. Chapter 5. "Group Selection and Altruism"
1463:
Biological determinism was a philosophy underlying the
2061:"A Better Way to Use Twins for Developmental Research"
1264:'s support caused the sessions to occur as scheduled.
2408:
Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature
990:
Sociobiology is based upon two fundamental premises:
752:
in 1975. The new field quickly became the subject of
2157:
Experimental Economics: Volume 1: Economic Decisions
1473:
controversies in the history of intelligence testing
1195:
FEV (aka Pet1), through its role in maintaining the
2159:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 154–168,
719:Sociobiology investigates social behaviors such as
2619:
2600:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
2552:
2536:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature
2437:
2432:
2405:
2404:Richard Lewontin; Leon Kamin; Steven Rose (1984).
2370:The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature
1819:
1700:
1575:International Studies in the Philosophy of Science
1063:– including humans – are very protective of their
27:Subdiscipline of biology regarding social behavior
2668:Final Solutions: Biology, Prejudice, and Genocide
2662:
1494:
1317:assumptions, meaning that such opposition is not
7116:
2622:Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty
1071:, such as a coat of fur, or the sense of smell.
2694:Defenders of the truth: The sociobiology debate
1814:
1256:scheduled sessions on sociobiology at the 1976
2573:
2444:. p. Introduction to the Revised Edition.
2363:
1866:
1502:, Harvard University Press, pp. 397–437,
1145:population might encourage the expansion of a
921:, that addressed human behavior specifically.
6937:
6842:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
6486:
5117:
3575:
3076:
2764:
2448:
1695:
634:
2724:The Sociobiology of Sociopathy, Mealey, 1995
2640:
2195:. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981, pp. 444–445.
1907:
5131:
2691:
2487:
2154:
1997:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1772:
1326:
7104:1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
6944:
6930:
6847:International Society for Applied Ethology
6493:
6479:
5124:
5110:
3582:
3568:
3083:
3069:
2771:
2757:
2525:
2058:
1872:
641:
627:
3549:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
2731:– interviews with leading sociobiologists
2240:
2097:
2016:
1169:evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory
1032:the development of the individual (i.e.,
835:suggested that the political philosopher
6288:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2399:
2397:
2373:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 149.
1607:
1568:
1086:and population statistics borrowed from
994:Certain behavioral traits are inherited,
978:
814:
3090:
2670:. Pennsylvania State University Press.
2559:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2292:"Sociobiology: the art of storytelling"
2290:Gould, Stephen Jay (16 November 1978).
1944:
1730:"Sociobiological Transition and Cancer"
1529:
926:The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology
14:
7117:
6951:
2614:
2592:
2550:
2266:"'Wilson,' They Said, 'Your All Wet!'"
2263:
2103:
1773:Packer, Craig; Pusey, Anne E. (1983).
1330:
1322:
1186:
1118:by male harem-mating animals when the
1024:) that resulted in this functionality.
668:. It draws from disciplines including
6925:
6474:
5780:Psychological effects of Internet use
5105:
3563:
3544:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3064:
2752:
2720:(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
2454:
2394:
2312:
2289:
1379:Evolutionary developmental psychology
1199:in the brain, is required for normal
5076:
3031:
1641:
1639:
1498:(2000-03-24), "The Social Insects",
1258:American Anthropological Association
986:, whose work influenced sociobiology
802:because killing the cubs eliminates
700:, sociobiology is closely allied to
5760:Digital media use and mental health
5086:
2824:Evolutionary models of food sharing
1548:10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.001411
1141:balance. Just as an expansion of a
24:
5391:Automatic and controlled processes
4003:Evolutionary developmental biology
2684:Richards, Janet Radcliffe (2000).
848:The geneticist of animal behavior
30:For the book by E. O. Wilson, see
25:
7171:
5800:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
4028:Post-transcriptional modification
2711:
2315:Journal of the History of Biology
2264:Fisher, Helen (16 October 1994).
1636:
1295:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
1078:. The mechanisms responsible for
908:Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
6906:
6905:
6451:
6438:
6426:
6425:
5825:Mobile phones and driving safety
5085:
5075:
5066:
5065:
5053:
4404:
3042:
3030:
3019:
3018:
2778:
2009:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x
1854:. Bowling Green State University
1020:the evolutionary process (i.e.,
608:
607:
594:
52:
5728:Computer-mediated communication
2958:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
2506:
2493:
2426:
2357:
2306:
2283:
2257:
2208:
2198:
2180:
2148:
2059:Turkheimer, Eric (April 2008).
2052:
1981:
1938:
1929:
1910:"All-Time 100 Nonfiction Books"
1908:Walsh, Bryan (17 August 2011).
1901:
1844:
1826:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
1655:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1571:"The sociology of sociobiology"
1569:de Sousa, Ronald (1990-01-01).
1471:of the early 20th century, and
1457:
1246:, criticizing both in his book
1171:, by sociologist/criminologist
1039:the proximate mechanism (e.g.,
887:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
825:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
795:from generation to generation.
749:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
601:Evolutionary biology portal
32:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
6551:Bee learning and communication
6005:Empathising–systemising theory
5308:female intrasexual competition
5245:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2503::10. New York: Pantheon Books.
1808:
1766:
1721:
1689:
1601:
1562:
1523:
1488:
1099:evolutionarily stable strategy
953:Sociobiologists maintain that
560:Creation–evolution controversy
314:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
6365:Standard social science model
5418:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2110:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1445:
775:
6500:
6213:Missing heritability problem
5805:Social aspects of television
5428:Evolution of nervous systems
5396:Computational theory of mind
2692:SegerstrĂĄle, Ullica (2000).
2644:; Rogers, Lesley J. (2003).
2574:Barkow, Jerome, ed. (2006).
1622:10.1016/0162-3095(85)90006-8
1532:"Sociobiology and Sociology"
1214:
1017:) that a behavior serves and
1007:four categories of questions
696:. Within the study of human
545:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
6459:Evolutionary biology portal
3589:
3049:Evolutionary biology portal
2696:. Oxford University Press.
2578:. Oxford University Press.
2555:The triumph of sociobiology
2461:The New York Times Magazine
2457:"Who Are the Real Savages?"
2455:Eakin, Emily (2013-02-17).
1336:
1134:and protection from mates.
831:The philosopher of biology
10:
7176:
7058:Tinbergen's four questions
6420:Evolutionary psychologists
6293:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
6208:Human–animal communication
5920:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
5770:Imprinted brain hypothesis
5738:Human–computer interaction
2538:. New York: Viking. p. 145
1536:Annual Review of Sociology
1530:Nielsen, François (1994).
924:Edward H. Hagen writes in
810:
731:, and the hive society of
580:Nature-nurture controversy
29:
7066:
7010:
6959:
6901:
6855:
6834:
6713:
6608:Evolutionary neuroscience
6508:
6414:
6340:Environmental determinism
6311:Cultural selection theory
6303:
6198:Evolutionary epistemology
6185:
6112:evolutionary neuroscience
6074:
6067:
5965:
5840:
5785:Rank theory of depression
5708:
5632:
5534:
5340:
5333:
5287:Parent–offspring conflict
5196:
5139:
5047:
5016:
4578:
4548:
4514:Polymerase chain reaction
4474:Green fluorescent protein
4424:
4413:
4402:
4310:
4242:
4174:
4114:
4051:Earliest known life forms
4036:
3983:
3900:
3807:
3647:
3638:
3597:
3531:
3098:
3014:
2974:
2909:
2786:
2122:10.1017/S0140525X00039595
1742:10.1017/9781139680295.010
1610:Ethology and Sociobiology
1587:10.1080/02698599008573367
1389:Evolutionary neuroscience
1374:Evolutionary anthropology
1359:Cultural selection theory
948:
702:evolutionary anthropology
467:Evolutionary neuroscience
442:Evolutionary epistemology
422:Evolutionary anthropology
402:Applications of evolution
7018:Animal behaviour science
6976:The Herring Gull's World
6561:Behavioral endocrinology
6233:Cultural group selection
6117:Biocultural anthropology
5810:Societal impacts of cars
5743:Media naturalness theory
5433:Fight-or-flight response
2165:10.1057/9781137538192_10
2074:(1): 2–5. Archived from
1852:"The Life of J.P. Scott"
1404:Human behavioral ecology
1344:Biocultural anthropology
1272:Sociobiology Study Group
1226:, accusing among others
1122:is displaced as well as
1088:evolutionary game theory
941:. The more general term
706:human behavioral ecology
457:Evolutionary linguistics
452:Evolutionary game theory
427:Evolutionary computation
7150:Evolutionary psychology
6756:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
6536:Animal sexual behaviour
6433:Evolutionary psychology
6397:Sociocultural evolution
6238:Dual inheritance theory
5695:Personality development
5156:Theoretical foundations
5133:Evolutionary psychology
4566:species discovery curve
3694:Response to environment
2844:Male warrior hypothesis
2814:Evolutionary psychology
2804:Dual inheritance theory
2501:Reflections on Language
1875:The American Naturalist
1822:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
1394:Evolutionary psychology
1369:Dual inheritance theory
1285:Reflections on Language
1167:might be adaptive. The
1126:female infanticide and
710:evolutionary psychology
570:Objections to evolution
477:Evolutionary psychology
472:Evolutionary physiology
417:Evolutionary aesthetics
396:Fields and applications
378:History of paleontology
7000:The Riddle of the Rook
6695:Tool use by non-humans
6648:Philosophical ethology
6593:Comparative psychology
6541:Animal welfare science
6355:Social constructionism
6350:Psychological nativism
6325:Biological determinism
6273:Recent human evolution
6268:Punctuated equilibrium
6091:Behavioral epigenetics
6086:evolutionary economics
6055:Variability hypothesis
6000:Emotional intelligence
5733:Engineering psychology
5423:Evolution of the brain
5039:Plant morphology terms
4643:Biological engineering
4325:Biological interaction
3158:Biological engineering
2499:Chomsky, Noam (1975),
2104:Mealey, Linda (1995).
1707:. Harvard. p. x.
1508:10.2307/j.ctvjnrttd.22
1364:Darwinian anthropology
1224:biological determinism
987:
828:
502:Speciation experiments
482:Experimental evolution
437:Evolutionary economics
259:Recent human evolution
117:Processes and outcomes
6968:The Study of Instinct
6382:Multilineal evolution
6345:Nature versus nurture
6304:Theoretical positions
6152:Functional psychology
6147:Evolutionary medicine
6122:Biological psychiatry
5830:Texting while driving
5820:Lead–crime hypothesis
5680:Cognitive development
5665:Caregiver deprivation
5176:Gene selection theory
4728:Developmental biology
4703:Computational biology
4683:Cellular microbiology
4023:Mendelian inheritance
3935:Energy transformation
3243:Developmental biology
3218:Computational biology
3198:Cellular microbiology
2819:Evolution of morality
2551:Alcock, John (2001).
2440:The Mismeasure of Man
2387:The Mismeasure of Man
1249:The Mismeasure of Man
982:
818:
660:that aims to explain
462:Evolutionary medicine
407:Biosocial criminology
373:History of speciation
286:Evolutionary taxonomy
249:Timeline of evolution
7155:Subfields of zoology
7145:Evolutionary biology
7053:Supernormal stimulus
6992:Signals for Survival
6801:William Homan Thorpe
6566:Behavioural genetics
6526:Animal consciousness
6521:Animal communication
6335:Cultural determinism
6142:Evolutionary biology
6127:Cognitive psychology
6075:Academic disciplines
5723:Cognitive ergonomics
5690:Language acquisition
5670:Childhood attachment
5483:Wason selection task
5377:Behavioral modernity
5166:Cognitive revolution
5149:Evolutionary thought
4948:Reproductive biology
4833:Mathematical biology
4758:Evolutionary biology
4708:Conservation biology
4519:Two-hybrid screening
4489:Protein purification
4320:Biogeochemical cycle
4282:Internal environment
3930:Cellular respiration
3463:Reproductive biology
3348:Mathematical biology
3273:Evolutionary biology
3223:Conservation biology
2799:Challenge hypothesis
2794:Behavioural genetics
2688:. London: Routledge.
2517:"Rollback, Part II."
1736:. pp. 217–232.
1311:naturalistic fallacy
1193:transcription factor
1013:the function (i.e.,
974:evolutionary biology
800:behavior is adaptive
432:Evolutionary ecology
46:Evolutionary biology
7130:Branches of biology
7033:History of ethology
7023:Behavioural biology
6556:Behavioural ecology
6402:Unilineal evolution
6167:Population genetics
5952:Sexy son hypothesis
5890:Hormonal motivation
5870:Concealed ovulation
5411:Dual process theory
5282:Parental investment
4733:Ecological genetics
4444:Gel electrophoresis
4434:Genetic engineering
4387:Population dynamics
4297:Reproductive system
3248:Ecological genetics
3092:Branches of biology
2849:Reciprocal altruism
1959:1995Oikos..74..157T
1647:Wilson, David Sloan
1451:Informational notes
1429:Social neuroscience
1384:Evolutionary ethics
1197:serotonergic system
1187:Support for premise
756:. Critics, led by
737:natural environment
694:population genetics
534:Social implications
522:Universal Darwinism
512:Island biogeography
447:Evolutionary ethics
412:Ecological genetics
358:Molecular evolution
296:Transitional fossil
124:Population genetics
40:Part of a series on
7028:Behavioral ecology
6953:Nikolaas Tinbergen
6885:Behavioral Ecology
6806:Nikolaas Tinbergen
6598:Emotion in animals
6576:Cognitive ethology
6360:Social determinism
6243:Fisher's principle
6203:Great ape language
6193:Cultural evolution
6162:Philosophy of mind
5995:Division of labour
5957:Westermarck effect
5905:Mating preferences
5815:Distracted driving
5549:Literary criticism
5406:Domain specificity
5386:modularity of mind
5060:Biology portal
4956:Structural biology
4943:Relational biology
4768:Generative biology
4763:Freshwater biology
4561:mark and recapture
4509:Restriction enzyme
4302:Respiratory system
4257:Circulatory system
4184:Epidermis (botany)
3539:History of biology
3473:Structural biology
3458:Relational biology
3283:Generative biology
3278:Freshwater biology
2937:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
2866:Sex and psychology
2729:Speak, Darwinists!
2434:Gould, Stephen Jay
2412:. Pantheon Books.
2327:10.1007/bf00397505
1469:eugenics movements
1354:Cultural evolution
1327:SegerstrĂĄle (2000)
1276:Ullica SegerstrĂĄle
1003:Nikolaas Tinbergen
1001:Sociobiology uses
988:
984:Nikolaas Tinbergen
943:behavioral ecology
876:John Maynard Smith
829:
770:nature and nurture
725:territorial fights
565:Theistic evolution
497:Selective breeding
209:Parallel evolution
174:Adaptive radiation
7112:
7111:
7048:Hawk/goose effect
6919:
6918:
6811:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
6581:Comfort behaviour
6468:
6467:
6446:Psychology portal
6410:
6409:
6253:Hologenome theory
6223:Unit of selection
6218:Primate cognition
6132:Cognitive science
6063:
6062:
5934:Sexual attraction
5910:Mating strategies
5675:Cinderella effect
5605:Moral foundations
5509:Visual perception
5401:Domain generality
5370:Facial expression
5318:Sexual dimorphism
5277:Natural selection
5223:Hamiltonian spite
5099:
5098:
4961:Synthetic biology
4843:Molecular biology
4698:Cognitive biology
4574:
4573:
4400:
4399:
4091:Natural selection
3872:Organic compounds
3769:Scientific method
3759:Emergent property
3700:Hierarchy of life
3670:Energy processing
3557:
3556:
3478:Synthetic biology
3358:Molecular biology
3213:Cognitive biology
3058:
3057:
2982:Stephen Jay Gould
2735:Race and creation
2703:978-0-19-286215-0
2677:978-0-271-00793-9
2664:Richard M. Lerner
2655:978-1-59051-034-6
2633:978-0-385-47942-4
2607:978-0-521-45765-1
2585:978-0-19-513002-7
2566:978-0-19-514383-6
2419:978-0-394-50817-7
2380:978-0-14-200334-3
2174:978-1-137-53819-2
1651:Wilson, Edward O.
1517:978-0-674-74416-5
1496:Wilson, Edward O.
1305:to be, only what
1274:, as reported by
1228:Stephen Jay Gould
1165:criminal behavior
1105:Altruism between
961:Natural selection
785:natural selection
762:Stephen Jay Gould
651:
650:
342:Origin of Species
144:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
7167:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6923:
6922:
6909:
6908:
6871:Animal Cognition
6864:Animal Behaviour
6816:Wolfgang Wickler
6516:Animal cognition
6495:
6488:
6481:
6472:
6471:
6455:
6442:
6429:
6428:
6072:
6071:
6068:Related subjects
5855:Adult attachment
5382:Cognitive module
5338:
5337:
5325:Social selection
5299:Costly signaling
5294:Sexual selection
5181:Modern synthesis
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5079:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5034:Ecological terms
4688:Chemical biology
4549:Field techniques
4422:
4421:
4408:
4267:Digestive system
4262:Endocrine system
3835:Chemical element
3794:Biology journals
3690:Self-replication
3645:
3644:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3203:Chemical biology
3085:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3022:
3021:
3003:Not in Our Genes
2992:Richard Lewontin
2854:Sexual selection
2773:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2707:
2681:
2659:
2637:
2626:. Anchor Books.
2625:
2611:
2589:
2570:
2558:
2539:
2529:
2523:
2522:8 (Feb.): 20–31.
2510:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2488:SegerstrĂĄle 2000
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2302:(1129): 530–533.
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2227:(9): 1001–1003.
2212:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:Crowds and Power
2184:
2178:
2177:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:. Archived from
2101:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2029:. Archived from
2020:
1994:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1881:(915): 541–550.
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1825:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1492:
1476:
1465:social Darwinian
1461:
1424:Social evolution
1254:Napoleon Chagnon
1232:Richard Lewontin
1128:fetal resorption
852:coined the word
758:Richard Lewontin
643:
636:
629:
616:
611:
610:
603:
599:
598:
575:Level of support
368:Current research
353:Modern synthesis
348:Before synthesis
301:Extinction event
59:Darwin's finches
56:
37:
36:
21:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7160:Science studies
7115:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7094:Richard Dawkins
7089:Karl von Frisch
7062:
7006:
6955:
6950:
6920:
6915:
6897:
6851:
6830:
6826:Solly Zuckerman
6766:Karl von Frisch
6751:Richard Dawkins
6736:John B. Calhoun
6721:Patrick Bateson
6709:
6643:Pain in animals
6504:
6499:
6469:
6464:
6406:
6392:Neoevolutionism
6299:
6283:Species complex
6248:Group selection
6186:Research topics
6181:
6157:Neuropsychology
6059:
6045:Substance abuse
5967:Sex differences
5961:
5875:Coolidge effect
5836:
5748:Neuroergonomics
5713:
5704:
5628:
5530:
5464:Folk psychology
5345:
5329:
5199:
5192:
5135:
5130:
5100:
5095:
5052:
5051:
5043:
5029:Botanical terms
5012:
5011:
5010:
4971:Systems biology
4938:Quantum biology
4570:
4544:
4426:
4416:
4409:
4396:
4306:
4287:Muscular system
4244:
4238:
4229:Vascular tissue
4176:
4170:
4110:
4071:History of life
4032:
4013:Gene regulation
4008:Gene expression
3979:
3896:
3803:
3634:
3593:
3588:
3558:
3553:
3527:
3488:Systems biology
3453:Quantum biology
3094:
3089:
3059:
3054:
3010:
2970:
2927:Richard Dawkins
2905:
2896:Dunbar's number
2834:Kin recognition
2829:Group selection
2782:
2777:
2739:Richard Dawkins
2714:
2704:
2678:
2656:
2648:. Other Press.
2634:
2608:
2586:
2567:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2453:
2449:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2402:
2395:
2381:
2362:
2358:
2311:
2307:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2262:
2258:
2233:10.1038/nn.2176
2213:
2209:
2205:23;37(2):233–47
2203:
2199:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2102:
2098:
2084:
2082:
2081:on Nov 25, 2011
2078:
2068:LIFE Newsletter
2063:
2057:
2053:
2039:
2037:
2036:on Sep 11, 2010
2033:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1967:10.2307/3545685
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1816:Dennett, Daniel
1813:
1809:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1752:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1703:On Human Nature
1694:
1690:
1644:
1637:
1606:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1434:Sociophysiology
1339:
1290:Peter Kropotkin
1217:
1189:
1080:group selection
951:
918:On Human Nature
903:Peter Kropotkin
880:George R. Price
864:John Paul Scott
850:John Paul Scott
813:
778:
721:mating patterns
662:social behavior
647:
606:
593:
592:
585:
584:
535:
527:
526:
397:
389:
388:
387:
315:
307:
306:
305:
254:Human evolution
244:History of life
228:
227:Natural history
220:
219:
218:
118:
110:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7173:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7099:Desmond Morris
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7079:Luuk Tinbergen
7076:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6996:
6988:
6980:
6972:
6963:
6961:
6960:Selected works
6957:
6956:
6949:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6926:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6878:Animal Welfare
6874:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6791:Desmond Morris
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6746:Marian Dawkins
6743:
6741:Charles Darwin
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6623:Human ethology
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6531:Animal culture
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6449:
6436:
6423:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6097:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6069:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5936:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5775:Mind-blindness
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5719:
5717:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5468:theory of mind
5461:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5351:
5349:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Baldwin effect
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Marine biology
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Bioinformatics
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4469:DNA microarray
4466:
4464:DNA sequencing
4461:
4456:
4454:Centrifugation
4451:
4449:Chromatography
4446:
4441:
4439:Transformation
4436:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4350:Climate change
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Nervous system
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:Vascular plant
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:Microevolution
4078:
4076:Macroevolution
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3970:Photosynthesis
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Cell signaling
3922:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3808:Chemical basis
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Taxonomic rank
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:Reductionistic
3751:
3697:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3601:Introduction (
3598:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Marine biology
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Bioinformatics
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Daniel Dennett
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2712:External links
2710:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2654:
2642:Kaplan, Gisela
2638:
2632:
2612:
2606:
2594:Cronin, Helena
2590:
2584:
2571:
2565:
2541:
2540:
2532:Pinker, Steven
2524:
2505:
2492:
2490:, p. 205.
2480:
2463:. p. 32.
2447:
2425:
2418:
2393:
2379:
2365:Pinker, Steven
2356:
2321:(1): 141–145.
2305:
2282:
2270:New York Times
2256:
2207:
2197:
2179:
2173:
2147:
2116:(3): 523–541.
2096:
2051:
2003:(4): 217–220.
1980:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1900:
1887:10.1086/282448
1865:
1843:
1837:978-0140167344
1836:
1807:
1794:10.1086/284097
1788:(5): 716–728.
1765:
1750:
1720:
1714:978-0674016385
1713:
1688:
1667:10.1086/522809
1661:(4): 327–348.
1635:
1616:(2): 121–122.
1600:
1581:(3): 271–283.
1561:
1542:(1): 267–303.
1522:
1516:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Phytosemiotics
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1216:
1213:
1188:
1185:
1107:social insects
1097:by finding an
1049:
1048:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1018:
999:
998:
995:
970:animal species
955:human behavior
950:
947:
915:winning book,
913:Pulitzer Prize
872:Robert Trivers
868:W. D. Hamilton
833:Daniel Dennett
812:
809:
777:
774:
766:aggressiveness
733:social insects
656:is a field of
649:
648:
646:
645:
638:
631:
623:
620:
619:
618:
617:
604:
587:
586:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Social effects
552:
547:
542:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
281:Classification
278:
273:
268:
263:
262:
261:
251:
246:
241:
239:Common descent
236:
234:Origin of life
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
81:
76:
70:
67:
66:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
18:Sociobiologist
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7172:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7084:Konrad Lorenz
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7074:Jan Tinbergen
7072:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7038:Neuroethology
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6942:
6940:
6935:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6912:
6904:
6903:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:Thomas Sebeok
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6786:Konrad Lorenz
6784:
6782:
6781:Julian Huxley
6779:
6777:
6776:Heini Hediger
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6705:Zoomusicology
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6638:Neuroethology
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6546:Anthrozoology
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6461:
6460:
6454:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Neo-Darwinism
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:Functionalism
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6330:Connectionism
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6320:indeterminism
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:Schizophrenia
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Mental health
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5900:Mate guarding
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:Age disparity
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Schizophrenia
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5715:Mental health
5711:
5710:Human factors
5707:
5701:
5700:Socialization
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5660:paternal bond
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5525:
5524:NaĂŻve physics
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:Motor control
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5448:Ophidiophobia
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Arachnophobia
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:Display rules
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Kin selection
5265:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Adaptationism
5159:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5092:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Phylogenetics
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Human biology
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Chronobiology
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Biotechnology
4666:
4664:
4663:Biostatistics
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:Belt transect
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Southern blot
4502:
4500:
4499:Northern blot
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4407:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Immune system
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Ground tissue
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Phylogenetics
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Genetic drift
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Nucleic acids
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Chemical bond
3828:
3826:
3825:Carbohydrates
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:Phylogenetics
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Human biology
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Chronobiology
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Biotechnology
3181:
3179:
3178:Biostatistics
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2966:Robert Wright
2964:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Frans de Waal
2945:
2943:
2942:Steven Pinker
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:Anne Campbell
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Kin selection
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:Etcoff, Nancy
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:Chomsky, Noam
2509:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2296:New Scientist
2293:
2286:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2201:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:Elias Canetti
2183:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2136:on 2002-10-26
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1751:9781139680295
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:Wilson, E. O.
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Kin selection
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1331:Alcock (2001)
1328:
1324:
1323:Cronin (1993)
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1262:Margaret Mead
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Steven Pinker
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1181:Elias Canetti
1178:
1177:Mark van Vugt
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1041:brain anatomy
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
996:
993:
992:
991:
985:
981:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
956:
946:
944:
940:
939:
934:
933:
927:
922:
920:
919:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
846:
844:
843:
838:
837:Thomas Hobbes
834:
827:
826:
821:
817:
808:
805:
801:
796:
794:
788:
786:
781:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
624:
622:
621:
615:
605:
602:
597:
591:
590:
589:
588:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
487:Phylogenetics
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
383:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:Before Darwin
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
311:
310:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
224:
223:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Genetic drift
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
114:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7125:Sociobiology
7043:Sociobiology
7042:
6998:
6990:
6982:
6974:
6966:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6821:E. O. Wilson
6771:Jane Goodall
6731:Donald Broom
6700:Zoosemiotics
6653:Sociobiology
6652:
6457:
6444:
6431:
6418:
6177:Sociobiology
6176:
6035:Neuroscience
6015:Intelligence
5561:Anthropology
5514:Color vision
5499:Multitasking
5478:Flynn effect
5473:Intelligence
5455:Folk biology
5198:Evolutionary
4952:Sociobiology
4933:Protistology
4898:Photobiology
4893:Pharmacology
4883:Parasitology
4878:Paleontology
4858:Neuroscience
4838:Microbiology
4748:Epidemiology
4718:Cytogenetics
4678:Cell biology
4658:Biosemiotics
4648:Biomechanics
4628:Biogeography
4623:Biochemistry
4618:Bacteriology
4613:Astrobiology
4537:
4530:
4523:
4494:Western blot
4484:Enzyme assay
4459:Cell culture
4360:Conservation
4245:and function
4243:Animal form
4177:and function
3950:Fermentation
3728:Organ system
3686:Reproduction
3664:Properties (
3468:Sociobiology
3467:
3448:Protistology
3413:Photobiology
3408:Pharmacology
3398:Parasitology
3393:Paleontology
3373:Neuroscience
3353:Microbiology
3263:Epidemiology
3233:Cytogenetics
3193:Cell biology
3173:Biosemiotics
3163:Biomechanics
3143:Biogeography
3138:Biochemistry
3133:Bacteriology
3128:Astrobiology
3047:
3035:
3023:
3001:
2956:
2952:E. O. Wilson
2922:Noam Chomsky
2888:presociality
2780:Sociobiology
2779:
2718:Sociobiology
2693:
2685:
2667:
2645:
2621:
2597:
2575:
2554:
2545:Bibliography
2544:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2483:
2472:. Retrieved
2460:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2407:
2386:
2384:
2369:
2359:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2259:
2224:
2221:Nat Neurosci
2220:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2182:
2156:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:the original
2113:
2109:
2099:
2090:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2071:
2067:
2054:
2045:
2038:. Retrieved
2031:the original
2000:
1996:
1983:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1903:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1846:
1821:
1810:
1785:
1781:
1768:
1733:
1723:
1702:
1691:
1658:
1654:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1500:Sociobiology
1499:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1439:Zoosemiotics
1399:Genopolitics
1349:Biosemiotics
1306:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1283:
1268:Noam Chomsky
1266:
1247:
1218:
1209:
1190:
1162:
1158:heritability
1151:
1136:
1104:
1092:
1073:
1050:
1027:
1000:
989:
959:
952:
936:
930:
925:
923:
916:
906:
886:
884:
859:E. O. Wilson
854:sociobiology
853:
847:
840:
830:
823:
820:E. O. Wilson
797:
789:
782:
779:
747:
744:E. O. Wilson
741:
729:pack hunting
718:
678:anthropology
664:in terms of
654:Sociobiology
653:
652:
507:Sociobiology
506:
492:Paleontology
340:
276:Biogeography
271:Biodiversity
189:Coextinction
179:Co-operation
154:Polymorphism
79:Introduction
6761:Dian Fossey
6726:Marc Bekoff
6714:Ethologists
6316:Determinism
6228:Coevolution
6172:Primatology
6010:Gender role
5915:Orientation
5795:Screen time
5652:Affectional
5634:Development
5313:Mate choice
5240:By-products
5208:Adaptations
5171:Cognitivism
5091:WikiProject
5001:Xenobiology
4996:Virophysics
4966:Systematics
4923:Primatology
4868:Ornithology
4808:Ichthyology
4793:Herpetology
4788:Gerontology
4753:Epigenetics
4713:Cryobiology
4603:Agrostology
4593:Aerobiology
4588:Abiogenesis
4425:Laboratory
4272:Homeostasis
4175:Plant form
3998:Epigenetics
3920:Cell theory
3820:Amino acids
3799:Common name
3789:Peer review
3764:Mechanistic
3518:Xenobiology
3513:Virophysics
3483:Systematics
3438:Primatology
3383:Ornithology
3323:Ichthyology
3308:Herpetology
3303:Gerontology
3268:Epigenetics
3228:Cryobiology
3118:Agrostology
3108:Aerobiology
3103:Abiogenesis
2997:Steven Rose
2876:eusociality
1858:14 December
1319:falsifiable
1280:blank slate
1236:Steven Rose
1116:infanticide
1069:adaptations
1053:instinctive
899:Hymenoptera
804:competition
754:controversy
690:archaeology
517:Systematics
326:Renaissance
204:Convergence
194:Contingency
184:Coevolution
7119:Categories
6663:Structures
6658:Stereotypy
6263:Population
6258:Lamarckism
6104:behavioral
6082:Behavioral
6030:Narcissism
5975:Aggression
5765:Hypophobia
5755:Depression
5642:Attachment
5624:Universals
5588:Psychology
5566:Biological
5554:Musicology
5544:Aesthetics
5443:Basophobia
5250:Exaptation
5228:Reciprocal
5017:Glossaries
4986:Toxicology
4981:Teratology
4928:Proteomics
4913:Physiology
4853:Neontology
4818:Lipidology
4813:Immunology
4783:Geobiology
4743:Embryology
4723:Dendrology
4653:Biophysics
4633:Biogeology
4427:techniques
4382:Microbiome
4209:Plant stem
4101:Speciation
4046:Adaptation
3975:Prokaryote
3955:Metabolism
3915:Cell cycle
3746:>
3742:>
3738:>
3736:Population
3734:>
3730:>
3726:>
3722:>
3718:>
3714:>
3710:>
3706:>
3682:Regulation
3666:Adaptation
3503:Toxicology
3498:Teratology
3443:Proteomics
3428:Physiology
3368:Neontology
3333:Lipidology
3328:Immunology
3298:Geobiology
3258:Embryology
3238:Dendrology
3168:Biophysics
3148:Biogeology
2987:Leon Kamin
2910:Supporters
2901:Polyethism
2520:Z Magazine
2474:2024-07-03
2140:27 October
2085:29 October
1953:(1): 157.
1446:References
1240:Leon Kamin
1201:aggressive
1156:have high
1139:ecological
1120:alpha male
1095:hypothesis
1015:adaptation
895:aggression
776:Definition
670:psychology
291:Cladistics
214:Extinction
199:Divergence
169:Speciation
149:Adaptation
63:John Gould
6892:Behaviour
6835:Societies
6673:Honeycomb
6108:cognitive
6100:Affective
5985:Cognition
5939:Sexuality
5925:Pair bond
5685:Education
5342:Cognition
5260:Inclusive
5200:processes
5188:Criticism
4903:Phycology
4888:Pathology
4873:Osteology
4863:Nutrition
4823:Mammalogy
4798:Histology
4539:in silico
4415:Research
4392:Resources
4365:Ecosystem
4355:Community
4340:Biosphere
4252:Breathing
4134:Eukaryote
4116:Diversity
4066:Gene flow
4038:Evolution
3945:Eukaryote
3857:Molecules
3748:Biosphere
3744:Ecosystem
3740:Community
3712:Organelle
3607:Evolution
3418:Phycology
3403:Pathology
3388:Osteology
3378:Nutrition
3338:Mammalogy
3313:Histology
2975:Opponents
2881:evolution
2871:Sociality
2859:in humans
2469:0362-4331
1895:129104506
1760:214321882
1630:0162-3095
1595:0269-8595
1556:0360-0572
1483:Citations
1215:Reception
1173:Lee Ellis
1084:paradigms
1065:offspring
1057:intuitive
1022:phylogeny
842:Leviathan
793:inherited
714:sociology
698:societies
682:evolution
666:evolution
550:Dysgenics
266:Phylogeny
164:Gene flow
134:Diversity
129:Variation
7140:Ethology
6911:Category
6856:Journals
6683:Instinct
6633:Learning
6628:Instinct
6603:Ethogram
6586:Grooming
6509:Branches
6502:Ethology
6377:Memetics
6137:Ethology
6095:genetics
5930:Physical
5895:Jealousy
5850:Activity
5656:maternal
5612:Religion
5600:Morality
5578:Language
5459:taxonomy
5272:Mismatch
5218:Cheating
5213:Altruism
5071:Category
4991:Virology
4976:Taxonomy
4918:Pomology
4848:Mycology
4778:Genomics
4773:Genetics
4598:Agronomy
4579:Branches
4532:in vitro
4129:Bacteria
4106:Taxonomy
4086:Mutation
4056:Function
3985:Genetics
3887:Proteins
3732:Organism
3708:Molecule
3692:),
3648:Overview
3623:Timeline
3603:Genetics
3532:See also
3508:Virology
3493:Taxonomy
3433:Pomology
3363:Mycology
3293:Genomics
3288:Genetics
3113:Agronomy
3025:Category
2809:Ethology
2666:(1992).
2618:(1999).
2596:(1993).
2534:(2002).
2515:(1995).
2436:(1996).
2367:(2002).
2351:29672121
2343:11611452
2251:19160496
2130:53956461
2027:20625474
1818:(1995).
1802:84927815
1699:(1978).
1683:37774648
1675:18217526
1414:Memetics
1337:See also
1244:eugenics
1045:hormones
1034:ontogeny
966:organism
891:altruism
746:'s book
674:ethology
614:Category
540:Eugenics
382:timeline
363:Evo-devo
321:Overview
139:Mutation
101:Evidence
96:Glossary
7135:Ecology
7067:Related
7011:General
6613:Feeding
6278:Species
6050:Suicide
5885:Fantasy
5865:Arousal
5647:Bonding
5536:Culture
5360:Display
5347:Emotion
5255:Fitness
5144:History
5081:Commons
5024:Biology
5006:Zoology
4738:Ecology
4608:Anatomy
4525:in vivo
4417:methods
4370:Habitat
4345:Climate
4330:Biomass
4312:Ecology
4159:Protist
4124:Archaea
4018:Genomes
3965:Mitosis
3960:Meiosis
3882:Polymer
3862:Monomer
3850:Quantum
3684:,
3680:,
3676:,
3672:,
3668:,
3655:Science
3640:Biology
3618:History
3613:Outline
3591:Biology
3523:Zoology
3253:Ecology
3123:Anatomy
3037:Commons
2335:4330882
2275:21 July
2242:2679641
2040:29 June
2018:2899491
1975:3545685
1955:Bibcode
1828:453–454
1782:Am. Nat
1252:. When
1205:anxiety
1082:employ
1061:mammals
938:Science
811:History
686:zoology
658:biology
106:History
89:Outline
7003:(film)
6995:(film)
6987:(book)
6979:(book)
6971:(book)
6456:
6443:
6430:
6020:Memory
5980:Autism
5947:female
5880:Desire
5617:Origin
5593:Speech
5583:Origin
5355:Affect
4673:Botany
4479:vector
4335:Biomes
4204:Phloem
4189:Flower
4149:Fungus
4144:Animal
3940:Enzyme
3845:Matter
3840:Lipids
3779:Theory
3720:Tissue
3674:Growth
3188:Botany
2787:Topics
2700:
2674:
2652:
2630:
2604:
2582:
2563:
2467:
2416:
2377:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2249:
2239:
2171:
2128:
2025:
2015:
1973:
1893:
1834:
1800:
1758:
1748:
1711:
1681:
1673:
1628:
1593:
1554:
1514:
1329:, and
1124:rodent
1112:genome
1076:groups
949:Theory
932:Nature
878:, and
712:, and
692:, and
612:
336:Darwin
6690:Swarm
6618:Hover
6571:Breed
5990:Crime
5573:Crime
5504:Sleep
5494:skill
5334:Areas
4375:niche
4234:Xylem
4219:Shoot
4166:Virus
4154:Plant
3902:Cells
3892:Water
3815:Atoms
3724:Organ
3678:Order
3630:Index
2347:S2CID
2331:JSTOR
2126:S2CID
2079:(PDF)
2064:(PDF)
2034:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1971:JSTOR
1947:Forum
1891:S2CID
1798:S2CID
1778:(PDF)
1756:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1315:moral
1303:ought
1143:sheep
1055:, or
1036:) and
74:Index
6678:Nest
6668:Hive
5943:male
5304:Male
4214:Root
4199:Leaf
4139:Alga
3716:Cell
3704:Atom
3660:Life
2698:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2465:ISSN
2414:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2339:PMID
2277:2015
2247:PMID
2169:ISBN
2142:2020
2087:2010
2042:2010
2023:PMID
1914:Time
1860:2016
1832:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1671:PMID
1626:ISSN
1591:ISSN
1552:ISSN
1512:ISBN
1467:and
1238:and
1230:and
1203:and
1147:wolf
1132:food
1043:and
935:and
760:and
84:Main
5842:Sex
5519:Eye
3993:DNA
3910:ATP
3784:Law
2737:by
2323:doi
2237:PMC
2229:doi
2161:doi
2118:doi
2013:PMC
2005:doi
1963:doi
1883:doi
1879:100
1790:doi
1786:121
1738:doi
1663:doi
1618:doi
1583:doi
1544:doi
1504:doi
1292:'s
1005:'s
905:'s
61:by
7121::
3877:pH
3605:,
2459:.
2396:^
2383:.
2345:.
2337:.
2329:.
2319:17
2317:.
2300:80
2298:.
2294:.
2268:.
2245:.
2235:.
2225:11
2223:.
2219:.
2189:,
2167:,
2124:.
2114:18
2112:.
2108:.
2089:.
2070:.
2066:.
2044:.
2021:.
2011:.
2001:18
1999:.
1995:.
1969:.
1961:.
1951:74
1949:.
1912:.
1889:.
1877:.
1830:.
1796:.
1784:.
1780:.
1754:.
1744:.
1732:.
1677:.
1669:.
1659:82
1657:.
1649:;
1638:^
1624:.
1612:.
1589:.
1577:.
1573:.
1550:.
1540:20
1538:.
1534:.
1510:,
1333:.
1325:,
1307:is
1154:IQ
1047:).
893:,
874:,
870:,
727:,
723:,
716:.
708:,
704:,
688:,
684:,
680:,
676:,
672:,
6945:e
6938:t
6931:v
6494:e
6487:t
6480:v
6318:/
6110:/
6106:/
6102:/
6093:/
6084:/
5945:/
5941:/
5932:/
5712:/
5658:/
5654:/
5492:/
5466:/
5457:/
5384:/
5344:/
5306:/
5125:e
5118:t
5111:v
3750:)
3702:(
3696:)
3688:(
3609:)
3583:e
3576:t
3569:v
3084:e
3077:t
3070:v
2890:)
2772:e
2765:t
2758:v
2706:.
2680:.
2658:.
2636:.
2610:.
2588:.
2569:.
2477:.
2422:.
2353:.
2325::
2279:.
2253:.
2231::
2163::
2144:.
2120::
2072:2
2007::
1977:.
1965::
1957::
1916:.
1897:.
1885::
1862:.
1840:.
1804:.
1792::
1762:.
1740::
1717:.
1685:.
1665::
1632:.
1620::
1614:6
1597:.
1585::
1579:4
1558:.
1546::
1506::
1475:.
642:e
635:t
628:v
384:)
380:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
