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consequently saw some of the most novel and rigorous methods to quantify selection in the wild and lab, test for selection phylogenetically, and reconcile the effects of other evolutionary processes (e.g., drift, gene flow, development, historical contingency); all of which resulted in a sort-of renaissance in evolutionary biology.
527:, who argued that "the point of the theory of race was to discover large clusters of people that are principally homogeneous within and heterogeneous between, contrasting groups. Lewontin's analysis shows that such groups do not exist in the human species, and Edwards' critique does not contradict that interpretation."
689:
In the adaptationist view of evolution, the organism is a function of both the organism and environment, while the environment is only a function of itself. The environment is seen as autonomous and unshaped by the organism. Lewontin instead believed in a constructivist view, in which the organism is
805:
for non-scientific reasons. Edward Wilson (1995) suggested that
Lewontin's political beliefs affected his scientific view. Others, such as Kitcher (1985), countered that Lewontin's criticisms of sociobiology are genuine scientific concerns about the discipline. He wrote that attacking Lewontin's
839:
was developed and propagated not because of its superior quality, but because it allowed agribusiness corporations to force farmers to buy new seed each year rather than plant seed produced by their previous crop of corn (Lewontin 1982). Lewontin testified in an unsuccessful suit in
California
623:
that exist as a necessary consequence of other (perhaps adaptive) features, but do not directly improve fitness (and thus are not necessarily adaptive).. This critique sparked both controversy and a revolution in the study of selection by evolutionary biologists. The subsequent 5–20 years
44:
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a function of the organism and environment, with the environment being a function of the organism and environment as well. This means that the organism shapes the environment as the environment shapes the organism. The organism shapes the environment for future generations.
518:
of an individual based on variation in a single genetic locus is approximately 30%, but the misclassification probability becomes close to zero if enough loci are studied. That is, it appears that a majority of genetic variation is found within groups only if a single
771:
Such concerns about what he viewed as the oversimplification of genetics led
Lewontin to be a frequent participant in debates, and an active life as a public intellectual. He lectured widely to promote his views on evolutionary biology and science. In the book
714:
he emphasized the need to give an engineering characterization of adaptation separate from measurement of number of offspring, rather than simply assuming organs or organisms are at adaptive optima. Lewontin said that his more general, technical criticism of
616:
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frequencies with interacting natural selection at two loci. Their paper gave a theoretical derivation of the equilibria expected, and also investigated the dynamics of the model by computer iteration. Lewontin later introduced the D' measure of
487:. (Harry Harris reported similar results for humans at about the same time.) Previous work with gel electrophoresis had been reports of variation in single loci and did not give any sense of how common variation was.
502:
In a landmark paper published in 1972, Lewontin identified that most of the variation (80–85%) within human populations is found within local geographic groups, and differences attributable to the "
764:, who attempt to explain animal behaviour and social structures in terms of evolutionary advantage or strategy. He and others criticize this approach when applied to humans, as he sees it as
768:. In his writing, Lewontin suggests a more nuanced view of evolution is needed, which requires a more careful understanding of the context of the whole organism as well as the environment.
1360:"A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. II. Amount of variation and degree of heterozygosity in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura"
670:
has portrayed the organism as a passive recipient of environmental influences, a correct understanding should emphasize the organism as an active constructor of its own environment.
3072:
1266:. P. 93–106 in F. Magdoff, J. B. Foster, and F. H. Buttel, Eds. 2000. Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment. Monthly Review Press, NY.
840:
challenging the state's financing of research to develop automatic tomato pickers. This favored the profits of agribusiness over the employment of farm workers (Lewontin 2000).
674:
are not pre-formed, empty receptacles into which organisms are inserted, but are defined and created by organisms. The organism-environment relationship is reciprocal and
361:, he denounced the involvement of prominent scientists in Pentagon programs aimed at developing weapons for the Vietnam War. From the 1990s, he condemned the lobbying of
345:. From 1973 to 1998, he held an endowed chair in zoology and biology at Harvard University, and from 2003 until his death in 2021 he was a research professor there.
1484:
703:
1409:"A molecular approach to the study of genic heterozygosity in natural populations. I. The number of alleles at different loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura"
490:
Lewontin and Hubby's paper also discussed the possible explanation of the high levels of variability by either balancing selection or neutral mutation.
3057:
2163:
2222:
2135:
2125:"The Wars Over Evolution" New York Review of Books October 20, 2005 "I, his student and scientific epigone, ingested my unwavering atheism..."
3107:
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3042:
2201:
882:
1991:
Niche
Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution Odling-Smee F. J., Laland K. N., Feldman M. W. Princeton University Press, 2003
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2992:
2393:
1906:
Gould SJ, Lewontin RC (1979). "The spandrels of San Marco and the
Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme".
3102:
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Jewish immigrants. His father was a broker of textiles, and his mother a homemaker. He attended Forest Hills High School and the
2316:
1093:; Lewontin, R. C. (1979). "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme".
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As of mid-2015, Lewontin and his wife Mary Jane (Christianson) lived in a log cabin he built with his family in the 1970's in
494:
was later to do a pioneering survey of population-level variability in DNA sequences while a Ph.D. student in
Lewontin's lab.
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655:. Lewontin briefly argued for the historical nature of biological causality in "Is Nature Probable or Capricious?".
588:
proposed evolutionary explanations for human social behaviors, biologists including
Lewontin, his Harvard colleagues
539:
Research
Professor at Harvard. He has worked with and had great influence on many philosophers of biology, including
3087:
2720:
2506:
2501:
2415:
The
Concept of Race: The Confusion of Social and Biological Reality - RealAudio stream of Hitchcock lecture on UCTV
1254:
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Lewontin, R. C. (1964). "The interaction of selection and linkage. I. General considerations; heterotic models".
893:
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413:
201:
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2403:
Gene, Organism and
Environment: Bad Metaphors and Good Biology - RealAudio stream of Hitchcock lecture on UCTV
1619:
Kreitman, M. (1983). "Nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila melanogaster".
2748:
1885:
1286:
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in his article, "The Units of Selection". He has been a major influence on philosophers of biology, notably
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1328:
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is used, but the reverse is true if analyzing a multiplicity of loci. Edwards' paper was commented on by
3002:
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1787:"Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of 'Race'"
1761:
1829:
Darwinism, Democracy, and Race American Anthropology and Evolutionary Biology in the Twentieth Century
506:" groups defined in his study are a minor part of human genetic variability (1–15%). In a 2003 paper,
2600:
2234:
1191:
852:. Lewontin served many years as a volunteer fireman in Marlboro and also served as a trustee for the
137:
2362:
957:
Lewontin, R. C.; Kojima, K. (December 1960). "The Evolutionary Dynamics of Complex Polymorphisms".
914:
515:
475:
161:
17:
617:
The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme
2841:
2778:
2753:
2636:
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853:
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published a paper that studied the amount of heterozygosity in a population. They used protein
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2710:
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1535:
Lewontin, R. C.; Kojima, Kenichi (1960). "The evolutionary dynamics of complex polymorphisms".
480:
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called these accusations "coming from eminent biologists" "intellectually weak and lazy".
398:
183:
121:
110:
8:
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2432:
1515:
The Effects of Population Density and Composition on Viability in Drosophila melanogaster
859:
Lewontin died at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts on July 4, 2021, at the age of 92.
765:
709:
628:
556:
510:
criticized Lewontin's conclusion that race is an invalid taxonomic construct, terming it
470:
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402:
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and neodarwinism as expressed in the fields of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.
349:
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309:
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The Effects of Population Density and Composition on Viability in Drosophila melanogaster
213:
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151:
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102:
97:
2223:"Genetics Society of America honors Richard Lewontin with 2017 Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal"
2027:
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1245:
Biology Under The Influence: Dialectical Essays on the Coevolution of Nature and Society
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1974:
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1359:
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and others have developed Lewontin's conception in more detailed models under the term
632:
604:
540:
429:
338:
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293:
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197:
141:
93:
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reflect fundamentally flawed assumptions of adaptiveness of all traits in much of the
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Along with others, such as Gould, Lewontin was a persistent critic of some themes in
589:
536:
524:
483:, and that at the average locus there was about a 15% chance that the individual was
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305:
106:
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1966:
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when they try to show how natural selection explains such novelties as long-necked
671:
520:
507:
238:
133:
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1679:
1303:
Nucleotide Sequence Variation of Alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster
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382:
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1375:
1310:
816:, and asserted that his philosophical views have bolstered his scientific work (
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994:(1, Logic in Biological Investigation). University of California Press: 25–27.
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679:
652:
644:
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597:
560:
548:
373:
Lewontin was born in New York City to parents descended from late 19th-century
226:
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783:
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732:
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449:. A hallmark of his work was an interest in new technology. In 1960, he and
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1239:
It Ain't Necessarily So: The Dream of the Human Genome and Other Illusions
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1935:
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1978:
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1007:
978:
808:
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2069:
1329:"Richard C. Lewontin, Eminent Geneticist With a Sharp Pen, Dies at 92"
2836:
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986:
Lewontin, R. C. (January 1966). "Is Nature Probable or Capricious?".
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667:
454:
374:
2262:
Vaulting Ambition : Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature
1970:
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970:
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Since 2013, Lewontin has been listed on the Advisory Council of the
2799:
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620:
612:
179:
43:
2136:"Richard Lewontin: Pioneering evolutionary biologist dies aged 92"
2531:
2377:
2198:"Entry for Richard Lewinton for the National Academy of Sciences"
813:
786:) and numerous articles, Lewontin questioned much of the claimed
737:
573:
390:
2308:- a two volume Festschrift for Lewontin with a full bibliography
2511:
2429:, lecture delivered at Harvard university on December 13, 2007.
220:
563:, and Robert Brandon, often inviting them to work in his lab.
1264:
The maturing of capitalist agriculture: farmer as proletarian
836:
27:
American evolutionary biologist and mathematician (1929–2021)
1785:
Kaplan, Jonathan Michael; Winther, Rasmus Grłnfeldt (2013).
1670:
Lewontin, R (1972). "The Apportionment of Human Diversity".
2809:
743:
362:
348:
From a sociological perspective, Lewontin strongly opposed
856:. Dick and Mary Jane had four sons. He was an atheist.
1957:
Lewontin RC (1966). "Is nature probable or capricious".
329:, Lewontin helped set the stage for the modern field of
1714:(2003). "Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy".
1570:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1095:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
795:
3073:
People involved in race and intelligence controversies
479:, and reported that a large fraction of the loci were
2074:
Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature
1462:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 29–31.
445:
Lewontin worked in both theoretical and experimental
1256:
Agricultural research and the penetration of capital
304:
and evolutionary theory, he applied techniques from
2070:Lewontin, Richard; Leon Kamin; Steven Rose (1984).
1158:"The Organism as Subject and Object of Evolution,"
2338:"The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism and Environment"
2289:
2071:
1568:Harris, H. (1966). "Enzyme Polymorphisms in Man".
1459:Playing God? genetic determinism and human freedom
1015:Lewontin, R. C. (1970). "The Units of Selection".
965:(4). Society for the Study of Evolution: 458–472.
812:argument. Lewontin at times identified himself as
719:grew out of his recognition that the fallacies of
662:, and in more popular form in the last chapter of
643:(who studied with Lewontin as graduate students),
639:at the University of Chicago), Robert Brandon and
627:Lewontin was an early proponent of a hierarchy of
497:
319:In a pair of seminal 1966 papers co-authored with
1225:The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment
801:Some academics have criticized him for rejecting
619:." "Spandrels" were described as features of an
428:Professor of Zoology and Professor of Biology at
397:degree in mathematical statistics, followed by a
2964:
2471:
2335:
2311:
284:(March 29, 1929 – July 4, 2021) was an American
985:
2258:
956:
574:Debates within mainstream evolutionary biology
440:
2457:
1905:
1784:
1406:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1089:
701:. In his article "Adaptation" in the Italian
1826:
752:. Specifically, he criticized proponents of
1956:
1704:
1259:(1982) Science for the People 14 (1): 12–17
730:Lewontin accused neo-Darwinists of telling
368:
2464:
2450:
2202:United States National Academy of Sciences
1348:
1322:
1320:
1291:
473:to survey dozens of loci in the fruit fly
42:
1827:Jackson, John P; Depew, David J. (2017).
1491:. Vol. 144, no. 223. p. B6
1432:
1383:
1144:. New York: Scientific American Library.
828:Lewontin has written on the economics of
666:, Lewontin argued that while traditional
607:to evolutionary biology, inspired by the
2013:
1669:
1618:
1509:
1503:
1297:
1211:Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA
1137:
1058:The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change
1054:
1017:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1014:
744:Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology
3058:North Carolina State University faculty
1710:
1485:"Geneticist Warned Against 'Genomania'"
1317:
1061:. New York: Columbia University Press.
603:Lewontin and Gould introduced the term
381:in New York. In 1951 he graduated from
14:
2965:
2954:Index of evolutionary biology articles
2427:Internalism and Externalism in Biology
2389:an interview given at Berkeley in 2003
2014:Lewontin, R. C. (1978). "Adaptation".
1567:
1482:
1455:
1407:Hubby, J. L.; Lewontin, R. C. (1966).
1358:Lewontin, R. C.; Hubby, J. L. (1966).
1326:
2445:
2063:
2000:Richard Levins and Richard Lewontin,
1861:National Center for Science Education
1831:. Taylor & Francis. p. 223.
1748:
1742:
568:National Center for Science Education
401:degree in zoology in 1954, both from
365:by the "genetic-industrial complex".
3108:Mathematicians from New York (state)
2988:21st-century American mathematicians
2983:20th-century American mathematicians
1169:: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature
1045:The Apportionment of Human Diversity
790:of human behavioral traits, such as
514:. He showed that the probability of
424:. In 1973 Lewontin was appointed as
1517:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
1199:), Harvard University Press (1985)
1029:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.000245
432:, holding the position until 1998.
24:
2764:Evolutionary developmental biology
2398:California Institute of Technology
2252:
2172:Institute of International Studies
2036:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-212
1305:(PhD thesis). Harvard University.
1241:, New York Review of Books (2000).
1227:, Harvard University Press (2000)
615:", in an influential 1979 paper, "
25:
3119:
3043:American intelligence researchers
2370:
1754:"Ten Facts about Human Variation"
1674:. Vol. 6. pp. 391–398.
1051:, vol. 6 (1972) pp. 391–398.
904:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
658:In "Organism and Environment" in
453:gave the equations for change of
3063:People from Brattleboro, Vermont
3023:American evolutionary biologists
2993:21st-century American biologists
2721:Evolution of sexual reproduction
2376:
1890:, 1975, "Against 'Sociobiology'"
1327:Angier, Natalie (July 7, 2021).
931:
843:
707:, and in a modified version for
693:Lewontin criticized traditional
393:. In 1952, Lewontin received an
3103:University of Rochester faculty
3028:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3018:American critics of creationism
2284:Rama S. Singh; Costas Krimbas;
2215:
2190:
2156:
2128:
2119:
2092:
2050:
2022:(3): 212–218, 220, 218 passim.
2007:
1994:
1985:
1950:
1908:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci
1899:
1879:
1845:
1820:
1778:
1756:. In Muehlenbein, M. P. (ed.).
1663:
1612:
1561:
1545:
1483:Langer, Emily (July 16, 2021).
924:
894:American Society of Naturalists
823:
760:, such as Edward O. Wilson and
530:
498:Work on human genetic diversity
414:North Carolina State University
202:North Carolina State University
2492:Genotype–phenotype distinction
2296:. Cambridge University Press.
1529:
1476:
1449:
1400:
1276:
862:
635:(who taught with Lewontin and
13:
1:
3098:University of Chicago faculty
3083:Scientists from New York City
2749:Regulation of gene expression
1287:Mathematics Genealogy Project
1270:
881:1968: Elected member of the
725:modern evolutionary synthesis
535:As of 2003, Lewontin was the
412:He held faculty positions at
379:École Libre des Hautes Études
296:. A leader in developing the
2919:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
2699:Evolution of genetic systems
2507:Gene–environment correlation
2502:Gene–environment interaction
1894:The New York Review of Books
1680:10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14
883:National Academy of Sciences
405:, where he was a student of
7:
3008:Columbia University faculty
2898:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
2100:"Richard Lewontin Obituary"
1086:, vol. 239, (1978) 212–228.
919:Genetics Society of America
876:National Science Foundation
441:Work in population genetics
355:Previously, as a member of
10:
3124:
3053:Jewish American scientists
3038:Harvard University faculty
3013:Columbia University alumni
2774:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2651:Developmental architecture
2394:Richard Lewontin's Profile
2288:& John Beatty (2001).
2002:The Dialectical Biologist,
1762:Cambridge University Press
1758:Human Evolutionary Biology
878:Senior Postdoctoral Fellow
3078:Santa Fe Institute people
2951:
2930:
2859:
2787:
2741:
2734:
2698:
2650:
2614:
2601:Transgressive segregation
2547:
2484:
2336:Richard Lewontin (2004).
2168:globetrotter.berkeley.edu
2056:"Science Contra Darwin",
1806:10.1007/s13752-012-0048-0
1511:Lewontin, Richard Charles
1425:10.1093/genetics/54.2.577
1376:10.1093/genetics/54.2.595
1192:The Dialectical Biologist
1079:, (1977) vol. 1, 198–214.
435:
275:
249:
237:
219:
193:
175:
168:
147:
138:The Dialectical Biologist
117:
89:
73:
50:
41:
34:
3048:Jewish American atheists
2435:publications indexed by
2292:Thinking about Evolution
1138:Lewontin, R. C. (1982).
1055:Lewontin, R. C. (1974).
915:Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
832:. He has contended that
516:racial misclassification
476:Drosophila pseudoobscura
369:Early life and education
282:Richard Charles Lewontin
162:Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal
84:Cambridge, Massachusetts
55:Richard Charles Lewontin
3088:Scientists from Vermont
2779:Notch signaling pathway
2754:Gene regulatory network
2637:Dual inheritance theory
2259:Philip Kitcher (1985).
2164:"Scientist as Activist"
1299:Kreitman, Martin Edward
854:Marlboro Music Festival
758:evolutionary psychology
418:University of Rochester
206:University of Rochester
3093:Theoretical biologists
3068:Population geneticists
3033:Harvard College alumni
2827:cis-regulatory element
2735:Control of development
2615:Non-genetic influences
2581:evolutionary landscape
2381:Quotations related to
2357:Cite journal requires
2317:"Science and ideology"
1928:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
1590:10.1098/rspb.1966.0032
1162:vol. 188 (1983) 65–82.
1115:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086
806:motives amounts to an
596:responded negatively.
460:linkage disequilibrium
358:Science for the People
286:evolutionary biologist
2938:Nature versus nurture
2842:Cell surface receptor
2759:Evo-devo gene toolkit
2658:Developmental biology
2596:Polygenic inheritance
2522:Quantitative genetics
2420:May 19, 2006, at the
2408:May 19, 2006, at the
2060:, April 8, 1985, p.50
422:University of Chicago
407:Theodosius Dobzhansky
337:introduced the term "
244:Theodosius Dobzhansky
210:University of Chicago
2847:Transcription factor
2562:Genetic assimilation
2549:Genetic architecture
2331:on February 7, 2005.
2105:Brattleboro Reformer
1672:Evolutionary Biology
1456:Peters, Ted (2003).
1077:Enciclopedia Einaudi
1049:Evolutionary Biology
870:Fulbright Fellowship
820:and Lewontin 1985).
704:Enciclopedia Einaudi
184:Evolutionary biology
122:Evolutionary biology
2943:Morphogenetic field
2860:Influential figures
2028:1978SciAm.239c.212L
2016:Scientific American
1920:1979RSPSB.205..581G
1896:, November 13, 1975
1633:1983Natur.304..412K
1582:1966RSPSB.164..298H
1107:1979RSPSB.205..581G
1084:Scientific American
766:genetic determinism
710:Scientific American
664:Biology as Ideology
629:levels of selection
557:Peter Godfrey-Smith
471:gel electrophoresis
447:population genetics
403:Columbia University
350:genetic determinism
343:evolutionary theory
331:molecular evolution
310:gel electrophoresis
302:population genetics
214:Columbia University
188:Population genetics
152:Sewall Wright Award
126:Population genetics
103:Columbia University
68:New York City, U.S.
2632:Genomic imprinting
2321:Academic Questions
2178:on August 11, 2004
2078:. Pantheon Books.
1867:on August 10, 2013
1853:"Advisory Council"
1750:Marks, Jonathan M.
1728:10.1002/bies.10315
1334:The New York Times
941:has a profile for
885:(resigned in 1972)
778:(co-authored with
684:niche construction
633:William C. Wimsatt
541:William C. Wimsatt
512:Lewontin's fallacy
430:Harvard University
333:. In 1979, he and
312:, to questions of
294:social commentator
262:Joseph Felsenstein
198:Harvard University
142:Spandrel (biology)
130:Lewontin's Fallacy
94:Harvard University
3003:American Marxists
2998:American atheists
2960:
2959:
2893:Eric F. Wieschaus
2855:
2854:
2673:Pattern formation
2577:Fitness landscape
2237:on March 24, 2017
1794:Biological Theory
1712:Edwards, A. W. F.
1689:978-1-4684-9065-7
1627:(5925): 412–417.
1469:978-0-415-94249-2
947:
944:Richard Lewontin
590:Stephen Jay Gould
537:Alexander Agassiz
426:Alexander Agassiz
335:Stephen Jay Gould
314:genetic variation
306:molecular biology
288:, mathematician,
279:
278:
250:Doctoral students
170:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
3115:
2903:William McGinnis
2872:Richard Lewontin
2867:C. H. Waddington
2739:
2738:
2716:Neutral networks
2466:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2433:Richard Lewontin
2383:Richard Lewontin
2380:
2366:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2332:
2327:. Archived from
2313:Edward O. Wilson
2307:
2295:
2280:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2174:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1914:(1161): 581–98.
1903:
1897:
1886:Elizabeth Allen
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1863:. Archived from
1849:
1843:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1641:10.1038/304412a0
1616:
1610:
1609:
1576:(995): 298–310.
1565:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1295:
1289:
1283:Richard Lewontin
1280:
1167:Not in Our Genes
1155:
1134:
1101:(1161): 581–98.
1072:
1040:
1011:
982:
945:
935:
934:
775:Not in Our Genes
508:A. W. F. Edwards
465:In 1966, he and
239:Doctoral advisor
233:
134:Not in Our Genes
80:
64:
62:
46:
36:Richard Lewontin
32:
31:
21:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2947:
2926:
2913:Sean B. Carroll
2851:
2783:
2730:
2694:
2646:
2627:Maternal effect
2610:
2543:
2480:
2470:
2422:Wayback Machine
2410:Wayback Machine
2373:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2304:
2277:
2255:
2253:Further reading
2250:
2240:
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2221:
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2216:
2206:
2204:
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2179:
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2124:
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2110:
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2097:
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2086:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1971:10.2307/1293548
1955:
1951:
1904:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1851:
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1846:
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1821:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:. p. 270.
1747:
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1705:
1690:
1668:
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1617:
1613:
1566:
1562:
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1494:
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1489:Washington Post
1481:
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1356:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1325:
1318:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1262:Lewontin, R.C.
1152:
1141:Human diversity
1075:"Adattamento,"
1069:
1000:10.2307/1293548
971:10.2307/2405995
953:
952:
951:
936:
932:
927:
892:Award from the
865:
846:
826:
794:as measured by
762:Richard Dawkins
746:
733:Just-So Stories
641:Elisabeth Lloyd
576:
553:Elisabeth Lloyd
533:
500:
492:Martin Kreitman
451:Ken-Ichi Kojima
443:
438:
383:Harvard College
371:
323:in the journal
316:and evolution.
268:
266:Martin Kreitman
264:
260:
256:
254:Adriana Briscoe
231:
212:
208:
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200:
186:
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160:
155:
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101:
90:Alma mater
85:
82:
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66:
60:
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28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
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2877:François Jacob
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2609:
2608:
2606:Sequence space
2603:
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2437:Google Scholar
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2372:
2371:External links
2369:
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2359:|journal=
2333:
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2227:eurekalert.org
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2144:. July 5, 2021
2127:
2118:
2091:
2084:
2062:
2049:
2006:
1993:
1984:
1949:
1898:
1878:
1844:
1838:978-1351810777
1837:
1819:
1800:(4): 401–412.
1777:
1770:
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1722:(8): 798–801.
1703:
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1611:
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1544:
1528:
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1475:
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1448:
1419:(2): 577–594.
1399:
1370:(2): 595–609.
1347:
1316:
1290:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1249:Richard Levins
1242:
1236:
1222:
1208:
1197:Richard Levins
1188:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1135:
1087:
1082:"Adaptation,"
1080:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1041:
1012:
983:
937:
930:
929:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
911:
900:Crafoord Prize
896:
886:
879:
872:
864:
861:
845:
842:
825:
822:
745:
742:
697:approaches to
653:Sahotra Sarkar
645:Philip Kitcher
637:Richard Levins
598:Robert Trivers
578:In 1975, when
575:
572:
561:Sahotra Sarkar
549:Philip Kitcher
532:
529:
525:Jonathan Marks
499:
496:
442:
439:
437:
434:
370:
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241:
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223:
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157:Crafoord Prize
149:
145:
144:
119:
118:Known for
115:
114:
91:
87:
86:
83:
81:(aged 92)
75:
71:
70:
67:
65:March 29, 1929
54:
52:
48:
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39:
38:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2820:
2818:
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2798:
2796:
2795:Homeotic gene
2793:
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2678:
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2663:Morphogenesis
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2303:9780521620703
2299:
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2276:0-262-11109-8
2272:
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2224:
2218:
2203:
2199:
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2165:
2159:
2143:
2142:
2141:New Scientist
2137:
2131:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2085:0-394-50817-3
2081:
2076:
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2059:
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2029:
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2003:
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1976:
1972:
1968:
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1771:9781139789004
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1234:
1233:0-674-00159-1
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:0-06-097519-9
1216:
1212:
1209:
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1205:0-674-20283-X
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1189:
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1185:0-394-72888-2
1182:
1178:
1177:Leon J. Kamin
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1068:0-231-03392-3
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734:
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713:
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680:M. W. Feldman
677:
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649:Elliott Sober
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2973:1929 births
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2642:Polyphenism
2622:Epigenetics
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2241:October 31,
2182:October 31,
1871:October 30,
1173:Steven Rose
908:Tomoko Ohta
863:Recognition
780:Steven Rose
676:dialectical
481:polymorphic
467:J. L. Hubby
321:J. L. Hubby
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2967:Categories
2886:Lac operon
2711:Robustness
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699:adaptation
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2805:Pax genes
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2478:phenotype
2342:MIT Press
2267:MIT Press
1716:BioEssays
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