855:. She called it "a remarkable attempt to explain the evolution of social behavior and social systems in animals by a synthesis of several disciplines within biology", but noted that it had been severely criticised by some biologists and social scientists. She observed that "it gives less attention to the environmental control of behavior" than to genetics. But "Wilson's ultimate sin" was to include the final chapter, "unfortunately titled 'Man'", attracting "the wrath of those who would deny the influence of biology on human behavior because of its political and social connotations." She called this a pity, since while his attempt to include humans in his analysis was "admittedly weak and premature", the general principles were correct – for instance, she argued, it was useful to know the genetic relatedness of individuals when assessing social interactions. She considered Wilson "nonrigorous and biased in his application of theory in certain areas". His biases included over-representation of insects, genetics, and the dominance of male mammals over females: Wilson had further exaggerated a bias from an ethology literature written mainly by males. Conversely, he had undervalued co-operative behaviour among mammals, except where it concerned males, ignoring the fact that, Kleiman argued, genetically related females were the core of most mammal societies. Wilson's book was in her view valuable as a framework for future research, but premature as a "Synthesis".
874:, stating that it was impossible both to review the book and not to do so, given the "attention" it had received. In his view, the book "has the indisputable merit of showing that the existence of complex societies is a biological phenomenon. By emphasizing the relationships between animal behavior and population genetics, Wilson compels us to recognize the evolutionary significance of events which social scientists often treat without reference to Darwinian biology." But there was "a large gap" between that and the work of most political scientists, and it was too early to attempt to apply sociobiology directly to human social issues in practice. He concluded that the book was fascinating, provocative, and the start of a return to the tradition "as old as Aristotle" where man is seen as "a 'political animal'", since social behaviour had natural origins.
813:. They had tried repeatedly to talk to sociologists, and in Lenski's view that remained necessary. Further, he suggested, the nature-nurture dichotomy was evidently false, so there was no reason for sociologists and biologists to disagree. In his view, continued rejection of biology by sociologists only invited "a reductionist response on the part of biologists." Lenski found the final chapter on Man "disappointing", as Wilson had been unable to penetrate the "barriers" put up by social science against the modern synthesis, and Wilson's overestimation of the influence of genetics compared to culture and technology on human society. All the same, Lenski thought these "flaws" could be mended by dialogue between sociology and biology.
766:, that "an evolutionary minded sociology which really appreciated the significance of sociocultural transmission along nongenetic lines would likely see society and culture in a very different way". Despite Wilson's neglect of "epigenetic" and social sciences, she urged sociologists to read "this exceptionally fine book", noting that despite its length it should have been twice as long. She looked forward to seeing sociology coming to terms with the neo-Darwinian synthesis, something that was already under way, which (she argued) would enrich social theory, a much better result than the alternative possibility, a renewed waste of time on the nature-versus-nurture debate.
878:
824:, and stated "I claim that the bulk of Wilson's theorizing is not falsifiable and therefore is of little value." This was because Wilson's "theorizing" was sometimes tautologous, sometimes hopelessly vague, and sometimes based on unobservable past events. For instance, Mazur argued that Wilson's claim that altruism has evolved in most social species is untestable: Mazur denied that a mother's action to save her baby is altruistic, as (by kin selection) it increases her own fitness. However, Mazur was glad that Wilson has "legitimate the biological approach to sociology", even if other books like
708:, called the book very important for its coverage of topics including of humans, and its "interpretive attitude". It would be a convenient summary of any of the groups it covers for the student, and the question of bio-ethics of interest to every "intelligent biologist". Friedmann noted that Wilson has "the courage of his convictions" to suggest in the chapter on Man that "human ethics and morality should be expressed biologically rather than philosophically", something that "need not deter the zoologist" since in Friedmann's view ethics does not exist in the human sense "in the nonhuman world".
506:
718:, thought it "about time" students of behaviour were finally becoming Darwinian, starting to turn the "ramshackle" science into something with firmer intellectual foundations. He defended sociobiology, arguing that it does not claim that genes somehow control behaviour, but that they along with experience and culture contribute to it. He speculated that it might be possible to make valid predictions about human behaviour by studying "cross-cultural universals in human behaviour", combining anthropology and evolutionary biology's theorem of fitness maximization.
927:, thought the book meticulously researched; no one would take exception to its thesis, but for the inclusion of man. " is well aware of the difficulties this presents." Geller called the last chapter, relating biology to sociology, a "step from scientific study to speculation". In her view, the most controversial and disturbing thing was the call for scientist and humanists to "temporarily" remove ethics "from the hands of the philosophers and biologize" it. She called it "dangerous to say that biologists should have a monopoly on truth and ethics."
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754:. She found that "the clarity, breadth and richness of accurately rendered detail in this monograph is really quite breath-taking." However, she objected to the claim that the book covered the biological basis of all social behaviour, as it did not cover what she called the "epigenetic disciplines", the effects of the environment on the embryonic and later development of the individual including learning (nurture, not just nature). She called the gap "unfortunate" and pointed out that
1108:" claims, but Wilson had said nothing about the need for a methodology to test behavioural homology. The reviewers were also troubled by Wilson's attitude to the debate, remaining "contemptuous of his anti-sociobiological opposition" and "opprobrium towards Marxism" (especially Gould and Lewontin). Yudell and Desalle noted the irony that Wilson despised Marxism but advocated an "aggressive paradigm ... seeking to blaze an historical path towards the future" (
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694:, dealing with "social phenomena from the slime molds to man". He found the review of population biology (Part I) excellent. He noted Wilson's statement that altruism is the central problem of sociobiology, and remarks that Wilson's account in fact indicates the solution, kin selection. He describes the chapter on Man as being "from the viewpoint of a very knowledgeable extraterrestrial visitor recording man's social natural history".
836:
1131:, "the idea that organic life has proceeded from the very simple to the very complex, from the value-free to the value-laden, from (as they used to say in the 19th century) the monad to the man." Ruse observed that while producing humans might look like progress, evolution had "also produced smallpox and syphilis and potato blight," raising "serious doubts about whether evolution is progressive." Ruse noted that Gould's 1989 book
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737:. She called it an "impressive tome (it weighs 5 lb)" and "a comprehensive, beautifully laid out and illustrated reference book covering the amazing variety of animal social behaviour". She noted that the final section on "Man" contained "several surprises for most sociologists", and that the book should counter "many of the naive inferences that have recently been made about man's evolutionary heritage."
820:. He called it an excellent and comprehensive survey, and said he found very few errors, though for instance squirrel monkeys did have dominance hierarchies. But he found the chapter on Man disappointing: it was trite, value-loaded, or wrong; used data uncritically, and seemed to be based on "Gerhard and Jean Lenski's introductory textbook". Further, he agreed with Wilson that scientific theories must be
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his view the book raised "uncomfortable issues". The first chapter could sound, he argued, like "intellectual imperialism" as Wilson called sociology "an essentially nontheoretical, descriptive science, not unlike taxonomy and ecology forty years ago, before they were 'reshaped entirely ... neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory'". Lenski however took Wilson more openly than that, noting Wilson's precursors,
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population biology, but much of the rest seemed after 25 years to lack "methodological breadth", given that it did not cover the new fields that had emerged; while barely mentioning the growing importance of phylogenetic systematics seemed "curious". They pointed out that comparing human and "animal" social evolution "is tantamount to making
1033:, a linguist and political scientist, surprised many by coming to the defense of sociobiology on the grounds that political radicals needed to postulate a relatively fixed idea of human nature in order to be able to struggle for a better society, claiming that leaders should know what human needs were in order to build a better society.
29:
625:, had issued a 5,000 word attack on the book, and that the "meticulous" Wilson had said "I've tried to be extremely cautious in all this". The paper noted that Wilson had nowhere actually said that human behaviour was totally determined by genes, and reported him as saying that a rough figure was 10 percent genetic.
796:
or determinism. Comparison with other species would be productive, as nonhuman societies often had traditions handed down from one generation to the next, such as "the flyways of migratory birds or dietary patterns among primates". Issues of conflict and cooperation were similarly illuminated. But in
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and the applicability of any human reason to a subject so complex as human behaviour, considering past failures, raged. Describing the controversy, Eric
Holtzmans noted that "Given the baleful history of misuse of biology in justifying or designing social policies and practices, authors who attempt
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The book was generally well-reviewed in biological journals. It received a much more mixed reaction among sociologists, mainly triggered by the brief coverage of the implications of sociobiology for human society in the first and last chapters of the book; the body of the text was largely welcomed.
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attracted a large number of critical reviews, not only by biologists, but by social scientists who objected especially to Wilson's application of
Darwinian thinking to humans, asserting that Wilson was implying a form of biological determinism. It was, unusually, reviewed on the front page of the
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Concerning the anniversary edition, Yudell and
Desalle thought it strange that nothing worth adding had happened in 25 years: the book remained a primary text, and Wilson's failure to develop it weakened the edition's impact. The early chapters still seemed a "lucid and engaging" introduction to
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obsolete, and restructuring behavioural biology. She marvelled at the "sustained enthusiasm and authoritativeness" across a wide range of fields not Wilson's own, and the usefulness of many of the chapters. "In this book sociobiology is a patchwork neatly stitched from relevant pieces of other
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The tightly organized societies of bees and ants, the mating rituals of birds, the hunting tactics of lion prides, the social hierarchies of monkey troops these and dozens of other examples of animal behavior have long fascinated people. But they have rarely been offered as anything more than
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societies) and to the sampling and mathematical methods used in informing conclusions. Many of Wilson's less well supported conclusions were attacked (for example, Wilson's mathematical treatment of inheritance as involving a single gene per trait, even though he admitted that traits could be
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had already set out some of these ideas. In his view, the most impressive aspect of the book was its mission to extend "rational deterministic explanation" far more widely. However, he thought the last chapter, extending the ideas to humans, far too brief and premature, as it failed to cover
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Wilson and his admirers countered these criticisms by saying that Wilson had no political agenda, and if he had one it was certainly not authoritarian, citing Wilson's environmentalism in particular. They argued that they as scientists had a duty to uncover the truth whether that was
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called the book "a pretty remarkable achievement" of huge scope, "firmly in the
Darwinian paradigm of evolution through natural selection". He found one aspect of the book "very peculiar" in its "metaphysical underpinning", namely that Wilson was committed to
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argument that had simmered ever since Darwin's time: "The assertion that man's body is a biological machine, subject to biological rules, has never completely shaken the conviction that the human intellect and human behavior are unique, the subject of
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and genetic determinism became the focus of rancorous debates, discussions and diatribes within both academia and popular culture." They pointed out that the quest for a "sociobiologization" of biology was not new, mentioning Darwin's
1112:). They argued that by demonising his opponents in this way, Wilson created support for Sociobiology "not necessarily sustainable by his data and methodologies." He was still doing that 25 years on, stated the reviewers.
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The book was first published in 1975. It has been reprinted at least 14 times up to 2014. It has been translated into languages including
Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. An abridged edition was published in 1980.
792:, admitted that sociologists had too often ignored non-human societies, and thought the book should be required reading. Human societies were plainly founded on biology, but this did not imply either biological
904:, argued that the book proposes a "fundamental thesis" for explaining the size, structure, and spatial arrangements of animal populations, all aspects of geography, and noted that Wilson and MacArthur's 1967
938:, noted that "An anthropologist reading this book is confronted by statements which contradict anthropological theory. The main argument that all social behavior has a biological basis would be questioned."
659:" arose among them and pronounced "there shall be a new science". She wrote that Wilson had "assumed god-like powers with this book", attempting to reformulate the foundations of the social sciences, making
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technology or tradition in general, while Wilson's speculations about "tradition drift" elsewhere in the book reinvented the study of diffusion of innovations and appeared unaware of "the now classical
958:. They argued that it would be used, as similar ideas had been in the past, to justify the status quo, entrench ruling elites, and legitimize authoritarian political programmes. They referred to
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called Wilson's attempt to extend his thesis to humans weak and premature, and noted that he had largely overlooked the importance of co-operative behaviour and females in mammalian societies.
1088:(named by Huxley in 1942) and, the reviewers argued, meant to build upon and extend it. 25 years on, they noted, most of the discord had gone, and the discipline had been renamed as
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The book is illustrated with 31 halftone figures, 209 line drawings by Sarah Landry, and 43 tables. The drawings of animal societies were considered "informing and attractive".
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or not. Wilson called the claim that sociobiology is biological determinism "academic vigilantism" and the
Sociobiology Study Group response "a largely ideological argument".
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fields, without a bold new theoretical pattern of its own". She objected strongly to what she considered Wilson's "confused and misleading" discussion of altruism and
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Other critics believed that Wilson's theories, as well as the works of subsequent admirers, were not supported scientifically. Objections were raised to many of the
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An extensive account of the controversy around the book was published at the same time as the new edition, largely supporting Wilson's views. Looking back at
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The application of sociobiology to humans (discussed only in the first and last chapters of the book) was immediately controversial. Some researchers, led by
256:, admitting that sociologists needed to look further into non-human societies, agreed that human society was founded on biology but denied both biological
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of the early 1970s, as cautionary tales in the use of evolutionary principles as applied to human society. They believed that Wilson was committing the
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was false, there was no reason for sociologists and biologists to disagree. Other sociologists objected in particular to the final chapter, on "Man":
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Sociobiology Study Group of
Science for the People (March 1976). "Dialogue. The Critique: Sociobiology: Another Biological Determinism".
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Sociologists such as Devra G. Kleiman noted that Wilson had largely overlooked the importance of women and of co-operation, as with this
974:, attempting to define moral principles using natural concepts. Academics opposed to Wilson's sociobiology, including Gould, Lewontin,
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provided an alternative (fully
Darwinian) explanation and that Wilson was wrong to make it seem that group selection was necessary.
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to consider human sociobiology have special responsibilities that are not adequately discharged by the usual academic caveats."
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is that an organism's evolutionary success is measured by the extent to which its genes are represented in the next generation.
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Wilson, Edward O. (March 1976). "Dialogue. The
Response: Academic Vigilantism and the Political Significance of Sociobiology".
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Simberloff, Daniel S.; Wilson, Edward O. (1970). "Experimental
Zoogeography of Islands. A Two-Year Record of Colonization".
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in May 1975, and again in November that year as the controversy grew. The paper described the effect as "a period of
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Michael Yudell and Rob Desalle reviewed the nature-nurture controversy around the book. "Once again", they wrote, "
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as a work "of special significance". She began it with a fable of a "small community of modest scholars called
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necessarily be an evolutionarily beneficial adaptation. Philosophical debates about the nature of
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The section describes the distribution of social behaviour in different taxa. The theme is that
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assumptions of early sociobiology (like ignoring female gatherers in favour of male hunters in
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Yudell, Michael; Desalle, Rob (2000). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Eberhard, Mary Jane West (1976), "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson",
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on which he was the world's leading expert. He is known also for his pioneering work on
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Michener, Charles D. (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond
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Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond
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Wilson, Edward O. (1978). Gregory, Michael S.; Silvers, Anita; Sutch, Diane (eds.).
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Stewart, Frances L. (1975). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Friedmann, Herbert (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Wagner, Philip L. (1978). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Masters, Roger D. (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Kleiman, Devra G. (1977). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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in mathematical form to explain the pressures on animal societies. In particular,
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Geller, Lotte R. (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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647:" who all practised their own sciences, until one day a man who "had been called
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has made humans far more flexible in social organisation than any other species.
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Lenski, Gerhard (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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was already modelled and mapped long before Wilson, as here in the diffusion of
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Barker, Eileen (1975). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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234:, and the nurturing of the young. It formed a position within the long-running
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Blute, Marion (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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Mazur, Allan (1976). "Sociobiology. The New Synthesis. by Edward O. Wilson".
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of the early 20th century, and other more recent developments, such as the
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1518:"Sociobiology: Integration of Darwin With the Latest Research on Behavior"
218:. Wilson popularized the term "sociobiology" as an attempt to explain the
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1205:"Richard Dawkins in furious row with EO Wilson over theory of evolution"
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other than humans, and finally humans. The last chapter argues that
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Embryology, Epigenesis and Evolution: Taking Development Seriously
1361:"Sociobiology The New Synthesis, Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Edition"
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With the publication of the 25th anniversary edition in 2000, the
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in biology of the 20th century and part of the wider debate about
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Lewontin, R. C. (1976). "The fallacy of biological determinism".
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538:
198:(1975; 25th anniversary edition 2000) is a book by the biologist
2856:
2389:
2061:
Holtzmans, Eric (1 July 1977). "The Sociobiology Controversy".
530:
525:, with four pinnacles of social evolution, namely the colonial
2701:
132:
2257:
941:
835:
158:
2851:
1527:
intriguing evidence for the remarkable variety of nature.
354:
466:
7. The Development and Modification of Social Behavior
1241:
762:
were the frontiers of research. She observed, citing
604:", naming the "monumental" book as the "yeast" . The
513:
have complex societies. Here, two males struggle for
314:
as an explanation of co-operation in social animals.
2253:
2251:
750:, or to receive "the extremes of reaction" seen for
608:
noted that the debate was an updated version of the
463:
6. Group Size, Reproduction, and Time-Energy Budgets
2239:
1271:
936:
Bulletin of the Canadian Archaeological Association
1156:"Sociobiology: a new synthesis and an old quarrel"
1084:in the 1970s. Wilson's choice of title echoed the
988:Sociobiology Study Group of Science for the People
2248:
2130:
1831:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
1544:"The Basic Elements of the Arguments Are Not New"
1137:was entirely an attack on this idea of progress.
1006:). Sociobiologists were accused of being "super"
902:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
617:." The paper reported that Wilson's colleague at
552:19. The Colonial Microorganisms and Invertebrates
4435:
1277:
412:4. The Relevant Principles of Population Biology
1921:
500:
472:9. Communication: Functions and Complex Systems
1901:Bulletin (Canadian Archaeological Association)
1153:
299:to island size, an important consideration in
3080:
2717:
2405:
1537:
1535:
419:
777:, attempting to explain animal behaviour as
3094:
1380:
1378:
344:
283:was an American biologist, specialising in
3087:
3073:
2724:
2710:
2412:
2398:
2378:, (Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition, 2000
2040:. Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
2013:. Columbia University Press. p. 200.
1541:
1532:
1515:
830:Biological Bases of Human Social Behaviour
564:23. Evolutionary Trends within the Mammals
549:18. The Four Pinnacles of Social Evolution
238:debate. The fundamental principle guiding
27:
2106:"The Evolutionary Ethics of E. O. Wilson"
2060:
1824:
1822:
1418:
1416:
1384:
1179:
4251:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2063:International Journal of Health Services
1573:
1476:
1474:
1375:
942:Human biological determinism controversy
876:
834:
768:
504:
475:10. Communication: Origins and Evolution
443:in animals, including the principles of
423:
367:, widely different in size and function.
348:
216:modern synthesis of evolutionary biology
2244:. Oxford University Press. p. 205.
2103:
1986:"Sociobiology: the art of storytelling"
1984:Gould, Stephen Jay (16 November 1978).
1898:
1790:
1755:
1447:
1445:
1339:"Sociobiology : the new synthesis"
954:, contended that sociobiology embodied
923:Lotte R. Geller, reviewing the book in
858:
851:Devra G. Kleiman reviewed the work for
576:27. Man: From Sociobiology to Sociology
481:12. Social Spacing, Including Territory
409:3. The Prime Movers of Social Evolution
371:The section summarizes the concepts of
4436:
2202:
2167:
2033:
1863:
1828:
1819:
1677:
1642:
1610:
1425:"'Wilson,' They Said, 'Your All Wet!'"
1422:
1413:
1202:
816:Allan Mazur reviewed the book for the
406:2. Elementary Concepts of Sociobiology
3743:Psychological effects of Internet use
3068:
2705:
2393:
2006:
1983:
1712:
1706:
1542:Rensberger, Boyce (9 November 1975).
1480:
1471:
2672:
2142:(Summer 2009): 14–19. Archived from
1451:
1442:
439:This section describes the types of
3723:Digital media use and mental health
2465:Evolutionary models of food sharing
1459:. The Chronicle of Higher Education
934:Frances L. Stewart, writing in the
16:1975 book by biologist E. O. Wilson
13:
3354:Automatic and controlled processes
1936:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1976.tb01213.x
1843:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1978.tb01217.x
1457:"Edward O. Wilson on Sociobiology"
1353:
832:were of more use to sociologists.
721:
706:The Journal of Wildlife Management
469:8. Communication: Basic Principles
14:
4495:
3763:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2363:
2260:Journal of the History of Biology
1793:American Political Science Review
1516:Rensberger, Boyce (28 May 1975).
1423:Fisher, Helen (16 October 1994).
1314:"Discover Interview: E.O. Wilson"
1203:Thorpe, Vanessa (June 24, 2012).
872:American Political Science Review
773:Some authors suspected Wilson of
357:societies have evolved elaborate
264:. Lenski observed that since the
4414:
4401:
4389:
4388:
3788:Mobile phones and driving safety
2830:
2683:
2671:
2660:
2659:
2419:
1645:The British Journal of Sociology
1249:"Edward O. Wilson PhD Biography"
1036:
847:trip in the llanos of Venezuela.
735:The British Journal of Sociology
637:reviewed the book in detail for
628:
558:21. The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates
331:
22:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
3691:Computer-mediated communication
3034:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
2731:
2599:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
2371:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
2318:
2304:Oxford University Press (2000)
2294:
2233:
2196:
2161:
2124:
2097:
2054:
2027:
2000:
1977:
1942:
1915:
1892:
1857:
1784:
1749:
1671:
1636:
1604:
1567:
1554:
1509:
1154:May, Robert M. (1 April 1976).
1129:the idea of progress in biology
640:The Quarterly Review of Biology
585:
567:24. The Ungulates and Elephants
415:5. Group Selection and Altruism
195:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
4474:Harvard University Press books
3968:Empathising–systemising theory
3271:female intrasexual competition
3208:Evolutionarily stable strategy
2010:Advances in Historical Ecology
1387:Journal of Wildlife Management
1331:
1306:
1223:"Lord of the Ants documentary"
1215:
1196:
1147:
888:culture from Egypt, mapped by
760:functioning of the human brain
322:
1:
4328:Standard social science model
3381:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2324:
2209:. Jossey-Bass. pp. 1–12.
1715:American Journal of Sociology
1614:(1977). "The New Synthesis".
1561:
1255:. 3 June 2013. Archived from
1140:
1096:for people "who like telling
906:Theory of Island Biogeography
818:American Journal of Sociology
361:structures, in this species,
4464:Cognitive science literature
4176:Missing heritability problem
3768:Social aspects of television
3391:Evolution of nervous systems
3359:Computational theory of mind
2240:SegerstrĂĄle, Ullica (2000).
2034:Robert, Jason Scott (2004).
1225:. VICE. 2009. Archived from
925:The American Biology Teacher
580:
501:Part III. The Social Species
7:
4422:Evolutionary biology portal
2800:Sexual selection in insects
2690:Evolutionary biology portal
2328:Quarterly Review of Biology
2075:10.2190/etxn-kl3q-91pu-0gen
403:1. The Morality of the Gene
339:
10:
4500:
4449:American non-fiction books
4383:Evolutionary psychologists
4256:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4171:Human–animal communication
3883:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3733:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3701:Human–computer interaction
2952:Austroplatypus incompertus
2780:Identity in social insects
2131:Stephenson, Frank (2009).
2007:Balée, William L. (2012).
1363:. Harvard University Press
870:reviewed the book for the
633:The theoretical biologist
420:Part II. Social Mechanisms
303:. Wilson however favoured
275:
173:The Insect Societies
33:Cover of the first edition
4377:
4303:Environmental determinism
4274:Cultural selection theory
4266:
4161:Evolutionary epistemology
4148:
4075:evolutionary neuroscience
4037:
4030:
3928:
3803:
3748:Rank theory of depression
3671:
3595:
3497:
3303:
3296:
3250:Parent–offspring conflict
3159:
3102:
2989:
2968:
2839:
2828:
2739:
2655:
2615:
2550:
2427:
2133:"A Chat with E.O. Wilson"
2104:Kaufman, Whitley (2013).
781:of biological mechanisms.
756:"the development problem"
704:, reviewing the book for
573:26. The Nonhuman Primates
206:debate, one of the great
178:
168:
156:
144:
130:
118:
110:
94:
86:
76:
66:
56:
48:
38:
26:
4459:Books about sociobiology
4196:Cultural group selection
4080:Biocultural anthropology
3773:Societal impacts of cars
3706:Media naturalness theory
3396:Fight-or-flight response
2747:Evolution of eusociality
2376:Harvard University Press
1866:American Biology Teacher
686:, reviewed the book for
523:evolution is progressive
345:Part I. Social Evolution
266:nature-nurture dichotomy
208:scientific controversies
71:Harvard University Press
4396:Evolutionary psychology
4360:Sociocultural evolution
4201:Dual inheritance theory
3658:Personality development
3119:Theoretical foundations
3096:Evolutionary psychology
3010:Charles Duncan Michener
2485:Male warrior hypothesis
2455:Evolutionary psychology
2445:Dual inheritance theory
2272:10.1023/a:1004845822189
1090:evolutionary psychology
1047:biological reductionism
865:philosopher of politics
635:Mary Jane West-Eberhard
317:
212:evolutionary psychology
4469:English-language books
4444:1975 non-fiction books
4318:Social constructionism
4313:Psychological nativism
4288:Biological determinism
4236:Recent human evolution
4231:Punctuated equilibrium
4054:Behavioral epigenetics
4049:evolutionary economics
4018:Variability hypothesis
3963:Emotional intelligence
3696:Engineering psychology
3386:Evolution of the brain
1483:Contemporary Sociology
1253:Academy of Achievement
1121:philosopher of biology
990:to counter his ideas.
956:biological determinism
900:reviewing the book in
893:
848:
803:George Gaylord Simpson
782:
742:Contemporary Sociology
733:reviewed the book for
665:comparative psychology
555:20. The Social Insects
518:
436:
368:
202:. It helped start the
4484:Works by E. O. Wilson
4454:Books about evolution
4345:Multilineal evolution
4308:Nature versus nurture
4267:Theoretical positions
4115:Functional psychology
4110:Evolutionary medicine
4085:Biological psychiatry
3793:Texting while driving
3783:Lead–crime hypothesis
3643:Cognitive development
3628:Caregiver deprivation
3139:Gene selection theory
3015:The Bees of the World
2460:Evolution of morality
1043:historians of biology
880:
845:hunting and gathering
838:
772:
508:
484:13. Dominance Systems
427:
352:
236:nature versus nurture
4298:Cultural determinism
4105:Evolutionary biology
4090:Cognitive psychology
4038:Academic disciplines
3686:Cognitive ergonomics
3653:Language acquisition
3633:Childhood attachment
3446:Wason selection task
3340:Behavioral modernity
3129:Cognitive revolution
3112:Evolutionary thought
2440:Challenge hypothesis
2435:Behavioural genetics
2300:Segerstrale, Ullica
2206:What is Sociobiology
2112:(Winter/Spring 2013)
1617:The Wilson Quarterly
1318:DiscoverMagazine.com
1259:on 18 September 2015
1119:35 years later, the
972:naturalistic fallacy
896:Philip L. Wagner, a
890:Grafton Elliot Smith
859:By other disciplines
692:The Insect Societies
496:17. Social Symbioses
487:14. Roles and Castes
445:animal communication
4365:Unilineal evolution
4130:Population genetics
3915:Sexy son hypothesis
3853:Hormonal motivation
3833:Concealed ovulation
3374:Dual process theory
3245:Parental investment
3050:Journey to the Ants
2490:Reciprocal altruism
2176:(3): 183, 187–190.
1957:(3): 182, 184–186.
1172:1976Natur.260..390M
1025:politically correct
779:an automatic result
680:Charles D. Michener
490:15. Sex and Society
428:Social mechanisms:
377:evolutionary theory
373:population genetics
301:nature conservation
293:island biogeography
23:
4323:Social determinism
4206:Fisher's principle
4166:Great ape language
4156:Cultural evolution
4125:Philosophy of mind
3958:Division of labour
3920:Westermarck effect
3868:Mating preferences
3778:Distracted driving
3512:Literary criticism
3369:Domain specificity
3349:modularity of mind
2578:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
2507:Sex and psychology
2140:Research in Review
1548:The New York Times
1522:The New York Times
1229:on 15 October 2013
1076:in the 1960s, and
1053:The Descent of Man
894:
882:Cultural diffusion
849:
809:and others of the
783:
645:natural historians
570:25. The Carnivores
519:
437:
381:Mendelian genetics
369:
353:Social evolution:
252:. The sociologist
21:
4431:
4430:
4409:Psychology portal
4373:
4372:
4216:Hologenome theory
4186:Unit of selection
4181:Primate cognition
4095:Cognitive science
4026:
4025:
3897:Sexual attraction
3873:Mating strategies
3638:Cinderella effect
3568:Moral foundations
3472:Visual perception
3364:Domain generality
3333:Facial expression
3281:Sexual dimorphism
3240:Natural selection
3186:Hamiltonian spite
3062:
3061:
2976:Bees in mythology
2699:
2698:
2623:Stephen Jay Gould
2047:978-1-139-44995-3
2020:978-0-231-53357-7
1455:(31 March 2010).
1166:(5550): 390–392.
948:Stephen Jay Gould
740:Marion Blute, in
702:Herbert Friedmann
610:nature or nurture
543:natural selection
493:16. Parental Care
453:dominance systems
434:Australian magpie
385:natural selection
285:the study of ants
222:mechanics behind
191:
190:
87:Publication place
4491:
4418:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4035:
4034:
4031:Related subjects
3818:Adult attachment
3345:Cognitive module
3301:
3300:
3288:Social selection
3262:Costly signaling
3257:Sexual selection
3144:Modern synthesis
3089:
3082:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3002:The Dancing Bees
2834:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2644:Not in Our Genes
2633:Richard Lewontin
2495:Sexual selection
2414:
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2110:The New Atlantis
2101:
2095:
2094:
2058:
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2031:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1996:(1129): 530–533.
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1183:
1181:10.1038/260390a0
1151:
1086:modern synthesis
1016:scientific truth
960:social Darwinism
952:Richard Lewontin
914:diffusion models
868:Roger D. Masters
811:modern synthesis
623:Richard Lewontin
509:Animals such as
441:social behaviour
297:species richness
295:, which relates
270:Devra G. Kleiman
224:social behaviour
179:Followed by
169:Preceded by
160:
134:
78:Publication date
43:Edward O. Wilson
31:
24:
20:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4479:Sociology books
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4369:
4355:Neoevolutionism
4262:
4246:Species complex
4211:Group selection
4149:Research topics
4144:
4120:Neuropsychology
4022:
4008:Substance abuse
3930:Sex differences
3924:
3838:Coolidge effect
3799:
3711:Neuroergonomics
3676:
3667:
3591:
3493:
3427:Folk psychology
3308:
3292:
3162:
3155:
3098:
3093:
3063:
3058:
3023:Bert Hölldobler
2997:Karl von Frisch
2990:Pioneers, works
2985:
2964:
2835:
2826:
2820:Worker policing
2805:Social conflict
2785:Kin recognition
2770:Group selection
2756:Social insects
2735:
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2700:
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2611:
2568:Richard Dawkins
2546:
2537:Dunbar's number
2475:Kin recognition
2470:Group selection
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1148:
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1098:just-so stories
1078:Richard Dawkins
1039:
999:hunter-gatherer
944:
861:
724:
722:By sociologists
672:, arguing that
670:group selection
631:
588:
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397:group selection
364:Atta cephalotes
347:
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334:
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305:group selection
278:
184:On Human Nature
164:QL775 .W54 2000
149:
95:Media type
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3501:
3495:
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3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3431:theory of mind
3424:
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3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
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3278:
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3254:
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3252:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Baldwin effect
3195:
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3188:
3183:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
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3141:
3136:
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2941:
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2917:
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2901:
2896:
2894:Dwarf mongoose
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2874:
2869:
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2859:
2854:
2843:
2841:
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2649:
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2635:
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2619:
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2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Daniel Dennett
2570:
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2492:
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2442:
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2429:
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2424:
2417:
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2409:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2365:
2364:External links
2362:
2361:
2360:
2341:10.1086/409056
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2293:
2266:(3): 577–584.
2247:
2232:
2195:
2160:
2123:
2096:
2069:(3): 515–527.
2053:
2046:
2026:
2019:
1999:
1976:
1941:
1914:
1903:(7): 234–237.
1891:
1856:
1837:(4): 574–576.
1818:
1799:(2): 674–676.
1783:
1770:10.1086/493483
1764:(2): 493–495.
1748:
1727:10.1086/226365
1721:(3): 697–700.
1705:
1686:(2): 530–531.
1670:
1657:10.2307/589826
1635:
1624:(4): 108–120.
1603:
1566:
1553:
1531:
1508:
1489:(6): 727–731.
1470:
1441:
1429:New York Times
1412:
1393:(1): 201–202.
1374:
1352:
1330:
1305:
1286:(5): 934–937.
1270:
1240:
1214:
1195:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1134:Wonderful Life
1110:as Marxism did
1094:pop psychology
1070:Desmond Morris
1038:
1035:
1008:adaptationists
968:IQ controversy
943:
940:
932:anthropologist
860:
857:
786:Gerhard Lenski
747:New York Times
723:
720:
630:
627:
597:New York Times
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
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535:social insects
502:
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485:
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479:
478:11. Aggression
476:
473:
470:
467:
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432:display of an
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
399:maintains it.
375:, a branch of
346:
343:
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289:social insects
277:
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254:Gerhard Lenski
249:New York Times
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4376:
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4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Neo-Darwinism
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Functionalism
4333:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Connectionism
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:indeterminism
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4254:
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4209:
4207:
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4128:
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4036:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Schizophrenia
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Mental health
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
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3969:
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3959:
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3921:
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3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Mate guarding
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Age disparity
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Schizophrenia
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
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3709:
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3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3678:Mental health
3674:
3673:Human factors
3670:
3664:
3663:Socialization
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:paternal bond
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3539:
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3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3487:NaĂŻve physics
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:Motor control
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3411:Ophidiophobia
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Arachnophobia
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Display rules
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Kin selection
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Adaptationism
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Kin selection
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Haplodiploidy
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2607:Robert Wright
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Frans de Waal
2586:
2584:
2583:Steven Pinker
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Anne Campbell
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Kin selection
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2385:
2384:0-674-00089-7
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2310:0-19-850505-1
2307:
2303:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2216:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2149:on 2016-03-04
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1990:New Scientist
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
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1697:
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1685:
1681:
1680:Social Forces
1674:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:Barash, David
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1564:, p. 92)
1563:
1562:Eberhard 1976
1557:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1524:. p. 1.
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1458:
1454:
1453:Ruse, Michael
1448:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
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1388:
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1309:
1301:
1297:
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1199:
1191:
1187:
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1177:
1173:
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1161:
1157:
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1146:
1138:
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1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Robert Ardrey
1071:
1067:
1066:Konrad Lorenz
1063:
1062:Julian Huxley
1059:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1037:Retrospective
1034:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
984:Anthony Leeds
981:
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973:
969:
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953:
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854:
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842:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:Julian Huxley
795:
791:
790:Social Forces
787:
780:
776:
771:
767:
765:
761:
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753:
749:
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3998:Neuroscience
3978:Intelligence
3524:Anthropology
3477:Color vision
3462:Multitasking
3441:Flynn effect
3436:Intelligence
3418:Folk biology
3161:Evolutionary
3048:
3040:
3033:
3032:
3028:E. O. Wilson
3014:
3001:
2950:
2924:
2920:Thysanoptera
2910:
2752:Presociality
2688:
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2593:E. O. Wilson
2563:Noam Chomsky
2529:presociality
2421:Sociobiology
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2319:Bibliography
2301:
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2151:. Retrieved
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1227:the original
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1208:
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1117:Sociobiology
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980:Ruth Hubbard
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945:
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826:Robert Hinde
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794:reductionism
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775:reductionism
752:Sociobiology
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591:Sociobiology
590:
589:
586:Contemporary
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362:
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326:
281:E. O. Wilson
279:
258:reductionism
247:
244:
240:sociobiology
220:evolutionary
204:sociobiology
200:E. O. Wilson
194:
193:
192:
186:(1978)
182:
172:
61:Sociobiology
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4279:Determinism
4191:Coevolution
4135:Primatology
3973:Gender role
3878:Orientation
3758:Screen time
3615:Affectional
3597:Development
3276:Mate choice
3203:By-products
3171:Adaptations
3134:Cognitivism
2926:Kladothrips
2862:Crabronidae
2847:Hymenoptera
2760:Agriculture
2733:Eusociality
2638:Steven Rose
2517:eusociality
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1930:(2): 6–10.
1320:. June 2006
1233:18 February
1058:R.A. Fisher
911:Hägerstrand
886:heliolithic
822:falsifiable
728:sociologist
655:, and even
323:Publication
262:determinism
4438:Categories
4226:Population
4221:Lamarckism
4067:behavioral
4045:Behavioral
3993:Narcissism
3938:Aggression
3728:Hypophobia
3718:Depression
3605:Attachment
3587:Universals
3551:Psychology
3529:Biological
3517:Musicology
3507:Aesthetics
3406:Basophobia
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3191:Reciprocal
2981:Coalescent
2969:In culture
2946:Coleoptera
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2906:Crustacean
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2542:Polyethism
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1951:BioScience
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1577:BioScience
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1324:2015-12-06
1141:References
898:geographer
807:Dobzhansky
764:Dobzhansky
688:BioScience
657:Biochemist
449:aggression
430:aggressive
379:combining
232:aggression
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3948:Cognition
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3648:Education
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3163:processes
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2616:Opponents
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653:Ecologist
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389:altruism
340:Contents
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