256:, there are distinctions between the two fields. Distinct from public health, which concentrates on the health of entire populations and encompasses broad strategies for disease prevention and health promotion, social medicine dives deeper into the societal structures and conditions that lead to health disparities among different groups. Its approach is often more qualitative, honing in on the lived experiences of individuals within their social contexts. While public health might launch broad-spectrum interventions like vaccination campaigns or sanitation drives, social medicine probes the underlying socio-economic reasons why certain communities might be disproportionately affected by health challenges. The ultimate goal of social medicine is to ensure that societal structures support the health of all members, particularly those most vulnerable or marginalized.
416:
work/nonwork related risks and outcomes has served as an artificial line of demarcation between OSH and the rest of public health. However, growing social inequality, the fundamental reorganization of the world of work, and a broadening of our understanding of the relationship between work and health have blurred this line of demarcation and highlight the need to expand and complement the reductionist view of cause and effect. In response, OSH is reintegrating a social approach to account for the social, political, and economic interactions that contribute to occupational health outcomes.
25:
339:
social, and psychological burdens associated with prolonged illnesses and diseases. The social model was developed as a direct response to the medical model, the social model sees barriers (physical, attitudinal and behavioural) not just as a biomedical issue, but as caused in part by the society we live in – as a product of the physical, organizational and social worlds that lead to discrimination (Oliver 1996; French 1993; Oliver and Barnes 1993). Social care advocates equality of opportunities for vulnerable sections of society.
393:, wherein he summarized facts and arguments that supported what became known as McKeown's thesis, i.e. that the growth of population can be attributed to a decline in mortality from infectious diseases, primarily thanks to better nutrition, later also to better hygiene, and only marginally and late to medical interventions such as antibiotics and vaccines. McKeown was heavily criticized for his controversial ideas, but is nowadays remembered as "the founder of social medicine".
82:
2522:
2546:
2534:
338:
Social care aims to promote wellness and emphasizes preventive, ameliorative, and maintenance efforts during illness, impairment, or disability. It adopts a holistic perspective on health and encompasses a variety of practices and viewpoints aimed at disease prevention and reduction of the economic,
329:
Both fields recognize the importance of the social determinants of health but approach the topic from slightly different angles and with varying emphases. In practice, there's a lot of collaboration and overlap between social medicine and public health, as both are essential for a holistic approach
144:
The holy grail of modern medicine remains the search for a molecular basis of disease. While the practical yield of such circumscribed inquiry has been enormous, exclusive focus on molecular-level phenomena has contributed to the increasing "desocialization" of scientific inquiry: a tendency to ask
325:
To visualize the difference: Imagine a city facing an outbreak of a disease. A public health approach might involve vaccination campaigns, public health advisories, and quarantine measures. A social medicine approach might delve into why certain communities within the city are more affected than
415:
The world of work played a fundamental role in the development of a social approach to health during the first industrial revolution, as exemplified by
Virchow’s work on typhus and coal miners. Over the past 50 years, Occupational Safety and Health. The resulting distinction between
931:
McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of
111:
and the subsequent increase in poverty and disease among workers raised concerns about the effect of social processes on the health of the poor. The field of social medicine is most commonly addressed today by efforts to understand what are known as
1292:
Henderson GE, Estroff SE, Churchill LR, King NMP, Oberlander J, et al. editors (2005) Social and cultural contributions to health, difference, and inequality. Volume II: The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham: Duke
University
195:: Studying the health implications of migration, whether it's due to conflict, economic reasons, or other factors. This includes looking at issues like refugee health, healthcare access for undocumented migrants, and more.
171:: Evaluating how different healthcare systems, structures, and policies impact health outcomes. This includes assessing the effectiveness of public health campaigns, insurance models, and health-related legislation.
2332:
213:: Investigating the health implications of different forms of violence, including domestic violence, community violence, and structural violence, and developing strategies to prevent and address these impacts.
165:: Studying the disparities in health outcomes among different groups based on racial, economic, gender, or other sociodemographic factors and creating strategies to promote equal health opportunities for all.
1296:
Oberlander J, Churchill LR, Estroff SE, Henderson GE, King NMP, et al. editors (2005) Health policy, markets, and medicine. Volume III: The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham: Duke
University Press.
96:
is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the profound interplay between socio-economic factors and individual health outcomes. Rooted in the challenges of the
Industrial Revolution, it seeks to:
386:, Waitzkin traces the history of social medicine from Engels, through Virchow and Allende. Waitzkin has sought to educate North Americans about the contributions of Latin American Social Medicine.
1289:
King NMP, Strauss RP, Churchill LR, Estroff SE, Henderson GE, et al. editors (2005) Patients, doctors, and illness. Volume I: The social medicine reader 2nd edition Durham: Duke
University Press.
152:
Social medicine is a vast and evolving field, and its scope can cover a wide range of topics that touch on the intersection of society and health. The scope of social medicine includes:
1074:"Envisioning the future of work to safeguard the safety, health, and well-being of the workforce: A perspective from the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"
326:
others, looking at housing conditions, employment status, racial or socio-economic discrimination, and other societal factors, and then proposing solutions based on these insights.
837:
Waitzkin, Howard; Iriart, Celia; Estrada, Alfredo; Lamadrid, Silvia (2001-07-28). "Social medicine in Latin
America: productivity and dangers facing the major national groups".
275:: It delves deeper into the relationship between society and individual health. This includes the impacts of discrimination, inequality, poverty, and other social determinants.
189:: Training healthcare professionals to understand and respect cultural differences in patient care. This involves understanding diverse health beliefs, values, and behaviors.
734:
Social medicine and the challenge of biosocial research. In: Opolka U, Schoop H (editors): Innovative
Structures in Basic Research: Ringberg-Symposium, 4–7 October 2000
307:: It encompasses a broader set of tools and strategies, ranging from disease surveillance, health education, policy recommendations, and health promotion initiatives.
237:: Integrating social medicine topics into medical curricula to ensure that healthcare professionals are equipped to address the social aspects of health and illness.
2327:
243:: Working with professionals from diverse fields, such as anthropology, sociology, economics, and urban planning, to address complex health challenges.
2317:
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351:(1821–1902) laid foundations for this model. Other prominent figures in the history of social medicine, beginning from the 20th century, include
128:
in medical education, health care, and medical research has resulted into a gap with our understanding and acknowledgement of far more important
319:: To improve health outcomes through community interventions, policy, and education, often utilizing epidemiological studies and data analysis.
225:: Analyzing the social determinants and implications of substance use, including policies and societal attitudes toward different substances.
207:: Delving into how social factors like stigma, discrimination, social isolation, and traumatic events impact mental health and well-being.
281:: Originated during the Industrial Revolution as a response to the health challenges faced by the working class due to industrialization.
100:
Understand how specific social, economic, and environmental conditions directly impact health, disease, and the delivery of medical care.
2367:
971:"The New Old (and Old New) Medical Model: Four Decades Navigating the Biomedical and Psychosocial Understandings of Health and Illness"
313:: Has its roots in controlling infectious diseases, ensuring clean water and sanitation, and other community-wide health initiatives.
287:: To use the understanding of socio-economic factors to influence healthcare practices and policy to bring about a healthier society.
177:: Understanding how environmental factors such as pollution, climate change, and access to clean water and sanitation affect health.
159:: Investigation of how factors like income, education, employment, race, gender, housing, and social support impact health outcomes.
441:
183:: Addressing health concerns that transcend national borders, such as epidemics, pandemics, or the health impacts of globalization.
129:
2400:
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1412:
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1693:
1020:
Peckham, T. K.; Baker, M. G.; Camp, J. E.; Kaufman, J. D.; Seixas, N. S. (2017). "Creating a Future for
Occupational Health".
269:: Primarily on the socio-economic factors that affect health and how these can be addressed to promote better health outcomes.
2435:
2342:
924:
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231:: Working with communities to identify their health needs, co-create interventions, and mobilize resources to promote health.
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301:: On the health of the general population, aiming to prevent disease and promote health at a community or population level.
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1946:
1534:
103:
Promote conditions and interventions that address these determinants, aiming for a healthier and more equitable society.
1450:
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1966:
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68:
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136:, war, illiteracy, detrimental life-styles (smoking, obesity), discrimination because of race, gender and religion.
39:
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2016:
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2006:
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1283:
Matthew R. Anderson, Lanny Smith, and Victor W. Sidel. What is Social
Medicine? Monthly Review: 56(8).
219:: Examining the health impacts of different work environments, job roles, and organizational structures.
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In 1976, the
British public health scientist and health care critic Thomas McKeown, MD, published
201:: Analyzing the impact of urban living conditions, urban development, and city policies on health.
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149:
They further concluded that "Biosocial understandings of medical phenomena are urgently needed".
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Hixon, Allen L.; Yamada, Seiji; Farmer, Paul E.; Maskarinec, Gregory G. (2013-01-16).
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Social medicine as a scientific field gradually began in the early 19th century, the
89:'Damas de Rojo', volunteers on their local hospital and an example of social medicine
874:
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2129:
1941:
1916:
1728:
1658:
1502:
1352:
1342:
1309:
1300:
Porter D, Porter R (1988). "What was social medicine? An historiographical essay".
1262:
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1144:
1136:
1125:"Work as an Inclusive Part of Population Health Inequities Research and Prevention"
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809:
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352:
944:
891:
The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? (The Rock Carlington Fellow, 1976)
780:
Waitzkin, Howard; Iriart, Celia; Estrada, Alfredo; Lamadrid, Silvia (2001-10-01).
2478:
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1976:
1911:
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987:
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2011:
1971:
1936:
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1906:
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1606:
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1529:
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1421:
1140:
858:
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540:
253:
16:
Understanding how culture and larger groups of people shape health procedures
1385:
1029:
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1921:
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1561:
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81:
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1883:
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137:
621:
Social Work with the Aging: The Challenge and Promise of the Later Years
557:
Farmer, Paul, Bruce Nizeye, Sarah Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee (2006).
2114:
1836:
1090:
1174:"Health Equity and a Paradigm Shift in Occupational Safety and Health"
2212:
2031:
1601:
1482:
145:
only biological questions about what are in fact biosocial phenomena.
1228:
http://journals.sfu.ca/socialmedicine/index.php/socialmedicine/index
919:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 91–93.
751:(Rev. and updated ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
2078:
1831:
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749:
The second sickness : contradictions of capitalist health care
1750:
1233:
1178:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1390:
2045:
917:
The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality
671:
701:
Anderson, Matthew; Smith, Clyde Lanford (Lanny) (2013-11-03).
2207:
836:
779:
86:
396:
2333:
Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety
2139:
522:
140:
et al. (2006) gave the following explanation for this gap:
1241:"How Did Social Medicine Evolve, and Where Is It Heading?"
782:"Social Medicine Then and Now: Lessons From Latin America"
676:. Oxford and Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
644:
252:
While there is some overlap between social medicine and
1019:
945:"NIOSH eNews - Volume 18, Number 10 (February 2021)"
736:. München: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. pp. 55–73.
894:. London, UK: Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust.
481:
391:"The role of medicine: Dream, mirage or nemesis?"
2564:
1328:
645:Kieran Walshe; Judith Smith (1 September 2011).
525:"Social justice: The heart of medical education"
247:
1406:
1331:"Social medicine in the twenty-first century"
1285:http://www.monthlyreview.org/0105anderson.htm
700:
651:. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). pp. 261+.
1381:Introduction to the journal: Social Medicine
1299:
686:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
603:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
559:"Structural violence and clinical medicine"
2368:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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949:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2328:Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
2318:Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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482:Trout L, Kramer C, Fischer L (Dec 2018).
397:Occupational Health & Social Medicine
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1238:
672:McKeown, Thomas and Lowe, C. R. (1966).
442:Social determinants of health in poverty
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
2373:Health departments in the United States
1078:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
887:
746:
2565:
2378:Council on Education for Public Health
1122:
1071:
968:
914:
731:
2436:Professional degrees of public health
2343:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1394:
1171:
2533:
2426:Bachelor of Science in Public Health
617:
552:
550:
229:Community Engagement and Empowerment
18:
2545:
1694:Workers' right to access the toilet
1535:Human right to water and sanitation
1072:Tamers, Sara (September 14, 2020).
908:
881:
665:
13:
1314:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1988.tb00005.x
1022:The Annals of Occupational Hygiene
674:An Introduction to Social Medicine
132:of health and individual disease:
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2614:
1967:Commercial determinants of health
1420:
1374:
1129:American Journal of Public Health
786:American Journal of Public Health
547:
2544:
2532:
2521:
2520:
1550:National public health institute
1329:Stonington S, Holmes SM (2006).
23:
1947:Open-source healthcare software
1689:Sociology of health and illness
1165:
1116:
1065:
1013:
969:Albert, Farre (December 2017).
962:
937:
830:
773:
241:Interdisciplinary Collaboration
2308:Caribbean Public Health Agency
2120:Sexually transmitted infection
2017:Statistical hypothesis testing
1778:Occupational safety and health
1679:Sexual and reproductive health
1592:Occupational safety and health
1234:http://www.socialmedicine.org/
1123:Ahonen, Emily (January 2018).
740:
725:
694:
638:
624:. New York: Harper & Row.
611:
516:
475:
403:Occupational safety and health
333:
1:
1962:Social determinants of health
851:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05488-5
484:"Social Medicine in Practice"
468:
248:Comparison with Public Health
163:Health Equity and Disparities
157:Social Determinants of Health
114:social determinants of health
2022:Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
1783:Human factors and ergonomics
1348:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030445
1258:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030399
572:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449
565:. v.3(10): e449 (10): e449.
134:social-economic inequalities
7:
2203:Good manufacturing practice
2007:Randomized controlled trial
462:Society for Social Medicine
419:
223:Substance Use and Addiction
169:Health Systems and Policies
10:
2619:
2273:Theory of planned behavior
2198:Good agricultural practice
2103:Public health surveillance
1995:epidemiological statistics
1639:Public health intervention
747:Howard., Waitzkin (2000).
400:
342:
2516:
2451:
2410:
2395:World Toilet Organization
2390:World Health Organization
2297:
2286:
2223:
2148:
2064:
1992:
1957:Public health informatics
1897:
1702:
1664:Right to rest and leisure
1493:Globalization and disease
1428:
988:10.3390/healthcare5040088
2441:Schools of public health
2233:Diffusion of innovations
1932:Health impact assessment
1644:Public health laboratory
1540:Management of depression
1386:What is social medicine?
1232:Social Medicine Portal:
1141:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304214
888:McKeown, Thomas (1976).
330:to health and wellness.
119:
2504:Social hygiene movement
2431:Doctor of Public Health
2263:Social cognitive theory
2065:Infectious and epidemic
1847:Fecal–oral transmission
1172:Flynn, Micheal (2021).
798:10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1592
488:Health and Human Rights
199:Urbanization and Health
53:more precise citations.
2578:Determinants of health
2499:Germ theory of disease
2278:Transtheoretical model
1191:10.3390/ijerph19010349
915:Deaton, Angus (2013).
147:
124:The major emphasis on
90:
2383:Public Health Service
2268:Social norms approach
2258:PRECEDE–PROCEED model
1704:Preventive healthcare
1597:Pharmaceutical policy
1446:Chief Medical Officer
1030:10.1093/annweh/wxw011
732:Farmer, Paul (2002).
648:Healthcare Management
142:
109:Industrial Revolution
84:
2459:Sara Josephine Baker
2358:Public Health Agency
2243:Health communication
2108:Disease surveillance
2074:Asymptomatic carrier
2056:Statistical software
1744:Preventive nutrition
1572:Medical anthropology
1461:Environmental health
703:"Honoring Vic Sidel"
618:Lowy, Louis (1979).
432:Medical anthropology
371:, and more recently
193:Migration and Health
175:Environmental Health
2588:History of medicine
2583:Medical terminology
2469:Carl Rogers Darnall
2464:Samuel Jay Crumbine
2238:Health belief model
2091:Notifiable diseases
2027:Regression analysis
1862:Waterborne diseases
1451:Cultural competence
457:Socialized medicine
447:Social epidemiology
384:The Second Sickness
217:Occupational Health
211:Violence and Health
187:Cultural Competency
130:social determinants
2067:disease prevention
2002:Case–control study
1674:Security of person
1523:Health care reform
1091:10.1002/ajim.23183
411:Workplace wellness
311:Historical Context
279:Historical Context
126:biomedical science
91:
2603:Social philosophy
2593:Medical sociology
2560:
2559:
2512:
2511:
2422:Higher education
2253:Positive deviance
2248:Health psychology
2224:Health behavioral
2151:safety management
2125:Social distancing
1899:Population health
1879:Smoking cessation
1827:Pharmacovigilance
1798:Injury prevention
1766:Infection control
1684:Social psychology
1634:Prisoners' rights
1577:Medical sociology
1545:Public health law
1441:Biological hazard
1239:Porter D (2006).
1226:Social Medicine:
1084:(12): 1065–1084.
1053:Missing or empty
1024:. pp. 3–15.
926:978-0-691-15354-4
901:978-0-900574-24-5
845:(9278): 315–323.
792:(10): 1592–1601.
658:978-0-335-24382-2
631:978-0-06-044085-5
452:Social psychology
437:Medical sociology
357:Henry E. Sigerist
347:German physician
235:Medical Education
79:
78:
71:
2610:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2418:Health education
2295:
2294:
2149:Food hygiene and
2130:Tropical disease
1942:Infant mortality
1917:Community health
1793:Controlled Drugs
1729:Health promotion
1659:Right to housing
1503:Health economics
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353:Salvador Allende
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49:this article by
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2191:Safety scandals
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1984:Social medicine
1977:Race and health
1912:Child mortality
1893:
1852:Open defecation
1734:Human nutrition
1724:Family planning
1712:Behavior change
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1654:Right to health
1567:Maternal health
1557:Health politics
1508:Health literacy
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