192:
476:
772:
780:
217:
47:
616:
1254:
234:
1289:, a substantial part of the German population in Southern Schleswig changed their nationality and declared themselves as Danish. This change was caused by a number of factors, most importantly the German defeat and an influx of a large number of refugees from the former Prussian eastern provinces, whose culture and appearance differed from the local Germans, who were mostly descendants of Danish families who had changed their nationality in the 19th century.
630:
199:
691:. Its revival and widespread use in the 19th century therefore had a clear Danish nationalist connotation of laying a claim to the territory and objecting to the German claims. "Olsen's Map", published by the Danish cartographer Olsen in the 1830s, used this term, arousing a storm of protests by the duchy's German inhabitants. Even though many Danish nationalists, such as the National Liberal ideologue and
1297:. However, the majority in the Danish parliament refused to support a referendum in South Schleswig, fearing that the "new Danes" were not genuine in their change of nationality. This proved to be the case and, from 1948 the Danish population began to shrink again. By the early 1950s, it had nevertheless stabilised at a level four times higher than the pre-war number.
1012:. Abel, having wrested the Danish throne to himself for a brief period, left his duchy to his sons and their successors, who pressed claims to the throne of Denmark for much of the next century, so that the Danish kings were at odds with their cousins, the dukes of Slesvig. Feuds and marital alliances brought the Abel dynasty into a close connection with the German
934:
announced that they had unearthed eighteen Viking graves with the remains of eighteen men in them. The discovery came during excavations in
Schleswig. The skeletons indicated that the men were bigger proportioned than twentieth-century Danish men. Each of the graves was laid out from east to west.
1092:
ended about 5 km (3 mi) north of the present border. This created a new cultural dividing line in the duchy because German was used for church services and teaching in the diocese of
Schleswig and Danish was used in the diocese of Ribe and the archdeaconry of Haderslev. This line
704:, it began to assume a clear German nationalist character in the mid 19th century – especially when included in the combined term "Schleswig-Holstein". A central element of the German nationalistic claim was the insistence on Schleswig and Holstein being a single, indivisible entity. Since
1106:
and paid work was often vague. The feudal system was gradually abolished in the late 18th century, starting with the crown lands in 1765 and later the estates of the nobility. In 1805 all serfdom was abolished and land tenure reforms allowed former peasants to own their own farms.
1101:
of the sort common in the rye-growing regions of eastern
Germany. The manors were large holdings with the work done by feudal peasant farmers. They specialized in high quality dairy products. Feudal lordship was combined with technical modernization, and the distinction between
591:. Schleswig was instead a fief of Denmark, and its inhabitants spoke Danish, German, and North Frisian. Both Danish and German National Liberals wanted Schleswig to be part of a Danish or German national state in the 19th century. A German uprising in March 1848 caused the
1096:
In the 17th century, a series of wars between
Denmark and Sweden—which Denmark lost—devastated the region economically. However, the nobility responded with a new agricultural system that restored prosperity. In the period 1600 to 1800 the region experienced the growth of
749:, each side applying its preferred name to the part of the territory remaining in its possession – though both terms can, in principle, still refer to the entire region. Northern Schleswig was, after the 1920 plebiscites, officially named the Southern Jutland districts (
708:
was legally part of the German
Confederation, and ethnically entirely German with no Danish population, use of that name implied that both provinces should belong to Germany and that their connection with Denmark should be weakened or altogether severed.
1159:
of that time) treated
Schleswig largely as such. The ideological argument was not only an ethnic but also a historical one: the German side referred to a medieval treaty that claimed that Schleswig and Holstein should be forever united (in Low German:
1119:
peninsula between
Schleswig and Flensburg began to switch to Low German and in the same period many North Frisians also switched to Low German. This linguistic change created a new de facto dividing line between German and Danish speakers north of
1208:
Austria and
Prussia, against the will of the Confederation, in February 1864 sent their troops across the border between Holstein and Schleswig. Occupying Schleswig also was supposed to have influence on the Danish king, originally. This war, the
908:
began to speak Low German alongside Danish, but otherwise the ethno-linguistic borders remained remarkably stable until around 1800, with the exception of the population in the towns that became increasingly German from the 14th century onwards.
1131:
used the
Schleswig question as part of their agitation and demanded that the duchy be incorporated into the Danish kingdom under the slogan "Denmark to the Eider". This caused a conflict between Denmark and the German states over Schleswig and
1171:
Under pressure of the other great powers, Prussia had to retreat (in summer 1848 and again in summer 1850). This left the
Schleswig-Holstein rebels to their fate. In 1851 the rebel government and its army were disbanded. In the
1048:
of Norway, who were also regularly elected kings of Denmark simultaneously, and their sons (unlike Denmark, which was not hereditary). This was an anomaly – a king holding a ducal title of which he as king was the fount and
87:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1277:
voted by a majority of 75% to join Denmark, whereas Central Schleswig voted by a majority of 80% to remain part of Germany. In Southern Schleswig, no referendum was held, as the likely outcome was apparent. The name
1292:
The change in demographics created a temporary Danish majority in the region and a demand for a new referendum from the Danish population in South Schleswig and some Danish politicians, including prime minister
1244:
went back on this provision, and Denmark recognized in a treaty of 1907 with Germany that, by the agreement between Austria and Prussia, the frontier between Prussia and Denmark had finally been settled.
733:
1517:
Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, "Innovative Feudalism. The development of dairy farming and Koppelwirtschaft on manors in Schleswig-Holstein in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,"
930:. Its construction, and in particular its great expansion around 737, has been interpreted as an indication of the emergence of a unified Danish state. In May 1931, scientists of the
1024:, while Schleswig remained a Danish fief. These dual loyalties were to become a main root of the dispute between the German states and Denmark in the 19th century, when the ideas of
1301:
451:
1053:. The title and anomaly survived presumably because it was already co-regally held by the king's sons. Between 1544 and 1713/20, the ducal reign had become a
1176:
the great powers confirmed that the king of Denmark was the duke of the duchies but also the status of the duchies as being distinct from Denmark proper.
1625:
1308:(later Germany as a whole) and Denmark promised to uphold the rights of each other's minority population. Today, both parts co-operate as a cross-border
1127:
From around 1830, large segments of the population began to identify with either German or Danish nationality and mobilized politically. In Denmark, the
1221:
The defeated Danish king had to leave Schleswig and Holstein to Austria and Prussia. They created a condominium over Schleswig and Holstein. Under the
775:
The Danish (red), Saxon (blue), Frisian (yellow) and Slavonic (brown) settlement areas in Schleswig/Southern Jutland and Holstein (from 800 to 1100)
90:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
920:– Scandinavia's biggest trading centre – was located in this region, which is also the location of the interlocking fortifications known as the
1143:
When the National Liberals came to power in Denmark in early 1848, it provoked an uprising of ethnic Germans in the duchies. This led to the
1070:
1576:
1193:
was meant to force the duke (i.e. the king of Denmark) to respect the status of the duchy. The troops occupying Holstein were mainly from
935:
Researchers surmised that the bodies were entombed in wooden coffins originally, but only the iron nails remained. Towards the end of the
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1180:
1620:
807:
1240:. Provision for the cession of northern Schleswig to Denmark was made pending a popular vote in favour of this. In 1878, however,
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was forbidden by the Prussians in 1895. The picture shows two girls in costumes of the islands Föhr and Als before the Dannevirke
191:
1630:
556:) covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between
1313:
1225:
of 14 August 1865, Lauenburg was given to Prussia, while Austria administered Holstein, and Prussia administered Schleswig.
1640:
1333:
1155:) was a member state. Although Schleswig was never a part of the Confederation, the Confederation (and the short-lived
98:
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became increasingly dominant among the Danish population, even though most Danes still had no objection to the use of
1461:
1389:
1282:
is now used for all of German Schleswig. This decision left substantial minorities on both sides of the new border.
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as Denmark unified out of a number of petty chiefdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries in the wake of Viking expansion.
111:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Danish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1384:
1128:
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738:(The North Schleswig Farmers Association). In 1866, Schleswig and Holstein were legally merged into the Prussian
414:
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as such (it is etymologically of Danish origin) and many of them still used it themselves in its Danish version
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had no special political connotations. However, around 1830 some Danes started to re-introduce the archaic term
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Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, "Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid", Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002,
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The German Confederation sent troops to Holstein (and Lauenburg) which was a member state. This internal
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to emphasize the area's history before its association with Holstein and its connection with the rest of
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Denmark again attempted to integrate Schleswig by creating a new common constitution (the so-called
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of Schleswig, a title used for only a short time before the recipient began to style himself
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127:
826:). In the earliest records, no distinction is made between North Jutland and South Jutland.
755:), while Southern Schleswig then remained a part of the Prussian province, which became the
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in the 19th century in Southern Schleswig, showing a Danish and a German language map
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to the south, as well as being a transit area for the transfer of goods between the
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was hardly used between the 16th and 19th centuries, and in this period the name
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1183:) for Denmark and Schleswig in 1863. This was met by German states in two ways:
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1543:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
564:. The territory has been divided between the two countries since 1920, with
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Danmarkshistoriens hvornĂĄr skete det, Copenhagen: Politiken, 1966, p. 65
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In the 1230s, Southern Jutland (the Duchy of Slesvig) was allotted as an
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
850:. By the early Middle Ages, the region was inhabited by three groups:
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In the 19th century, there was a naming dispute concerning the use of
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From early medieval times, the area's significance was its role as a
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Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition (1885-90), entry: "Eider"
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jointly holding the stake. A third branch, the short-lived House of
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However, tensions between the two German powers culminated in the
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From around 1800 to 1840, the Danish-speaking population on the
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but in the late 14th century the name of the city Slesvig (now
599:(1864) ended with the three duchies being governed jointly by
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were held in 1920, resulting in the partition of the region.
900:), who lived in the area south of the Danes and the Frisians.
897:
858:
854:
835:
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1164:). The federal and then imperial troops consisted mainly of
1147:(1848–51). The Schleswig-Holsteiners were supported by the
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and the Danevirke was a source of continuous dispute. The
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south of it. The Angles in turn bordered the neighbouring
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Schleswig/Slesvig with present-day administrative borders
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corresponds remarkably closely with the present border.
669:) started to be used for the whole territory. The term
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The southern boundary of Denmark in the region of the
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to determine the allegiance of the region. Thus, two
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of Schleswig was inherited in 1460 by the hereditary
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of Haderslev created. On the west coast, the Danish
80:
1566:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.
834:Roman sources place the homeland of the tribe of
1607:
1445:Reise durch einen Theil von Sachsen und Dänemark
30:"Schleswig" redirects here. For other uses, see
1420:"Schleswig-Holstein Historical Flags (Germany)"
1320:, there are no regular controls at the border.
1316:. As Denmark and Germany are both part of the
974:again fixed their mutual border at the Eider.
105:accompanying your translation by providing an
71:Click for important translation instructions.
58:expand this article with text translated from
1069:, was already extinct in 1580 by the time of
1008:, Canute's great-grandson, a younger son of
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712:After the German conquest in 1864, the term
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1323:
1213:, was unrelated to the Confederation. (The
904:During the 14th century, the population on
1626:States and territories established in 1058
954:was signed in 811 between the Danish King
939:, Schleswig formed part of the historical
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607:. In 1866, they became a part of Prussia.
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1205:and Prussian troops waiting as a reserve.
745:The naming dispute was resolved with the
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1530:
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778:
770:
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1111:19th century and the two Schleswig wars
14:
1608:
1016:by the 15th century. The latter was a
572:in Germany. The region is also called
117:{{Translated|da|Hertugdømmet Slesvig}}
1035:
633:Danish Map of Southern Jutland (1918)
1334:List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein
587:, Schleswig was never a part of the
40:
659:). Originally the duchy was called
24:
1554:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921).
734:De Nordslesvigske Landboforeninger
25:
1652:
1524:
794:between Denmark and the powerful
251:(partly between 1544 and 1713/20)
1621:1866 disestablishments in Europe
1385:Traditional districts of Denmark
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814:with the trade routes along the
730:. An example is the founding of
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197:
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27:A Danish Duchy from 1058 to 1864
415:Schleswig-Holstein speciethaler
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1511:
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1485:
1470:
1450:
1437:
1412:
1400:Province of Schleswig-Holstein
1390:Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig
1314:Region Sønderjylland–Schleswig
1238:Province of Schleswig-Holstein
1084:was divided and an autonomous
747:1920 plebiscites and partition
740:province of Schleswig-Holstein
470:Province of Schleswig-Holstein
115:You may also add the template
13:
1:
1631:History of Schleswig-Holstein
1405:
1370:History of Schleswig-Holstein
1248:
1531:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
7:
1641:Former monarchies of Europe
1519:Agricultural History Review
1380:Schleswig-Holstein Question
1338:
1302:Copenhagen-Bonn declaration
1138:Schleswig-Holstein question
985:– a son of his predecessor
10:
1657:
1563:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1330:List of dukes of Schleswig
1327:
932:National Museum of Denmark
861:), who lived north of the
766:
79:Machine translation, like
32:Schleswig (disambiguation)
29:
1557:"Schleswig (duchy)"
1345:Coat of arms of Schleswig
1063:House of Holstein-Gottorp
595:which ended in 1852. The
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410:
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346:
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210:used between 1685 to 1849
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60:the corresponding article
1476:"Viking Find Reported",
1324:List of dukes and rulers
1124:and south of Flensburg.
1032:gained popular support.
752:de sønderjyske landsdele
204:Top: Flag 18th century
1540:Encyclopædia Britannica
1521:(2010) 58#2 pp 172-190.
1443:Peter Treschow Hanson:
1232:of 1866. Following the
1174:London Protocol of 1852
1151:of which Holstein (and
875:, who lived in most of
857:(including assimilated
611:Name and naming dispute
539:
531:
365:Christian IX of Denmark
126:For more guidance, see
1258:
1129:National Liberal Party
1078:Protestant Reformation
1010:Valdemar II of Denmark
966:and Denmark. In 1027,
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398:• Disestablished
330:Feudal Duchy, Monarchy
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151:
1482:, May 17, 1931, p. 5.
1395:Danish Royal Enclaves
1375:North Frisian Islands
1256:
1181:November Constitution
1140:of the 19th century.
1061:and its cadet branch
881:North Frisian Islands
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319:(from 16th century),
274:Common languages
128:Knowledge:Translation
99:copyright attribution
1447:, Altona 1813, p. 44
1263:Treaty of Versailles
1217:became meaningless.)
1211:Second Schleswig War
1149:German Confederation
1082:diocese of Schleswig
1026:romantic nationalism
597:Second Schleswig War
589:German Confederation
516:Hertugdømmet Slesvig
152:Hertugdømmet Slesvig
1588: /
1230:Austro-Prussian War
1145:First Schleswig War
1136:, which led to the
1020:subordinate to the
981:created his nephew
879:, including on the
838:north of the river
593:First Schleswig War
540:Härtochduum Slaswik
524:Herzogtum Schleswig
388:• Established
166:Herzogtum Schleswig
1616:Duchy of Schleswig
1479:The New York Times
1280:Southern Schleswig
1275:Northern Schleswig
1259:
1223:Gastein Convention
1059:House of Oldenburg
1036:Early modern times
952:Treaty of Heiligen
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761:Schleswig-Holstein
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570:Southern Schleswig
566:Northern Schleswig
508:Duchy of Schleswig
147:Duchy of Schleswig
107:interlanguage link
1534:"Schleswig"
1162:up ewig ungedeelt
1057:, with the royal
1022:Holy Roman Empire
1014:Duchy of Holstein
937:Early Middle Ages
912:During the early
796:Holy Roman Empire
532:Hartogdom Sleswig
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348:• 1058–1095
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1190:Bundesexekution
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1090:diocese of Ribe
1055:common dominium
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867:Eckernförde Bay
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696:Orla Lehmann
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439:Succeeded by
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249:Danish Crown
223:Coat of arms
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103:edit summary
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1595: /
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1495:(in German)
1466:(in Danish)
1429:25 February
1271:referendums
1267:plebiscites
1168:divisions.
1099:manorialism
960:Charlemagne
948:Eider River
889:(including
792:buffer zone
434:Preceded by
317:Mennonitism
313:Lutheranism
309:Catholicism
67:(June 2023)
1610:Categories
1406:References
1310:Euroregion
1249:Since 1900
1051:liege lord
914:Viking Age
891:Germanized
824:Kiel Canal
804:Baltic Sea
528:Low German
327:Government
291:Low German
268:Copenhagen
1350:Danevirke
1304:of 1955,
1153:Lauenburg
1067:Haderslev
968:Conrad II
927:Danevirke
906:Schwansen
863:Danevirke
800:North Sea
763:in 1946.
721:Schleswig
701:Schleswig
678:Schleswig
667:Schleswig
640:Schleswig
619:The term
585:Lauenburg
305:Religion
264:Flensburg
260:Schleswig
208:Dannebrog
182:1058–1866
121:talk page
62:in Danish
1339:See also
1203:Austrian
1166:Prussian
1134:Holstein
1028:and the
1002:appanage
923:Danewerk
894:Wagrians
865:and the
820:Atlantic
818:and the
810:through
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693:agitator
581:Holstein
574:Sleswick
542:) was a
411:Currency
206:Bottom:
97:provide
18:Sleswick
1580:55°10′N
1360:Jutland
1300:In the
1201:, with
1195:Hanover
956:Hemming
767:History
727:Slesvig
689:Jutland
646:Slesvig
605:Prussia
601:Austria
579:Unlike
562:Denmark
558:Germany
499:Germany
495:Denmark
423:Pfennig
375:History
321:Judaism
256:Capital
247:of the
245:Fiefdom
119:to the
101:in the
64:.
36:Slesvig
1583:9°15′E
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1365:Hedeby
1199:Saxony
1122:Tønder
1117:Angeln
987:Eric I
918:Hedeby
887:Saxons
848:Saxons
844:Angles
812:Russia
520:German
512:Danish
378:
338:
286:German
281:Danish
241:Status
173:German
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159:Danish
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1046:kings
979:Niels
898:Wends
883:, and
859:Jutes
855:Danes
840:Eider
836:Jutes
816:Rhine
544:duchy
81:DeepL
1458:ISBN
1431:2024
1332:and
1261:The
1197:and
1042:duke
1018:fief
995:duke
991:Earl
970:and
958:and
896:and
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402:1866
392:1058
335:Duke
315:and
95:must
93:You
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