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into being
America's first significant body of management writing, mainly by the slave owners' . Next to the former slavery practices on the large cotton plantations and the influence of engineers from West Point in the exploitation of railroad companies, there was another source to the development of modern American management practices. Traditional metalworking industries had created a systematic management movement .
22:
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311:. All the plantation systems had a form of slavery in their establishment: slaves were initially forced to be laborers in the plantation system; these slaves were primarily native Indians, but the system was later extended to include slaves shipped from Africa. Indeed, the progress of the plantation system was accompanied by the rapid growth of the
399:. A reason many did not make it to the colonies at all was disease and illness. Underneath the slave ship's decks, Africans were held chest-to-chest and could not do much moving. There was waste and urine throughout the hold; this caused the captives to get sick and die from illnesses that could not be cured.
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The plantation system peaked in the first half of the 18th century, but later on, during the middle of 19th century, there was a significant increase in demand for cotton from
European countries, which led to the expansion of the plantation system in the southern parts of United States. This made the
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System - "In the late 19th century the plantation system in the colonies and dependent countries became a profitable sphere for monopoly capital investment. Plantations owned by foreign monopolies were developed in Asia and Latin
America, and the plantation system was widely introduced by monopoly
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The modern factory system
Traditionally, the first American management practices originated in the cotton plantations where slave overseers, and slave drivers became 'the first large group of managers in American private enterprises. Cotton plantations presented a managerial challenge and brought
303:, where Spaniards introduced the system in the early 16th century CE. The plantation system, based on slave labor, was marked by inhumane methods of exploitation. After being established in the Caribbean islands, the plantation system spread during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries to
239:, one out of every four families in Virginia owned slaves. There were over 100 plantation-owners who owned over 100 slaves. The number of slaves in the 15 States was just shy of 4 million in a total population of 12.4 million and the percentage was 32% of the population.
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capital in Africa. Cheap labor and broad opportunities for the application of precapitalist methods of exploitation (forced recruitment, peonage, and debt servitude) guaranteed the monopolies high profits from the sale of plantation products on the world market."
417:, and it needed a lot of materials to manufacture goods. Being the power center of the world at the time, they exploited the New World and Africa to industrialize. Africa supplied slaves for the plantations; the New World produced
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to profit from the production. Sugar plantations everywhere were disproportionate consumers of labor, often enslaved, because of the high mortality of the plantation laborers. In Brazil, plantations were called
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plantation system reach a profound crisis, until it changed from depending on forced slave labour to employing mainly low-paid wage laborers with a smaller proportion of forced labour. In the late-19th century,
482:. From January to June, they harvested the cane by chopping the plants off close to the ground, stripping the leaves and then cutting them into shorter strips to be bundled off to be sent to the
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ensured high profits from the sale of plantation products by exploiting cheap labourers, forced recruitment, peonage and debt servitude in Asia, Africa, and Latin
America.
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for industries in Europe. Manufactured goods, of higher value, were then sold both to Africa and the New World. The system was largely run by
European merchants
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from the 2nd century BCE. The first slave plantations in the New World originated in the
Caribbean islands, particularly in the West Indies on the island of
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On a plantation with more than 100 slaves, the capital value of the slaves was greater than the capital value of the land and farming implements.
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In the mill, the cane was crushed using a three-roller mill. The juice from the crushing of the cane was then boiled or clarified until it
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was an agricultural farm that used enslaved people for labour. The practice was abolished in most places during the 19th century.
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Stephen
Behrendt (1999). "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
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is harvested about 18 months after planting and the plantations usually divided their land for efficiency. One plot was lying
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were brought to the
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Fewer than one-third of
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Enslaved Africans were brought from Africa by European slave traders to the Americas. They were shipped from
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were also leaving to start their farms as land was widely available. Colonists in the Americas tried using
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lived in the southern colonies, Virginia included. Africans made up 40 percent of the South's population.
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to European colonies in the Americas. The journey from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean was called "the
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working the sugar plantation were caught in an unceasing rhythm of arduous labor year after year.
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As the plantation economy expanded, the slave trade grew to meet the growing demand for labor.
265:, the figure approached one-half. The total number of slave owners was 385,000 (including, in
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470:, one plot was growing cane, and the final plot was being harvested. During the December–May
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was the final destination for the plantation produce. At this time, Europe was starting to
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Number of slaves in the Border States: 432,586 (13% of total population) 3,323 million.
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Number of slaves in the Upper South: 1,208,758 (29% of total population) 4,165 million.
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Number of slaves in the Lower South: 2,312,352 (47% of total population) 4,919 million.
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604:'s investigation of indigo workers' claims of exploitation led to the passage of the
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practices of the slave plantations in order to organise and control their growing
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Watercolor of a sugar cane worker stripping cane by William Berryman, c. 1808
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in the 19th and 20th centuries. The indigo crop was grown for making blue
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as a plantation crop. Cultivation of sugar had to follow a precise
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for labor, but they were susceptible to European diseases and
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into sugar. Some plantations also went a step further and
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for labor. In 1665, there were fewer than 500 Africans in
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was a major crop cultivated during the 18th century, in
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https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Plantation
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but by 1750, 85 percent of the 235,000 slaves in the
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By some estimates, it is said that some ten million
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622:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
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516:, plantations continued to grow sugar cane, but
220:. The plantation owners then turned to enslaved
640:The Southern Colonies: Plantations and Slavery
524:, increased their share of the sugar market.
29:It has been suggested that this article be
742:"How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy"
679:, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). Retrieved from
295:featured in the economy of territories of
771:http://abolition.e2bn.org/slavery_42.html
148:Learn how and when to remove this message
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675:T. K. Pazhitnova: "Plantation System".
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505:. The sugar was then shipped back to
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746:National Geographic News
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520:, which can be grown in
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769:The Abolition Project,
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700:. London: Routledge.
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332:Industrial Revolution
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218:died in large numbers
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352:Atlantic slave trade
346:Atlantic slave trade
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610:Government of India
210:indentured servants
528:Indigo plantations
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97:"Slave plantation"
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556:August 2023
518:sugar beets
362:West Africa
313:slave trade
259:Mississippi
138:August 2023
784:Categories
756:2020-04-22
662:2006-03-24
628:References
596:indigo dye
568:Indigofera
476:fertilized
340:workforces
336:management
321:monopolies
301:Hispaniola
293:latifundia
172:See also:
108:newspapers
606:Champaran
588:embargoed
576:Guatemala
572:Venezuela
495:distilled
464:Sugarcane
393:Caribbean
328:factories
267:Louisiana
713:26 March
616:See also
499:molasses
389:Africans
378:Americas
226:Virginia
222:Africans
198:Planters
330:of the
269:, some
191:Antigua
168:Slavery
122:scholar
41:Discuss
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507:Europe
480:weeded
468:fallow
460:slaves
440:has a
382:Africa
380:, and
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592:India
580:Haiti
578:—and
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358:ports
129:JSTOR
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458:The
309:Asia
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