263:
the border, with both sides agreeing to withdraw for 20 miles on either side after the March 1960 Border Treaty. Nevertheless, Chinese forces had overlooked this pledge to pursue
Tibetan rebels within the area, with the Chinese Foreign Ministry explaining that the Nepalese police had been mistaken for these combatants. Eventually, China did apologise, pay a 50,000 Rupee indemnity and release the Nepali police but they disagreed with Nepal as to where the event had occurred, that it happened on Nepali territory and that they needed consent from Nepal to operate in the demilitarised zone. The later Sino-Nepali Joint Frontier Border Commission found that both the place where Nepal said the event had happened and the alternative Chinese spot were in Nepal's side of the border. Although this and resentment over the unilateral
209:
between the People's
Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal is in accordance with the fundamental interests of the peoples of the two countries and conducive to the consolidation of peace in Asia and the world, have decided for this purpose to conclude the present Treaty in accordance with the Five Principles of peaceful co-existence jointly affirmed by the two countries, and have appointed as their respective Plenipotentiaries: The Chairman of the People's Republic of China: Premier Chou En-lai of the State Council, His Majesty the King of Nepal: Prime Minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. THE above-mentioned Plenipotentiaries, having examined each other's credentials and found them in good and due form, have agreed upon the following:
124:
296:, with Nepal overtly remaining neutral throughout the war and deliberately offered little or no help to either side, while covertly Nepalese government acquiesced to Indian PM Nehru's request to station some Indian troops were in "Nepal's northern part" including Nepal's Kalapani area, which was a reflection of Nepal's 1950 Treaty with India. Further assistance towards India was adversely affected by the imprisonment of (supposedly pro-Indian) Koirala in December 1960 by King Mahendra, confirmed in 1961 by the announcement of a project to build 104 km road from Kathmandu to
22:
276:
attributes the "over-all settlement of the boundary question" to "friendly consultations" such as 28 April 1960 Treaty. The cumulative effect of these treaties has been argued by
Elleman and others to have detrimentally affected Nepal and China's relationship with India, with many changes from the 1961 Treaty particularly objectionable and vigorously opposed.
242:
of the
Contracting Parties gives to the other notice in writing to terminate the Treaty at least one year before the expiration of this period, it will remain in force without any specified time limit, subject to the right of either of the Contracting Parties to terminate it by giving to the other in writing a year's notice of its intention to do so.
184:, without any political conditions attached. This aid does not include the remaining 40,000,000 (forty million) Indian Rupees, provided under the Agreement between China and Nepal on Economic Aid of 1956, which has not yet been used by His Majesty's Government of Nepal." Diplomatically, they also approved the creation of their respective embassies in
115:, forging his own foreign policy with China without constant oversight or permission from India. This was further demonstrated through a 1957 proclamation from Chinese Premier Zhou that Nepal needed to broaden their economic interests to ensure their independence, following his visit to the country in the same year.
91:
to overthrow the ruling Rana faction. During the period from 1950 to 1955, India was "instrumental in blocking the direct establishment of relations between Nepal and China" (all communications first passing through New Delhi) and wanted to have "reached an understanding with China on Tibet and other
241:
This present Treaty is subject to ratification and the instruments of ratification will be exchanged in Peking as soon as possible. The present Treaty will come into force immediately on the exchange of the instruments of ratification and will remain in force for a period of ten years. Unless either
192:
after this time. Premier Zhou Enlai then "agreed that they would discuss and sign the Treaty of Peace and
Friendship between the two countries during Premier Chou En-lai’s visit in Nepal". Although Singh said that "the Indo-Nepalese treaty obliged Nepal to consult with New Delhi before concluding a
262:
border region on June 28, 1960. This consisted of
Chinese troops opening fire on an unarmed group of Nepali border patrol officers, killing one of them and capturing between 15 and 17 others. In fact, the creation of the demilitarised zone had been accomplished specifically to diminish tensions at
275:
On 5 October 1961, another border treaty between China and Nepal was signed by Liu Shao-chi and
Mahendra that superseded the previous one from March 21, 1960. Although the text of this treaty only specifically mentions the March 21, 1960, Treaty rather than the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, it
208:
The
Chairman of the People's Republic of China and His Majesty the King of Nepal, desiring to maintain and further develop peace and friendship between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal. Convinced that the strengthening of good-neighborly relations and friendly co-operation
41:
signed on 28 April 1960, which ratified an earlier agreement on the borders separating the neighboring nations from each other. Gerry Van
Tronder has argued that this document fitted into an attempt to maintain the image that Beijing was a "powerful but essentially benevolent leader in Asia",
316:
to India from China and was the first affirmation of China's military strategy for Nepal, in that it was seen as a fundamental part of "China's inner security ring" and "cannot be spared to any regional or global power". Recently, Nepalese journalists and military personnel have stressed the
228:
The
Contracting Parties agree to develop and further strengthen the economic and cultural ties between the two countries in a spirit of friendship and co-operation, in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit and of non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
106:”. The resumption of more friendly relations was authenticated by three agreements signed between the countries in 1956, among them the "Agreement on Maintaining Friendly Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal", which terminated the 1856
317:
significance of the Treaty in proving a history of successful co-operation between the two nations. Both Chinese and Indian sources have stressed the importance of this agreement in allowing for later co-operation, such as Nepal supporting the
245:
Done in duplicate in Kathmandu on the twenty-eighth day of April 1960, in the Chinese, Nepali and English languages, all texts being equally authentic. Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Nepal.
78:
had recognised the closeness of India's and Nepal's relationship, apparently trying to reach a settlement over border issues in a meeting between the three nations. India and Nepal's comparatively "special" relationship was formalised in the
221:
The Contracting Parties will maintain and develop peaceful and friendly relations between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal. They undertake to settle all disputes between them by mean of peaceful negotiation.
171:
to Chinese control. Without this, it is highly unlikely that China would have agreed to the terms of the later Treaty of "peace and friendship" in April. This treaty, like the earlier one of 1956, was completed according to the
110:
and recognised Tibet as an "autonomous region of China", as well as two economic agreements on the conditions for trade between Nepal and Tibet and financial aid for Nepal. This signalled the beginning of Nepal's new Monarch
878:
180:" was then passed upon the completion of the territorial proposal. The conditions of this were: "within a period of three years, a free grant of aid of a total value of 100,000,000 (one hundred million)
267:
prompted a wide array of cross-party opposition to China's actions (apart from the Nepali Communist Party), eventually Koirala agreed to enter into further discussions on the border question.
46:. Contemporary Nepali, Chinese and Indian commentators have stressed the importance of the treaty in determining Nepal's relationship with China in the past and present.
235:
Any difference or dispute arising out of the interpretation or application of the present Treaty shall be settled by negotiation through normal diplomatic channel.
161:
Agreement Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and His Majesty's Government of Nepal on the Question of the Boundary Between the Two Countries
638:
948:
292:
of the treaty only applied to direct relations between Nepal and China, it is unclear in exactly what ways they might have applied to Nepal during the
811:
96:
that set the stage for a softening of attitudes towards Beijing, culminating in Nepal and China agreeing to re-establish diplomatic relations at the
837:
457:
624:"Sino-Nepal Treaties 1960 JOINT COMMUNIQUE ISSUED AT THE END OF PRIME MINISTER BISHWESHWAR PRASAD KOIRALA'S VISIT TO CHINA PEKING, MARCH 21, 1960"
318:
773:
80:
254:
However, hopes of a successful treaty were feared to be short-founded following an "incident" that occurred in the demilitarised zone of the
692:
665:
131:
The immediate run-up to the signing of the treaty between the governments of Nepal and China was recently elected Nepalese prime minister
93:
102:
746:
719:
163:". This was actually the key agreement between the two sides that officially delineated the borders of the two countries in the
264:
782:
178:
Agreement Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and His Majesty's Government of Nepal on Economic Aid
702:
973:
821:
756:
729:
675:
648:
467:
215:
The Contracting Parties recognize and respect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of each other.
135:
visit to China in March 1960. An official communique from the Chinese side reveals that he was first "received" by
63:
59:
92:
Himalayan states" before Nepal "favoured any positive action with China". Nonetheless, there was a period of
71:
55:
934:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
70:) of Nepal maintained a "special relationship" with India compared to China. After the founding of the
965:
The Politics of Peacebuilding: Emerging Actors and Security Sector Reform in Conflict-Affected States
379:
The Politics of Peacebuilding: Emerging Actors and Security Sector Reform in Conflict-Affected States
786:
322:
88:
148:
84:
83:, which signalled a relative distancing of relations with Beijing. Perhaps prompted by this, the
892:
Adhikari, Monalisa (2012). "Between the Dragon and the Elephant: Nepal's Neutrality Conundrum".
851:
Adhikari, Monalisa (2012). "Between the Dragon and the Elephant: Nepal's Neutrality Conundrum".
1015:
156:
123:
963:
923:. Canterbury: School of Politics and International Relations- University of Kent. p. 23.
43:
107:
8:
485:"'Coping with challenges to sovereignty: Sino-Indian rivalry and Nepal's foreign policy"
901:
860:
831:
694:
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes
538:
504:
372:
Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes
304:
then stating that "India's national security would be adversely affected by the road".
97:
67:
969:
817:
752:
725:
698:
671:
644:
508:
484:
463:
358:
Coping with challenges to sovereignty: Sino-Indian rivalry and Nepal's foreign policy
144:
112:
388:
School of Politics and International Relations- University of Kent, Canterbury, 2014
496:
152:
293:
500:
989:
259:
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159:
and others on the Nepalese side. Eventually, the two countries signed the "
136:
132:
905:
864:
140:
75:
339:, Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, New Delhi, 2012, Vol. 25, Issue 1/2
21:
667:
The Pragmatic Dragon: China's Grand Strategy and Boundary Settlements
393:
The Pragmatic Dragon: China’s Grand Strategy and Boundary Settlements
255:
189:
164:
312:
Sanju believes that the Treaty represented Nepal's importance as a
643:. New Delhi: Centre for Land Warfare Studies. p. Appendix E.
337:
Between the Dragon and the Elephant: Nepal's Neutrality Conundrum
185:
297:
279:
813:
Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia
623:
365:
Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia
301:
168:
38:
34:
360:, Contemporary South Asia, New Delhi, 2004, Vol. 13, Issue 2
25:
Graphic showing location of two signatories and their border
810:
Elleman, Kotkin, Schofield, Bruce, Stephen, Clive (2013).
809:
751:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 230.
724:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 228.
612:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 235–37.
143:, before later beginning negotiations with Premier Zhou,
771:
33:
was an official settlement between the governments of
775:
International Boundary Study - China – Nepal Boundary
697:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 93.
307:
459:
Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962
435:
Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962
363:Elleman, Bruce, Kotkin, Stephen, Schofield, Clive,
423:, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, New Delhi, 2010
987:
409:, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1971
270:
526:. Connecticut: Hyperion Press Inc. p. 164.
81:1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
921:How has Nepal maintained neutrality, and why?
416:, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1987
386:How has Nepal maintained neutrality, and why?
374:, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008
249:
836:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
536:
127:Koirala visiting the Imperial Palace in 1960
31:Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship
567:. Kathmandu: Laxmi Publication. p. 56.
455:
280:Significance during Sino-Indian War of 1962
118:
16:Official settlement between Nepal and China
816:. New York: M.E. Sharpe Inc. p. 209.
597:. Delhi: Siba Exim Pvt. Ltd. p. 153.
580:Nepal and China- A Historical Perspective
577:
351:Nepal and China- A Historical Perspective
87:backed a failed 1952 coup attempt by the
891:
850:
785:, US Department of State, archived from
772:Office of the Geographer (30 May 1965),
562:
437:, Pen and Sword Military, Barnsley, 2018
122:
49:
20:
961:
879:"Nepal Neutrality Sino-Indian War 1962"
607:
521:
482:
402:, Hyperion Press Inc, Connecticut, 1955
205:The text of the treaty was as follows:
103:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
94:gradually increasing democracy in Nepal
988:
918:
690:
595:Nepal's Relations with India and China
592:
344:Nepal’s Relations with India and China
968:. New Delhi: Routledge. p. 204.
935:"Recent Nepalese Reference to Treaty"
636:
353:, Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, 2010,
265:1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition
200:
193:treaty with China" (presumably under
151:and others on the Chinese side, with
744:
717:
670:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 88.
663:
539:"Little goodwill for Nepal in India"
524:In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat
430:, Laxmi Publication, Kathmandu, 1965
400:In Two Chinas: Memoirs of a Diplomat
783:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
367:, M.E. Sharpe Inc., New York, 2013
13:
949:"Indian View on Effects of Treaty"
610:A History of Sino-Indian Relations
414:A History of Sino-Indian Relations
346:, Siba Exim Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 1994,
321:and Nepal's agreement to join the
319:PRC's membership of the UN in 1971
308:Significance during the modern era
14:
1027:
530:
522:Panikar, Kavalam Madhava (1955).
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894:Indian Journal of Asian Affairs
885:
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853:Indian Journal of Asian Affairs
844:
803:
765:
738:
711:
684:
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582:. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.
616:
601:
586:
571:
556:
515:
476:
449:
328:
176:". Again, like 1956, another "
1:
537:M.S.N. Menon (5 April 2002).
442:
271:Sino-Nepal Border Treaty 1961
748:Nepal; Strategy for Survival
721:Nepal; Strategy for Survival
593:Bhasin, Avtra Singh (1994).
578:Bhattarai, Niranjan (2010).
565:Contemporary Nepal (1945-55)
428:Contemporary Nepal (1945-55)
407:Nepal; Strategy for Survival
395:, UBC Press, Vancouver, 2015
381:, Routledge, New Delhi, 2019
197:) but "they did not do so",
56:India's Independence in 1947
7:
563:Tuladhar, Daman. R (1965).
501:10.1080/0958493042000242945
456:Van Tronder, Gerry (2018).
10:
1032:
691:Fravel, M. Taylor (2008).
462:. Pen and Sword Military.
398:Panikar, Kavalam Madhava,
250:Mustang Incident June 1960
72:People's Republic of China
637:Singh, R. S. N. (2010).
323:Belt and Road Initiative
119:Border Treaty March 1960
89:Communist Party of Nepal
962:Ghimire, Safal (2018).
489:Contemporary South Asia
98:1955 Bandung Conference
85:Chinese Communist Party
919:Gurung, Sanju (2014).
608:Rowland, John (1987).
157:Surya Prasad Upadhyaya
128:
26:
745:Rose, Leo E. (1971).
718:Rose, Leo E. (1971).
640:The Unmaking of Nepal
421:The Unmaking of Nepal
349:Bhattarai, Niranjan,
342:Bhasin, Avtra Singh,
126:
50:Historical background
44:1959 Tibetan Uprising
24:
483:Dabhade, M. (2004).
433:Van Tronder, Gerry,
426:Tuladhar, Daman. R,
335:Adhikari, Monalisa,
167:, as well as ceding
108:Treaty of Thapathali
664:Hyer, Eric (2015).
370:Fravel, M. Taylor,
58:, Prime Ministers (
543:The Tribune, India
300:, which Indian PM
201:Text of the treaty
129:
54:Immediately after
27:
1011:Treaties of China
1006:Politics of China
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996:Treaties of Nepal
419:Singh, R. S. N.,
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329:Works cited
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290:Article II
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219:Article II
195:Article II
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325:in 2017.
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