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of forgeries. If computers were adjusted more strictly, rejecting all signatures which experts have doubts about, the computers would set aside 62% of true signatures, and still wrongly accept 2% of forgeries. Lay people made more mistakes and were doubtful less often, though the study does not report whether their mistakes were to accept more forgeries or reject more true signatures.
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In an experiment, experts rejected 5% of true signatures and 71% of forgeries. They were doubtful about another 57% of true signatures and 27% of forgeries. If computer verification is adjusted to reflect what experts are sure about, it will wrongly reject 5% of true signatures and wrongly accept 29%
593:
look for a certain number of points of similarity between the compared signatures ... a wide range of algorithms and standards, each particular to that machine's manufacturer, are used to verify signatures. In addition, counties have discretion in managing the settings and implementing manufacturers'
309:
In the United States, signatures encompass marks and actions of all sorts that are indicative of identity and intent. The legal rule is that unless a statute specifically prescribes a particular method of making a signature it may be made in any number of ways. These include by a mechanical or rubber
305:
The traditional function of a signature is to permanently affix to a document a person's uniquely personal, undeniable self-identification as physical evidence of that person's personal witness and certification of the content of all, or a specified part, of the document. For example, the role of a
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Researchers have published error rates for computerized signature verification. They compare different systems on a common database of true and false signatures. The best system falsely rejects 10% of true signatures, while it accepts 10% of forgeries. Another system has error rates on both of 14%,
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Several cultures whose languages use writing systems other than alphabets do not share the
Western notion of signatures per se: the "signing" of one's name results in a written product no different from the result of "writing" one's name in the standard way. For these languages, to write or to sign
371:
In some jurisdictions, an illiterate signatory can make a "mark" (often an "X" but occasionally a personalized symbol) on legal documents, so long as the document is countersigned by a literate witness. In some countries, illiterate people place a thumbprint on legal documents in lieu of a written
548:
A wet signature is a person's name written in their own hand with ink. Some government agencies require that professional persons or official reviewers sign originals and all copies of originals to authenticate that they personally viewed the content. In many countries, signatures must be made,
602:
Voters with short names are at a disadvantage, since experts make more mistakes on signatures with fewer "turning points and intersections." Participants in this study had 10 true signatures to compare to, which is more than most postal ballot verifications have. A more recent study for the US
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Handwriting experts say "it is extremely difficult for anyone to be able to figure out if a signature or other very limited writing sample has been forged." High volume review of signatures, to decide if a signature is true or forged, occurs when election offices decide whether to accept
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There have been concerns that signature reviews improperly reject ballots from young and minority voters at higher rates than others, with no or limited ability of voters to appeal the rejection. When errors are made with bank checks, the payer can ask the bank for corrections.
483:
765:. However, the fact that painters' signatures often vary over time (particularly in the modern and contemporary periods) might complicate the issue. The signatures of some painters take on an artistic form that may be of less value in determining forgeries. If a painting is
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on a painting or other work of art has always been an important item in the assessment of art. Fake signatures are sometimes added to enhance the value of a painting, or are added to a fake painting to support its authenticity. A notorious case was the signature of
257:, which is chiefly an artistic signature. This can lead to confusion when people have both an autograph and signature and as such some people in the public eye keep their signatures private whilst fully publishing their autograph.
792:, "titles, names ; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring" are not eligible for copyright; however, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under copyright law.
594:
guidelines ... there are no statewide standards for automatic signature verification ... most counties do not have a publicly available, written explanation of the signature verification criteria and processes they use.
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stamp facsimile. A signature may be made by the purported signatory; alternatively someone else duly authorized by the signatory, acting in the signer's presence and at the signatory's direction, may make the signature.
584:
In 2018, a fifth of adults in the United
Kingdom said they sign so rarely they have no consistent signature, including 21% of people 18-24 and 16% of people over age 55. 55% of UK adults said they rarely sign anything.
553:
to carry legal force in specific contexts. In the United States this is prevalent with architectural and construction plans. Its intent is to prevent mistakes or fraud but the practice is not known to be effective.
503:, are capable of automatically reproducing an individual's signature. These are typically used by people required to sign a lot of printed matter, such as celebrities, heads of state or CEOs. More recently,
237:, "to sign") is a depiction of someone's name, nickname, or even a simple "X" or other mark that a person writes on documents as a proof of identity and intent. Signatures are often, but not always,
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and the third-best has error rates of 17%. It is possible to be less stringent and reject fewer true signatures, at the cost of also rejecting fewer forgeries. Computer algorithms:
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signature in many consumer contracts is not solely to provide evidence of the identity of the contracting party, but also to provide evidence of deliberation and informed consent.
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font file. This allows staff members in the
Congressman's office to easily reproduce it on correspondence, legislation, and official documents. In the East Asian languages of
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An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will
931:
1546:
840:
639:. A shortened form of a signature block, only including one's name, often with some distinguishing prefix, can be used to simply indicate the end of a
577:. The highest error rates in signature verification are found with lay people, higher than for computers, which in turn make more errors than experts.
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as "using any symbol executed or adopted with present intention to adopt or accept a writing." The
Uniform Commercial Code §3-401(b) for
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usage, another type of signature exists which is independent of one's language. Users can set one or more lines of custom text known as a
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2246:
1277:
Hafemann, Luiz G.; Sabourin, Robert; Oliveira, Luiz S. (2017-10-16). "Offline handwritten signature verification — Literature review".
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to be automatically appended to their messages. This text usually includes a name, contact information, and sometimes quotations and
337:'s famous signature on the US Declaration of Independence loops back to underline his name. This kind of flourish is also known as a
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1079:
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or assumed name, or by a word, mark, or symbol executed or adopted by a person with present intention to authenticate a writing."
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states "A signature may be made (i) manually or by means of a device or machine, and (ii) by the use of any name, including a
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or response. Some web sites also allow graphics to be used. Note, however, that this type of signature is not related to
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Fingerprints may be used instead of signatures where the signer is illiterate. Here on an Indian legal document of 1952.
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Department of
Justice confirms the probabilistic nature of signature verification, though it does not provide numbers.
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84:
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on the use of pre-signed signature pages being subsequently attached to documents to effect a "virtual" signing, see
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131:
1330:"Biometric signature authentication using machine learning techniques: Current trends, challenges and opportunities"
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Igarza, Juan; Goirizelaia, Iñaki; Espinosa, Koldo; Hernáez, Inmaculada; Méndez, Raúl; Sanchez, Jon (2003-11-26).
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159:. The name "John Hancock" or just "Hancock" has become a synonym for "signature" in the United States.
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These systems handle scanned ("offline") signatures from multiple people ("WI, writer-independent").
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Under
British law, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under
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2017 Seventh
International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA)
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describes the work as readily identifying its creator. A signature may be confused with an
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1403:"Signature Verification and Mail Ballots: Guaranteeing Access While Preserving Integrity"
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1104:"Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options"
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Law of
Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989#Validity of execution under Mercury
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1228:"Exclusive: High Rate of Absentee Ballot Rejection Reeks of Voter Suppression"
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1153:"Banks Are Now Embracing The Newer And Tougher Signature Verification System"
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Why Do We Sign For Things? A Rabbi, A Lawyer And A MasterCard Exec
Explain
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Postal voting in the United States § Signature verification process
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1252:"Sign Of The Times - One In Five Adults Don't Have Their Own Signature"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 21 May 2006
410: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Many individuals have much more fanciful signatures than their normal
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Computational
Methods for Handwritten Questioned Document Examination
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20:
1431:"Forensic Handwriting Examiners' Expertise for Signature Comparison"
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Online Handwritten Signature Verification Using Hidden Markov Models
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arriving from voters, and possibly when banks decide whether to pay
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2020:
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in the United States have begun having their signature made into a
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term meaning flourish, initial or signature. The paraph is used in
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951:, a signed document where the signatures are arranged in a circle
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Sita, Jodi; Found, Bryan; Rogers, Douglas K. (September 2002).
1080:"Handwriting Disputes Cause Headaches for Some Absentee Voters"
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For the use of signatures within the Knowledge community, see
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Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
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Bibi, Kiran; Naz, Saeeda; Rehman, Arshia (2020-01-01).
523:, people traditionally use stamp-like objects known as
16:
Handwritten mark made as a proof of identity and intent
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on the fake "Supper at Emmaus" made by the art-forger
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185:
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1601:
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72:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
803:§1-201(37) of the United States generally defines
1562:What is Signature? Signature of 100 famous people
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1381:. CIARP 2003. Vol. 2905. pp. 391–399.
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549:witnessed and recorded in the presence of a
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241:or stylized. The writer of a signature is a
1169:
1128:"What Is Automated Signature Verification?"
709:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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151:'s signature is the most prominent on the
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1286:
1059:"10 facts about the 'autopen' - POLITICO"
729:Learn how and when to remove this message
470:Learn how and when to remove this message
333:writing. As an example, the final "k" in
153:United States Declaration of Independence
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
1077:
867:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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249:. Similar to a handwritten signature, a
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540:) in lieu of a handwritten signature.
355:involves the same written characters.
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1368:
1225:
1200:"Vote-By-Mail Ballots Cast in Florida"
1150:
495:, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù
1575:
1503:be protected by copyright; it is the
1197:
1144:
260:
1507:of the signature which is protected.
1419:
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1321:
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707:adding citations to reliable sources
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408:adding citations to reliable sources
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70:adding citations to reliable sources
41:
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499:Special signature machines, called
13:
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1022:, Signatures, sections 2 through 7
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14:
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1408:. Stanford University. 2020-04-15
1334:Multimedia Tools and Applications
1179:Srihari, Sangur (December 2010).
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265:
2242:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1483:. Cavendish Publishing. p.
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679:
384:
376:Mechanically produced signatures
169:
46:
1512:
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395:needs additional citations for
57:needs additional citations for
1531:United States Copyright Office
1151:Mayhew, Stephen (2012-05-14).
1078:Armitage, Susie (2018-11-05).
1051:
1033:"Horton v. Murden, 117 Ga. 72"
1025:
1012:
987:
934:, includes depicted signatures
558:Detection of forged signatures
491:
1:
1226:Wilkie, Jordan (2018-10-12).
1185:National Institute of Justice
980:
317:writing, including elaborate
1435:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1388:10.1007/978-3-540-24586-5_48
1198:Smith, Daniel (2018-09-18).
890:Autograph Collector Magazine
776:
329:, much as one would find in
7:
818:
790:United States copyright law
659:For guidance applicable in
10:
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2905:Imperial, royal, and noble
1533:. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
1479:Spilsbury, Sallie (2000).
1346:10.1007/s11042-019-08022-0
1039:. Harvard Law School. 1903
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359:Mark in lieu of signature
35:Signature (disambiguation)
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1297:10.1109/IPTA.2017.8310112
960:Shakespeare's handwriting
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157:Articles of Confederation
1830:Maiden and married names
530:with the name carved in
19:Not to be confused with
3363:Personal identification
3317:Category:Lists of names
945:, an animal's paw print
801:Uniform Commercial Code
796:Uniform Commercial Code
655:Reusing signature pages
3343:Authentication methods
2247:Eritrean and Ethiopian
1281:. IEEE. pp. 1–8.
1037:Caselaw Access Project
949:Round-robin (document)
845:
825:Listen to this article
809:negotiable instruments
749:
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368:
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279:
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3177:Galton–Watson process
2782:Ancient Tamil country
2204:Australian Aboriginal
1553:History of signatures
1020:Corpus Juris Secundum
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645:electronic signatures
591:
562:Further information:
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366:
285:
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147:
2944:Post-nominal letters
2063:Indigenous Taiwanese
915:Images of signatures
900:electronic signature
876:More spoken articles
703:improve this section
404:improve this article
66:improve this article
33:For other uses, see
3304:Surnames by country
2929:Pre-nominal letters
1986:Surnames by country
1132:SQN Banking Systems
905:Builder's signature
896:Biometric signature
505:Members of Congress
299:Persian Handwriting
28:Knowledge:Signature
3348:Identity documents
3167:Endonym and exonym
3110:Calendar of saints
3093:Related traditions
2867:Manners of address
2229:Sub-Saharan Africa
1650:Nobiliary particle
1549:NPR / Planet Money
1525:2011-03-05 at the
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649:digital signatures
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261:Function and types
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1808:By life situation
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1494:978-1-85941-530-6
1447:10.1520/JFS15521J
1306:978-1-5386-1842-4
1067:. 3 January 2013.
955:Royal sign-manual
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661:England and Wales
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276:Benjamin Franklin
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2114:and Western Asia
2079:and Central Asia
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1852:Placeholder name
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857:This audio file
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633:signature block
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3073:Ecclesiastical
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2809:Christian name
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2699:Southeast Asia
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1603:Personal names
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1541:External links
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1340:(1): 289–340.
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1256:OSS Technology
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460:September 2024
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2853:Mandaean name
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2814:Biblical name
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2340:Ancient Greek
2337:
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2325:
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2139:
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2119:
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2116:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
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2077:Northern Asia
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2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1981:
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1972:
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1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
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1934:
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1929:
1928:
1927:Nom de guerre
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1920:
1917:
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1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
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1900:
1899:
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1797:
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1637:
1634:
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1629:
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1624:
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1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:Personal name
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1567:
1563:
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1038:
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1021:
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996:
990:
986:
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877:
873:
858:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
791:
786:
784:
783:copyright law
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
747:
743:
733:
730:
722:
712:
708:
704:
698:
697:
693:
688:This section
686:
682:
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638:
634:
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620:
614:
604:
600:
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582:
578:
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572:
565:
555:
552:
551:notary public
541:
539:
538:
533:
529:
528:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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502:
494:
492:Xú Yǒngyù yìn
484:
474:
471:
463:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421: –
420:
416:
415:Find sources:
409:
405:
399:
398:
393:This section
391:
387:
382:
381:
373:
365:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
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296:
292:
291:Farah Pahlavi
289:
286:Signature of
284:
277:
274:Signature of
272:
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244:
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136:
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125:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
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86:
83: –
82:
78:
77:Find sources:
71:
67:
61:
60:
55:This article
53:
49:
44:
43:
40:
36:
29:
22:
3292:Signum manus
3280:Royal cypher
3269:
3245:
3230:Nomen nescio
3228:
3224:Nomenclature
3219:Naming taboo
3031:Professional
2874:of authority
2824:Saint's name
2489:Scandinavian
2111:Muslim world
1949:
1925:
1896:
1748:Occupational
1607:anthroponymy
1556:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1480:
1438:
1434:
1410:. Retrieved
1397:
1377:
1370:
1337:
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