Sierra Leone Creole people

3206: 4146:“Once the spider was fat. He loved eating, but detested work and had not planted or fished all season. One day the villagers were preparing a feast. From his forest web, he could smell the mouth-watering cooking. He knew that if he visited friends, they would feed him as was the custom. So he called his two sons and told both of them to tie a rope around his waist and set off in opposite directions for the two closest villages, each holding one end of the rope. They were to pull on the rope when the food was ready. But both villages began eating at the same time, and when the sons began pulling the rope, it grew tighter and tighter, squeezing the greedy spider. When the feasting was over and the sons came to look for him, they found a big head, a big body, and a very thin waist!” 5881: 3217: 4817: 5380: 5794: 5229: 5954: 2438:“A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding the main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.” 4783: 2525:; these were African Americans and their descendants. Many of the adults had left Patriot owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and thousands joined the British lines. The British resettled 3,000 of the African Americans in Nova Scotia, where many found the climate harsh and struggled with discrimination from white Nova Scotians. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish the new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the 3196: 5649: 5346: 6156:

that share a commonality. This can be important for clarity—the many people of the world means something different from the many peoples of the world. In practical terms, using peoples in this way can help to prevent erasure and homogenization of groups that are often lumped together in ways that obscure their specific, complex identities. In this way, the term Indigenous Peoples emphasizes the vast diversity among the world's Indigenous groups while also implying that there are, in fact, separate and distinct groups.

4962: 5683: 2631: 13418: 1812: 2840: 4302: 5034: 3834: 47: 4310: 15139: 2821: 5413: 5912: 4859: 116: 5565: 6305:, v, 1964, p. 77, n. 9. "This attitude to ‘mulattoes’ was of course racialist in view; cf. Burton, op. cit. p, 271 – ‘the worst class of all is the mulatto’. The correspondence recently published in Holden, op. cit. shows that Blyden had developed his views about ‘mulattoes’ during his conflicts with the Americo-Liberians in Monrovia, but his public writings were less outspoken about Liberia than they were about Freetown." 3503: 2671: 15149: 5199: 5592: 2639:

who had escaped to British lines and fought with them during the American Revolution, to earn freedom. The British government had transported more than 3,000 freedmen to Nova Scotia for resettlement, together with white Loyalists. Some of the African Americans were from South Carolina and the Sea Islands, of the Gullah culture; others were from states along the eastern seaboard up to New England.

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represented among the Liberated Africans Many a Temne, Limba, Mende, and Loko resident of Freetown, influenced by local European officials and missionaries, would come in time to shed their indigenous names, and cultural values, to take on a Creole identity which gave them a better chance of success in the rarefied Victorian ambience of a progressively westernized Freetown society.

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Initially the British colonial administration intervened to ensure the Recaptives became firmly rooted in Freetown society; they served in the army with the West India Regiment, and they were assigned as apprentices in the houses of Settlers and Maroons. Sometimes if a child's parents died, the young

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The Liberated Africans, also called Recaptives, contributed greatly to the Creole culture. While the Settlers, Maroons, and transatlantic immigrants gave the Creoles their Christianity, some of their customs, and their Western influence, the Liberated Africans modified their customs to adopt those of

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A substantial part of this ex-slave population was Yoruba, but members of ethnic groups from other regions of the Atlantic (Igbo, Efik, Fante, etc) were also very much in evidence in this coterie of Liberated Africans. Individuals from ethnic communities indigenous to Sierra Leone were significantly

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Despite their dilapidated appearance, some of the remaining traditional Creole board houses have a distinctive air, with dormers, box windows, shutters, glass panes, and balconies. The elite live in attractive neighbourhoods such as Hill Station, above Freetown. A large dam in the mountains provides

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More recently, some scholars consider the Oku to be a sub-ethnic group of the Creoles, based on their close association with British colonists and their adoption of Western education and other aspects of culture. Those classifying the Oku as part of the Sierra Leone Creole people note their adoption

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dress. Creoles marry in church weddings and in the Victorian and Edwardian era, relatives sought out and introduced prospective suitors from desirable families to their kin seeking a spouse. When a suitor has been chosen by the prospective groom or bride, traditionally the groom's parents set a "put

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The proponents and directors of the Sierra Leone colony believed that a new colony did not need black settlers from London. The directors decided to offer resettlement to African Americans from Nova Scotia, despite the failure of the last colony. These settlers were Black Loyalists, American slaves

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The word peoples is specifically used as the plural of people in its sense as a collective singular noun referring to a nation, or tribe, or other community, as in Indigenous Peoples or the many peoples of the world. This usage emphasizes that you're talking about several different specific groups

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in 1783. Additionally, genealogical studies have shown that the majority of free African American families that originated in colonial Virginia and Maryland, descended from white servant women who had children by slaves or free African Americans. Sixty-five percent of those evacuated were from the

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Present-day Creoles, similar to other Sierra Leoneans, wear both African and Western-style dress. Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone had been accustomed to seeing European dress prior to the arrival of the Creoles, as a consequence of extensive trade with Europeans dating to the fifteenth and sixteenth

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However, before the ships sailed away from Sierra Leone, 50 white women had died, and about 250 remained of the original 440 who left Plymouth. Another 86 settlers died in the first four months. Although initially there was no hostility between the two groups, after King Tom's death the next Temne

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who had been evacuated to London, and Afro-Caribbeans and Africans from London, to relocate to Sierra Leone to settle in what they called the "Province of Freedom." Some of these early settlers had been freed earlier and worked as servants in London. Most of the first group died due to disease and

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They had a profound influence on Creole culture; many of the Western attributes of Creole society were conveyed by the "Settlers", who continued what was familiar to them from their past lives. In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotians or "Settlers" (the 1787 Settlers were called the Old

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near George Street. As the Settlers gathered under the tree, their preachers held a thanksgiving service and the white minister, Rev. Patrick Gilbert preached a sermon. After the religious services, the settlement was officially established and was designated Freetown. The Settler men cleared the

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Traditional Creole architecture in the colonial period included a variety of architectural styles ranging and consisting of English-style mansions, smaller to medium stone or brick houses, and traditional one or two-story wooden houses built on stone foundations reminiscent of those found in the

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is important to them as well. More affluent family members are expected to help those who are less fortunate. They assist poorer relatives with school fees and job opportunities. In most Creole families, women and elder siblings care for the children who in turn, are expected to complete the

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The dispute with the Temne was over "rent" which the Temne felt they were owed by the colony. In a twist that became the hallmark of politics in the subregion, the Temne had indeed signed a treaty granting full sovereignty to the Colony but then turned around to say that this was not their

4585:, and some discrimination at home, many Sierra Leone Creoles live abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom. What has been called the "Creole Diaspora" is the migration of Sierra Leone Creoles abroad. Many Creoles attend formal and informal gatherings. A Creole or 2313:

of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged:

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of the mid-1900s, some Creoles supported colonial rule but many fought for independence and held positions of power afterwards. In most countries however, Creole political influence gradually gave way to ethnic groups from the interior that were considered 'more African'.

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Christianity. Between 1840 and 1900, at least six out of every ten black African clergy in the Anglican Church across West Africa was a Creole. By the 1820s, Sierra Leone already had more Christians than the entirety of tropical Africa. Educational institutions such as

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portrayed these white women as prostitutes from Deptford Prison, but they were most likely wives and girlfriends of the black settlers. Their colony was known as the "Province of Freedom" and their settlement was called "Granville Town"' after the English abolitionist

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deriving from English, indigenous West African languages, and other European languages. It is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96 percent of the country's population, it unites all the different

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Although Creoles continue to wear elaborate dress style for special occasions such as weddings and parades, they adapted their styles of dress to incorporate newer Western-style fashion and intricate African-style dresses between the early to late 20th century.

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feast, intended to celebrate the anniversaries of ancestors who have died. Awujoh feasts are held in remembrance of deceased family members, generally on the first anniversary of their death but sometimes on the fifth, tenth, or fifteenth anniversaries, etc.

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Some members of indigenous Sierra Leone ethnicities, were also among the Liberated Africans resettled at Freetown; they also assimilated into Creole culture. Others came to the settlement voluntarily, seeing opportunities in Creole culture in the society.

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However, the ethnic groups who inhabited Sierra Leone did not customarily wear Western-style dress, until they were popularized by the Creole. Like their Americo-Liberian neighbors, Creole fashion between the Victorian and Edwardian era consisted of a

2616:, an abandoned African village. There the settlers reestablished Granville Town. After that time, they were called the "Old Settlers". By this time the Province of Freedom had been destroyed; Granville Sharp did not lead the next settlement movement. 4426:

to the "lower-class White males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families." A famous example was

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As the Recaptives began to trade and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they began to dominate Freetown society. The Recaptives intermarried with the Settlers and Maroons, and the two groups became a fusion of African and Western societies.

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Creole communities in Africa have grown in several ways. Elements of their culture, including language and music, have come to dominate popular culture on the islands. In Creole-established cities on the African mainland, some non-Creoles have

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to which they had not previously belonged. Often involuntarily uprooted from their original home, the settlers were obliged to develop and creatively merge the desirable elements from their diverse backgrounds, to produce new varieties of

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Today, teenage fashion—jeans, T-shirts, and sneakers—are very much in style among young Creole people. However, older Sierra Leone Creoles still dress conservatively in Western-style suits and dresses and some Creole women still wear the

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are placed into a hole for the dead. The "pull mooning" day – the end of mourning – occurs at the end of one year (the first anniversary of a death). The mourners wear white, visit the cemetery and then return home for refreshments.

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on 15 January 1792, arriving between 28 February and 9 March 1792. On 11 March 1792, the Nova Scotian Settlers disembarked from the 14 passenger ships that had carried them from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone and marched toward the

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The Creoles are Christians, whether nominal or in practice, at more than 98 percent. A large proportion of the settlers from Nova Scotia and the Caribbean were Christians. Many liberated Africans also converted to Christianity.

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Anansi stories are part of an ancient mythology that is rooted in Liberated African folklore and concerns the interaction between divine and semi-divine beings, royalty, humans, animals, plants and seemingly inanimate objects.

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Fuller, Harcourt; Torres, Jada Benn (2 January 2018). "Investigating the 'Taíno' ancestry of the Jamaican Maroons: a new genetic (DNA), historical, and multidisciplinary analysis and case study of the Accompong Town Maroons".

2989:, Sierra Leone. Seventy percent of Maroons lived on five streets: Gloucester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, and Westmoreland street. The Jamaican Maroon settlement was west of Settler Town between Walpole street and King Tom. 4103:

lasts one year. On the third, seventh, and fortieth day after death, awujoh feasts are held. The feast on the fortieth day marks the spirit's last day on earth. The family and guests eat a big meal. Portions of the meal and

4573:; they make up an elite community in Gambia. Many recaptives returned to their original homes after being freed in Freetown, as most kept their anglicised names, they took partially new identities back to their homelands. 10144: 3119:

likewise settled in Freetown and eventually coalesced into the Sierra Leone Creole identity. In the 21st century, the majority of Creoles in Sierra Leone continue to reside in Freetown and along the surrounding

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Among some Creole families, when someone dies, pictures in the house are turned toward the wall and all mirrors or reflecting surfaces covered. At the wake held before the burial, people clap and sing "shouts"(

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parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. Its use to describe languages started from 1879, while as an adjective, from 1748. In some Spanish-speaking countries, the word

4510:. There was considerable intermarriage between the Europeans who settled in the colony of Sierra Leone and the various ethnic groups that coalesced into the Creole identity. The settlers generally married 3785:

and the saw. The maracash is a glass bottle and metallic object played together to produce a desirable rhythm. The jagged edge of the saw is rubbed against another sharp object to produce a rasping sound.

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Settlers). They founded the capital of Sierra Leone in 1792. The descendants of African Americans remained an identifiable ethnic group until the 1870s, when the Creole identity was beginning to form.

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9 September 1922, 8, Quoted in Kandeh 87 - 88: "unwashed aborigines who dressed, or rather undressed, in a style that would have been considered scanty even in the days when Adam delved and Eve spun"

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into Creole societies, which are perceived to enjoy privileged status. Those seeking acceptance into a Creole community usually converted to Christianity, the religion shared by nearly all Creoles.

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Liberated Africans and their colony-born children in the early to mid-19th centuries, and subsequently Creoles between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who settled in Nigeria, were known as

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chief retaliated for a slave trader's burning of his village. He threatened to destroy Granville Town. The Temne ransacked Granville Town and took some Black Poor into slavery, while others became

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due to their education, culture and close relationships with the colonial administration. They developed a strong sense of ethnic identity and formed their own political organisations. During the

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online etymological dictionary states the meaning of creole as a "person born in a country but of a people not indigenous to it," but also notes that the meaning varies according to local use.

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ancestry of the Creoles. Awujoh ceremonies are held for the protection of newborns and newlyweds by ancestral spirits and as a means to acquire guidance and wisdom regarding aspects of death.

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returned, to find only 64 of the original residents (39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women). The 64 people had been cared for by a Greek and a colonist named Thomas Kallingree at

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ethnic group to be Creoles, although others reject this premise given the differentiation in admixture, religion, and cultural practices between the Oku and Creoles, such as the practice of

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In modern times, gumbe music has become a key feature in Sierra Leone's musical landscape. It is often mixed with other more contemporary musical genres to create an authentic local sound.

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was the single most successful 19th-century planter in Africa. Other notable Creoles, or their ancestors, made significant contributions to Sierra Leone and British West Africa, and were

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After Britain and the United States abolished the international African slave trade beginning in 1808, they patrolled off the continent to intercept illegal shipping. The British resettled

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The Creole people acted as colonial administrators, traders and missionaries in other parts of West Africa during the 19th century, and as a result, there are also Creole communities in

1629: 14859: 3534:. They were influential in intellectual, technocratic, artisanal, commercial and public life in general, actively participating in multiple fields of scholarly and civic importance. 2587:

On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died. However, enough survived to establish and build a colony. Seventy white women accompanied the men to Sierra Leone.

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Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 40–43.

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In neighboring Sierra Leone, the analogous group of liberated Africans delivered there by the British Navy are generally seen as having played a crucial role in the evolution of Krio.

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Sivapragasam, Michael, "Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?" Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. 40–43.

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Alongside the Americo-Liberians, the Creoles of Sierra Leone are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American, Liberated African, and Afro-Caribbean descent in West Africa.

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and in settlements across the Freetown peninsula throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as missionaries, artisans and colonial officials such as the

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understanding. This misunderstanding became violent, when in 1801, the Temne attacked Freetown. The assault failed, resulting instead in the expulsion of the Temne from the area.

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Sivapragasam, Michael, 'Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?’ Unpublished Masters dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p. 37.

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Sivapragasam, Michael, 'Why Did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?’ Unpublished Masters dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), p. 36.

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The Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American, Liberated African, and Afro-Caribbean descent in West Africa. Thoroughly

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The Creole homeland is a mountainous, narrow peninsula on the coast of west Africa. At its northern tip lies Freetown, the capital. The peninsula's mountain range is covered by

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is an important cultural symbol played to induce a trance-like state which connects the Creoles with their ancestors. Generally, the music is produced using the gumbe drum, the

267: 9329: 3475:, especially in their trade and interaction with each other. Krio is the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans living abroad, and has also heavily influenced 2828:

The last major group of immigrants to the colony was the Liberated Africans or "Recaptives". Held on slave ships for sale in the western hemisphere, they were liberated by the

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Creoles use combined British Christian cultural practices and certain elements of African rituals in connection with rites of passage such as births and deaths. Creoles have

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performance in which the hand of the bride is asked for, following the appearance of several 'roses'. Among the gifts presented by the future groom's representatives are a

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Some of the Sherbro interacted with Portuguese and English traders and intermarried with them in the mid-15th to 18th centuries (producing Afro-European clans such as the

2287:, the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of the culture of the Caribbean. In 326: 278: 4321:

split by deep valleys and adorned with impressive waterfalls. White sand beaches line the Atlantic coast. The whole of Sierra Leone covers some 72,500 square kilometres.

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The first settlers to find a colony in Sierra Leone were the so-called "Black Poor": African Americans and Afro-Caribbean. 411 settlers arrived in May 1787. Some were

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of Sierra Leone is English. In addition to English, the Sierra Leone Creoles also speak a distinctive creole language named after their ethnic group called Creole or

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from the christianized Yoruba liberated Africans found among the Creoles and because the cultural orientation, heritage, identity and origin of the Oku people are

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The next migrations of transatlantic immigrants between 1800 and 1819 were smaller in comparison to the early Nova Scotian Settlers and Jamaican Maroon immigrants.

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warfare with indigenous peoples. About 64 survived to establish the second Granville Town following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789.

2985:, who arrived in Freetown, via Nova Scotia, in 1800. Notable families such as the Jarretts, Smiths, Hortons, Coles, Porters, Jones, and the Morgans, settled in 10839: 1566: 7927:

Thayer, James Steel (1991). "A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone (Une approche non-conventionnelle de la culture des Créoles de Sierra Leone)".

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Kreolisierung versus Pidiginisierung als Kategorien kultureller Differenzierung. Varianten neoafrikanischer Identität und Interethnik in Freetown, Sierra Leone

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were initially established with the objective of training Christian clergy and educators, who were later dispatched across West Africa to spread Christianity.

469: 3541:, the Creoles, or their ancestors, have significantly contributed science, literature, art, agricultural skills, cuisine, clothing styles, music, language, 13130: 13002: 11587: 9731: 2694:

people. The Maroons numbered around 551, and they helped quell some of the riots against the British from the settlers. The Maroons later fought against the

1501: 1491: 310: 3471:(1,230,000). Today, Krio is the most widely spoken language in Sierra Leone utilized by 96 percent of the country's population. It unites all the different 9440: 7646:

Creolization versus Pidiginisierung as Categories of Cultural Differentiation. Neoafrican variants of identity and interethnicity in Freetown, Sierra Leone

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stop" day. After this day, the girl is expected to no longer entertain other suitors. On the evening before the wedding, the groom's friends treat him to "

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is also largely a result of Sierra Leone Creole migrants. A small number of liberated Africans returned to the land of their origins, such as the Saros of

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Historically, Creoles spread Christianity and their lingua franca throughout West Africa, and because of this, Sierra Leone Creole communities existed in

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According to anthropologist Anaïs Ménard, the only Sierra Leonean ethnic group whose culture is similar (in terms of its embrace of Western culture) are

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Krio is widely spoken throughout Freetown and the surrounding towns, such that Krio speakers are no longer presumed to be of the Creole ethnic group.

12286: 11421: 11012: 9799: 2042:, especially in their trade and interaction with each other. Krio is also the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans living abroad. 1591: 1471: 12780: 13328: 12568: 787: 13397: 13372: 3526:

modes of Christianity, morality, norms and values. The Creoles were economically dominant in trade and held prominent leadership positions in

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from slave ships at Freetown. The Liberated Africans included people from the Yoruba, Igbo, Efik, Fante, and other ethnicities of West Africa.

1826: 1727: 474: 346: 200: 10687: 3432:

The Creole people acted as traders and missionaries in other parts of West Africa during the 19th century. As a result of Sierra Leone Creole

13382: 13377: 12309: 11757: 1845: 11372: 10440: 15178: 13098: 12934: 12643: 12633: 12291: 12281: 8551: 2476:, and South Africa. In island communities, Creoles are found in many occupations ranging from agricultural workers to members of society's 1781: 1761: 1521: 1013: 998: 485: 11362: 11251: 7983:

Lynn, Martin (1992). "Technology, Trade and 'A Race of Native Capitalists': The Krio Diaspora of West Africa and the Steamship, 1852-95".

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Twins are important for the Creole who tend to give special names to each one. The naming convention used by the Creoles comes from their

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Nwauwa, Apollos (1999). "Far Ahead of his Time: James Africanus Horton's Initiatives for a West African University and his Frustration".

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Browne-Davies, Nigel (2014). "The Brothers Easmon: The Emergence of a Nova Scotian Medical Dynasty in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast".

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marriages. Mixed-race individuals intermarried with Europeans and black colonial residents at the same rate as they married their own.

4507: 2563: 792: 253: 4344:, and as early as the 1790s, the Nova Scotians had built houses with stone foundations and wooden superstructures, and American-style 2974:(then Granville Town). Eighty percent of Nova Scotians lived on five streets: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, East, and Charlotte street. 15071: 14526: 13455: 13019: 12523: 11632: 9399:

Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability (Nations of contemporary Africa, Westview Profiles Series)

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Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability (Nations of contemporary Africa, Westview Profiles Series)

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community of settlers in Sierra Leone and have historically intermarried with some Creole people. However, several scholars such as

3295: 1456: 1333: 367: 14971: 14335: 13367: 12997: 12518: 11740: 11572: 1838: 1776: 1541: 1496: 17: 10326: 15098: 15056: 13333: 13293: 13135: 13039: 12968: 12573: 9523: 6433:

Madrilejo, N; Lombard, H; Torres, JB (2015). "Origins of marronage: Mitochondrial lineages of Jamaica's Accompong Town Maroons".

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Galli, Stefania (2022). "Socioeconomic Status and Group Belonging: Evidence from Early-Nineteenth-Century Colonial West Africa".

5019: 1742: 1486: 1481: 1466: 10011: 3463:

In 1993, there were 473,000 speakers in Sierra Leone (493,470 in all countries); Krio was the third-most spoken language behind

2210:, meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget"; — itself the source of the English word "create". The word creole has several 15188: 14541: 13392: 13387: 13355: 13125: 13029: 12992: 12939: 12773: 10825: 5533: 4251:

However, as scholars have outlined, the few cultural similarities between the Creole and Oku people are because there are some

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merchants and traders also settled in colonial Freetown throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

1461: 1446: 1353: 8125:"Easmon, John Farrell (b. Freetown, Sierra Leone, 30 June 1856; d.Cape Coast, Gold Coast, 9 June 1900- Medicine, Bacteriology" 4293:

for trading and missionary purposes, the Creoles intermarried with westernized Sherbros from as far back as the 18th century.

4286:). As a result, some of the Sherbro have a more westernized culture than that of other indigenous Sierra Leone ethnic groups. 3271:, Sierra Leone, also have Creole attendees, although these are smaller in number compared to Creole Anglicans and Methodists. 3205: 14640: 14031: 13607: 13350: 13308: 13120: 11668: 11534: 11529: 11414: 11090: 10771: 10752: 10726: 10676: 10657: 10638: 10581: 10562: 10543: 10524: 10505: 10351: 9995: 9953: 9507: 9407: 9380: 9246: 9216: 9191: 8910: 8883: 8856: 8790: 8535: 8502: 8452: 8425: 8395: 7755: 7653: 7427: 7339: 6982: 6878: 6744: 6647: 6566: 6230: 3260: 2652:

forest and shrub and built a new settlement on the overgrown site that had formerly contained the Granville Town settlement.

1413: 490: 479: 341: 295: 290: 263: 10057: 7801:

Hanciles, Jehu J. (2014). "'Africa is our Fatherland': The Black Atlantic, Globalization, and Modern African Christianity".

13298: 13283: 13147: 13056: 13051: 12985: 11446: 7771:

Northrup, David (2006). "Becoming African: Identity formation among liberated slaves in nineteenth-century Sierra Leone1".

5102: 4816: 3566: 3527: 2625: 2007: 1906: 1516: 1476: 1418: 1373: 233: 14310: 8613:"The J. Richard Simon Collection of Yoruba Twin Figures – Art & Life in Africa – The University of Iowa Museum of Art" 7457:

Holten, Woody (1996). "Review of The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution".

6314: 15173: 15006: 14227: 14048: 13273: 13110: 13080: 12862: 12441: 11653: 11182: 11048: 10304: 9646: 9594: 9040:

Beyond Autochthony Discourses: Sherbro Identity and the (Re-)Construction of Social and National Cohesion in Sierra Leone

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Colonial Office Brief: CO554/2884, Note on the Attorney General's 'Note of the Supreme Court Judgement', 10 August 1960,

3407: 3275: 3199: 1403: 1383: 1228: 797: 643: 9348: 5880: 4136:. They entertain and provide instruction in Creole values and traditions. Among the best loved are Creole stories about 2736:

Thirty-eight African Americans (nine families) immigrated to Freetown under the auspices of African-American ship owner

2006:

colonial administration; they became educated in British institutions and advanced to prominent leadership positions in

14232: 13263: 13157: 13073: 12917: 12698: 12498: 11649: 11627: 10619: 9537: 7685: 6734: 6143: 4703: 4646: 4171: 4133: 3711: 3657:, various domestic items a wife would use (such as needles and some thread), but also a Bible, a ring, and some money. 3618: 2993: 2547: 2414: 2406: 1968: 1531: 1511: 1065: 930: 362: 8330: 6703:

Bangura, Joseph (May 2009). "Understanding Sierra Leone in Colonial West Africa: A Synoptic Socio-Political History".

1944:. In Sierra Leone, some of the settlers intermarried with English colonial residents and other Europeans. Through the 15152: 14615: 14325: 14009: 13410: 11800: 11451: 10976: 10600: 10067: 9480: 9091: 9003: 8313: 8235: 8135: 7590: 7556: 6823: 6684: 6524: 6254:"Crowning the work of Wilberforce? The Settlers Descendants' Union and the challenges of Sierra Leone's independence" 6102:

The Creoles are Christians, whether nominal or in practice, at over 98 percent. Recently, some scholars consider the

5140: 4423: 4275:. Many Sherbro assimilate as Creoles, as they share the Christian faith and often have similar westernized surnames. 2730: 411: 243: 10404: 3770:

ancestors of the Creole people. It is primarily a vocal and percussive musical genre that has been associated with

14976: 14160: 13881: 13854: 13795: 13338: 13303: 13288: 13046: 12648: 11892: 11862: 11678: 11407: 11080: 8368: 6999:

Structural similarities between Sierra Leone Krio and two West African Anglophone Pidgins: A case for common origin

5274: 3357: 3220: 2982: 2683: 2665: 1960: 1821: 1757: 1368: 1018: 431: 331: 10650:

Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791

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Fernando Poo: Una aventura colonial español, vol. 1: Las islas en litigio: Entre la esclavitud y el abolicionismo,

3854:

Kabaslot, Kotoku, and carpet slippers and its derivative, the "print" that is a fusion of older African American,

3562: 2572:

who were either evacuated or travelled to England to petition for a land of their own; Black Loyalists had joined

2295:

the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European way of life, and in neighbouring

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Native Krio speakers of the Creole ethnicity lived principally in Freetown communities, on the Peninsula, on the

2815: 1323: 1190: 1008: 935: 2946:

in 1792. They based the plan on what they were familiar with – the grid of a North American colonial town. The

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Freetown's Yoruba-Modelled Secret Societies as Transnational and Transethnic Mechanisms for Social Integration,

7091: 6077: 4948: 3291: 2963: 2485: 2428:

Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist

1898: 1732: 1408: 1358: 6938:

Little, K. L. (1950). "The Significance of the West African Creole for Africanist and Afro-American Studies".

4185:

In contrast to the Oku people, the Creoles are Christian and are a mixture of various ethnic groups including

15193: 14717: 14680: 14580: 14511: 14497: 14241: 14175: 13762: 13448: 13152: 13085: 13068: 13014: 12963: 12902: 12807: 12768: 12708: 12508: 11897: 11877: 11684: 11663: 10848: 10764:

The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone

5841: 5296: 5262: 4569:, and there is a thriving community there. Sierra Leone Creoles who settled in the Gambia became part of the 4225:

of similar English or European surnames (although this was a minority of Oku) and cultural aspects such as

3550: 3472: 2039: 1423: 1393: 1378: 1363: 1338: 1318: 940: 574: 441: 7675:

The town grid was laid out by the Sierra Leone company's British surveyor Richard Pepys. Schama, pp. 352-253

3724:, which means 'the first to taste the world', or the 'slave to the second twin', this is often shortened to 3124:

peninsula where their language and culture have a disproportionate influence relative to their population.

14610: 13475: 12975: 12951: 12946: 12929: 12897: 12840: 11953: 11902: 11735: 11070: 8492: 5434: 4601:– ancestors of the Sierra Leone Creoles who fought for their freedom on the side of the British during the 3744:

is the name of the last born twin and it means, 'the child that came behind gets the rights of the elder'.

3216: 2959: 2791: 1451: 1343: 1328: 1313: 1280: 579: 258: 9791: 4484:", mixed-race mulattoes, and those born on the island known as "creole Africans". Genetic studies on the 15001: 14956: 14884: 14531: 14145: 13789: 13732: 13630: 13240: 13232: 13175: 13090: 12578: 12483: 12339: 12321: 12223: 11882: 11852: 11577: 11497: 11476: 11352: 11119: 10984: 10889: 10859: 10239: 7720: 6902: 5973: 5379: 4892: 4418:

ancestry because some of the settlers were descended from white Americans and other Europeans. Historian

3209: 3116: 2951: 1674: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1398: 870: 661: 631: 569: 518: 446: 336: 11340: 10422: 4676: 2350: 179: 15031: 14895: 14570: 14170: 14155: 13938: 13709: 13528: 13258: 13185: 12735: 12493: 12453: 11810: 11504: 11146: 10997: 9873: 7445:

Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty,

6025: 5558:, scientist and political thinker who worked towards African independence a century before it occurred 4868: 4792: 4602: 4439: 4088:) loudly to make sure the corpse is not merely in a trance. The next day the body is washed, placed in 3606: 3487: 3445: 3310: 3283: 2967: 2926:

Recaptive would be adopted by a Settler or Maroon family. The two groups mixed and mingled in society.

2757: 2648: 2577: 2506: 2110: 1669: 1107: 880: 782: 749: 536: 421: 10441:"A key group has been left out of the reparations debate: West African descendants of enslaved people" 9585: 9020: 8993: 2686:, one of the five Maroon cities in Jamaica. The Maroons mainly descended from highly military skilled 15142: 14782: 14635: 14630: 13816: 13541: 13511: 13167: 12980: 12812: 12373: 11872: 11710: 11517: 11388: 11271: 10953: 6107: 6103: 6035: 5968: 5872: 5793: 5762: 3306: 3287: 3089: 3065: 2986: 2772: 2753: 2366: 2045:

The Sierra Leone Creoles settled across West Africa in the nineteenth century in communities such as

1644: 1388: 1348: 637: 9113: 8468: 7616: 2341:

of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in

2147:, are sub-ethnic groups or partly descended from the Sierra Leone Creole people or their ancestors. 14685: 14409: 14120: 13859: 13581: 13517: 13441: 12857: 12421: 12334: 11978: 11767: 11582: 11522: 11512: 11438: 11060: 10699: 9131:

Cohen, Robin (2007). "Creolization and Cultural Globalization: The Soft Sounds of Fugitive Power".

7071: 6366:"Marriage patterns in a black Utopia: Evidence from early nineteenth-century colonial Sierra Leone" 6065: 5468: 4690: 4182:

classify the Oku as distinct from the Creoles because of their ancestry and strong Muslim culture.

3279: 3037: 2971: 2573: 2272: 1910: 1223: 1003: 850: 734: 508: 389: 217: 171: 3939:(white soup). Additionally, other types of typical Creole plassas may be eaten with fufu, such as 2014:. Partly due to this history, many Sierra Leone Creoles have first names and/or surnames that are 15183: 15118: 14910: 14565: 14236: 13190: 12740: 12394: 12363: 12143: 12083: 11948: 11691: 11304: 11219: 11002: 9330:"Is the SLPP Government Planning the Final Onslaught on 'Kriodom', the Last Bastion in Freetown?" 9042:. PhD Thesis, Philosophische Fakultät I, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale. 7710: 6190: 6127: 6060: 6055: 5993: 5328: 5238: 5116: 5004: 4368: 3457: 3061: 3029: 2714: 2588: 2543:

immigrants would settle in Sierra Leone throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

2303: 2114: 1737: 1679: 1142: 1102: 825: 724: 602: 416: 51: 11330: 10458: 9610: 3444:

community speak a dialect called the Aku language that is very similar to Krio in Sierra Leone.

2102: 2029:

region of Sierra Leone. From their mix of peoples, the Creoles developed what is now the native

15036: 14831: 14590: 14066: 14014: 14004: 13992: 13737: 13635: 13625: 13565: 13490: 13105: 12835: 12073: 11867: 11857: 11795: 11605: 11544: 11320: 11234: 11212: 11033: 9058: 7419: 6253: 6222: 6050: 6020: 5998: 5308: 5285: 5208: 5063: 4582: 4462: 4415: 4206: 4031: 3554: 3476: 3334: 3268: 3144: 3081: 3073: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3021: 2955: 2939: 2768: 2609: 2518: 2481: 2444: 2429: 2377:, the term Creole applies to the descendants of enslaved Africans born on the island, while in 2015: 436: 426: 406: 10716: 10631:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

9292: 8181: 7580: 7414:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

7154:

Lynn, Martin. 1984. "Commerce, christianity and the origins of the ‘creoles’ of Fernando Po".

6481: 6217:

The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870

4043: 3302: 15088: 15013: 14920: 14836: 14821: 14775: 14770: 14645: 14285: 14212: 14207: 14078: 13921: 13868: 13693: 13180: 12693: 12558: 12513: 12329: 12048: 12013: 11832: 11815: 11622: 11539: 11151: 11065: 10992: 10341: 8612: 8225: 6813: 5692: 5658: 5601: 5389: 5043: 4656: 4190: 3546: 3437: 3314: 3045: 2947: 2852: 2514: 2494: 2457: 2122: 1956: 1060: 1050: 982: 945: 729: 719: 619: 300: 8702: 8286: 6599: 2906:

people who had been enslaved by illegal slave traders. The Liberated Africans also included

15046: 14826: 14625: 14375: 13714: 13422: 12830: 12593: 12404: 12356: 12228: 12118: 12023: 11790: 11780: 11752: 11617: 11471: 11367: 11357: 11299: 11202: 11136: 11126: 9366: 9140: 8411: 6082: 5902: 5818: 5722: 5640: 5574: 5422: 5163: 5024: 4832: 4340:

The distinctive style of Creole wooden or "board" housing was brought by the Settlers from

3894:. Noonday meal includes Western style or Caribbean-derived cuisines and also African food. 3602: 3330: 3255:

churches having the largest Creole congregants. However, smaller denominations such as the

3176: 3085: 3077: 3069: 2848: 2833: 2526: 2505:

In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the

1918: 1816: 1268: 513: 305: 238: 159: 98: 9684: 5228: 2767:

Following the Jamaican Maroons and Barbadian rebels, Afro-Caribbean immigrants settled in

2140: 1991:– over several generations in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, led to the eventual 8: 14804: 14795: 14760: 14536: 14165: 13970: 13650: 13205: 12563: 12478: 11958: 11747: 11637: 11567: 11325: 11276: 11197: 11161: 11131: 11114: 11085: 9650: 8720:

Little, K. L. (1948). "Social Change and Social Class in the Sierra Leone Protectorate".

8251:

Little, K. L. (1948). "Social Change and Social Class in the Sierra Leone Protectorate".

7841:

Hanciles, Jehu J. (2001). "Anatomy of an Experiment: The Sierra Leone Native Pastorate".

7548:

In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest Among Northern Free Blacks, 1700–1860

7069:

Agiri, Babatunde "The Introduction of Nitida Kola into Nigerian Agriculture, 1880–1920",

6951: 6595: 5921: 5803: 5613: 4826: 4598: 4473: 4375: 4371: 4318: 3964: 3940: 3586: 3538: 3531: 3369: 3326: 3057: 2787: 2710: 2306: 2291:, the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In 2288: 2175: 2011: 1684: 1162: 1124: 541: 372: 163: 13953: 13210: 11229: 10459:"Black History Month 2022: Local Black heroes from Manchester's past present and future" 10394:

Fyle, Magbaily C. Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone. Vol. 99. Scarecrow Press, 2006.

10181: 9144: 4395:, linguistic and cultural norms that superseded the prior forms. This process, known as 3274:

Creole church attendees congregate at traditional "Creole" churches in Freetown such as

1167: 15078: 14961: 14727: 14690: 14650: 14585: 14300: 13546: 13278: 13215: 12958: 12416: 12183: 12163: 12068: 11993: 11820: 11725: 11715: 11703: 11594: 11491: 11466: 11244: 11239: 11192: 11156: 11141: 11075: 11055: 11038: 11028: 10285: 10100: 9156: 8974: 8737: 8594: 8582: 8268: 8058: 8035: 8000: 7944: 7885: 7715: 7474: 7412: 7364: 7312: 6789: 6458: 6215: 5829: 5742: 5521: 5371: 5250: 4782: 3634: 3570: 3237: 3093: 3053: 2749: 2469: 2390: 1953: 1055: 840: 607: 584: 273: 13933: 10199: 9022:

A Cherished Heritage: Tracing the Roots of Oku Marabou--early 19th to Mid 20th Century

7829:

The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College,

7523: 4422:

notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the

2456:

Today, Creole communities have more in common with each other than they have with any

15041: 14981: 14841: 14707: 14575: 14466: 14222: 14197: 13673: 12725: 12446: 12108: 12078: 11673: 11430: 11224: 11043: 10767: 10748: 10722: 10672: 10653: 10634: 10615: 10596: 10577: 10558: 10539: 10520: 10501: 10484: 10378: 10347: 10063: 9991: 9949: 9714: 9503: 9476: 9403: 9376: 9242: 9231: 9212: 9187: 9183: 9073:

A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people

8999: 8906: 8879: 8852: 8786: 8769:

Edited by Curtin, Philip D.. Madison, Wisconsin, 1972. University of Wisconsin Press.

8586: 8531: 8498: 8448: 8421: 8391: 8309: 8231: 7869:

The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College

7751: 7649: 7586: 7552: 7423: 7335: 7016:

Frederiks, Martha (2002). "The Krio in the Gambia and the Concept of Inculturation".

6978: 6874: 6819: 6740: 6716: 6680: 6643: 6562: 6520: 6450: 6226: 5628: 5355: 4985: 4884: 4684: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4589:

Heritage Society is based in New York City, with branches in places including Texas.

4555: 4419: 4175: 4074: 4062: 3871: 3771: 3594: 3391: 3373: 3140: 2966:, Staffords, Turners, Willoughsby, Williams, and the Goodings – took up residence in 2918:

people who had been enslaved in territories neighbouring the Colony of Sierra Leone.

2533: 2394: 2362: 2315: 2179: 2144: 2106: 2094: 1929:. Today, the Sierra Leone Creoles are 1.2 percent of the population of Sierra Leone. 1886: 860: 701: 208: 143: 14246: 9160: 8598: 7056: 6462: 3195: 2170: 1240: 14814: 14483: 14436: 14404: 14330: 14268: 14251: 14217: 14150: 14115: 14110: 14088: 14083: 14019: 13997: 13901: 13876: 13839: 13767: 12881: 12852: 12847: 12745: 12713: 12686: 12411: 12028: 11998: 11988: 11983: 11550: 11261: 10277: 10092: 9830: 9445: 9274: 9179: 9148: 8966: 8729: 8637: 8578: 8331:"Saint John historian illuminates story of Thomas Peters, prominent black loyalist" 8260: 8027: 7992: 7936: 7850: 7810: 7780: 7466: 7304: 7089:

Dixon-Fyle, Mac, "The Saro in the Political Life of Early Port Harcourt, 1913–49",

7052: 7025: 6970: 6947: 6781: 6712: 6554: 6442: 6412: 6377: 6339: 6265: 5905:

coach and former player, regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation

5852: 5784: 5648: 5544: 4903: 4846: 4616: 4518:

and European groups recorded a much higher proportion of women and men involved in

4485: 4428: 4411: 4283: 4186: 4122: 3590: 3322: 3172: 2978: 2761: 2679: 2536: 2480:. In the coastal areas of mainland Africa, Creoles acquired economic and political 2461: 2422: 2410: 2370: 2319: 2156: 2082: 1945: 1937: 1890: 1235: 1092: 920: 855: 835: 744: 175: 151: 14739: 10038: 9914:"Tribute to the First Female Fourah Bay College Graduate Latilewa Christiana Hyde" 9888:"The Krios of Sierra Leone – Pioneers throughout Africa - African Voice Newspaper" 9773: 9628: 9538:"Idris Elba And Mo Abudu On Bringing African Talent Into Entertainment Mainstream" 9457: 8358:, Halifax, Canada, 22 Aug 2007, reprinted on Amistad America, accessed 4 May 2010] 8093: 7043:

Ashcroft, Shaka (2015). "Roots and Routes: Krio Identity in Postcolonial London".

6969:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Vol. 23. Berlin: Language Science Press. 6416: 6382: 6365: 5445: 3452:

who not only took their Western names with them but also imported Krio words like

2265:, the term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or 14765: 14697: 14620: 14502: 14478: 14446: 14441: 14392: 14365: 14355: 14261: 14140: 13960: 13943: 13906: 13896: 13772: 13742: 13640: 13571: 13495: 12876: 12703: 12613: 12608: 12539:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

12389: 12344: 12198: 12188: 12168: 12153: 12053: 11928: 11918: 11557: 10370: 10168: 9985: 9943: 9939: 9913: 9849: 9706: 9497: 9397: 9370: 8900: 8873: 8442: 8415: 7639: 7546: 7395:

Whiteness in Africa: Americo-Liberians and the Transformative Geographies of Race

7111: 6674: 6637: 6482:"Looking Back, Moving Forward: Documenting the Heritage of African Nova Scotians" 6071: 6009: 6003: 5983: 5773: 5703: 5160: 5099: 4804: 4666: 4642: 4566: 4562:. Many Creoles traded throughout West Africa, and some settled in new countries. 4449: 4444: 4279: 4268: 4070: 4007: 3851: 3767: 3695: 3630: 3610: 3558: 3468: 3433: 3423: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3147:, and some discrimination at home, many Sierra Leone Creoles live abroad in the 2745: 2726: 2643: 2593: 2569: 2418: 2197: 2166: 2046: 2034: 2021:

The Creoles are overwhelmingly Christian and the vast majority of them reside in

1999: 1263: 1070: 820: 739: 155: 127: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10118: 6558: 5345: 4096:

and taken to the church for the service, and lastly to the cemetery for burial.

2729:

were transported to colonial Freetown in 1816 and included families such as the

2161: 2002:

in their manners, the Creoles as a class developed close relationships with the

15108: 15093: 14605: 14595: 14553: 14521: 14516: 14456: 14360: 14305: 14295: 14256: 14098: 14093: 13982: 13891: 13678: 13658: 13536: 13464: 13313: 12718: 12681: 12671: 12431: 12426: 12368: 12203: 12133: 12063: 12058: 11562: 11486: 10934: 10914: 10884: 9449: 8959:

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

7914:, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, PhD thesis, p. 124, 222, 232-242. 7912:

A Roadmap to Sierra Leone English: A Sociohistorical and Ecological Perspective

7854: 7001:

University of South Carolina. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1995. 9541244.

6030: 5988: 5776: 5706: 5682: 5480: 5319:

Philanthropist, entrepreneur and one of the richest men in 19th-century Africa

5156: 4758: 4731: 4693:– extensively intermarried with Sierra Leone Creole migrants in colonial Ghana. 4364: 4349: 4272: 4252: 4092:(burial cloths), and laid on a bed for a final viewing. Then it is placed in a 4058:

on the seventh day following the birth, which is held to celebrate a new-born.

4047: 3991: 3879: 3855: 3691: 3674: 3614: 3578: 3483: 3464: 3184: 3152: 2907: 2895: 2875: 2783: 2706: 2687: 2540: 2386: 2331: 2136: 2003: 1992: 1894: 1722: 1147: 1117: 875: 865: 696: 167: 147: 86: 10375:

Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787

10312: 10281: 9834: 9711:

Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787

9152: 8878:(2 ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Cengage Learning. p. 155. 8386:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Bates, Robert H.; Nunn, Nathan; Robinson, James (2014).

8031: 7996: 7784: 4301: 2206: 15167: 14809: 14734: 14670: 14600: 14461: 14451: 14431: 14419: 14387: 14182: 14103: 14036: 13965: 13926: 12271: 12253: 12243: 12213: 12158: 12113: 12098: 12043: 12033: 12018: 11968: 11963: 11933: 11730: 11658: 11481: 9629:"Sir Ernest Dunstan Morgan: A true Sierra Leonean pioneer and philanthropist" 9209:

Creolization history, ethnography, theory. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press

8306:

Creolization history, ethnography, theory. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press

7814: 7398: 6736:

The Krio of West Africa: Islam, Culture, Creolization, and Colonialism in ...

6670: 6549:

Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (2020). "Creolisation as a Recipe for Conviviality".

6140: 6111: 5959: 5617: 5404: 5152: 5075: 4973: 4453: 4432: 4400: 4256: 4214: 4202: 4179: 3910: 3708: 3669: 3646: 3519: 3515: 3419: 3415: 3385: 3365: 3318: 3156: 3148: 3013: 2887: 2605: 2465: 2346: 2327: 2292: 2277: 2030: 1988: 1870: 1791: 1786: 102: 82: 9671: 8957:

Bascom, William R. (1952). "The Esusu: A Credit Institution of the Yoruba".

7029: 6772:

Bassir, Olumbe (1954). "Marriage Rites among the Aku (Yoruba) of Freetown".

6498:

Arthur Porter, Creoledom, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp.53, 58

6269: 5412: 4961: 4209:

ancestry. Furthermore, unlike the Oku people, the Creoles do not practice

15066: 15061: 14900: 14558: 14548: 14280: 13886: 13757: 13668: 13663: 13557: 12583: 12351: 12276: 12248: 12233: 12218: 12173: 12148: 12128: 12038: 12008: 12003: 11973: 11923: 11775: 11461: 11335: 10924: 10904: 10864: 9689: 8590: 6974: 6454: 6015: 5780: 5503: 5175: 4989: 4952: 4468:

Through the Maroons, some Creoles probably also have indigenous Amerindian

4404: 4396: 4345: 4003: 3887: 3838: 3778: 3757: 3661: 3121: 3017: 3001: 2922:

the Nova Scotians and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions.

2915: 2911: 2883: 2879: 2695: 2630: 2597: 2382: 2378: 2323: 2109:). The Krio language of the Creole people influenced other pidgins such as 2026: 1976: 1914: 1902: 1882: 1878: 1275: 1087: 815: 678: 187: 74: 10096: 8780: 8124: 7940: 7252: 5033: 3897:

Creole meals often coincide with specific days of the week. On Saturdays,

3833: 2276:

is used today to describe something local or very typical of a particular

46: 15083: 14925: 14749: 14712: 14702: 14675: 14290: 14202: 13911: 13752: 13747: 13617: 12603: 12588: 12436: 12399: 12238: 12193: 12178: 11943: 11938: 11785: 10919: 10894: 10869: 9821:

Fisher, Humphrey J. (1969). "Elections and Coups in Sierra Leone, 1967".

8569:

Knox, George; Morley, David (December 1960). "Twinning in Yoruba Women".

7171: 7126:

La ciudad de Clarence. Malabo: Ediciones Centro Cultural Hispano-Guineano

5674: 5491: 5087: 4915: 4808: 4606: 4506:

and Sierra Leone, seventy European girlfriends and wives accompanied the

4457: 4341: 4330: 4198: 4194: 4126: 4117:

Creoles have inherited a wide range of proverbs and folktales, including

4027: 3987: 3975: 3883: 3875: 3827: 3814:

for women, although some Creole women sometimes wore the Jamaican Maroon

3665: 3542: 3511: 3361: 3353: 3232: 3009: 2997: 2899: 2891: 2863: 2402: 2398: 1984: 1972: 1441: 1097: 950: 830: 614: 183: 10141:"Dr Agnes Yewande Savage – West Africa's First Woman Doctor (1906–1964)" 8672:

The Legacies of Slavery and Emancipation, Jamaica in the Atlantic World.

8062: 7434:

Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

7368: 6343: 6237:

Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).

5733:

Chief Justice and first Sierra Leonean president of the Court of Appeal

4924: 4669:– sub-ethnic group of the Sierra Leone Creoles who resettled in several 4309: 3687:, are held on the day of the wedding or some days after, for newlyweds. 2839: 2674:

Captain Paul Cuffee transported 38 African Americans to Freetown in 1815

2596:. The British negotiated for the land for the settlement with the local 2302:

In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the

15051: 14722: 14662: 14380: 13987: 13975: 12138: 12123: 12093: 12088: 11837: 11805: 11644: 11612: 10929: 10909: 10879: 10488: 10104: 9114:""Persons" vs. "People" vs. "Peoples": Which Word Is The Right Choice?" 8995:

Trade in the Senegambia Region: From the 12th to the Early 20th Century

8978: 8741: 8684: 8352:

Wayne Adams, "Black, white Baptists bridge centuries-old racial divide"

8272: 7948: 7686:"Jan. 15, 1817: The Vote on Colonization of Free Blacks in West Africa" 7478: 7316: 6793: 6446: 5890: 5868: 5864: 5400: 5190: 4936: 4660: 4570: 4511: 4496: 4489: 4379: 4218: 4167: 4130: 4085: 4019: 4002:

meals on Fridays or other festive occasions are usually accompanied by

3935: 3807: 3341: 3244: 3180: 3128: 3005: 2871: 2867: 2829: 2737: 2722: 2659: 2613: 2358: 2342: 2310: 2266: 2184: 2127: 2118: 1980: 546: 285: 12474:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

10289: 8039: 8004: 7585:. Waynebook. Vol. 51. Wayne State University Press. p. 161. 7172:"creole | Origin and meaning of creole by Online Etymology Dictionary" 5189:

Legislator during the colonial period and first Nigerian to receive a

4858: 3683:, (parties) at which every guest is expected to wear the same type of 3020:

peninsula of Sierra Leone. By the 1850s, they had already established

2836:, enforced the abolition of the international slave trade after 1808. 2820: 2374: 14320: 12752: 12598: 12103: 11887: 11825: 11720: 11345: 11095: 10366: 10268:

Crowder, Michael (1966). "Symposium of West African Archaeologists".

10158:

9732:"Thomas, (Emanuel) Peter John Adeniyi (1914–1945), air force officer" 9702: 9473:

The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies: A Colossus of Victorian Lagos

9293:"Freedom in the archives: Free African Americans in Colonial America" 7210:

Louisiana's 'Creoles of Color': Ethnicity, Marginality, and Identity,

6213:

Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

5935:

champion, considered to be one of the best middleweights of his era.

4888: 4519: 4493: 4477: 4378:

of peoples brought into sustained contact with others from different

4334: 4326: 4156: 3960: 3952: 3811: 3654: 3523: 3345: 3252: 2284: 2262: 1964: 1771: 1112: 845: 624: 451: 123: 11399: 10945: 10745:

H.C. Bankole-Bright and politics in colonial Sierra Leone, 1919–1958

9071: 8970: 8078:. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164 7470: 7410:

Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".

7384:. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164 7308: 6785: 5911: 3714:

ancestry. The first of the twins to be born is traditionally named

3099:

Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, immigrants from the

14471: 14424: 14370: 14187: 14071: 14041: 14024: 13808: 13576: 13225: 13220: 12730: 11283: 11266: 10536:

George Ross and the Maroons : from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone

8733: 8264: 7508: 7506: 6115: 5670: 5564: 5128: 5015: 4774: 4610: 4609:, they arrived in West Africa where they founded the settlement of 4547: 4503: 4481: 4383: 4105: 4100: 4050:

ceremonies but also have a naming ceremony commonly referred to as

4015: 3979: 3956: 3930: 3867: 3650: 3582: 3502: 3349: 3264: 3248: 3164: 3160: 3136: 3104: 2943: 2795: 2718: 2522: 2296: 2074: 2050: 2022: 1933: 1926: 1922: 1157: 1082: 1075: 119: 13916: 13433: 12489:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

9176:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

7277: 4619:– ancestors of the Sierra Leone Creoles who freed themselves from 2824:

An 1835 illustration of liberated slaves arriving in Sierra Leone.

2691: 2619: 115: 15113: 15103: 11842: 7109:

Derrick, Jonathan, "The 'Native Clerk' in Colonial West Africa",

6866: 5555: 5367: 4880: 4850: 4770: 4670: 4650: 4637:– sister ethnic group of the Creoles of Sierra Leone, comprising 4620: 4559: 4551: 4539: 4515: 4227: 3922: 3902: 3891: 3803: 3740: 3684: 3680: 3598: 3574: 3449: 3256: 3132: 3112: 3108: 3100: 2803: 2799: 2776: 2690:

slaves who had escaped plantations and, to a lesser extent, from

2581: 2477: 2473: 2211: 2086: 2078: 2054: 1941: 1245: 551: 131: 10593:

Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution

10498:

The Creoles of Sierra Leone: Responses to colonialism, 1870–1945

8767:

Africa and the West: Intellectual Responses to European Culture.

8018:

Hair, P. E. H. (1967). "Africanism: The Freetown Contribution".

7503: 7223:

A History of the Old South: The Emergence of a Reluctant Nation,

6865:

Oyètádé, B. Akíntúndé; Fashole-Luke, Victor (15 February 2008).

4697: 4414:

neighbours, the Creoles of Sierra Leone have varying degrees of

3545:

christianity and cultural innovation. Notable examples include

2381:, the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with 2299:, the term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans. 14397: 14315: 14273: 13948: 12676: 10327:"From Sierra Leone to Stalag Luft I: Remembering Johnny Smythe" 7197:

White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana.

6040: 5814: 5299:, later interim Governor-General and President of Sierra Leone 5219: 5198: 4993: 4488:

suggest that their ancestry extends beyond Africa, to include

4392: 4387: 4290: 4233: 4137: 4118: 4093: 4089: 3968: 3629:

Creoles observe dating and marriage customs that reflect their

3491: 2903: 2741: 2670: 2557: 2354: 2132: 2066: 2062: 2058: 1152: 78: 10305:"Akam '09 profiles former African dictator Valentine Strasser" 9365: 9237:

Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World

8410: 7355:

Markey, Thomas L. (1982). "Afrikaans: Creole or Non-Creole?".

6636:

Dixon-Fyle, Mac; Cole, Gibril Raschid (2006). "Introduction".

5591: 2809: 14790: 14414: 12488: 7235: 6845:"Translators without borders: Language data for Sierra Leone" 6045: 5511: 4748: 4680: 4679:– descendants of the Creoles of Sierra Leone who migrated to 4659:– descendants of the Creoles of Sierra Leone who migrated to 4543: 4469: 4352:

settlers continued to influence Creole architectural styles.

4065:

related to death among the Creoles, one such ceremony is the

4023: 3995: 3948: 3926: 3918: 3906: 3763: 3753: 3726: 3716: 3168: 2539:

to Sierra Leone and subsequent waves of African American and

2202: 2098: 2090: 2070: 1949: 1932:

The Creoles of Sierra Leone have varying degrees of European

925: 10012:"Dr. Abdulai Conteh Comments on Controversial Speaker Issue" 9059:

https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116

8926: 2413:

and Sierra Leone Creoles resulted from the intermingling of

12533: 9174:

Jourdan, C. (2001). "Creolization: Sociocultural Aspects".

8385: 7236:"Criollo, criolla | Diccionario de la lengua española" 6867:"Sierra Leone: Krio and the Quest for National Integration" 6553:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 43–63. 3983: 3944: 3898: 2806:

between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

955: 5339:

Activist and pioneer of women's education in Sierra Leone

2862:

The Liberated Africans were multi-ethnic and were largely

2201:, meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the 10555:

Creoles of Sierra Leone: Proverbs, Parables, Wise Sayings

10481:

Creoledom: A study of the development of Freetown society

8875:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Africa

4356:

a reliable supply of water and electricity to this area.

4210: 4121:

stories, from their multi-ethnic ancestors including the

4011: 3823: 2642:

Some 1200 of these blacks emigrated to Sierra Leone from

10026:

Physicians, colonial racism, and diaspora in West Africa

9742: 7966:"The Krios of Sierra Leone – Pioneers throughout Africa" 6405:

Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

5585:

First West African woman to qualify as a medical doctor

2464:

predominate while on the mainland, creole languages are

2369:

are Africans with some French cultural ancestry and are

9402:. University of Michigan (Westview Press). p. 24. 9275:"Free African Americans of North Carolina and Virginia" 8447:. University of Michigan (Westview Press). p. 24. 6923:

The Transformation of Freetown Christianity, 1960–2000.

4773:

in the human body, a breakthrough for the treatment of

4205:

descent in addition to other African ethnic groups and

3668:

for the bridegroom and the women wear the traditional

3155:. In the United States, Creoles are mostly settled in 10576:. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers. 10571: 8782:

Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change

8122: 6432: 5074:

First Sierra Leonean woman to be called to the Bar in

3231:

The Creoles were instrumental in the establishment of

9211:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 1–25. 9092:"Regent / Regent, Western Area, Sierra Leone, Africa" 8674:

New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University, 2007. pp 108

8308:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 1–25. 8230:. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 89–92. 6873:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–140. 4742:

Single most successful 19th-century farmer in Africa

2532:

In 1800, the British government also transported 550

10798:

Johnny Smythe, RAF pilot shot down over Nazi Germany

10533: 9973:. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. p. 57. 9754: 9375:. Harvard University Press, University of Michigan. 8420:. Harvard University Press, University of Michigan. 7526:. San José State University, Department of Economics 7295:

Berlin, Ira (April 1996). "From Creole to African".

5949: 4849:" and was the first to link the disease directly to 4140:

the spider. The following is a typical spider tale:

2958:), Keelings, Leighs, Moores, Peters (descendants of 2660:

Maroons and other transatlantic immigrants 1800–1819

10339: 9054:

A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone

8369:"The Radical Methodist Congregation of Daddy Moses" 7582:

Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America

6864: 3360:in Freetown. Prominent Creole Catholics include Dr 2794:and Conton family who settled in Sierra Leone from 1748:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

9937: 9025:. Edward Francis Small Printing Press. p. 31. 8530:(Hurst and International African Institute, 1989, 7411: 7212:Social Science Quarterly 73, No. 3, 1992: 615-623. 6669: 6214: 5458:Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone 4157:Creole culture and broader Sierra Leonean cultures 3917:(leafy vegetable sauce) is often eaten. This is a 2744:. These Black Americans included Perry Lockes and 10847: 10813:Meet the Krios of Freetown, Sierra Leone (part 2) 10808:Meet the Krios of Freetown, Sierra Leone (part 1) 10517:The Krio of Sierra Leone: An Interpretive History 10343:The Krio of Sierra Leone: An Interpretive History 8528:The Krio of Sierra Leone: An Interpretive History 7748:The Krio of Sierra Leone: An Interpretive History 7418:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 7329: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6315:"Liberia Country Study: The True Whig Ascendancy" 6221:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 4448:listed approximately 3000 "black and mixed-race" 3929:, fish, beef, and chicken. It is often made with 3619:pioneers in several categories of human endeavour 3537:From their earliest presence in Sierra Leone and 1905:of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. The 15165: 12524:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 9571:"West African Lady Barrister Called to the Bar" 8807:"How to make the perfect full English breakfast" 8390:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–219. 8123:W. F. Bynum; Helen Bynum, eds. (December 2006). 6614:Wolf, Hans-Georg (2001). "English in Cameroon". 6519:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. 4627:. Initially resettled in Nova Scotia, after the 4581:As a result of normal immigration patterns, the 1952:ancestry. The mingling of newly freed black and 12569:Black players in professional American football 12519:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9792:"Kwame Nkrumah's Revolutionary Health Platform" 9685:"Woman QC to be high court's first black judge" 9617:(Supplement). 31 December 1970. pp. 43–44. 9438:"Nicol, Davidson Sylvester Hector Willoughby". 8846: 8328: 8094:"Dr Davidson Nicol | Christs College Cambridge" 8055:Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 7892:(16 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International 7397:(2013). Theses and Dissertations--History. 23. 6860: 6858: 5753:Army officer and Head of State of Sierra Leone 5054:Pharmaceutical entrepreneur and philanthropist 4673:cities in the late 19th and early 20th century. 4528: 2620:Nova Scotians and the Freetown Colony 1792–1799 10666: 10500:. University of Wisconsin Press; 1st edition. 10200:"Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1890 · Slavery Images" 9395: 9349:"The brouhaha over two-sim bridge in Freetown" 8440: 8388:Africa's Development in Historical Perspective 7883: 7199:New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986. 7004: 6815:Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History 6635: 6299:Nineteenth Century Negritude: Edward W. Blyden 5433:Author of the Krio-English Dictionary and the 4631:, they eventually arrived in Freetown in 1800. 3974:Sunday dinner is a West African one-pot meal, 3694:(father, mother, and their children), but the 475:Education of freed people during the Civil War 13824: 13449: 11415: 10961: 10833: 10346:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 34. 9069: 8842: 8840: 8779:Hafkin, Nancy J.; Bay, Edna G., eds. (1976). 8052: 7545:Horton, James Oliver; Horton, Lois E (1998). 6594:. Institute of English and American Studies, 5612:First woman in Africa to achieve the rank of 4698:Notable people of Sierra Leone Creole descent 4313:Old Fourah Bay College Building, circa 1930s. 3321:, a newspaper proprietor and Creoles such as 2517:from Nova Scotia settled and established the 1948:, some Creoles probably also have indigenous 1846: 12282:Historically black colleges and universities 10721:. Interlink Publishing Group, Incorporated. 9945:The Heinemann Book of African Women's Poetry 9885: 9874:"Hayford, Adelaide Smith Casely (1868–1960)" 9444:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 8991: 8818: 8816: 8076:Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast 7544: 7382:Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast 7357:Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 6925:Doctoral Dissertation, University of London. 6855: 6401: 2558:Black Poor and Province of Freedom 1787–1789 486:Historically black colleges and universities 10552: 9847: 9590:"African Heritage Symphonic Series, Vol. I" 8830: 8828: 8785:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 8118: 8116: 8114: 8088: 8086: 8084: 4348:. However, subsequent African-American and 4073:origin and the subsequently more prevalent 2810:Recaptives or Liberated Africans 1807–1830s 1925:. The settlers called their new settlement 470:Education during the slave period in the US 13831: 13817: 13705:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 13481:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 13456: 13442: 11422: 11408: 10968: 10954: 10840: 10826: 10223: 8847:Carpenter, Allan; Eckert, Susan L (1974). 8837: 8568: 8546: 8544: 8490: 7960: 7958: 7578: 7399:https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/23 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7085: 7083: 7081: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 5979:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 3866:Breakfast meal of some Creoles consist of 3702: 3581:, was a breakthrough for the treatment of 2564:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 2191:, meaning a person raised in one's house. 1853: 1839: 793:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 45: 12499:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 10647: 10574:New Perspectives on the Sierra Leone Krio 10119:"African Political Philosophy, 1860-1995" 9495: 9372:The African diaspora: interpretive essays 9034: 9032: 8992:Sonko-Godwin, Patience (1 January 2004). 8905:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 74–75. 8902:A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier 8813: 8778: 8417:The African diaspora: interpretive essays 8161:Thomas Decker and The Death of Boss Coker 7922: 7920: 7225:third edition. New York: Macmillan, 1975. 7015: 6933: 6931: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6698: 6696: 6639:New Perspectives on the Sierra Leone Krio 6514: 6428: 6426: 6381: 5372:oldest western-style university in Africa 3352:churches such as St. Anthony's Church in 3296:Zion Methodist Church, Wilberforce Street 2938:The ancestors of the Creoles founded the 2782:Prominent Creole families of more recent 2449:Creolisation as a Recipe for Conviviality 2150: 249:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 10714: 10138: 9748: 9633:www.sierraconnection.com/biographies.htm 9609: 9502:. Oxford University Press. p. 410. 8851:. Chicago: Childrens Press. p. 27. 8825: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8223: 8219: 8217: 8201: 8199: 8111: 8081: 7840: 7800: 7770: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7648:] (in German). Münster: Lit-Verlag. 7551:. Oxford University Press. p. 186. 7166: 7164: 7042: 6871:Language and National Identity in Africa 6812:Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014). 6665: 6663: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6325: 6323: 6208: 6206: 6204: 5910: 5879: 5792: 5681: 5647: 5590: 5563: 5510: 5411: 5378: 5344: 5227: 5197: 5032: 4960: 4923: 4857: 4815: 4781: 4747: 4663:in the late 19th and early 20th century. 4308: 4300: 3832: 3637:. Creole wedding ceremonies involve the 3501: 3215: 3204: 3194: 3143:. Due to normal migration patterns, the 2838: 2819: 2709:and Liberated African soldiers from the 2669: 2629: 11284:Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans) 10761: 10685: 10495: 10472: 10267: 10249:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1968 10240:"The London Gazette, Fourth Supplement" 10055: 9983: 9760: 9524:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9475:. Kachifo Limited/Prestige. p. 1. 9470: 9441:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9279:African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 9272: 9206: 9173: 8541: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8303: 8205: 7955: 7879: 7877: 7796: 7794: 7263: 7247: 7245: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7098: 7078: 6832: 6728: 6726: 6702: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6515:Baron, Robert A.; Cara, Ana C. (2011). 6476: 6474: 6472: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6281: 6279: 6251: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6174: 4576: 3677:," a rowdy last fling before marriage. 3660:Creole traditional wedding attire is a 3518:and British cultures reflected in both 3317:. Well-known Creole Methodists include 2682:; these maroons came specifically from 14: 15166: 13398:Topics related to the African diaspora 12504:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 11230:Dominican Republic (African Americans) 10788:Creole culture and traditional outfits 10628: 10609: 10590: 10572:Dixon-Fyle, Mac; Cole, Gibril (2005). 10534:Campbell, Mavis; Ross, George (1993). 10478: 10082: 9911: 9820: 9346: 9327: 9051: 9029: 9018: 8956: 8719: 8250: 8208:The Life of James Pinson Labulo Davies 7926: 7917: 7456: 7409: 7354: 7294: 7140:1777–1846. Barcelona: Ceiba Ediciones. 6937: 6928: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6887: 6811: 6800: 6771: 6760: 6693: 6642:. New York: Peter Lang. pp. 2–3. 6423: 6212: 4592: 4305:Creole style architecture, circa 1885. 3624: 1940:neighbours and sister ethnic group in 13812: 13437: 13378:Landmark African-American legislation 11429: 11403: 11096:Children of American service members 10975: 10949: 10821: 10270:The Journal of Modern African Studies 9971:Historical Dictionary of Sierra Leone 9823:The Journal of Modern African Studies 9328:Sankoh, Mohamed (30 September 2020). 9130: 8479: 8214: 8196: 8020:The Journal of Modern African Studies 7734: 7637: 7161: 6964: 6733:Cole, Gibril R. (15 September 2013). 6660: 6622: 6501: 6390: 6363: 6329: 6320: 6201: 4289:As Creoles settled in places such as 3344:, there are a small number of Creole 2970:. The town was in close proximity to 1885:. The Sierra Leone Creole people are 991:Athletic associations and conferences 480:History of African-American education 15148: 13838: 13684:See also Sierra Leone settlers below 12509:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 10742: 10514: 10302: 10028:, University Press of Florida, 1996. 9968: 9912:Conton, Miatta (27 September 2001). 9584: 9347:Thomas, Abdul Rashid (11 May 2019). 8947:Berghahn Books OAPEN Library Edition 8898: 8871: 8511: 8017: 7982: 7874: 7871:, Freetown, Sierra Leone: Routledge. 7791: 7745: 7332:Creolization of Language and Culture 7242: 7143: 6952:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093841 6732: 6723: 6613: 6575: 6533: 6469: 6350: 6276: 6240: 6089: 5078:and to practice law in Sierra Leone 4533: 3573:, the discovery of the breakdown of 2948:families originally from Nova Scotia 2626:Nova Scotian Settlers (Sierra Leone) 2121:. As a result of their history, the 914:Association for the Study of African 69:Regions with significant populations 15179:African-American diaspora in Africa 13463: 12863:African-American Vernacular English 10671:. University Press of Mississippi. 10669:Creolization as Cultural Creativity 10147:from the original on 14 April 2019. 9672:"High Court Gets First Black Judge" 9595:Database of Recorded American Music 9499:The University of Oxford: A History 9019:Othman, Ramatoulie Onikepo (1999). 8943:King, Nathaniel (2014), Chapter 3, 8494:A Saro community in the Niger Delta 7843:Missiology: An International Review 7521: 6908: 6517:Creolization as Cultural Creativity 5479:First West African to qualify as a 4112: 4037: 3408:African American Vernacular English 3301:Prominent Creole Anglicans include 2580:, many on promises of freedom from 1728:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1229:African-American Vernacular English 798:National Conference of Black Mayors 24: 12781:U.S. cities with large populations 12484:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 9774:"Sierra Leone Heroes: Beoku-Betts" 9556:"Notable Nigerians: Stella Thomas" 8998:. Sunrise Publishers. p. 68. 8583:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1960.tb09255.x 7890:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 7886:"Krio, a language of Sierra Leone" 7831:Freetown, Sierra Leone: Routledge. 7827:Paracka Jr., D. J. (2003), p. 11, 7524:"Economic History of Sierra Leone" 6588:"Sierra Leone: Brief Introduction" 6364:Galli, Stefania (2 October 2019). 5842:Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 5532:Commander of the armed forces and 4914:First mayor of Freetown and first 4704:List of Sierra Leone Creole people 4386:backgrounds, who converged onto a 3398:. Krio was strongly influenced by 2954:, Dixons, Georges (descendants of 2942:and established the settlement of 2790:and their descendants such as the 2748:from Boston; Abraham Thompson and 2721:and in suburbs around it in 1819. 931:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 15205: 11654:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 11650:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 11457:African American founding fathers 10781: 10667:Baron, Robert; Cara, Ana (2013). 10519:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 10139:Mitchell, Henry (November 2016). 9802:from the original on 3 March 2016 8329:Redmond Shannon (13 April 2016). 7867:Paracka Jr., D. J. (2003), p. 3, 7750:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 7136:García Cantús, M. Dolores. 2006. 7124:Martín del Molino, Amador. 1993. 6849:www.translatorswithoutborders.org 5403:and first author to write in the 4480:, "natives", enslaved Africans, " 2698:during the Temne Attack of 1801. 1635:Places by plurality of population 301:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 291:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 244:Abolitionism in the United States 15147: 15138: 15137: 14020:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13416: 12534:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 11679:Nadir of American race relations 10715:Whiteman, Kye (1 October 2013). 10451: 10433: 10415: 10397: 10388: 10360: 10333: 10319: 10303:Akam, Simon (13 February 2012). 10296: 10261: 10232: 10217: 10192: 10174: 10151: 10132: 10111: 10076: 10049: 10031: 10018: 10004: 9977: 9962: 9931: 9905: 9886:africanvoice (26 October 2017). 9879: 9866: 9841: 9814: 9784: 9766: 9724: 9696: 9677: 9665: 9639: 9621: 9602: 9578: 9565: 9548: 9530: 9516: 9489: 9464: 9431: 9416: 9389: 9359: 9340: 9321: 9312: 9303: 9285: 9266: 9252: 9225: 9200: 9167: 9124: 9106: 9084: 9063: 9045: 9012: 8985: 8950: 8937: 8919: 8892: 8865: 8799: 8772: 8760: 8748: 8713: 8695: 8677: 8664: 8655: 8630: 8141:from the original on 5 June 2010 8132:Dictionary of Medical Biography 6818:. New Africa Press. p. 68. 6717:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00596.x 6618:(85). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 6149: 6133: 5952: 5275:Governor-General of Sierra Leone 3263:denominations in places such as 3243:Creole denominations are mainly 3200:St. George's Cathedral, Freetown 2977:The next group of settlers were 2950:– the Balls, Burdens, Chambers, 2666:Jamaican Maroons in Sierra Leone 2472:in Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, 1810: 332:Black Belt in the American South 114: 11540:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 11530:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 10793:Dr. Oloh and his Milo Jazz Band 10633:. University of Toronto Press. 10409:www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com 9984:Uwechue, Raph (14 March 1991). 9353:www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com 9079:Journal of Sierra Leone Studies 8605: 8562: 8461: 8434: 8404: 8379: 8361: 8345: 8322: 8297: 8279: 8244: 8166: 8153: 8069: 8046: 8011: 7976: 7904: 7861: 7834: 7821: 7764: 7703: 7678: 7669: 7631: 7609: 7572: 7538: 7515: 7494: 7485: 7450: 7437: 7403: 7387: 7375: 7348: 7323: 7288: 7228: 7215: 7202: 7189: 7130: 7118: 7063: 7057:10.1179/1476994815Z.00000000051 7036: 6991: 6958: 6676:African English in the diaspora 6492: 6121: 6096: 5713:for acts of valour and courage 5249:Performed the first successful 5222:and one-time mayor of Freetown 5127:Educator, politician and first 4296: 3882:, fried tomatoes or mushrooms, 3874:typically consisting of fried, 3837:Portrait of a Creole family in 3340:Although Creoles are primarily 2816:Sierra Leone Liberated Africans 2725:rebels who participated in the 1993:formation of a Creole ethnicity 936:National Council of Negro Women 12529:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 11535:Civil right movement 1896–1954 10747:. Cambridge University Press. 10652:. Liverpool University Press. 9423:"Dr Davidson Nicol;Obituary". 9184:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00835-4 8497:. University Rochester Press. 8134:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 7985:The Journal of African History 7459:The William and Mary Quarterly 7092:The Journal of African History 6551:Conviviality at the Crossroads 6308: 6291: 6078:Sierra Leonean nationality law 5817:and first African graduate of 4667:Saro people (Nigerian Creoles) 4649:who founded the settlement of 4030:. On other days, a variety of 3774:thought since colonial times. 3613:farming in West Africa, while 3510:Creole culture is a fusion of 3372:and, in previous generations, 3292:Rawdon Street Methodist Church 2962:or Stephen Peters), Prestons, 2933: 1733:Racism against Black Americans 36:Creole people of Sierra Leone 13: 1: 15189:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone 12709:Cherokee freedmen controversy 11685:The Negro Motorist Green Book 10849:Ethnic groups in Sierra Leone 10553:Lewis-Coker, Eyamide (2018). 10186:www.liberiapastandpresent.com 10143:. Centre of African Studies. 9674:, BBC News, 2 September 2004. 9070:Browne-Davies, Nigel (2014). 8722:American Journal of Sociology 8253:American Journal of Sociology 7447:(Beacon Press, Boston, 2006). 6417:10.1080/08263663.2018.1426227 6383:10.1080/1081602X.2019.1637361 6163: 5534:Head of State of Sierra Leone 3597:of the disease linking it to 2684:Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) 941:National Pan-Hellenic Council 10340:Akintola J. G. Wyse (1989). 9496:Brockliss, L. W. B. (2016). 9458:UK public library membership 9369:; Robert I. Rotberg (1976). 9260:"Memoirs of Madison Hemings" 9052:Thayer, James Steel (1991). 8414:; Robert I. Rotberg (1976). 8178:Cambridge University Library 7970:www.africanvoiceonline.co.uk 7884:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). 7075:, No. 3, Spring 1977, p. 1. 6673:; Tagliamonte, Sali (2001). 6168: 5435:Sierra Leone National Anthem 5018:and conductor known for his 4769:Discovered the breakdown of 4571:Aku or Gambian Creole people 4529:Sierra Leone Creole Diaspora 4514:, although individuals from 4399:, is characterized by rapid 4359: 4193:, and Liberated Africans of 3609:is credited with pioneering 3506:A Creole family, circa 1918. 3016:origin – settled across the 2460:. On the islands of Africa, 2385:settlers, later produced a 2214:in other languages, such as 1743:School segregation in the US 1281:Black American Sign Language 1255:Languages and other dialects 27:Ethnic group of Sierra Leone 7: 12579:Black players in ice hockey 12514:National Urban League (NUL) 12340:American Society of Muslims 11578:Selma to Montgomery marches 11498:Brown v. Board of Education 10648:Braidwood, Stephen (1994). 10614:. Independently Published. 10612:The Creoles of Sierra Leone 10483:. Oxford University Press. 10085:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 9854:. Lyns Publicity. p. 6 8689:www.sierraleoneheritage.org 8526:Wyse, Akintola, pp. 11–12, 8227:From Slaving to Neo-Slavery 7929:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 7579:Smitherman, Geneva (1977). 6921:Thompson, V. A. D. (2013). 6559:10.1007/978-3-030-28979-9_3 6191:"CIA World Factbook (2022)" 6139:Awujoh originates from the 5974:African Americans in Africa 5945: 4988:in Great Britain and first 3901:a dough-like paste made of 3379: 3190: 2996:ancestors – principally of 2678:The next arrivals were the 2139:people of Nigeria, and the 570:African-American businesses 10: 15210: 15174:Sierra Leone Creole people 15032:African diaspora religions 14156:Indigenous Black Canadians 13636:Port Rosey (now Shelburne) 13529:American Revolutionary War 12736:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 12494:Nashville Student Movement 11505:Children of the plantation 10405:"Time to call APC's bluff" 10309:Columbia Journalism School 10224:Killingray, David (2012). 10062:. Africa Journal Limited. 9940:Chipasula, Frank Mkalawile 9081:, Vol. 3; Edition 1, 2014. 8703:"Sierra Leone Gumbe music" 8287:"Sierra Leone Gumbe music" 7855:10.1177/009182960102900106 7638:Knörr, Jacqueline (1995). 7330:Robert Chaudenson (2001). 7297:William and Mary Quarterly 7156:Journal of African History 7115:, Vol. 82, No. 326, p. 65. 6486:www.archives.novascotia.ca 6303:Journal of African History 5711:Distinguished Flying Cross 5263:Sir Henry Lightfoot Boston 4984:First black African woman 4701: 4603:American Revolutionary War 4440:American Revolutionary War 4253:Yoruba cultural retentions 3861: 3858:and British dress styles. 3766:music originates from the 3751: 3497: 3446:Fernando Po Creole English 3383: 2813: 2758:Charleston, South Carolina 2663: 2623: 2578:American Revolutionary War 2561: 2507:American Revolutionary War 2500: 2174:, which in turn came from 2111:Cameroonian Pidgin English 1901:slaves who settled in the 1867:Sierra Leone Creole people 1108:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 783:Congressional Black Caucus 750:African Diaspora Religions 537:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 15133: 15022: 15007:African Hebrew Israelites 14992: 14946: 14883: 14872: 14852: 14783:Afro-Asians in South Asia 14748: 14661: 14496: 14346: 14131: 14057: 13867: 13853: 13846: 13781: 13723: 13692: 13649: 13616: 13591: 13555: 13542:Black Company of Pioneers 13527: 13504: 13471: 13406: 13373:Index of related articles 13251: 13166: 12890: 12823: 12761: 12661: 12622: 12554: 12547: 12462: 12382: 12374:Doctrine of Father Divine 12320: 12262: 11911: 11766: 11758:Women's suffrage movement 11711:Reconstruction Amendments 11518:Voting Rights Act of 1965 11437: 11389:African-American diaspora 11381: 11313: 11292: 11175: 11107: 11021: 10983: 10855: 10803:Sights and sounds of Krio 10718:Lagos: A Cultural History 10282:10.1017/S0022278X00013288 10000:– via Google Books. 9851:Who's who in Sierra Leone 9835:10.1017/S0022278X00018863 9471:Elebute, Adeyemo (2013). 9207:Stewart, Charles (2016). 9153:10.1080/14747730701532492 8755:Sierra Leone Weekly News, 8552:"Creoles of Sierra Leone" 8473:www.natinpasadvantage.com 8469:"Krios and their history" 8333:. New Brunswick: CBC News 8304:Stewart, Charles (2016). 8032:10.1017/S0022278X00016396 7997:10.1017/S0021853700032552 7785:10.1080/01440390500499794 7334:. CRC press. p. 11. 7095:, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 126. 6679:. Blackwell. p. 41. 6370:The History of the Family 6252:Torrent, Mélanie (2009). 6108:female genital mutilation 6021:Church Missionary Society 5969:African-American diaspora 5873:2020 Summer Olympic Games 5044:Sir Ernest Dunstan Morgan 4687:in the late 19th century. 4605:. Initially resettled in 4176:Ramatoulie Onikepo Othman 3792: 3633:and broader West African 3288:Ebenezer Methodist Church 2391:Fernandino Creole peoples 1615:US states and territories 916:American Life and History 638:Lift Every Voice and Sing 347:Treatment of the enslaved 142: 137: 113: 108: 97: 92: 73: 68: 63: 58: 44: 14049:Turks and Caicos Islands 13596:involved in Emancipation 13582:Petition of Free Negroes 13518:Philipsburg Proclamation 13423:United States portal 12858:African-American English 12287:Inventors and scientists 11979:George Washington Carver 11583:Chicago Freedom Movement 10762:Paracka, Daniel (2003). 9990:. Africa Books Limited. 9918:Concord Times (Freetown) 9848:Roy-Johnson, M. (1980). 9586:De Lerma, Dominique-René 9573:Nigerian Daily Telegraph 8872:Gall, Timothy L (2009). 8491:Dixon-Fyle, Mac (1999). 8224:Sundiata, I. K. (1996). 7815:10.1177/0040573614530140 7072:African Economic History 6903:"Sierra Leone languages" 6066:Philipsburg Proclamation 5723:Sir Samuel Bankole-Jones 5469:William Broughton Davies 4947:Actor and winner of the 4918:to receive a knighthood 4869:Christian Frederick Cole 4691:Gold Coast Euro-Africans 4403:regularized into Creole 3747: 3210:St. John's Maroon Church 2752:from New York City; and 2715:4th West India Regiments 1817:United States portal 1224:African-American English 735:African-American Muslims 296:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 172:Gold Coast Euro-Africans 18:Sierra Leone Krio people 13346:African-American firsts 12395:Back-to-Africa movement 12364:Black Hebrew Israelites 12144:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 11692:Partus sequitur ventrem 11213:United Empire Loyalists 11049:Black Hebrew Israelites 10743:Wyse, Akintola (1990). 10515:Wyse, Akintola (1989). 10479:Porter, Arthur (1966). 10171:. Accessed 1 July 2020. 10167:16 January 2021 at the 9987:Makers of Modern Africa 9969:Fyle, Magbaily (2006). 9892:African Voice Newspaper 9872:Rogers, Brittany Rose, 9396:I. K. Sundiata (1990). 9094:. SL: Travelingluck.com 8685:"Sierra Leone Heritage" 8441:I. K. Sundiata (1990). 7773:Slavery & Abolition 7746:Wyse, Akintola (1989). 7195:Dominguez, Virginia R. 7030:10.1163/157254302X00399 6739:Ohio University Press. 6270:10.3406/cchav.2009.1541 6061:Outline of Sierra Leone 6056:History of Sierra Leone 5994:Back-to-Africa movement 5830:Sir Salako Benka-Coker 5779:officer shot down over 5329:Adelaide Casely-Hayford 5239:Charles Odamtten Easmon 5179:(born: Edmund Macauley) 5166:of West African origin 5117:Constance Cummings-John 5005:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor 4992:female to qualify as a 4367:were formed during the 4170:have origins among the 3703:Twins in Creole society 3458:Nigerian Pidgin English 3284:St John's Maroon Church 2115:Nigerian Pidgin English 1909:was established by the 1874: 1738:Reparations for slavery 826:Back-to-Africa movement 725:Black Hebrew Israelites 603:African-American beauty 52:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor 15037:Anti-African sentiment 13659:Colonel Stephen Blucke 13512:Dunmore's Proclamation 13491:United Empire Loyalist 13314:Spingarn Medal winners 12803:States and territories 12574:Black NFL quarterbacks 12074:Martin Luther King Jr. 11606:Dred Scott v. Sandford 11545:Montgomery bus boycott 10690:The Creoles in Nigeria 10686:Teniola, Eric (2013). 10629:Walker, James (1992). 10610:Conteh, Doris (2021). 10591:Schama, Simon (2005). 10538:. Africa World Press. 10423:"Ryan Giggs Biography" 10056:Uwechue, Raph (1991). 10039:"Ulrich Jones Tribute" 9450:10.1093/ref:odnb/55166 9297:www.commonplace.online 9273:Heinegg, Paul (1997). 9178:. pp. 2903–2906. 9038:Ménard, Anaïs (2015). 8899:Beah, Ishmael (2007). 7690:Zinn Education Project 6975:10.5281/zenodo.2546450 6592:English in West Africa 6332:Social Science History 6051:Jamaican Maroon Creole 6036:Dunmore's Proclamation 5999:Birchtown, Nova Scotia 5922:Leonard Benker Johnson 5915: 5884: 5797: 5686: 5652: 5595: 5568: 5545:James Africanus Horton 5515: 5446:Sir Émile Fashole-Luke 5416: 5383: 5349: 5309:Samuel Benjamin Thomas 5286:Christopher Okoro Cole 5232: 5209:Sir Ernest Beoku-Betts 5202: 5141:Emanuel Adeniyi Thomas 5064:Frances Claudia Wright 5037: 5022:on the epic 1855 poem 4965: 4928: 4862: 4820: 4786: 4752: 4611:Freetown, Sierra Leone 4583:Sierra Leone Civil War 4502:On the voyage between 4314: 4306: 4149: 3842: 3577:in the human body, by 3507: 3477:Sierra Leonean English 3358:Sacred Heart Cathedral 3335:Krio Descendants Union 3276:St. George's Cathedral 3261:Countess of Huntingdon 3224: 3221:Sacred Heart Cathedral 3213: 3202: 3145:Sierra Leone Civil War 2940:Colony of Sierra Leone 2859: 2843:Capture of slave ship 2825: 2769:Freetown, Sierra Leone 2675: 2635: 2610:Alexander Falconbridge 2521:and the settlement of 2519:Colony of Sierra Leone 2445:Thomas Hylland Eriksen 2441: 2205: 2196: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2151:Ethnonymy and overview 2018:or British in origin. 1208:Dialects and languages 368:Second Great Migration 15089:Civil rights movement 14977:Afro-Caribbean people 14286:Chestnut Ridge people 14208:African-American Jews 14010:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13696:Sierra Leone Settlers 12624:Athletic associations 12559:Negro league baseball 12330:African-American Jews 12049:Ketanji Brown Jackson 12014:Henry Highland Garnet 11873:Negro National Anthem 11623:George Floyd protests 11588:Post–civil rights era 11341:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste 10496:Spitzer, Leo (1974). 10097:10.3406/cea.1999.1966 8931:www.anansistories.com 8707:www.musicinafrica.net 8617:africa.uima.uiowa.edu 8291:www.musicinafrica.net 8174:"Lisk-Carew Brothers" 8098:www.christs.cam.ac.uk 7941:10.3406/cea.1991.2116 7910:Saidu Bangura, 2015 6616:Sociology of Language 5933:British Empire Boxing 5914: 5883: 5840:First Sierra Leonean 5796: 5693:Adesanya Kwamina Hyde 5685: 5659:Samuel Ajayi Crowther 5651: 5602:Murietta Olu-Williams 5594: 5567: 5514: 5502:First Sierra Leonean 5415: 5390:Gladys Casely-Hayford 5382: 5348: 5231: 5201: 5036: 4964: 4927: 4861: 4831:seated, with brother 4819: 4785: 4751: 4312: 4304: 4143: 4063:life cycle ceremonies 3836: 3547:Nova Scotian settlers 3528:colonial Sierra Leone 3505: 3436:, in the Gambia, the 3333:, the founder of the 3315:Robert Wellesley-Cole 3219: 3208: 3198: 2842: 2823: 2786:ancestry include the 2673: 2633: 2515:Nova Scotian Settlers 2458:African ethnic groups 2435: 2405:and English-speaking 2123:Gambian Creole people 2008:colonial Sierra Leone 1620:US metropolitan areas 1447:List of neighborhoods 1061:Alabama Creole people 1051:African-American Jews 983:Negro league baseball 946:National Urban League 898:Civic/economic groups 730:African-American Jews 620:African-American hair 482:, after the Civil War 311:Post–civil rights era 138:Related ethnic groups 15194:Repatriated Africans 15047:Atlantic slave trade 14735:United Arab Emirates 13715:Sierra Leone Company 13603:General Samuel Birch 12831:Afro-Seminole Creole 12357:Azusa Street Revival 12229:Booker T. Washington 11753:Underground Railroad 11618:Free people of color 11472:Atlantic slave trade 11203:New England Planters 11098:(multiple countries) 11091:United Arab Emirates 10473:General bibliography 10463:www.morson-group.com 10315:on 10 December 2013. 9798:. 30 November 2001. 9778:www.sierra-leone.org 9334:www.theorganiser.net 8556:www.encyclopedia.com 7935:(121/122): 215–230. 6965:Yakpo, Kofi (2019). 6602:on 29 September 2003 6118:among the Oku people 6083:Timeline of Freetown 5819:Cambridge University 5669:Clergyman and first 5641:President of Liberia 5629:Charles Burgess King 5575:Agnes Yewande Savage 5492:Ulric Emmanuel Jones 5423:Clifford Nelson Fyle 5025:The Song of Hiawatha 4577:Present-day diaspora 4319:tropical rainforests 4239:hunters' masquerade, 4006:cooked in palm oil, 3830:word for money bag. 3593:and wrote the first 3331:George T.O. Robinson 3307:Arthur Thomas Porter 3305:and Creoles such as 2834:West Africa Squadron 2527:Sierra Leone Company 2025:and its surrounding 1936:, similar to their 1919:Sierra Leone Company 1777:Criminal stereotypes 1552:District of Columbia 1269:Afro-Seminole Creole 711:Non-Christian groups 306:Black power movement 270:during the Civil War 239:Atlantic slave trade 14936:Sierra Leone Creole 14787:India and Pakistan 14032:Trinidad and Tobago 13882:Antigua and Barbuda 13790:The Book of Negroes 13725:Sierra Leone people 13651:Black Nova Scotians 13476:Slavery in the U.S. 13226:Trinidad and Tobago 12841:Black American Sign 12668:By African descent 12662:Ethnic subdivisions 12649:Southwestern (SWAC) 12564:Baseball color line 12479:Black Panther Party 12383:Political movements 12300:in computer science 11959:Carol Moseley Braun 11748:Tulsa race massacre 11741:Treatment of slaves 11573:March on Washington 11568:Birmingham movement 11198:Black Nova Scotians 10226:Africans in Britain 10126:www.research.rug.nl 10014:. 22 November 2013. 9938:Chipasula, Stella; 9693:, 1 September 2004. 9651:The Daily Telegraph 9608:Sierra Leone list: 9145:2007Glob....4..369C 9056:. pp. 215–230. 8834:Fashole-Luke: 1968. 8210:. pp. 111–119. 8159:Neville Shrimpton, 7393:Murray, Robert P., 7278:"Creoles of Africa" 6596:Humboldt University 6344:10.1017/ssh.2021.47 6197:. 14 February 2023. 5804:George Gurney Nicol 5763:John Clavell Smythe 5614:Permanent Secretary 4891:to practice in the 4827:John Farrell Easmon 4793:James Pinson Davies 4599:Black Nova Scotians 4593:Related communities 4508:Black Poor settlers 3921:dish consisting of 3635:cultural retentions 3625:Marriage and family 3607:James Pinson Davies 3587:John Farrell Easmon 3539:British West Africa 3532:British West Africa 3370:Florence Dillsworth 3327:Edna Elliott-Horton 3311:Canon Harry Sawyerr 3303:Edward Fasholé-Luke 2692:Jamaican indigenous 2367:Seychellois Creoles 2351:São Tomé e Príncipe 2012:British West Africa 1173:Sierra Leone Creole 1134:Specific ancestries 1019:Southwestern (SWAC) 542:Black History Month 373:New Great Migration 327:Agriculture history 164:Black Nova Scotians 41: 15079:Black Lives Matter 14686:Ethiopian Israelis 14336:African immigrants 14311:Louisiana Redbones 14247:Chickasaw freedmen 14176:African immigrants 13944:Dominican Republic 13547:Ethiopian Regiment 13324:US representatives 13319:US cabinet members 13211:Dominican Republic 12798:Metropolitan areas 12639:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 12464:Civic and economic 12442:Self-determination 12263:Education, science 12184:Fred Shuttlesworth 12164:A. Philip Randolph 12069:Coretta Scott King 11994:Frederick Douglass 11821:Harlem Renaissance 11726:Separate but equal 11716:Reconstruction era 11704:Plessy v. Ferguson 11595:Cornerstone Speech 11509:Civil Rights Acts 11492:Black Lives Matter 11467:American Civil War 10465:. 26 October 2022. 10427:www.footbalium.com 10182:"King resignation" 9615:The London Gazette 9562:(4 November 2014). 9427:. 19 October 1994. 9232:Davis, David Brion 9120:. 11 October 2021. 8709:. 19 January 2017. 8661:Aranzadi, 2010, 23 8373:blackloyalist.info 8293:. 19 January 2017. 7972:. 26 October 2017. 7716:The World Factbook 7282:www.geography.name 7257:www.britannica.com 7176:www.etymonline.com 6967:A Grammar of Pichi 6447:10.1002/ajhb.22656 5916: 5885: 5798: 5743:Valentine Strasser 5687: 5653: 5596: 5569: 5522:Andrew Juxon-Smith 5516: 5456:Chief Justice and 5417: 5384: 5350: 5251:open-heart surgery 5233: 5203: 5038: 4974:Stella Jane Thomas 4966: 4929: 4887:and first African 4863: 4821: 4787: 4753: 4647:Liberated Africans 4388:colonial territory 4365:Creole ethnicities 4315: 4307: 4134:Liberated Africans 3843: 3699:household chores. 3595:clinical diagnosis 3508: 3434:migratory patterns 3238:Fourah Bay College 3225: 3214: 3203: 2860: 2832:, which, with the 2826: 2750:Peter Williams Jr. 2676: 2636: 2576:forces during the 2548:Liberated Africans 2470:national languages 2415:African Recaptives 2407:Liberated Africans 1969:Liberated Africans 1182:Sexual orientation 1056:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1009:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 644:Self-determination 608:Black is beautiful 274:Reconstruction era 35: 15161: 15160: 15129: 15128: 15042:Anti-Black racism 14982:British Jamaicans 14972:African Americans 14957:African Americans 14911:Americo-Liberians 14896:African Americans 14868: 14867: 14691:Sudanese refugees 14492: 14491: 14262:Seminole freedmen 14242:Cherokee freedmen 14223:Black Southerners 14198:African Americans 14146:African Americans 13806: 13805: 13674:Richard Pierpoint 13669:Rev. John Marrant 13431: 13430: 13259:African Americans 13131:Dallas–Fort Worth 12726:Black Southerners 12657: 12656: 12109:Thurgood Marshall 12079:Bernard Lafayette 11674:Million Man March 11431:African Americans 11397: 11396: 11120:African Americans 11099: 10977:American diaspora 10943: 10942: 10773:978-0-415-94795-4 10754:978-0-521-53333-1 10728:978-1-62371-040-8 10696:Daily Independent 10678:978-1-61703-949-2 10659:978-0-85323-377-0 10640:978-0-8020-7402-7 10583:978-0-8204-7937-8 10564:978-1-5462-5273-3 10545:978-0-86543-384-7 10526:978-1-85065-031-7 10507:978-0-299-06590-4 10447:. 6 October 2023. 10353:978-1-85065-031-7 10247:thegazette.co.uk/ 10204:slaveryimages.org 10043:www.allafrica.com 9997:978-0-903274-18-0 9955:978-0-435-90680-1 9736:www.oxforddnb.com 9575:(11 May 1933): 1. 9560:NSIBIDI Institute 9509:978-0-19-924356-3 9456:(Subscription or 9409:978-0-8133-0429-8 9382:978-0-674-00779-6 9309:Lanning, 161–162. 9247:978-0-19-514073-6 9218:978-1-59874-278-7 9193:978-0-08-043076-8 9118:www.thesaurus.com 8912:978-0-374-10523-5 8885:978-1-4144-4883-1 8858:978-0-516-04583-2 8792:978-0-8047-6624-1 8536:978-1-85065-031-7 8504:978-1-58046-038-5 8454:978-0-8133-0429-8 8427:978-0-674-00779-6 8397:978-1-139-99269-5 7757:978-1-85065-031-7 7655:978-3-8258-2318-4 7522:Watkins, Thayer. 7443:Cassandra Pybus, 7429:978-0-8020-7402-7 7341:978-0-203-44029-2 7208:Dormon, James H. 6984:978-3-96110-133-7 6880:978-0-19-928675-1 6746:978-0-8214-4478-8 6649:978-0-8204-7937-8 6568:978-3-030-28978-2 6258:Cahiers Charles V 6232:978-0-8020-7402-7 6144:Liberated African 6090:Explanatory notes 5943: 5942: 5356:Lati Hyde-Forster 5105:in Great Britain 4986:called to the Bar 4845:Coined the term " 4685:Equatorial Guinea 4639:African Americans 4635:Americo-Liberians 4629:Second Maroon War 4625:Colony of Jamaica 4556:Equatorial Guinea 4534:Historic diaspora 4504:Plymouth, England 4420:David Brion Davis 4376:mass displacement 4187:African Americans 4172:Liberated African 4075:Liberated African 4034:may be consumed. 3990:, including some 3872:English breakfast 3712:Liberated African 3565:of the nation of 3392:official language 3374:James C.E. Parkes 3141:Equatorial Guinea 2994:Liberated African 2858:freed 466 slaves. 2649:large cotton tree 2600:chief, King Tom. 2589:Anna Falconbridge 2423:African Americans 2411:Americo-Liberians 2395:Equatorial Guinea 2165:derives from the 2145:Equatorial Guinea 2107:Equatorial Guinea 1899:Liberated African 1863: 1862: 1800: 1799: 1698: 1697: 1472:Dallas-Fort Worth 1289: 1288: 1199: 1198: 1143:Americo-Liberians 1026: 1025: 964: 963: 889: 888: 758: 757: 702:Womanist theology 652: 651: 594:Symbols and ideas 380: 379: 259:Antebellum period 254:Revolutionary War 209:African Americans 194: 193: 152:Americo-Liberians 144:African Americans 40: 16:(Redirected from 15201: 15151: 15150: 15141: 15140: 14881: 14880: 14269:Creoles of color 14252:Choctaw freedmen 14218:Black Mennonites 14151:Black Mennonites 13998:Jamaican Maroons 13954:Samaná Americans 13865: 13864: 13851: 13850: 13840:African diaspora 13833: 13826: 13819: 13810: 13809: 13768:Harry Washington 13458: 13451: 13444: 13435: 13434: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13383:Lynching victims 12882:Louisiana Creole 12853:American English 12741:Louisiana Creole 12714:Choctaw freedmen 12552: 12551: 12089:Huddie Ledbetter 12029:Fannie Lou Hamer 11999:W. E. B. Du Bois 11989:Claudette Colvin 11984:Shirley Chisholm 11801:Family structure 11669:Military history 11551:Browder v. Gayle 11424: 11417: 11410: 11401: 11400: 11097: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10947: 10946: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10819: 10818: 10777: 10758: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10698:. Archived from 10682: 10663: 10644: 10625: 10606: 10587: 10568: 10549: 10530: 10511: 10492: 10467: 10466: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10386: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10311:. Archived from 10300: 10294: 10293: 10265: 10259: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10244: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10178: 10172: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10123: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10091:(153): 107–121. 10080: 10074: 10073: 10059:Africa Who's who 10053: 10047: 10046: 10035: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9909: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9883: 9877: 9876:, BlackPast.org. 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9728: 9722: 9700: 9694: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9647:"Frances Wright" 9643: 9637: 9636: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9582: 9576: 9569: 9563: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9534: 9528: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9453: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9325: 9319: 9316: 9310: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9262:. PBS Frontline. 9256: 9250: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9088: 9082: 9077: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9043: 9036: 9027: 9026: 9016: 9010: 9009: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8954: 8948: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8927:"Anansi stories" 8923: 8917: 8916: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8844: 8835: 8832: 8823: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8803: 8797: 8796: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8681: 8675: 8670:Bilby, Kenneth. 8668: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8548: 8539: 8524: 8509: 8508: 8488: 8477: 8476: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8365: 8359: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8206:Elebute (2013). 8203: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8180:. Archived from 8170: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8140: 8129: 8120: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7962: 7953: 7952: 7924: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7881: 7872: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7838: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7743: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7613: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7599: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7519: 7513: 7510: 7501: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7417: 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7274: 7261: 7260: 7249: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7221:Eaton, Clement. 7219: 7213: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7168: 7159: 7152: 7141: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7107: 7096: 7087: 7076: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7013: 7002: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6946:(197): 308–319. 6935: 6926: 6919: 6906: 6905:, Joshua Project 6900: 6885: 6884: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6841: 6830: 6829: 6809: 6798: 6797: 6769: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6633: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6598:. Archived from 6584: 6573: 6572: 6546: 6531: 6530: 6512: 6499: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6488:. 20 April 2020. 6478: 6467: 6466: 6435:Am. J. Hum. Biol 6430: 6421: 6420: 6399: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6361: 6348: 6347: 6327: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6249: 6238: 6236: 6220: 6210: 6199: 6198: 6187: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6100: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5853:Napheesa Collier 5787:of Sierra Leone 5785:attorney-general 5176:Sir Kitoye Ajasa 5155:to qualify as a 5103:High Court judge 5088:Dame Linda Dobbs 4904:Sir Samuel Lewis 4847:Blackwater Fever 4708: 4707: 4677:Krio Fernandinos 4617:Jamaican Maroons 4492:, European and 4486:Jamaican Maroons 4452:who sailed from 4429:Thomas Jefferson 4412:Americo-Liberian 4284:Sherbro Caulkers 4213:, engage in the 4147: 4123:Jamaican Maroons 4113:Creole folktales 4086:negro spirituals 4038:Rites of passage 4008:black-eyed beans 3692:nuclear families 3690:Creoles live in 3591:Blackwater fever 3589:coined the term 3563:founding figures 3467:(1,480,000) and 3323:Macormack Easmon 2979:Jamaican Maroons 2762:Americo-Liberian 2717:were settled in 2680:Jamaican Maroons 2634:Freetown in 1803 2608:. In early 1791 2486:independence era 2462:creole languages 2452: 2439: 2389:population. The 2320:African American 2267:ethnically mixed 2141:Krio Fernandinos 1961:Jamaican Maroons 1950:Amerindian Taíno 1946:Jamaican Maroons 1938:Americo-Liberian 1891:African-American 1855: 1848: 1841: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1762:media depictions 1711: 1710: 1606:Population count 1302: 1301: 1236:Liberian English 1215:English dialects 1212: 1211: 1168:Samaná Americans 1093:Creoles of color 1039: 1038: 977: 976: 921:Black conductors 902: 901: 771: 770: 745:Louisiana Voodoo 667: 666: 412:Family structure 395: 394: 342:Military history 337:Business history 268:military history 223: 222: 196: 195: 180:Krio Fernandinos 176:Jamaican Maroons 156:Atlantic Creoles 118: 59:Total population 49: 42: 38: 34: 21: 15209: 15208: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15199: 15198: 15164: 15163: 15162: 15157: 15125: 15099:Genetic history 15024: 15018: 14994: 14988: 14968:United Kingdom 14942: 14921:Afro-Brazilians 14876: 14874: 14864: 14848: 14753: 14744: 14657: 14500: 14488: 14348: 14342: 14213:Alabama Creoles 14133: 14127: 14059: 14053: 13858: 13842: 13837: 13807: 13802: 13777: 13773:Moses Wilkinson 13743:Abraham Hazeley 13719: 13695: 13688: 13645: 13641:Shelburne riots 13612: 13608:Stephen Skinner 13595: 13593:White Loyalists 13587: 13572:Book of Negroes 13566:Treaty of Paris 13551: 13537:Black Loyalists 13523: 13500: 13496:Black Canadians 13467: 13465:Black Loyalists 13462: 13432: 13427: 13417: 13415: 13402: 13368:Historic places 13361:US state firsts 13247: 13162: 12886: 12819: 12791:2010 majorities 12786:2000 majorities 12757: 12704:Black Seminoles 12653: 12644:Southern (SIAC) 12627: 12626:and conferences 12625: 12618: 12614:Serena Williams 12609:Jackie Robinson 12543: 12467: 12465: 12458: 12378: 12345:Nation of Islam 12316: 12264: 12258: 12199:Sojourner Truth 12189:Clarence Thomas 12154:Gabriel Prosser 12054:Michael Jackson 11929:Crispus Attucks 11919:Ralph Abernathy 11907: 11863:Musical theater 11762: 11628:Great Migration 11600:COVID-19 impact 11558:Sit-in movement 11433: 11428: 11398: 11393: 11377: 11309: 11288: 11171: 11103: 11017: 10979: 10974: 10944: 10939: 10851: 10846: 10784: 10774: 10755: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10705: 10703: 10702:on 2 April 2015 10679: 10660: 10641: 10622: 10603: 10584: 10565: 10557:. AuthorHouse. 10546: 10527: 10508: 10475: 10470: 10457: 10456: 10452: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10403: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10371:Marika Sherwood 10365: 10361: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10301: 10297: 10266: 10262: 10252: 10250: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10169:Wayback Machine 10156: 10152: 10137: 10133: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10081: 10077: 10070: 10054: 10050: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10024:Patton, Adell. 10023: 10019: 10010: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9982: 9978: 9967: 9963: 9956: 9942:, eds. (1995). 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9910: 9906: 9896: 9894: 9884: 9880: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9846: 9842: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9772: 9771: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9707:Marika Sherwood 9701: 9697: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9653:. 27 April 2010 9645: 9644: 9640: 9635:. 22 July 2023. 9627: 9626: 9622: 9607: 9603: 9583: 9579: 9570: 9566: 9553: 9549: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9364: 9360: 9345: 9341: 9326: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9308: 9304: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9271: 9267: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9172: 9168: 9129: 9125: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9068: 9064: 9050: 9046: 9037: 9030: 9017: 9013: 9006: 8990: 8986: 8971:10.2307/2844040 8955: 8951: 8942: 8938: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8845: 8838: 8833: 8826: 8822:Peterson: 1968. 8821: 8814: 8809:. 25 June 2015. 8805: 8804: 8800: 8793: 8777: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8718: 8714: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8646: 8644: 8638:"Land of Ibeji" 8636: 8635: 8631: 8621: 8619: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8567: 8563: 8550: 8549: 8542: 8525: 8512: 8505: 8489: 8480: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8428: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8384: 8380: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8350: 8346: 8336: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8302: 8298: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8222: 8215: 8204: 8197: 8187: 8185: 8184:on 4 March 2016 8172: 8171: 8167: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8127: 8121: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8092: 8091: 8082: 8074: 8070: 8051: 8047: 8016: 8012: 7981: 7977: 7964: 7963: 7956: 7925: 7918: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7862: 7839: 7835: 7826: 7822: 7799: 7792: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7744: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7471:10.2307/2947159 7455: 7451: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7408: 7404: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7328: 7324: 7309:10.2307/2947401 7293: 7289: 7276: 7275: 7264: 7251: 7250: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7203: 7194: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7162: 7158:25(3), 257–278. 7153: 7144: 7135: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7112:African Affairs 7108: 7099: 7088: 7079: 7068: 7064: 7041: 7037: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6963: 6959: 6940:African Affairs 6936: 6929: 6920: 6909: 6901: 6888: 6881: 6863: 6856: 6843: 6842: 6833: 6826: 6810: 6801: 6786:10.2307/1156429 6770: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6731: 6724: 6705:History Compass 6701: 6694: 6687: 6668: 6661: 6650: 6634: 6623: 6605: 6603: 6586: 6585: 6576: 6569: 6547: 6534: 6527: 6513: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6470: 6431: 6424: 6400: 6391: 6362: 6351: 6328: 6321: 6317:Global Security 6313: 6309: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6277: 6250: 6241: 6233: 6211: 6202: 6189: 6188: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114:membership and 6101: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6072:Rough Crossings 6026:The Cotton Tree 6010:Book of Negroes 6004:Black Loyalists 5984:Atlantic Creole 5958: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5774:Royal Air Force 5704:Royal Air Force 5253:in West Africa 5161:Royal Air Force 4706: 4700: 4657:Gambian Creoles 4643:Afro-Caribbeans 4595: 4579: 4536: 4531: 4474:Spanish Jamaica 4445:Book of Negroes 4362: 4299: 4280:Sherbro Tuckers 4271:members of the 4191:Afro-Caribbeans 4159: 4150: 4145: 4115: 4071:Jamaican Maroon 4069:or barbecue of 4040: 3864: 3852:Jamaican Maroon 3795: 3768:Jamaican Maroon 3762:Sierra Leonean 3760: 3752:Main articles: 3750: 3705: 3696:extended family 3645:– an elaborate 3627: 3559:Moses Wilkinson 3500: 3412:Jamaican Creole 3400:British English 3388: 3382: 3193: 2936: 2847:by the British 2818: 2812: 2788:Farquhar family 2746:Prince Saunders 2727:Bussa Rebellion 2668: 2662: 2644:Halifax Harbour 2628: 2622: 2594:Granville Sharp 2570:Black Loyalists 2566: 2560: 2503: 2454: 2443: 2437: 2419:Afro-Caribbeans 2309:era, with some 2153: 1921:as a place for 1913:, supported by 1859: 1811: 1809: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1752: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1639: 1601: 1577:Omaha, Nebraska 1542:Historic places 1536: 1428: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1250: 1209: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1177: 1129: 1071:Black Seminoles 1036: 1035:Sub-communities 1028: 1027: 1014:Southern (SIAC) 974: 966: 965: 960: 915: 899: 891: 890: 885: 802: 768: 760: 759: 754: 740:Nation of Islam 706: 683: 664: 654: 653: 648: 589: 556: 523: 495: 456: 432:Musical theater 392: 382: 381: 363:Great Migration 220: 168:Gambian Creoles 148:Afro-Caribbeans 54: 37: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15207: 15197: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15184:Creole peoples 15181: 15176: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15155: 15145: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15123: 15122: 15121: 15111: 15109:Pan-Africanism 15106: 15101: 15096: 15094:Creole peoples 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15028: 15026: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15016: 15011: 15010: 15009: 14998: 14996: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14966: 14965: 14964: 14959: 14950: 14948: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14938: 14930: 14929: 14928: 14923: 14915: 14914: 14913: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14898: 14889: 14887: 14878: 14870: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14812: 14810:Black Dutchmen 14802: 14801: 14800: 14799: 14798: 14785: 14780: 14779: 14778: 14773: 14763: 14757: 14755: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14731: 14730: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14694: 14693: 14688: 14678: 14673: 14667: 14665: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14626:United Kingdom 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14562: 14561: 14551: 14546: 14545: 14544: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14508: 14506: 14494: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14475: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14407: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14390: 14385: 14384: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14363: 14358: 14352: 14350: 14344: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14339: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14259: 14257:Creek freedmen 14254: 14249: 14244: 14230: 14228:Black Hispanic 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14194:United States 14192: 14191: 14190: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14137: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14124: 14123: 14113: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14099:Miskito people 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14063: 14061: 14055: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13909: 13907:Cayman Islands 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13873: 13871: 13862: 13848: 13844: 13843: 13836: 13835: 13828: 13821: 13813: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13799: 13798: 13785: 13783: 13779: 13778: 13776: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13729: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13701: 13699: 13694:Nova Scotian / 13690: 13689: 13687: 13686: 13681: 13679:Deborah Squash 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13655: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13631:Halifax County 13628: 13622: 13620: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13605: 13599: 13597: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13585: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13562: 13560: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13533: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13515: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13461: 13460: 13453: 13446: 13438: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13425: 13413: 13407: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13364: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13334:Visual artists 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13294:Mathematicians 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13172: 13170: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13118: 13113: 13111:South Carolina 13108: 13103: 13102: 13101: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13081:North Carolina 13078: 13077: 13076: 13066: 13061: 13060: 13059: 13049: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13034: 13033: 13032: 13026:Massachusetts 13024: 13023: 13022: 13012: 13007: 13006: 13005: 12995: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12978: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12961: 12956: 12955: 12954: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12927: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12915: 12905: 12900: 12894: 12892: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12868:social context 12865: 12855: 12845: 12844: 12843: 12833: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12800: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12788: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12719:Creek Freedmen 12716: 12711: 12706: 12696: 12694:Alabama Creole 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12634:Central (CIAA) 12630: 12628: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12470: 12468: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12427:Pan-Africanism 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12397: 12392: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12369:Black theology 12366: 12361: 12360: 12359: 12349: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12332: 12326: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12310:in STEM fields 12307: 12302: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12268: 12266: 12265:and technology 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12204:Harriet Tubman 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12134:Michelle Obama 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12064:Barbara Jordan 12061: 12059:Harriet Jacobs 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11949:Amelia Boynton 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11915: 11913: 11912:Notable people 11909: 11908: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11848:LGBT community 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11772: 11770: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11700: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11647: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11563:Freedom Riders 11560: 11555: 11547: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11507: 11502: 11494: 11489: 11487:Black genocide 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11443: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11427: 11426: 11419: 11412: 11404: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11323: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11254: 11249: 11248: 11247: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11190: 11185: 11179: 11177: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11167:United Kingdom 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10973: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10950: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10845: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10783: 10782:External links 10780: 10779: 10778: 10772: 10759: 10753: 10740: 10727: 10712: 10683: 10677: 10664: 10658: 10645: 10639: 10626: 10621:979-8504488066 10620: 10607: 10601: 10588: 10582: 10569: 10563: 10550: 10544: 10531: 10525: 10512: 10506: 10493: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10450: 10432: 10414: 10396: 10387: 10359: 10352: 10332: 10318: 10295: 10276:(2): 238–239. 10260: 10231: 10216: 10191: 10173: 10150: 10131: 10110: 10075: 10068: 10048: 10030: 10017: 10003: 9996: 9976: 9961: 9954: 9930: 9904: 9878: 9865: 9840: 9829:(4): 611–636. 9813: 9783: 9765: 9753: 9751:, p. 202. 9741: 9723: 9695: 9676: 9664: 9638: 9620: 9601: 9577: 9564: 9554:Emeka Keazor, 9547: 9544:. 19 May 2023. 9529: 9515: 9508: 9488: 9481: 9463: 9430: 9415: 9408: 9388: 9381: 9358: 9339: 9320: 9311: 9302: 9284: 9265: 9251: 9224: 9217: 9199: 9192: 9166: 9139:(3): 369–384. 9133:Globalizations 9123: 9105: 9083: 9062: 9044: 9028: 9011: 9004: 8984: 8949: 8936: 8918: 8911: 8891: 8884: 8864: 8857: 8836: 8824: 8812: 8798: 8791: 8771: 8759: 8747: 8734:10.1086/220263 8712: 8694: 8676: 8663: 8654: 8629: 8604: 8577:(6): 981–984. 8561: 8540: 8510: 8503: 8478: 8460: 8453: 8433: 8426: 8403: 8396: 8378: 8360: 8356:The Daily News 8344: 8321: 8314: 8296: 8278: 8265:10.1086/220263 8243: 8236: 8213: 8195: 8165: 8152: 8110: 8080: 8068: 8057:(16): 45–110. 8045: 8026:(4): 521–539. 8010: 7991:(3): 421–440. 7975: 7954: 7916: 7903: 7873: 7860: 7833: 7820: 7809:(2): 207–220. 7803:Theology Today 7790: 7763: 7756: 7733: 7711:"Sierra Leone" 7702: 7677: 7668: 7654: 7630: 7608: 7591: 7571: 7557: 7537: 7514: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7465:(4): 831–833. 7449: 7436: 7428: 7402: 7386: 7374: 7363:(2): 169–207. 7347: 7340: 7322: 7287: 7262: 7259:. 31 May 2024. 7241: 7227: 7214: 7201: 7188: 7160: 7142: 7129: 7117: 7097: 7077: 7062: 7051:(2): 102–125. 7045:Black Theology 7035: 7024:(3): 219–229. 7003: 6990: 6983: 6957: 6927: 6907: 6886: 6879: 6854: 6831: 6824: 6799: 6780:(3): 251–256. 6759: 6745: 6722: 6711:(3): 583–603. 6692: 6685: 6671:Poplack, Shana 6659: 6648: 6621: 6574: 6567: 6532: 6525: 6500: 6491: 6468: 6441:(3): 432–437. 6422: 6389: 6376:(4): 744–768. 6349: 6338:(2): 349–372. 6319: 6307: 6290: 6275: 6239: 6231: 6200: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6148: 6132: 6120: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031:Door of Return 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5989:Atlantic World 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5908: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5877: 5875: 5869:gold medallist 5861: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481:medical doctor 5477: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5376: 5374: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5273:First African 5271: 5268: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5030: 5028: 5020:three cantatas 5013: 5010: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4958: 4956: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893:English courts 4877: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4823: 4822: 4813: 4811: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4759:Davidson Nicol 4755: 4754: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4732:William Vivour 4728: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4702:Main article: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4674: 4664: 4654: 4632: 4614: 4594: 4591: 4578: 4575: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4482:black freedmen 4463:American South 4374:era, from the 4361: 4358: 4350:Afro-Caribbean 4298: 4295: 4273:Sherbro people 4263:Sherbro people 4158: 4155: 4142: 4114: 4111: 4099:The period of 4039: 4036: 3971:among others. 3909:and a type of 3880:scrambled eggs 3863: 3860: 3856:Afro-Caribbean 3841:, early 1900s. 3810:for men and a 3794: 3791: 3749: 3746: 3704: 3701: 3675:bachelor's eve 3626: 3623: 3615:William Vivour 3579:Davidson Nicol 3516:North American 3499: 3496: 3484:Banana Islands 3438:Gambian Creole 3384:Main article: 3381: 3378: 3280:Trinity Church 3192: 3189: 3185:North Carolina 3153:United Kingdom 2935: 2932: 2851:in the 1800s. 2814:Main article: 2811: 2808: 2784:Afro-Caribbean 2707:Afro-Caribbean 2664:Main article: 2661: 2658: 2624:Main article: 2621: 2618: 2562:Main article: 2559: 2556: 2541:Afro-Caribbean 2513:In 1792, 1200 2502: 2499: 2434: 2278:Latin American 2152: 2149: 1971:– such as the 1954:racially-mixed 1895:Afro-Caribbean 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1723:Black genocide 1719: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1630:US communities 1627: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587:South Carolina 1584: 1582:North Carolina 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1404:South Carolina 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1384:North Carolina 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1241:Samaná English 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1191:LGBT community 1187: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1148:Creek Freedmen 1145: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1118:Carmel Indians 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 999:Central (CIAA) 993: 992: 988: 987: 986: 985: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 962: 961: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 910: 907: 906: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 887: 886: 884: 883: 878: 873: 868: 866:Pan-Africanism 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 812: 809: 808: 804: 803: 801: 800: 795: 790: 785: 779: 776: 775: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 756: 755: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 713: 712: 708: 707: 705: 704: 699: 697:Black theology 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 682: 681: 675: 672: 671: 665: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 649: 647: 646: 641: 634: 629: 628: 627: 617: 612: 611: 610: 599: 596: 595: 591: 590: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 566: 563: 562: 561:Economic class 558: 557: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 530: 529: 525: 524: 522: 521: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 500:Academic study 497: 496: 494: 493: 488: 483: 477: 472: 466: 463: 462: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 403: 400: 399: 393: 388: 387: 384: 383: 378: 377: 376: 375: 370: 365: 357: 356: 352: 351: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 321: 320: 316: 315: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 282: 281: 271: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 228: 227: 221: 216: 215: 212: 211: 205: 204: 192: 191: 140: 139: 135: 134: 111: 110: 106: 105: 95: 94: 90: 89: 87:United Kingdom 71: 70: 66: 65: 64:104,311 (2022) 61: 60: 56: 55: 50: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15206: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15154: 15146: 15144: 15136: 15135: 15132: 15120: 15117: 15116: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15049: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15021: 15015: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15003: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14991: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14954: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14945: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14932:Sierra Leone 14931: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14890: 14888: 14886: 14882: 14879: 14875:Afro-American 14871: 14861: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14851: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14806: 14803: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14729: 14726: 14725: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14660: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14543: 14540: 14539: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14499: 14495: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14410:French Guiana 14408: 14406: 14403: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14351: 14345: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14326:Somali Bantus 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14234: 14233:Black Indians 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14203:Affrilachians 14201: 14200: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14161:New Brunswick 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14130: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14104:Miskito Sambu 14102: 14101: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14056: 14050: 14047: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14037:Dougla people 14035: 14034: 14033: 14030: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13927:Ganga-Longoba 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13860:Latin America 13856: 13852: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13834: 13829: 13827: 13822: 13820: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13780: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13763:Thomas Peters 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13730: 13728: 13726: 13722: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13691: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13656: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13559: 13554: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13519: 13516: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13505:Proclamations 13503: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13466: 13459: 13454: 13452: 13447: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13424: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13393:Neighborhoods 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13356:Sports firsts 13354: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13165: 13159: 13158:West Virginia 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13095:Pennsylvania 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13074:New York City 13072: 13071: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13025: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12945: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12918:San Francisco 12916: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12891:By state/city 12889: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12836:American Sign 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12769:Neighborhoods 12767: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12700: 12699:Black Indians 12697: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12660: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12621: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12550: 12546: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12461: 12455: 12452: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12277:Black schools 12275: 12273: 12272:Black studies 12270: 12269: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12254:Whitney Young 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12244:Oprah Winfrey 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12214:Denmark Vesey 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12159:Joseph Rainey 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12114:Toni Morrison 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12099:Joseph Lowery 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12044:Jesse Jackson 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12034:Kamala Harris 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019:Marcus Garvey 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11969:Blanche Bruce 11967: 11965: 11964:Edward Brooke 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11954:James Bradley 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11934:James Baldwin 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11878:Neighborhoods 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11731:Silent Parade 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11689: 11687: 11686: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11659:Jim Crow laws 11657: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11482:Black cowboys 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11425: 11420: 11418: 11413: 11411: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314:South America 11312: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11176:North America 11174: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10966: 10964: 10959: 10957: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10850: 10843: 10838: 10836: 10831: 10829: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10769: 10766:. Routledge. 10765: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10746: 10741: 10730: 10724: 10720: 10719: 10713: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10691: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10632: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10602:0-06-053916-X 10598: 10595:. BBC Books. 10594: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10537: 10532: 10528: 10522: 10518: 10513: 10509: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10411:. 4 May 2019. 10410: 10406: 10400: 10391: 10385:), pp. 29–31. 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10363: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10248: 10241: 10235: 10227: 10220: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10127: 10120: 10114: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10079: 10071: 10069:9780903274173 10065: 10061: 10060: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10027: 10021: 10013: 10007: 9999: 9993: 9989: 9988: 9980: 9972: 9965: 9957: 9951: 9948:. Heinemann. 9947: 9946: 9941: 9934: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9893: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9869: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9762: 9757: 9750: 9749:Whiteman 2013 9745: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9721:), pp. 29–31. 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9673: 9668: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9616: 9612: 9605: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9587: 9581: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9526: 9525: 9519: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9492: 9484: 9482:9789785205763 9478: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9419: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9367:Martin Kilson 9362: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9324: 9315: 9306: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9255: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9203: 9195: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9093: 9087: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9066: 9060: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9024: 9023: 9015: 9007: 9005:9789983990041 9001: 8997: 8996: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8922: 8914: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8895: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8868: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8841: 8831: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8808: 8802: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8673: 8667: 8658: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8437: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8412:Martin Kilson 8407: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8357: 8353: 8348: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8315:9781598742787 8311: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8239: 8237:0-299-14510-7 8233: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8218: 8209: 8202: 8200: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7959: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7907: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7795: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7672: 7657: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7634: 7618: 7612: 7605: 7594: 7592:0-8143-1805-3 7588: 7584: 7583: 7575: 7560: 7558:0-19-512465-0 7554: 7550: 7549: 7541: 7525: 7518: 7509: 7507: 7497: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7440: 7431: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7343: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7237: 7231: 7224: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7198: 7192: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7165: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7074: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6827: 6825:9789987160389 6821: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6727: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6686:0-631-21266-3 6682: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6528: 6526:9781617031069 6522: 6518: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6427: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6173: 6152: 6145: 6142: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6112:bundu society 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5960:Africa portal 5950: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5863:Professional 5862: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5618:Civil Service 5615: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5405:Krio language 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5366:First female 5365: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297:Chief Justice 5295: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5153:black African 5150: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076:Great Britain 5073: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476:consisted of 4475: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4454:New York City 4451: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4433:Sally Hemings 4431:'s mistress, 4430: 4425: 4424:planter class 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346:shingle roofs 4343: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4311: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4215:Bundu society 4212: 4211:cliterodotomy 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4180:Olumbe Bassir 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911:palaver sauce 3908: 3905:pounded into 3904: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3822:the latter a 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3676: 3671: 3670:white wedding 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3647:Shakespearean 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551:Thomas Peters 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3473:ethnic groups 3470: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3386:Krio language 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366:Bertha Conton 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Sylvia Blyden 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:Washington DC 3154: 3150: 3149:United States 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2983:Cudjoe's Town 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:Thomas Peters 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792:Stuart family 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2773:Porter family 2770: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2731:Priddy family 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2672: 2667: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:slave traders 2601: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2466:lingua franca 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2431: 2430:T. H. Eriksen 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397:are a mix of 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Christianized 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:Guinea-Bissau 2344: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293:French Guiana 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2195:derives from 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2040:ethnic groups 2036: 2032: 2031:Krio language 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:Nova Scotians 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:abolitionists 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1793: 1792:Minstrel show 1790: 1788: 1787:Magical Negro 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1703: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1597:West Virginia 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1532:San Francisco 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1512:New York City 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163:Nova Scotians 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066:Black Indians 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1004:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 994: 990: 989: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 970: 969: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 912: 911: 909: 908: 905:Organizations 904: 903: 895: 894: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 811: 810: 806: 805: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 778: 777: 774:Organizations 773: 772: 764: 763: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 715: 714: 710: 709: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 692: 691: 687: 686: 680: 677: 676: 674: 673: 669: 668: 663: 658: 657: 645: 642: 639: 635: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 616: 613: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 600: 598: 597: 593: 592: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 565: 564: 560: 559: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 532: 531: 527: 526: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 504: 503: 499: 498: 492: 489: 487: 484: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 465: 464: 460: 459: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 442:Neighborhoods 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 401: 397: 396: 391: 386: 385: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 358: 354: 353: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 323: 322: 318: 317: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 280: 277: 276: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 225: 224: 219: 214: 213: 210: 207: 206: 202: 198: 197: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 160:Black Britons 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 107: 104: 100: 96: 91: 88: 84: 83:United States 80: 76: 72: 67: 62: 57: 53: 48: 43: 30: 19: 14935: 14860:Saint Helena 14796:in Karnataka 14713:Saudi Arabia 14281:Brass Ankles 13922:Cape Verdean 13788: 13758:Cato Perkins 13738:David George 13733:Davis family 13724: 13710:Settler Town 13683: 13664:Rose Fortune 13558:Emancipation 13309:Sportspeople 13279:Billionaires 13196:Sierra Leone 13195: 13099:Philadelphia 12935:Jacksonville 12762:Demographics 12594:Jack Johnson 12584:Muhammad Ali 12417:Conservatism 12352:Black church 12249:Andrew Young 12234:Ida B. Wells 12224:David Walker 12219:C. T. Vivian 12174:Paul Robeson 12169:Hiram Revels 12149:Colin Powell 12129:Barack Obama 12084:James Lawson 12039:Jimi Hendrix 12009:James Farmer 12004:Medgar Evers 11974:Ralph Bunche 11924:Maya Angelou 11898:Middle class 11776:Afrofuturism 11702: 11690: 11683: 11604: 11549: 11496: 11462:Afrocentrism 11452:Abolitionism 11336:Confederados 11277:New Virginia 11081:Saudi Arabia 11013:South Africa 11008:Sierra Leone 11007: 10874: 10763: 10744: 10732:. Retrieved 10717: 10704:. Retrieved 10700:the original 10695: 10689: 10668: 10649: 10630: 10611: 10592: 10573: 10554: 10535: 10516: 10497: 10480: 10462: 10453: 10444: 10435: 10426: 10417: 10408: 10399: 10390: 10374: 10362: 10342: 10335: 10321: 10313:the original 10308: 10298: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10251:. Retrieved 10246: 10234: 10228:. Routledge. 10225: 10219: 10207:. Retrieved 10203: 10194: 10185: 10176: 10157: 10153: 10134: 10125: 10113: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10058: 10051: 10042: 10033: 10025: 10020: 10006: 9986: 9979: 9970: 9964: 9944: 9933: 9921:. Retrieved 9917: 9907: 9895:. Retrieved 9891: 9881: 9868: 9856:. Retrieved 9850: 9843: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9804:. Retrieved 9795: 9786: 9777: 9768: 9761:Teniola 2013 9756: 9744: 9735: 9726: 9710: 9698: 9690:The Guardian 9688: 9683:Clare Dyer, 9679: 9667: 9655:. Retrieved 9641: 9632: 9623: 9614: 9604: 9593: 9580: 9572: 9567: 9559: 9550: 9542:deadline.com 9541: 9532: 9522: 9518: 9498: 9491: 9472: 9466: 9439: 9433: 9424: 9418: 9398: 9391: 9371: 9361: 9352: 9342: 9333: 9323: 9314: 9305: 9296: 9287: 9278: 9268: 9254: 9235: 9227: 9208: 9202: 9175: 9169: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9117: 9108: 9096:. Retrieved 9086: 9078: 9072: 9065: 9053: 9047: 9039: 9021: 9014: 8994: 8987: 8965:(1): 63–69. 8962: 8958: 8952: 8944: 8939: 8930: 8921: 8901: 8894: 8874: 8867: 8849:Sierra Leone 8848: 8801: 8781: 8774: 8766: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8728:(1): 10–21. 8725: 8721: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8688: 8679: 8671: 8666: 8657: 8645:. Retrieved 8641: 8632: 8620:. Retrieved 8616: 8607: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8555: 8527: 8493: 8472: 8463: 8443: 8436: 8416: 8406: 8387: 8381: 8372: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8335:. Retrieved 8324: 8305: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8259:(1): 10–21. 8256: 8252: 8246: 8226: 8207: 8186:. Retrieved 8182:the original 8177: 8168: 8160: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8131: 8101:. Retrieved 8097: 8075: 8071: 8054: 8048: 8023: 8019: 8013: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7969: 7932: 7928: 7911: 7906: 7894:. Retrieved 7889: 7868: 7863: 7849:(1): 63–82. 7846: 7842: 7836: 7828: 7823: 7806: 7802: 7776: 7772: 7766: 7747: 7726:15 September 7724:. Retrieved 7714: 7705: 7693:. Retrieved 7689: 7680: 7671: 7659:. Retrieved 7645: 7640: 7633: 7621:. Retrieved 7611: 7603: 7596:. Retrieved 7581: 7574: 7562:. Retrieved 7547: 7540: 7528:. Retrieved 7517: 7496: 7487: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7444: 7439: 7413: 7405: 7394: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7331: 7325: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7281: 7256: 7230: 7222: 7217: 7209: 7204: 7196: 7191: 7179:. Retrieved 7175: 7155: 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7110: 7090: 7070: 7065: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7021: 7017: 6998: 6997:Njeuma B.J. 6993: 6966: 6960: 6943: 6939: 6922: 6870: 6848: 6814: 6777: 6773: 6750:. Retrieved 6735: 6708: 6704: 6675: 6653: 6638: 6615: 6604:. Retrieved 6600:the original 6591: 6550: 6516: 6494: 6485: 6438: 6434: 6411:(1): 47–78. 6408: 6404: 6373: 6369: 6335: 6331: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6261: 6257: 6216: 6194: 6151: 6135: 6123: 6098: 6070: 6016:Creolization 6008: 5781:Nazi Germany 5709:awarded the 5504:neurosurgeon 5178: 5131:of Freetown 5108: 5023: 4990:West African 4953:Golden Globe 4916:West African 4879:First black 4830: 4681:Bioko island 4586: 4580: 4564: 4537: 4524: 4512:endogamously 4501: 4467: 4443: 4437: 4409: 4405:ethnogenesis 4397:creolization 4363: 4354: 4339: 4323: 4316: 4297:Architecture 4288: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259:in essence. 4248: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4184: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4151: 4144: 4116: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4066: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4032:local dishes 4018:, plantain, 4004:sweet potato 3999: 3973: 3934: 3914: 3896: 3886:or buttered 3865: 3848: 3844: 3839:Sierra Leone 3819: 3815: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3761: 3758:Gumbe (drum) 3739: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3706: 3689: 3679: 3662:morning suit 3659: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3567:Sierra Leone 3555:David George 3536: 3512:West African 3509: 3481: 3462: 3453: 3441: 3431: 3428: 3395: 3389: 3339: 3300: 3273: 3242: 3230: 3226: 3126: 3122:Western Area 3098: 3018:Western Area 2991: 2976: 2968:Settler Town 2956:David George 2937: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2861: 2854: 2845:El Almirante 2844: 2827: 2781: 2766: 2754:Edward Jones 2735: 2704: 2700: 2677: 2654: 2641: 2637: 2602: 2586: 2567: 2552: 2545: 2531: 2512: 2504: 2491: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2409:, while the 2379:South Africa 2338: 2336: 2301: 2282: 2271: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2192: 2188: 2154: 2126: 2044: 2027:Western Area 2020: 1997: 1931: 1917:, under the 1903:Western Area 1883:Sierra Leone 1879:ethnic group 1866: 1864: 1690:Sierra Leone 1689: 1522:Philadelphia 1492:Jacksonville 1172: 1088:Brass Ankles 841:Conservatism 816:Afrocentrism 788:Joint Center 679:Black church 670:Institutions 585:Billionaires 575:Middle class 528:Celebrations 491:Fraternities 188:Tabom people 75:Sierra Leone 32:Ethnic group 29: 15119:Reparations 15084:Black power 14832:New Zealand 14663:Middle East 14616:Switzerland 14576:Netherlands 14291:Dominickers 14166:Nova Scotia 14084:El Salvador 14015:Saint Lucia 14005:Puerto Rico 13753:Boston King 13748:John Kizell 13618:Nova Scotia 13329:US senators 13299:Republicans 13284:Journalists 13141:San Antonio 13106:Puerto Rico 13047:Mississippi 12940:Tallahassee 12913:Los Angeles 12604:Jesse Owens 12589:Arthur Ashe 12447:Nationalism 12437:Raised fist 12400:Black power 12305:in medicine 12239:Roy Wilkins 12194:Emmett Till 12179:Al Sharpton 11944:Julian Bond 11939:James Bevel 11903:Upper class 11893:Stereotypes 11786:Black mecca 11698:Plantations 11477:Black Codes 11305:New Zealand 11245:Free Blacks 11208:Six Nations 11183:The Bahamas 11147:Netherlands 11071:Philippines 11061:North Korea 10445:inews.co.uk 9611:"No. 45265" 8337:22 November 7779:(1): 1–21. 7619:. June 2007 7617:"Navy News" 6297:R.W. July, 6264:: 241–292. 6195:www.cia.gov 5867:player and 5675:West Africa 4809:West Africa 4807:farming in 4803:Pioneer of 4720:Notability 4607:Nova Scotia 4497:progenitors 4458:Nova Scotia 4410:Like their 4401:social flux 4342:Nova Scotia 4331:West Indies 4269:westernized 4052:pull-na-doh 4044:christening 4028:ginger beer 3988:peanut soup 3976:jollof rice 3961:krain krain 3933:except for 3884:fried bread 3798:centuries. 3772:nationalist 3666:lounge suit 3631:westernized 3603:agriscience 3571:biomedicine 3543:pan-african 3488:York Island 3362:Monty Jones 3354:Brookfields 3348:who attend 3259:church and 3233:Pan-African 3212:in Freetown 3090:Wilberforce 3066:Murray Town 2987:Maroon Town 2934:Settlements 2582:enslavement 2495:assimilated 2432:concludes: 2403:Emancipados 2399:Afro-Cubans 2103:Fernando Pó 2000:westernized 1887:descendants 1758:Stereotypes 1685:Nova Scotia 1567:Mississippi 1527:San Antonio 1507:Los Angeles 1442:Black mecca 1369:Mississippi 1276:Negro Dutch 1098:Dominickers 1042:Multiethnic 951:TransAfrica 861:Nationalism 831:Black power 615:Black pride 580:Upper class 279:Politicians 184:Saro people 15168:Categories 15052:Coromantee 14467:Paramaccan 14381:Quilombola 14321:Melungeons 14079:Costa Rica 13988:Coromantee 13796:miniseries 13274:Astronauts 13064:New Jersey 12908:California 12412:Capitalism 12209:Nat Turner 12139:Rosa Parks 12124:Diane Nash 12094:John Lewis 11883:Newspapers 11853:Literature 11838:Juneteenth 11791:Businesses 11645:Exodusters 11613:Free Negro 11220:Costa Rica 10993:The Gambia 10489:B0007IT722 10383:0203417801 10253:23 January 10160:, Vol. 5, 9719:0203417801 9460:required.) 8647:24 January 8622:24 January 7896:1 December 7661:1 December 7623:9 February 7598:1 December 7564:1 December 7530:1 December 7303:(2): 266. 6606:1 December 6164:References 5891:Ryan Giggs 5865:basketball 5673:Bishop of 5401:Playwright 5191:knighthood 5159:and first 4937:Idris Elba 4661:The Gambia 4494:East Asian 4490:Amerindian 4472:ancestry. 4438:After the 4380:linguistic 4219:monogamous 4217:, and are 4162:Oku people 4020:rice bread 4014:, oleleh, 3965:bitterleaf 3808:frock coat 3779:gumbe drum 3342:Protestant 3245:Protestant 3223:, Freetown 3181:California 3129:The Gambia 3117:Gold Coast 3086:Wellington 3038:Gloucester 2972:Cline Town 2855:Black Joke 2849:Royal Navy 2830:Royal Navy 2738:Paul Cuffe 2614:Fourah Bay 2375:La Réunion 2359:Mozambique 2343:Cape Verde 2316:Portuguese 2185:diminutive 2176:Portuguese 2128:Aku people 2119:Pichinglis 2095:Cape Coast 2016:anglicized 1963:from the ' 1875:Krio pipul 1324:California 1298:Population 871:Patriotism 856:Liberalism 836:Capitalism 807:Ideologies 688:Theologies 547:Juneteenth 519:Literature 447:Newspapers 355:Migrations 286:Juneteenth 14873:Secondary 14837:Sri Lanka 14815:Mardijker 14805:Indonesia 14776:Hong Kong 14771:Guangzhou 14761:Australia 14708:Palestine 14636:Liverpool 14631:Cambridge 14484:Venezuela 14356:Argentina 14111:Nicaragua 14089:Guatemala 13869:Caribbean 13847:Geography 13626:Birchtown 13584:(Niagara) 13556:Post-war 13486:Loyalists 13388:Monuments 13264:Activists 13116:Tennessee 13036:Michigan 13020:Baltimore 13010:Louisiana 13003:Lexington 12986:Davenport 12925:Cleveland 12824:Languages 12753:Melungeon 12731:Blaxicans 12599:Joe Louis 12454:Socialism 12390:Anarchism 12119:Bob Moses 12104:Malcolm X 12024:Fred Gray 11888:Soul food 11826:New Negro 11811:Folktales 11721:Redlining 11373:Venezuela 11346:New Texas 11331:Americana 11321:Argentina 11300:Australia 11235:Guatemala 11034:Hong Kong 10367:Hakim Adi 9703:Hakim Adi 9425:The Times 8145:13 August 6169:Citations 6128:Webster's 5815:Clergyman 5783:, later 5100:non-white 4889:barrister 4520:exogamous 4478:Spaniards 4450:loyalists 4360:Admixture 4335:Louisiana 4327:Old South 4249:komojadé. 4106:kola nuts 4048:baptismal 3992:plantains 3969:sawa sawa 3936:wayt soup 3812:petticoat 3685:materials 3655:kola nuts 3561:who were 3524:Edwardian 3520:Victorian 3490:, and in 3346:Catholics 3253:Methodist 3247:with the 3062:Leicester 3030:Charlotte 2964:Snowballs 2853:HMS 2723:Barbadian 2387:creolized 2363:Mauritian 2285:Caribbean 2280:country. 2263:Louisiana 1965:New World 1889:of freed 1877:) are an 1782:Hollywood 1772:Blackface 1707:Prejudice 1625:US cities 1502:Lexington 1477:Davenport 1457:Baltimore 1433:US cities 1409:Tennessee 1359:Louisiana 1305:US states 1113:Melungeon 1083:Blaxicans 881:Socialism 846:Garveyism 821:Anarchism 625:Good hair 452:Soul food 422:Folktales 124:Methodist 93:Languages 15143:Category 14993:Asia and 14962:Haitians 14917:Nigeria 14907:Liberia 14877:diaspora 14853:Atlantic 14827:Malaysia 14728:Africans 14646:Scotland 14591:Portugal 14512:Abkhazia 14472:Saramaka 14447:Suriname 14437:Paraguay 14425:Saramaka 14393:Colombia 14371:Kalungas 14301:Garifuna 14237:Freedmen 14188:Mascogos 14121:Cimarrón 14094:Honduras 14072:Garifuna 14042:Merikins 14025:Garifuna 13939:Dominica 13897:Barbados 13877:Anguilla 13855:Americas 13782:In media 13577:Merikins 13411:Category 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3816:Kabaslot 3783:maracash 3651:calabash 3643:put stop 3583:diabetes 3549:such as 3380:Language 3356:and the 3350:Catholic 3269:Waterloo 3265:Freetown 3249:Anglican 3191:Religion 3173:New York 3165:Virginia 3161:Maryland 3151:and the 3137:Cameroon 3115:and the 3105:Barbados 3082:Waterloo 3074:Ricketts 3050:Hastings 3042:Goderich 3026:Bathurst 3022:Aberdeen 2944:Freetown 2796:Barbados 2719:Freetown 2534:Jamaican 2523:Freetown 2482:leverage 2339:Crioulos 2307:colonial 2304:European 2297:Suriname 2289:Trinidad 2212:cognates 2075:Abeokuta 2051:Cameroon 2023:Freetown 1967:' with 1934:ancestry 1927:Freetown 1923:freedmen 1822:Category 1645:Diaspora 1572:Missouri 1497:Kentucky 1424:Virginia 1394:Oklahoma 1379:New York 1374:Nebraska 1364:Maryland 1339:Illinois 1319:Arkansas 1158:Merikins 1103:Freedmen 1076:Mascogos 876:Populism 767:Politics 662:Religion 632:Stepping 398:Lifeways 234:Timeline 201:a series 199:Part of 128:Catholic 120:Anglican 109:Religion 15153:Commons 15114:Slavery 15104:Maroons 15023:Related 14995:Oceania 14953:France 14842:Kaffirs 14754:Oceania 14621:Ukraine 14596:Romania 14566:Ireland 14549:Germany 14532:Finland 14527:Denmark 14522:Belgium 14517:Austria 14479:Uruguay 14457:Matawai 14405:Ecuador 14376:Macombo 14361:Bolivia 14349:America 14171:Ontario 14134:America 14060:America 14058:Central 13983:Jamaica 13971:Marabou 13961:Grenada 13934:Curaçao 13902:Bermuda 13892:Bahamas 13339:Writers 13304:Singers 13289:Jurists 13237:Europe 13191:Liberia 13136:Houston 13040:Detroit 12976:Indiana 12969:Chicago 12952:Atlanta 12947:Georgia 12930:Florida 12898:Alabama 12848:English 12422:Leftism 12292:Museums 11843:Kwanzaa 11768:Culture 11736:Slavery 11439:History 11368:Uruguay 11358:Ecuador 11293:Oceania 11272:Mormons 11267:Mascogo 11137:Ireland 11127:Germany 11003:Liberia 10935:Yalunka 10915:Sherbro 10885:Kuranko 10377:(2003, 10105:4392915 9923:28 June 9897:28 June 9858:21 June 9806:18 July 9713:(2003, 9657:25 July 9241:(2006) 9141:Bibcode 8979:2844040 8742:2770594 8273:2770594 8188:25 June 8103:8 April 7949:4392318 7479:2947159 7317:2947401 6794:1156429 6612:citing 6301:in the 6287:op.cit. 5871:at the 5707:aviator 5639:Former 5616:in the 5556:Surgeon 5370:of the 5164:officer 4955:awards 4851:malaria 4771:insulin 4651:Liberia 4623:on the 4621:slavery 4560:Liberia 4552:Senegal 4540:Nigeria 4228:egungun 4090:shrouds 4067:babichu 3923:spinach 3915:plassas 3903:cassava 3876:poached 3862:Cuisine 3820:Kotoku, 3804:top hat 3741:Kehinde 3717:Taiyewo 3681:Ashobis 3653:, some 3599:malaria 3575:insulin 3498:Culture 3450:Nigeria 3257:Baptist 3177:Georgia 3133:Nigeria 3113:Liberia 3109:Bermuda 3101:Bahamas 3046:Grafton 3002:Bakongo 2908:Sherbro 2896:Bambara 2876:Angolan 2804:Bermuda 2800:Bahamas 2777:Jamaica 2688:Ashanti 2574:British 2537:maroons 2501:History 2474:Liberia 2332:British 2283:In the 2273:Criollo 2256:kriyoyo 2232:crioulo 2228:criollo 2180:crioulo 2157:English 2131:of the 2087:Nigeria 2079:Calabar 2055:Conakry 2004:British 1977:Bakongo 1942:Liberia 1911:British 1680:Liberia 1562:Georgia 1557:Florida 1487:Houston 1482:Detroit 1467:Chicago 1452:Atlanta 1344:Indiana 1334:Georgia 1329:Florida 1314:Alabama 1246:Tutnese 1125:Redbone 851:Leftism 552:Kwanzaa 509:Studies 461:Schools 390:Culture 319:Aspects 264:Slavery 226:Periods 218:History 132:Baptist 99:English 15072:Yoruba 15025:topics 15002:Israel 14947:Europe 14892:Ghana 14885:Africa 14723:Turkey 14698:Jordan 14681:Israel 14641:London 14611:Sweden 14601:Russia 14586:Poland 14581:Norway 14559:Blacks 14554:Greece 14537:France 14503:Blacks 14498:Europe 14462:Ndyuka 14452:Kwinti 14432:Guyana 14420:Ndyuka 14398:Raizal 14366:Brazil 14331:Yoruba 14316:Lumbee 14296:Fulani 14274:Gullah 14183:Mexico 14141:Canada 14116:Panama 14067:Belize 13976:Marron 13949:Cocolo 13698:(1792) 13568:(1783) 13520:(1779) 13514:(1775) 13351:Mayors 13269:Actors 13241:France 13233:Israel 13221:Mexico 13206:Canada 13181:Gambia 13176:Africa 13126:Austin 13091:Oregon 13030:Boston 12993:Kansas 12959:Hawaii 12877:Gullah 12687:Yoruba 12677:Gullah 12548:Sports 12466:groups 12296:Women 11833:Hoodoo 11707:(1896) 11633:Second 11609:(1857) 11554:(1956) 11501:(1954) 11326:Brazil 11257:Mexico 11193:Canada 11188:Belize 11162:Sweden 11132:Greece 11115:France 11108:Europe 11086:Taiwan 11044:Israel 10985:Africa 10770: 10751: 10725: 10675: 10656: 10637: 10618: 10599: 10580: 10561: 10542: 10523: 10504: 10487: 10381: 10350: 10290:158948 10288: 10209:2 June 10103: 10066: 9994: 9952: 9717: 9506: 9479: 9454: 9406: 9379: 9249:p. 201 9245: 9215: 9190: 9159: 9002: 8977: 8909: 8882: 8855: 8789: 8740: 8597: 8589: 8534: 8501: 8451: 8424: 8394: 8312: 8271: 8234: 8163:(1987) 8061: 8040:158756 8038: 8005:183140 8003: 7947: 7754: 7695:23 May 7652: 7589: 7555: 7477: 7426: 7422:–114. 7367: 7338: 7315: 6981: 6877: 6822: 6792: 6774:Africa 6743: 6683: 6646: 6565: 6523: 6461: 6453: 6229: 6225:–114. 6141:Yoruba 6041:Gullah 5901:Welsh 5220:Jurist 5151:First 5098:First 4994:lawyer 4885:Oxford 4833:Albert 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The 2355:Angola 2328:French 2254:, and 2252:kriolu 2240:kreyol 2220:creolo 2216:créole 2207:creare 2171:créole 2167:French 2162:creole 2135:, the 2133:Gambia 2117:, and 2101:) and 2083:Onisha 2067:Gambia 2063:Banjul 2059:Guinea 2035:creole 1989:Yoruba 1907:colony 1897:, and 1714:Racism 1675:Israel 1665:France 1660:Canada 1655:Africa 1462:Boston 1399:Oregon 1354:Kansas 1264:Gullah 1153:Gullah 973:Sports 720:Hoodoo 79:Gambia 39:(Krio) 15067:Tikar 15062:Kongo 15014:Japan 14901:Tabom 14822:Japan 14791:Siddi 14766:China 14740:Yemen 14718:Syria 14651:Wales 14606:Spain 14571:Italy 14542:Paris 14415:Aluku 14388:Chile 14347:South 14306:Igbos 14132:North 13993:Igbos 13966:Haiti 13917:Arará 13887:Aruba 13252:Lists 13216:Haiti 13186:Ghana 13121:Texas 13057:Omaha 12335:Islam 11868:Names 11858:Music 11796:Dance 11353:Chile 11240:Haiti 11157:Spain 11142:Italy 11076:Qatar 11056:Japan 11039:India 11029:China 10998:Ghana 10925:Temne 10905:Mende 10890:Limba 10865:Kissi 10286:JSTOR 10243:(PDF) 10162:p. 48 10122:(PDF) 10101:JSTOR 9157:S2CID 8975:JSTOR 8738:JSTOR 8595:S2CID 8269:JSTOR 8139:(PDF) 8128:(PDF) 8059:JSTOR 8036:JSTOR 8001:JSTOR 7945:JSTOR 7644:[ 7475:JSTOR 7365:JSTOR 7313:JSTOR 6790:JSTOR 6459:S2CID 6046:Gumbe 5929:1974 5926:1902 5895:1973 5857:1996 5837:1965 5834:1900 5811:1888 5808:1856 5770:1996 5767:1915 5747:1967 5730:1981 5727:1911 5700:1993 5697:1915 5666:1891 5663:1809 5636:1961 5633:1875 5606:1923 5582:1964 5579:1906 5552:1883 5549:1835 5529:1996 5526:1931 5499:2020 5496:1940 5476:1906 5473:1831 5453:1980 5450:1895 5430:2006 5427:1933 5397:1950 5394:1904 5363:2001 5360:1911 5336:1960 5333:1868 5316:1901 5313:1833 5293:1990 5290:1921 5270:1969 5267:1898 5246:1994 5243:1913 5216:1957 5213:1895 5186:1937 5183:1866 5157:pilot 5148:1945 5145:1914 5124:2000 5121:1918 5092:1951 5071:2010 5068:1919 5051:1979 5048:1896 5012:1912 5009:1875 4981:1974 4978:1906 4941:1972 4911:1903 4908:1843 4876:1885 4873:1852 4842:1900 4839:1856 4805:cocoa 4800:1906 4797:1828 4766:1994 4763:1925 4739:1890 4736:1830 4723:Ref. 4717:Died 4714:Born 4711:Name 4567:Saros 4544:Ghana 4516:mixed 4470:Taino 4026:with 4024:akara 4016:agidi 3996:salad 3967:and 3949:egusi 3927:tripe 3925:with 3919:spicy 3907:flour 3888:toast 3764:gumbe 3754:Gumbe 3748:Music 3732:Taiye 3727:Taiwo 3611:cocoa 3601:. 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