373:. As English speakers with some Anglo culture, they became a dominant force in the evolution of local society and economy and took on leadership roles. They tended to marry among themselves, as they identified as separate from the local, less educated and/or liberated indigenous peoples. The Krios eventually blended with the local populations, with Krio women and children taking on the surnames of indigenous families. They have contributed to the ethnically/racially mixed peoples who live along the West Coast of Africa.
458:. Although they comprise a distinct ethnic group in Equatorial Guinea, their pidgin dialect is spoken in only six communities (Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston and Balueri de Cristo Rey / Bottle Nose). In 1998 it was estimated that the number of fluent speakers of this Equatoguinean language was 5,000. About one-fifth of those 5,000 speakers have this Creole English as their only language. Up to 70,000 Equatoguineans may use it as a trade language. In the 21st century,
434:
Krio
Fernandinos were, initially, unimpressed and indifferent to Spanish rule. However, by the late-1800s, as Spanish cultural and religious influence grew on the island, Krio Fernandinos found that exclusively marrying into their traditional identity became less practical for political and economic
178:
Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on
Fernando Pó during the 1880s and 1890s. The Fernandino of Fernando Po were closely related to each other.
427:. He was beaten by Spanish police after he murdered his African-Catholic Cameroon-born common-law wife, Victoria Castellanos. At the bequest of his mother, Gardner refused to marry Castellanos because she refused religious conversion. She, then, became involved with a
406:
was a common marriage practice, and families aligned themselves in order to maintain, and increase, property ownership as well as social and business alliances outside of the island. Because of this, prior to the 20th century, marriages with non-Creoles, known as
350:
are descendants of blacks who were resettled from London, the
Caribbean and Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some were formerly slaves in the United States who had been freed by the British after the
366:, groups of free African Americans emigrated to Liberia, established as a US colony in West Africa, in the antebellum years. Their numbers were also added to by Africans liberated from the slave trade along the west coast of Africa.
376:
The Krios arrived from Sierra Leone on the island of
Fernando Po in 1827, a year after Great Britain leased the island for 50 years. The Krios joined an influx of several hundred freed Creole African-descended immigrants from
393:
farming industry. This was chiefly controlled by
English and Spanish factory owners. A nineteenth-century British historian characterized Krios as noted for their scholastic achievement and business acumen.
247:. Because the Bubi women generally were responsible for rearing and caring for their mixed-race children, they identified with and were generally accepted by the Bubi tribe.
865:
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This link opens a pdf of the most comprehensive linguistic description of
Pichinglis (Pichi/Fernando Po Creole English) so far by the linguist Kofi Yakpo (
424:
745:
191:, the Fernandino also had family ties to those areas. Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century
385:. The first inhabitants purchased dwellings for $ 3,000 to $ 5,000, along with a handful of large plantation owners who had engaged in the
855:
738:
423:. They were once noted as being highly xenophobic. A notable example of this was a Krio Fernandino, and son of a Scottish father, named
761:
624:
From
Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930; Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1996;
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social class. Many children from such unions were not claimed by the father; however, some couples married under
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The group is closely related to other West
African Creole communities in Freetown, Cape Coast and Lagos.
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Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from
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and other groups from
British colonies in Africa. The Krios began populating the harbor known as
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From
Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827-1930
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850:
411:, were not recognized by the church or in estate claims. However, they were recognized socially.
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597:[W. G. Clarence-Smith, "African and European Cocoa Producers on Fernando Póo, 1880s to 1910s,"
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306:. The dialect was used in trade activities, and may have varied slightly per region. In
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Krio Fernandinos were heavily Anglophone and Protestant as well as a cultural arm of
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Workers from both Sierra Leone and especially Liberia were transported as workers to
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Throughout the generations, the Fernandinos maintained their creole language,
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liberated from the illegal slave trade by British forces after 1808.
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653:. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164
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326:. The mulatto Fernandinos were raised chiefly as Roman Catholic.
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155:, multi-ethnic or multi-racial populations who developed in
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By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895
454:). Krio Fernandinos are exclusively concentrated around
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were descended from English-speaking freed slaves of
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167:, where many worked. This island was named for the
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721:Yakpo, Kofi (2009) "A Grammar of Pichi", 692 pp.
478:. Krios have contributed to development of the
322:living on Bioko during the colonial era became
30:For the unrelated South Californian group, see
486:. Descendants of Iberian parentage tend to be
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195:, their differences are considered marginal.
866:Portuguese diaspora in São Tomé and Príncipe
701:Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast
651:Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast
601:Volume 35, Issue 02, July 1994, pp 179–199,
163:). Their name is derived from the island of
290:. Pichinglis was brought to Fernando Pó by
753:
739:
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262:, an island also discovered by explorer
223:), an island discovered by the explorer
175:, credited with discovering the region.
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466:have long been fused into one dialect.
310:, this creole dialect was stigmatized.
14:
861:Ethnic groups in São Tomé and Príncipe
838:
362:In separate actions, supported by the
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474:The majority of Krio Fernandinos are
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431:-convert which infuriated Gardener.
286:and a form of pidgin English called
46:Regions with significant populations
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856:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea
762:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea
27:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea
25:
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494:Notable Krio Fernandino families
298:(known during colonial times as
239:parentage, and were part of the
599:The Journal of African History,
215:originating from the island of
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565:Saro people (Nigerian Creoles)
500:List of Krio Fernandino people
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881:Multiracial affairs in Africa
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364:American Colonization Society
871:Sierra Leone Creole diaspora
526:Aku people (Gambian Creoles)
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570:Sierra Leone Creole people
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460:Fernando Po Creole English
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353:American Revolutionary War
227:. This group consisted of
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278:Native Fernandinos spoke
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663:Sundiata, I. K. (1966).
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203:The indigenous group of
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609:, Published online by
580:Spanish Equatoguineans
355:. They were joined by
254:-Indigenous descended
560:São Tomé and Príncipe
280:Equatoguinean Spanish
260:São Tomé and Príncipe
110:Related ethnic groups
84:Equatoguinean Spanish
56:São Tomé and Príncipe
896:Repatriated Africans
511:Afro-Hispanic people
120:Sierra Leone Creoles
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425:Henry Hugh Gardner
199:Native Fernandinos
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18:Fernandino peoples
846:Fernandino people
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840:Categories
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586:References
482:church in
480:Protestant
464:Pichinglis
452:Pichinglis
435:survival.
379:Cape Coast
288:Pichinglis
282:, French,
252:Portuguese
185:Cape Coast
169:Portuguese
92:Portuguese
68:Pichinglis
32:Fernandeño
476:Christian
229:mulattoes
171:explorer
62:Languages
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505:See also
488:Catholic
470:Religion
439:Language
429:Catholic
404:Endogamy
398:Marriage
357:Africans
314:Religion
274:Language
181:Freetown
98:Religion
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825:Spanish
640:; p.152
415:Culture
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304:Nigeria
256:mulatto
237:Spanish
153:creoles
820:Lengue
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456:Malabo
449:a.k.a.
187:, and
88:French
810:Kombe
773:Benga
484:Bioko
387:cocoa
348:Krios
318:Most
302:) in
193:Bioko
189:Lagos
128:Saros
116:Bubis
805:Igbo
795:Bubi
788:Fang
783:Beti
688:2016
675:ISBN
634:ISBN
626:ISBN
462:and
389:and
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320:Bubi
292:Efik
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72:Krio
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