41:
32:
815:
514:
the city with aid turned back in the face of the siege engines, either because of the danger of stone projectiles or because the heads of the massacred were launched at them. The city itself, or that part of it under crusader control, was completely destroyed. The siege had lasted nearly fifteen days. Some knights managed to escape on
487:
to join him. The central army began to bombard the fortifications across the isthmus with stone-throwers immediately, and set to work on undermining the walls. At some point, the ditch was infilled. Large covered platforms with huge wooden wheels were rolled up to the outer wall. Each could house 200
216:
Defensive preparations in the summer of 1402 were overseen by
Admiral Buffilo Panizzatti, with a view to strengthening the system of defence before the expected Turco-Mongol assault. Munitions, supplies, money and reinforcements were continually arriving in the port. The attitude of the garrison was
491:
According to the
Timurid historians, Timur ordered Malik Shah to construct a large wooden platform on piles to block the entrance to the harbour, which took three days. Doukas, on the contrary, says that the harbour was filled with stones to block ships. Within a few days, the left and right armies
204:
While Timur's forces ravaged the
Anatolian countryside, targeting Turkish settlements, the Knights of Rhodes prepared the defence of Smyrna. In 1398, under the direction of Brother Guillaume de Munte, a deep ditch had been dug across the promontory to separate the castle from the mainland. In 1402,
513:
supporting the tunnels lit. The result was an explosion that destroyed the wall and buried the defenders in rubble. Timur's forces then entered the city. After some desultory fighting, the
Knights fled to their ships, while the Christian inhabitants were massacred. Some ships that were approaching
826:
Les machines et les béliers mirent en piÚces les murs et les tours, les assiégés intrépides ne cessaient de jeter des flÚches en roue, des marmites de naphte, du feu grégeois, des flÚches en fusée, et des pierres, sans se donner de relùche. Pendant ce temps il pleuvait si extraordinairement qu'il
504:
machines and battering rams broke up the walls and towers, the intrepid besieged never stopped throwing wheeled arrows , pots of naphtha, Greek fire, rocket arrows and stones, without giving way. During this time, it rained so extraordinarily that it seemed that the world was to be destroyed and
173:
and became a Papal city. The Turks continued to control the inland acropolis, however, but the sea-castle allowed the crusaders to control the harbour. From 1374, the
Knights of Rhodes were in charge of its defences. In 1400, Timur launched a war against the Ottoman Empire that culminated in his
622:
3,200 from Saint-Gilles; 3,000 from France; 2,500 from
Amposta; 2,500 from England; 2,000 from Auvergne; 2,000 from Catalonia; 1,500 from Castile and LeĂłn; 1,200 from Aquitaine; 1,000 from Germany and Bohemia; 800 from Champagne; and 800 from
192:
sent a certain
Galeazzo as an ambassador to Timur's camp to seek terms. He remained there three days, returning to New Phocaea with an agreement on 22 September. A knight, Brother Dominic de Alamania, was then sent to the island of
1007:
Prelados, abades mitrados, dignidades capitulares y caballeros de las Ăłrdenes militares habilitados por el brazo eclesiĂĄstico en las cortes del
Principado de Cataluña: DinastĂas de TrastĂĄmara y de Austria, Siglos XV y XVI
612:
on Cyprus. These commanderies had an annual revenue totaling 1,000 florins. In exchange, Dominic gave the order 11,200 florins and was permitted thereafter to remit only 500 florins per year from Rogera and
288:
251:, Smyrna would have been spared had Ăñigo raised Timur's banner on the walls as he had been advised by a certain "Christian bishop", whom Dietrich does not name but who may have been
252:
993:
564:. In general, however, the European attitude to Timur was more positive, since he had defeated the Ottomans who had been menacing the Byzantine Empire (and Smyrna) for decades.
928:
213:
per knight per year. To cover the increased costs of defence of Smyrna, the central convent authorised an extraordinary subvention of 20,000 florins from the priories.
568:
281:
552:
The siege of Smyrna was not widely reported in western Europe, but it did raise awareness of Timur's military power. News of the loss of Smyrna had reached King
521:
Before withdrawing from Smyrna, Timur ordered the sea-castle demolished and the land castle guarding the acropolis, previously held by the Turks, strengthened.
274:
1089:
640:
from the revenues of the commandery of Cyprus to
Buffilo for his two trips to Smyrna, one for training the garrison and another for constructing a "
488:
men. Equipped with ladders, they attempted, apparently without success, to scale the wall. The total besieging force numbered about 4,000 men.
541:, also surrendered to Muhammad Sultan and offered to pay tribute. The Genoese authorities on the island of Chios and the Ottoman prince
549:
offering to do homage. As a result of these surrenders, Timur gained control of two Aegean islands even though he had no navy.
106:, countered with arrows and incendiary projectiles. After two weeks of strong resistance against a far superior adversary, the
1104:
578:
With Smyrna lost and the
Ottoman state in shambles, Philibert de Naillac took the opportunity to occupy the site of ancient
636:
from 4 March 1395. He was promoted to admiral prior to 5 June 1402, when the grand master authorised a payment of 740 gold
40:
31:
114:
and breached. Some of the garrison managed to escape by sea, but the inhabitants and the city itself were destroyed.
20:
533:
was threatened by the forces of Muhammad Sultan. Following the lead of New Phocaea, it surrendered without a fight.
608:
On 17 February 1402, the grand master appointed Dominic commander for life of Rogera (an unidentified place) and
301:
1059:
247:
on Rhodes, records that the grand master sent an embassy to Timur. According to the contemporary papal notary
556:, via Byzantine channels, by 28 February 1403, for on that day he wrote a letter deeply critical of Timur to
358:
575:, Timur took great pride in the conquest of Smyrna, since it had resisted so many Ottoman attempts before.
370:
233:
and Sheikh Nur ed-Din, to the Knights commanding them to either convert to Islam or render him tribute (
65:
1079:
394:
1094:
951:
363:
230:
129:, who wrote in the service of Timur's successors. For the Knights of Rhodes, the official history of
1099:
439:
387:
351:
182:
69:
408:
534:
377:
344:
154:
118:
415:
582:
further south on the Anatolian coast sometime between 1402 and 1408. There he constructed the
98:. The Turco-Mongols blockaded the harbour and attacked the fortifications with stone-throwing
1084:
1053:
480:
434:
330:
210:
217:
confident. According to Timurid historians, the fortress was thought to be impregnable. The
557:
492:
had arrived and a general bombardment was ordered. There is no reference to gunpowder, but
420:
256:
244:
206:
158:
475:
Timur himself, at the head of his central army, arrived before Smyrna on 2 December 1402 (
8:
401:
248:
980:
561:
325:
170:
150:
126:
963:
Knobler, Adam (1995). "The Rise of TÄ«mĆ«r and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390â1405".
984:
933:
A History of the Crusades, Volume IV: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States
446:
427:
240:
111:
83:
54:
50:
509:
The outer walls were breached after only two days of mining, when Timur ordered the
972:
609:
592:, meaning "cellar"). This fortress remained under the Knights' control until 1523.
553:
476:
458:
382:
175:
146:
266:
941:
542:
453:
337:
924:
320:
218:
205:
the garrison of Smyrna numbered 200 knights under the command of the castellan
134:
976:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
1073:
1015:
998:
A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
943:
Les Hospitaliers Ă Rhodes jusqu'Ă la mort de Philibert de Naillac (1310â1421)
583:
579:
239:). The command was refused, although Buonaccurso Grimani, an ambassador from
226:
133:, written early in the seventeenth century, is an important source. From the
130:
99:
681:
314:
91:
844:
669:
189:
497:
484:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
53:(plates 11â12) depicting the siege of Smyrna from a manuscript of the
122:
1036:
Sarnowsky, JĂŒrgen (1991â92). "Die Johanniter und Smyrna 1344â1402".
708:
641:
633:
546:
224:
In order to avoid the costs of a siege, Timur sent two envoys, the
107:
827:
semblait que l'univers se dut abßmer et noyer par un second déluge
560:. In March, he mooted the idea of an anti-Timurid crusade to Pope
138:
530:
510:
493:
201:, in order to persuade the local leaders not to ally with Timur.
1000:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278â313.
588:
538:
529:
In the aftermath of the fall of Smyrna, the Genoese outpost at
515:
103:
87:
935:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 229â50.
637:
298:
235:
194:
95:
632:
Sometimes spelled Panizati or Panizato. He was the prior of
500:
were employed by the defenders. According to Sharaf ad-Din:
221:
inhabitants of the countryside fled to the city for refuge.
1020:
Crusader Castles in Cyprus, Greece and the Aegean 1191â1571
914:
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The main sources for the siege are the Persian historians
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Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru, Marie-Mathilde (1977) .
798:
90:(now Ä°zmir) in western Anatolia, and the army of the
767:
479:). He then ordered the left army under his grandson
657:
296:
939:
727:
68:, now in the John Work Garrett Library (MS 3) of
1071:
102:, while the defenders, numbering only about 200
1029:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200â1500
181:In the aftermath of Ankara, the outpost of the
282:
1035:
1004:
838:
518:, including the castellan, Ăñigo de Alfaro.
64:1467), a biography of Timur, illustrated by
289:
275:
586:(Petrounion, transformed in Turkish into
86:, who held the harbour and sea-castle of
1090:Sieges involving the Knights Hospitaller
991:
746:
1014:
994:"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306â1421"
962:
950:
886:
874:
862:
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780:
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209:. The garrison's pay was raised to 100
82:(December 1402) was fought between the
1072:
1026:
917:La campagne de Timur en Anatolie, 1402
809:
1005:Morales Roca, Francisco José (1999).
923:
898:
270:
965:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
956:The Mongols and the West, 1221â1410
940:Delaville Le Roulx, Joseph (1913).
13:
14:
1116:
1010:. Vol. I. Madrid: HidalguĂa.
483:and the right army under his son
21:Battle of Smyrna (disambiguation)
851:Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru 1977
822:Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru 1977
703:Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru 1977
676:Alexandrescu-Dersca Bulgaru 1977
197:, also belonging to the Genoese
149:. For the Byzantines, there are
137:(Turkish) perspective, there is
39:
30:
907:
626:
164:
616:
602:
1:
651:
545:both sent envoys to Timur at
61:
1031:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
537:, the lord of the island of
524:
505:drowned in a second deluge.
169:Smyrna had been captured by
7:
10:
1121:
1058:: CS1 maint: postscript (
992:Luttrell, Anthony (1975).
18:
1105:Military history of Ä°zmir
996:. In H. W. Hazard (ed.).
977:10.1017/S135618630000660X
931:. In H. W. Hazard (ed.).
311:
595:
262:
70:Johns Hopkins University
1038:Römische Quartalschrift
946:. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
728:Delaville Le Roulx 1913
569:Andrea Redusio de Quero
535:Francesco II Gattilusio
303:conquests and invasions
155:Laonikos Chalkokondyles
119:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
16:1402 battle in Anatolia
1027:Purton, Peter (2010).
507:
584:Castle of Saint Peter
502:
481:Muhammad Sultan Mirza
477:6 Jumada al-Awwal 805
573:Chronicon Tarvisinum
558:Henry III of Castile
352:TokhtamyshâTimur war
257:bishop of Nakhchivan
245:Philibert de Naillac
159:Agostino Giustiniani
19:For other uses, see
919:. London: Variorum.
249:Dietrich of Nieheim
157:; for the Genoese,
66:KamÄl ud-DÄ«n BehzÄd
901:, pp. 240â41.
764:, pp. 347â48.
730:, pp. 284â86.
127:Ahmad ibn Arabshah
51:Persian miniatures
1080:Conflicts in 1402
1022:. Oxford: Osprey.
839:Morales Roca 1999
705:, pp. 88â90.
472:
471:
178:on 20 July 1402.
171:a crusade in 1344
110:was destroyed by
84:Knights of Rhodes
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1095:Battles of Timur
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207:Ăñigo de Alfaro
174:victory at the
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747:Luttrell 1975
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125:and the Arab
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1085:1402 in Asia
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1054:cite journal
1045:
1044:: 215â51and
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1006:
997:
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964:
958:. Routledge.
955:
942:
932:
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908:Bibliography
894:
887:Jackson 2014
882:
875:Jackson 2014
870:
863:Knobler 1995
858:
846:
834:
825:
817:
793:Jackson 2014
788:
781:Nicolle 2007
762:Knobler 1995
671:
666:, p. 8.
664:Nicolle 2007
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315:Central Asia
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231:Pir Muhammad
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198:
184:
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168:
165:Preparations
142:
116:
92:Turco-Mongol
79:
77:
56:
1008:(1410â1599)
810:Purton 2010
531:Old Phocaea
364:Terek River
190:New Phocaea
147:Mustafa ĂlĂź
1074:Categories
899:Boase 1977
652:References
543:Ä°sa Ăelebi
498:Greek fire
485:Miran Shah
459:2nd Ankara
454:1st Ankara
108:outer wall
985:162421202
623:Toulouse.
525:Aftermath
402:Uskhudzhe
123:Mirkhwand
57:Zafarnama
1048:: 47â98.
1018:(2007).
954:(2014).
929:"Rhodes"
927:(1977).
642:palisade
634:Barletta
547:Ayasoluk
511:fascines
447:Anatolia
440:Damascus
388:Birtvisi
326:Tashkent
183:Genoese
141:and the
55:Garrett
613:Finica.
571:in his
516:galleys
494:naphtha
378:Tbilisi
371:Georgia
345:Isfahan
299:Timurid
253:Francis
211:florins
135:Ottoman
104:knights
983:
638:ducats
610:Finica
589:Bodrum
539:Lesbos
464:Smyrna
435:Aleppo
428:Levant
416:Multan
383:Alinja
338:Persia
151:Doukas
112:mining
88:Smyrna
981:S2CID
596:Notes
421:Delhi
409:India
331:Balkh
263:Siege
241:Crete
236:jizya
227:mirza
199:Maona
195:Chios
185:Maona
139:NeĆri
96:Timur
94:emir
1060:link
496:and
321:Belh
153:and
121:and
78:The
49:Two
973:doi
188:at
145:of
1076::
1056:}}
1052:{{
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