320:. First, one must determine if the questionable behavior is age appropriate: e.g., children use different conflict-resolution tactics during various developmental stages. Second, one must determine if the behavior is an isolated incident or part of an enduring pattern: abuse is, by definition, a long-term pattern rather than occasional disagreements. Third, one must determine if there is an "aspect of victimization" to the behavior: rivalry tends to be incident-specific, reciprocal and obvious to others, while abuse is characterized by secrecy and an imbalance of power. Fourth, one must determine the goal of the questionable behavior: the goal of abuse tends to be embarrassment or domination of the victim. Parents should remember that sibling rivalry today may someday result in siblings being cut off from each other when the parents are gone. Continuing to encourage family togetherness, treating siblings equitably, and using family counseling to help arrest sibling rivalry that is excessive may ultimately serve children in their adult years.
341:
292:
found a consistent theme running through the interviews she's conducted thus far. "The thing that rides through with brothers that doesn't come across in other sibling pairs is this notion of parental and societal comparison. Somehow with boys, it seems far more natural to compare them, especially more than with sister/brother pairs. Almost from day one, the fundamental developmental markers—who gets a tooth first, who crawls, walks, speaks first—are held up on a larger-than-life scale. And this comparison appears to continue from school to college to the workplace. Who has the biggest house, who makes the most money, drives the best car are constant topics of discussion. In our society, men are supposed to be achievement-oriented, aggressive. They're supposed to succeed."
130:. While young adolescents often provide one another with warmth and support, this period of development is also marked by increased conflict and emotional distance. However, this effect varies based on the sex of siblings. Mixed-sex sibling pairs often experience more drastic decreases in intimacy during adolescence, while same-sex sibling pairs experience a slight rise in intimacy during early adolescence followed by a slight drop. In both instances, intimacy once again increases during young adulthood. This trend may be the result of an increased emphasis on peer relationships during adolescence. Often, adolescents from the same family adopt differing lifestyles which further contributes to emotional distance between one another.
250:
detriment and that of other potential offspring. While parents are investing as much as possible to their offspring, offspring may at the same time attempt to obtain more resources than the parents are able to give to maximize its own reproductive success. Therefore, there is a conflict between the wants of the individual offspring and what the parent is able or willing to give. An extension of
Trivers' theory leads to predict that it will pay siblings to compete intensely with one another. It can pay to be selfish even to the detriment of not only one's parents but also to one's siblings, as long as the total fitness benefits of doing do outweigh the total costs.
118:
years, this marks the time when the older sibling is beginning school, meeting peers, and making friends. This shift in environment reduces both children's access to one another and depletes the older sibling's dependency on the younger for social support, which can now be found outside the relationship. When the younger sibling begins school, the older sibling may help him or her become acclimated and advise on the new struggles that come with being a student. At the same time, the older sibling is also available to answer questions and discuss topics that the younger sibling may not feel comfortable bringing up with a parent.
498:, between forty and seventy-five percent of children will engage in some sort of sexual behavior before reaching 13 years of age. In these situations, children are exploring each other's bodies while also exploring gender roles and behaviors, and their sexual experimentation does not indicate that these children are child sex offenders. As siblings are generally close in age and locational proximity, the opportunity for sexual exploration between siblings is fairly high and that, if simply based on mutual curiosity, then these activities are not harmful or distressing, either in childhood or later in adulthood. According to
313:
can also give each child individual attention, encourage teamwork, refuse to hold up one child as a role model for the others, and avoid favoritism. It is also important for parents to invest in time spent together as a whole family. Children who have a strong sense of being part of a family are likely to see siblings as an extension of themselves. However, according to Sylvia Rimm, although sibling rivalry can be reduced it is unlikely to be eliminated. In moderate doses, rivalry may be a healthy indication that each child is assertive enough to express his or her differences with other siblings.
168:
development, behavior, and support throughout their life span. A child's development is influenced by the dynamic system as a result of the family system. The relationship between siblings is the most important, but isn't focused on as much as other family relationships. Within the family system, not all roles amongst siblings are the same or shared. An older sibling can be placed in a position to fulfill the shoes of a parental role. This makes the older sibling a role model and caretaker to the younger sibling. A positive impact on the younger siblings' development may occur.
20:
506:, mutual touching, and attempts at simulated, non-penetrative intercourse. Reinisch views such play as part of a normal progression from the sensual elements of bonding with parents, to masturbation, and then to sex play with others. By the age of eight or nine, according to Reinisch, children become aware that sexual arousal is a specific type of erotic sensation, and will seek these pleasurable experiences through various sights, self-touches, and fantasy, so that earlier generalized sex play shifts into more deliberate and intentional arousal.
300:
moderated by birth order: Older siblings report more or less the same level of conflict and rivalry throughout their childhood. In contrast, young siblings report a peak in conflict and rivalry around young adolescence and a drop in late adolescence. The decline in late adolescence makes sense from an evolutionary perspective: Once resources cease and/ or individuals have started their own reproductive career, it makes little sense for sibling to continue fierce competition over resources that do not affect their reproductive success anymore.
147:
under the strict jurisdiction of parents is dissolved. Despite these factors, siblings often maintain a relationship through adulthood and even old age. Proximity is a large factor in maintaining contact between siblings; those who live closer to one another are more likely to visit each other frequently. In addition, gender also plays a significant role. Sisters are most likely to maintain contact with one another, followed by mixed-gender dyads. Brothers are least likely to contact one another frequently.
288:
can understand family rules and know how to comfort and be kind to each other. By 3 years old, children have a sophisticated grasp of social rules, can evaluate themselves in relation to their siblings, and know how to adapt to circumstances within the family. Whether they have the drive to adapt, to get along with a sibling whose goals and interests may be different from their own, can make the difference between a cooperative relationship and a rivalrous one.
69:, sibling relationships are typically discretionary. People are encouraged to stay in contact and cooperate with their brothers and sisters, but this is not an obligation. Older siblings in these cultures are sometimes given responsibilities to watch over a younger sibling, but this is only occasional, with parents taking on the primary role of caretaker. In contrast, close sibling relationships in
77:, the brother-sister sibling relationship is so cherished that a festival is held in observance called Raksha Bandhan. At this celebration, the sister presents the brother with a woven bracelet to show their lasting bond even when they have raised their own families. These cultures also extend caregiving roles to older siblings, who are constantly expected to watch over younger siblings.
102:
relationship with the newborn. Parents pay attention not only to the newborns but to the older children to avoid sibling rivalry; interactions that can contribute to the older sibling's social aptitude can cognitively stimulate the younger sibling. Older siblings even adapt their speech to accommodate for the low language comprehension of the younger sibling, much like parents do with
272:
relationships. A child's personality can also have an effect on how much sibling rivalry will occur in a home. Some kids seem to naturally accept changes, while others may be naturally competitive, and exhibit this nature long before a sibling enters the home. However, parents are seen as capable of having an important influence on whether they are competitive or not.
134:
behaviour for younger siblings. For instance, there is evidence that communication about safe sex with a sibling may be just as effective as with a parent. Conversely, an older sibling may encourage risky sexual behaviour by modelling a sexually advanced lifestyle, and younger siblings of teen parents are more likely to become teen parents themselves.
510:
the victim's adult life. Definitions used have varied widely. Child sexual abuse between siblings is defined by the (US) National Task Force on
Juvenile Sexual Offending as: sexual acts initiated by one sibling toward another without the other's consent, by use of force or coercion, or where there is a power differential between the siblings. In
214:
amounts of their parents' attention, discipline, and responsiveness. Children fight more in families where there is no understanding that fighting is not an acceptable way to resolve conflicts, and no alternative ways of handling such conflicts. Stress in the parents' and children's lives can create more conflict and increase sibling rivalry.
427:
502:, studying early sexual behavior generally, over half of all six- and seven-year-old boys have engaged in sex play with other boys, and more than a third of them with girls, while more than a third of six- and seven-year-old girls have engaged in such play with both other girls and with boys. This play includes
509:
Abusive incestuous relationships between siblings can have adverse effects on the parties involved. Such abuse can leave victims detrimentally hindered in developmental processes, such as those necessary for interpersonal relations, and can be the cause for depression, anxiety, and substance abuse in
182:
Sibling rivalry describes the competitive relationship or animosity between siblings, blood-related or not. Often competition is the result of a desire for greater attention from parents. However, even the most conscientious parents can expect to see sibling rivalry in play to a degree. Children tend
150:
Communication is especially important when siblings do not live near one another. Communication may take place in person, over the phone, by mail, and with increasing frequency, by means of online communication such as email and social networking. Often, siblings will communicate indirectly through a
146:
When siblings reach adulthood, it is more likely that they will no longer live in the same place and that they will become involved in jobs, hobbies, and romantic interests that they do not share and therefore cannot use to relate to one another. In this stage the common struggles of school and being
312:
Parents can reduce the opportunity for rivalry by refusing to compare or typecast their children, teaching the children positive ways to get attention from each other and from the parent, planning fun family activities together, and making sure each child has enough time and space of their own. They
295:
Sibling rivalry often continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and stressful to parents. Adolescents fight for the same reasons younger children fight, but they are better equipped physically and intellectually to hurt and be hurt by each other. Physical and emotional changes cause
137:
Research on adolescents suggests positive sibling influences can promote healthy and adaptive functioning while negative interactions can increase vulnerabilities and problem behaviours. Intimate and positive sibling interactions are an important source of support for adolescents and can promote the
287:
According to observational studies by Judy Dunn, children as early as one may be able to exhibit self-awareness and perceive difference in parental treatment between themselves and a sibling and early impressions can shape a lifetime relationship with the younger sibling. From 18 months on siblings
154:
In adulthood, siblings still perform a role similar to that of friends. Friends and siblings are often similar in age, with any age gap seeming even less significant in adulthood. Furthermore, both relationships are often egalitarian in nature, although unlike sibling relationships, friendships are
133:
Siblings may influence one another in much the same way that peers do, especially during adolescence. These relationships may even compensate for the negative psychological impact of not having friends and may provide individuals with a sense of self-worth. Older siblings can effectively model good
303:
Sibling rivalry can continue into adulthood and sibling relationships can change dramatically over the years. Events such as a parent's illness may bring siblings closer together, whereas marriage may drive them apart, particularly if the in-law relationship is strained. Approximately one-third of
278:
introduced the term "sibling rivalry" in 1941, claiming that for an older sibling "the aggressive response to the new baby is so typical that it is safe to say it is a common feature of family life." Researchers today generally endorse this view, noting that parents can ameliorate this response by
213:
There are many things that can influence and shape sibling rivalry. According to Kyla Boyse from the
University of Michigan, each child in a family competes to define who they are as individuals and want to show that they are separate from their siblings. Children may feel they are getting unequal
167:
Sibling relationships are important within the family system. Family systems theory (Kerr and Bowen, 1988) is a theory of human behavior that defines the family unit as a complex social system, in which members interact to influence each other's behavior These relationships have an effect on child
299:
However, the degree of sibling rivalry and conflict is not constant. Longitudinal studies looking at the degree of sibling rivalry throughout childhood from
Western societies suggest that, over time, sibling relationships become more egalitarian and this suggest less conflict. Yet, this effect is
249:
is important for understanding sibling dynamics and parental decision-making. Because parents are expected to invest whatever is necessary to ensure the survival of their offspring, it is generally thought that parents will allocate the maximum amount of resources available, possibly to their own
209:
Siblings may be jealous of and harbor resentment toward one another. The main causes of sibling rivalry are lack of social skills, concerns with fairness, individual temperaments, special needs, parenting style, parent's conflict resolution skills and culture. In many families, the children count
158:
It is difficult to make long-term assumptions about adult sibling relationships, as they may rapidly change in response to individual or shared life events. Marriage of one sibling may either strengthen or weaken the sibling bond. The same can be said for change of location, birth of a child, and
56:
Siblings normally spend more time with each other during their childhood than they do with parents or anyone else; they trust and cherish each other, so betrayal by one sibling could cause problems for that person physically as well as mentally and emotionally. Sibling relationships are often the
291:
Studies have further shown that the greatest sibling rivalry tends to be shown between brothers, and the least between sisters. Naturally, there are exceptions to this rule. What makes brother/brother ties so rivalrous? Deborah Gold has launched a new study that is not yet completed. But she has
271:
was an important aspect of personality development. The feeling of being replaced or supplanted is often the cause of jealousy on the part of the older sibling. In fact, psychologists and researchers today endorse the influence of birth order, as well as age and gender constellations, on sibling
113:
used to describe an infant's relationship to a primary caregiver may also be applied to siblings. If an infant finds an older sibling to be responsive and sees him or her as a source of comfort, a supportive bond may form. On the contrary, a negative bond may form if the older sibling acts in an
117:
Even as siblings age and develop, their relationships have considerable stability from infancy through middle childhood, during which positive and negative interactions remain constant in frequency. Still, this time period marks great changes for both siblings. Assuming an age gap of only a few
101:
A relationship begins with the introduction of two siblings to one another. Older siblings are often made aware of their soon-to-be younger brother or sister at some point during their mother's pregnancy, which may help facilitate adjustment for the older child and result in a better immediate
476:, it was considered necessary for a god to marry a goddess and vice versa. This led to Osiris marrying his sister Isis due to limited options of gods and goddesses to marry. In order to preserve the divinity of ruling families, siblings of the royal families would marry each other.
514:, sibling child sexual abuse is defined as "sexual behavior between siblings that is not age appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by developmentally, mutually appropriate curiosity". When child sexual experimentation is carried out with siblings, some researchers, e.g.
296:
pressures in the teenage years, as do changing relationships with parents and friends. Fighting with siblings as a way to get parental attention may increase in adolescence. One study found that the age group 10 to 15 reported the highest level of competition between siblings.
518:, do consider it incest, but those researchers who do use that term distinguish between abusive incest and non-abusive incest. Bank and Kahn say that abusive incest is power-oriented, sadistic, exploitative, and coercive, often including deliberate physical or mental abuse.
91:
279:
being vigilant to favoritism and by taking appropriate preventative steps. In fact, say researchers, the ideal time to lay the groundwork for a lifetime of supportive relationships between siblings is during the months prior to the new baby's arrival.
786:
Bryant, B.K. (1992). Sibling caretaking: Providing emotional support during middle childhood. In F. Boer & J. Dunn (Eds.), "Children's sibling relationships: Developmental and clinical issues" (pp. 55–69). Hallsdale, NJ: Lawrence Elbaum
233:, Freud postulated that the young boy's fear of horses was related to jealousy of his baby sister, as well as the boy's desire to replace his father as his mother's mate. This view has been largely discredited by modern research.
468:, and probably even the preferred norm among the nobility. In most cases, marriage of siblings in Roman Egypt was a result of the religious belief in divinity and maintaining purity. Based on the model from the myth of
114:
aggressive, neglectful, or otherwise negative manner. Sibling attachment is further accentuated in the absence of a primary caregiver when the younger sibling must rely on the older one for security and support.
531:
it occurs with a child less than 13 years old, and the perpetrator is more than five years older than the victim or if the child is between 13 and 16 years old, and the perpetrator is ten years older than the
441:
John M. Goggin and
William C. Sturtevant (1964) listed eight societies which generally allowed sibling marriage, and thirty-four societies where sibling marriage was permissible among certain classes only.
1159:
Cicirelli, V. G. (1985). The role of siblings as family caregivers. In W. J. Sauer & R. T. Coward (Eds.), "Social support networks and the care of the elderly" (pp. 93–107). New York: Springer-Verlag.
796:
Lempers, J., & Clark-Lempers, D. (1992). Young, middle, and late adolescents' comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships. "Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 21", 53–96.
404:, concern siblings who were separated at birth or at a very young age. One study from New England has shown that roughly 10% of males and 15% of females had experienced some form of sexual contact with a
823:
Kim, J., McHale, S.M., Osgood, D.W., & Crouter, A.C. (2006). Longitudinal course and family correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. "Child
Development, 77", 1746–1761.
805:
Brody, G., Stoneman, Z., & McCoy, J. (1994). Forecasting sibling relationships in early adolescence from child temperaments and family processes in middle childhood. "Child
Development, 65", 771–784.
991:
Bank, L.; Burraston, B.; Snyder, J. (2004). "Sibling conflict and ineffective parenting as predictors of adolescent boys' antisocial behavior and peer difficulties: Additive and interactional effect".
1186:
Bedford, V. H. (1990). Changing affect toward siblings and the transition to old age. "Proceedings of the Second
International Conference on the Future of Adult Life". Leeuwenhorst, The Netherlands.
486:
In a number of
European countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain, marriage between siblings remains prohibited, but incest between siblings is no longer prosecuted.
397:. Children who grow up together do not normally develop sexual attraction, even if they are unrelated, and conversely, siblings who were separated at a young age may develop sexual attraction.
155:
voluntary. The specific roles of each relationship also differ, especially later in life. For elderly siblings, friends tend to act as companions while siblings play the roles of confidants.
1566:
Pollet, TV, & Nettle, D. (2007). Birth order and face-to-face contact with a sibling: Firstborns have more contact than laterborns. Personality and individual Differences, 43, 1796–1806
138:
development of prosocial behaviour. However, when sibling relationships are characterized by conflict and aggression, they can promote delinquency, and antisocial behaviour among peers.
759:
Bretherton, I. (1992). Attachment and bonding. In V. G. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), "Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective" (pp. 13–155). New York: Basic Books.
750:
Ervin-Tripp, S. (1989). Sisters and brothers. In P.G. Zukow (Ed.), "Sibling interaction across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues" (pp. 184–195). New York: Springer-Verlag.
186:
Siblings generally spend more time together during childhood than they do with parents. The sibling bond is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment,
844:
East, P. (2009). Adolescents' relationships with siblings. In R. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), "Handbook of adolescent psychology" (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 43–73). New York: Wiley.
741:
Teti, D.M. (1992). Sibling interaction. In V.G. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), "Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective" (pp. 201–226). New York: Plenum Press.
159:
numerous other life events. However, divorce or widowhood of one sibling or death of a close family member most often results in increased closeness and support between siblings.
768:
Stewart, R. B., & Marvin, R. S. (1984) Sibling relations: The role of conceptual perspective taking in the ontogeny of sibling caregiving. "Child Development, 55", 1322–1332.
304:
adults describe their relationship with siblings as rivalrous or distant. However, rivalry often lessens over time. At least 80 percent of siblings over age 60 enjoy close ties.
832:
Cicirelli, V. G. (1994). "Sibling relationships over the life course." Paper presented at the 49th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Atlanta.
565:
According to De Jong, if one or more of these is present, the behavior is abusive, whereas if none is present, the behavior must be considered normal sexual experimentation.
542:
says that behavior that is sexually abusive of children (generally speaking) depends upon the use of power, authority, bribery, or appeal to the child's trust or affection.
1716:
777:
Dunn, J. (1992) Introduction. In F. Boer & J. Dunn (Eds.), "Children's sibling relationships: Developmental and clinical issues" (pp. xiii–xvi). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
1168:
Connidis, I. A., & Davies, L. (1990) Confidants and companions in later life: The place of family and friends. "Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 45", 141–149
1946:
1541:
1960:
Cavanagh Johnson, Toni; Friend, Colleen (1995). "Assessing Young Children's Sexual Behaviors in the Context of Child Sexual Abuse Evaluations". In Ney, Tara (ed.).
662:
East, P.; Khoo, S. (2005). "Longitudinal pathways linking family factors and sibling relationship qualities to adolescent substance use and sexual risk behaviors".
598:
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. "Developmental Psychology, 21", 1016–1024.
453:
for this union was declared forged in 1457. The marriage was declared invalid and the children were declared bastards and removed from the line of succession.
814:
Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1990). Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence. "Child Development, 61", 1387–1396.
151:
parent or a mutual friend of relative. Between adult and elderly siblings, conversations tend to focus on family happenings and reflections of the past.
921:
Stocker, C.M. (1994). "Children' s perceptions of relationships with siblings, friends, and mothers: Compensatory processes and links with adjustment".
53:
than with family members of other generations. Furthermore, sibling relationships often reflect the overall condition of cohesiveness within a family.
853:
Yeh, H., & Lempers, J.D. (2004). Perceived sibling relationships and adolescent development. "Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33", 133–147.
862:
Kowal, A. & Blinn-Pike, L., (2004). Sibling influences on adolescents' attitudes toward safe sex practices. "Family Relations, 53", 377–384.
1088:
Snyder, J.; Bank, L.; Burraston, B. (2005). "The consequences of antisocial behavior in older male siblings for younger brothers and sisters".
210:
their siblings among their friends. But it's also common for siblings to be great friends on one day and hateful to one another on the next.
1177:
Connidis, I. A. (1992). Life transitions and the adult sibling tie: A qualitative study. "Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54", 972–982.
1599:
Wiehe, V. R. (1997) Sibling abuse: Hidden physical, emotional, and sexual trauma, 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
340:
1327:
874:"). Compensatory patterns of support among children' s peer relationships: A test using school friends, nonschool friends, and siblings"
1710:
41:. Because siblings often grow up in the same household, they have a large amount of exposure to one another, like other members of the
1874:
956:
Tucker, C.J.; Updegraff, K.A.; McHale, S.M.; Crouter, A.C. (1999). "). Older siblings as socializers of younger siblings ' empathy".
1522:
1196:
393:
almost universally. Innate sexual aversion between siblings forms due to close association in childhood, in what is known as the
3140:
229:, where brothers were in competition for their mother's attention and sisters for their father's. For example, in the case of
2452:
2302:
2272:
1991:
1971:
1538:
1483:
197:, sibling rivalry is particularly intense when children are very close in age and of the same gender, or where one child is
3130:
732:
Dunn, J., & Kendrick, C., (1982). "Siblings: Love, envy, and understanding." Campbridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
617:
1557:
Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. ChildDevelopment, 58, 1101- 1113
2104:
1018:
Criss, M.M.; Shaw, D.S. (2005). "Sibling relationships as contexts for delinquency training in low - income families".
464:
princess, priestess, and queen, married all three of her brothers in turn. Sibling marriage was especially frequent in
1349:
2353:
1792:
1768:
2392:
1575:
2975:
1886:
73:
are often obligatory, with strong cultural norms prompting cooperation and close proximity between siblings. In
2897:
2170:
Laviola, Marisa (1992). "Effects of older brother-younger sister incest: A study of the dynamics of 17 cases".
2213:
De Jong, Allan R. (1989). "Sexual interactions among siblings and cousins: Experimentation or exploitation?".
548:
offers four criteria to judge whether sexual behavior involving persons under 14 years old is abusive or not:
3036:
2696:
259:
246:
521:
Views of young sibling sexual contact may be affected by more general views regarding sexuality and minors:
3135:
1608:
183:
to naturally compete with each other for not only attention from parents but for recognition in the world.
1450:
Salmon, C., & Shackelford, T. K. (n.d.). The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Family Psychology, 57–132
2809:
2024:
49:
can have both hierarchical and reciprocal elements, this relationship tends to be more egalitarian and
1721:
3046:
3012:
1936:
Maynes, Mary Jo., and Ann Beth. Waltner. The Family: A World History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. Print.
1462:
Ellis-Christensen, T. (2003). What is Sibling Rivalry?. In wiseGEEK clear answers for common question
446:
430:
348:
316:
Weihe suggests that four criteria should be used to determine if questionable behavior is rivalry or
275:
1403:
1714:
23. Canonical Implications of Richard III's Plan to Marry His Niece. Kelly, H.A. 1967 pp. 269–311.
1324:
335:
1132:.Cicirelli, V. G. (1981). "Helping elderly parents: Role of adult children." Boston: Auburn House.
3089:
2987:
198:
1812:
Shaw, Brent D. (June 1992). "Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in Graeco-Roman Egypt".
1141:
White, L. K., & Riedmann, A. (1992). Ties among adult siblings. "Social Forces, 71", 85–102.
2284:
Sibling Abuse Trauma Assessment and Intervention Strategies for Children, Families, and Adults
1782:
1758:
3053:
2412:
1632:
Finkelhor, David (1980). "Sex among siblings: A survey on prevalence, variety, and effects".
1334:
Jane Mersky Leder, Psychology Today, Publication Date: Jan/Feb 93, Last Reviewed: 30 Aug 2004
201:. Sibling rivalry involves aggression and insults, especially between siblings close in age.
3109:
3094:
3041:
2997:
2907:
2839:
2385:
708:
Cicirelli, V. G. (1995) Sibling relationships across the life span. New York: Plenum Press.
579:
1495:
8:
3079:
3031:
3024:
2726:
2683:
696:
Cicirelli, VG. "Sibling relationships across the life span". New York: Plenum Press; 1995
386:
1519:
1507:
1053:
Brody, G.H. (2004). "Siblings' direct and indirect contributions to child development".
1004:
2125:"Sexual abuse in the national incidence study of child abuse and neglect: An appraisal"
2047:
1917:
1861:
1829:
1657:
1391:
1288:
1070:
973:
934:
898:
873:
639:
612:
450:
394:
374:
191:
70:
50:
2124:
3007:
2834:
2804:
2557:
2442:
2359:
2349:
2308:
2298:
2268:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2100:
2051:
1967:
1909:
1865:
1788:
1764:
1720:. Dupont, Jacques and Saillot, Jacques. 1987. Angers et Nantes, p. 755. (In French).
1692:
1649:
1296:
1280:
1241:
1237:
1115:
1074:
1066:
1035:
977:
938:
903:
679:
644:
630:
401:
110:
66:
1921:
3099:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2731:
2562:
2541:
2437:
2222:
2179:
2136:
2039:
1901:
1853:
1821:
1778:
1684:
1661:
1641:
1431:
1272:
1233:
1221:
1105:
1097:
1062:
1027:
1000:
965:
930:
893:
885:
671:
634:
626:
42:
19:
2294:
The Kinsey Institute new report on sex: What you must know to be sexually literate
1471:
3002:
2982:
2970:
2902:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2626:
2432:
2427:
2378:
2262:
2120:
2094:
2090:
1545:
1526:
1353:
382:
226:
177:
1963:
True and False Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Assessment and Case Management
1677:"Explorations in Cultural Anthropology. Essays in Honor of George Peter Murdock"
969:
2934:
2882:
2849:
2844:
2766:
2706:
2616:
2586:
2422:
1101:
1031:
889:
675:
503:
242:
1905:
1857:
33:
play a unique role in one another's lives that simulates the companionship of
3124:
3069:
2864:
2781:
2711:
2611:
2234:
2191:
2148:
1841:
1696:
1331:
1284:
1245:
445:
A historical marriage that took place between full siblings was that between
363:
317:
222:
65:
The content and context of sibling relationships varies between cultures. In
2363:
2312:
1728:. Schwennicke, Detlev, editor. Volume III, Section 3, Table 571. (In German)
267:
saw siblings as "striving for significance" within the family and felt that
2992:
2954:
2949:
2776:
2621:
2043:
1436:
1419:
1346:
1119:
1039:
907:
683:
648:
574:
480:
359:
264:
230:
190:, personality, and people and experiences outside the family. According to
2242:
2199:
2156:
1913:
1653:
1474:
David M. Levy (1941) First published in Psychological Review, 48, 356–361.
1369:
1300:
942:
2874:
2829:
2673:
2567:
2522:
2343:
2292:
1619:
465:
426:
370:
331:
268:
194:
187:
127:
449:
and Isabelle d'Armagnac, dame des Quatre-Vallées, c. 1450. The provided
412:, with the most common form being fondling or touching of one another's
3074:
3019:
2892:
2854:
2716:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2631:
2571:
2527:
1833:
1645:
1292:
1260:
457:
355:
1875:"Incest or Adoption? Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt Revisited"
527:
consider sexual contact to be abusive only under these circumstances:
3084:
2791:
2668:
2417:
1676:
1110:
461:
413:
103:
1825:
1688:
1276:
1150:
Adams, B. N. (1968) "Kinship in an urban setting." Chicago: Markham.
2887:
2824:
2819:
2796:
2741:
2701:
2487:
2341:
1961:
389:
is legal in many, sexual relations between siblings are considered
352:
95:
1741:
1261:"Children's Perceptions of the Qualities of Sibling Relationships"
2814:
2721:
2691:
2604:
2499:
2494:
405:
30:
1777:
437:
1450 and fought hard to keep the marriage but failed in the end.
3104:
2944:
2939:
2594:
2576:
2504:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2401:
469:
409:
390:
38:
34:
24:
1587:
126:
The nature of sibling relationships changes from childhood to
2929:
2532:
2477:
344:
74:
1539:
Sibling Rivalry in Degree and Dimensions Across the Lifespan
1529:
Donna Rae Jacobson, North Dakota State University, July 1995
1413:
1411:
1197:"Family Systems Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
955:
2859:
2599:
2536:
1458:
1456:
473:
90:
2482:
2370:
1408:
611:
Whiteman, Shawn D.; McHale, Susan M.; Soli, Anna (2012).
1453:
1590:
Arkansas State Parent Information & Resource Center
1520:
Living With Your Teenager: Dealing With Sibling Rivalry
1959:
495:
2025:"Sibling Incest: Adjustment in Adult Women Survivors"
1508:
Helping Your Older Child Adjust to a New Baby Sibling
1356:
Syliva B. Rimm, Educational Assessment Service, 2002.
2342:
John Bancroft; June Machover Reinisch, eds. (1990).
358:, were half-siblings yet Amnon raped Tamar (unknown
225:
saw the sibling relationship as an extension of the
57:
longest-lasting relationship in individuals' lives.
2281:
2064:
1087:
990:
613:"Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships"
511:
236:
1844:(1980). "Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt".
610:
2261:Bank, Stephen P.; Kahn, Michael D. (1982-06-10).
2119:
1947:"Geschwisterpaar bringt Inzest-Verbot ins Wanken"
524:
253:
3122:
1939:
1674:
1258:
1569:
1394:University of Michigan Health System, June 2009
2297:. Ruth Beasley. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1742:"Incest Laws and Absent Taboos in Roman Egypt"
400:Thus, many cases of sibling incest, including
323:
2386:
2089:
1370:"what are the main causes of sibling rivalry"
1342:
1340:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
606:
604:
1548:Annie McNerney and Joy Usner, 30 April 2001.
1510:University of Michigan Health System (2011).
2873:
2331:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2329:A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development
2206:
2163:
2096:Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research
1990:harvp error: no target: CITEREFBorgis2002 (
1387:
1385:
1383:
1055:Current Directions in Psychological Science
717:
704:
702:
37:as well as the influence and assistance of
2393:
2379:
1846:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1337:
1307:
1259:Furman, Wyndol; Buhrmester, Duane (1985).
1222:"Family Systems and Sibling Relationships"
923:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
601:
552:an age difference of more than five years;
479:Sibling marriage is also common among the
80:
1631:
1513:
1435:
1109:
1017:
897:
638:
2290:
2260:
2083:
2078:
2011:
1887:"Brother-sister marriage in Roman Egypt"
1884:
1675:Piault, C.; Goodenough, Ward H. (1966).
1625:
1581:
1532:
1380:
871:
699:
661:
515:
499:
425:
339:
141:
89:
85:
18:
2212:
2169:
2022:
1840:
1417:
920:
840:
838:
545:
539:
60:
3123:
2282:Caffaro, J.; Conn-Caffaro, A. (1998).
1986:
1739:
217:
2374:
2348:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2321:
2074:
2072:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1756:
1364:
1362:
1052:
2123:; Hotaling, Gerald T. (1984-01-01).
1872:
1811:
1404:Freud Lecture: Juliet Mitchell, 2003
835:
496:Cavanagh Johnson & Friend (1995)
1576:Parenting Issues: Playing Favorites
1219:
1005:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2004.01401005.x
618:Journal of Family Theory and Review
555:use of force, threat, or authority;
535:coercion, force, or threat is used.
13:
2335:
2069:
1998:
1359:
1347:The Effects of Sibling Competition
993:Journal of Research on Adolescence
935:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01286.x
282:
171:
14:
3152:
2065:Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro (1998)
512:Caffaro & Conn-Caffaro (1998)
489:
2291:Reinisch, June Machover (1990).
1238:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00124.x
1067:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00289.x
631:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2011.00087.x
385:is legal in most countries, and
237:Parent-offspring conflict theory
162:
2253:
2113:
2058:
2016:
1980:
1953:
1930:
1803:
1731:
1703:
1668:
1613:
1602:
1593:
1560:
1551:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1444:
1397:
1252:
1213:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1081:
1046:
1011:
984:
949:
914:
872:East, P.L.; Rook, K.S. (1992).
865:
856:
847:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
780:
771:
762:
753:
718:Verma, Suman; Saraswathi, T.S.
525:Finkelhor & Hotaling (1984)
419:
2898:Genealogical numbering systems
1787:. Cambridge University Press.
1760:Life in Egypt Under Roman Rule
1588:Center for Effective Parenting
1226:Child Development Perspectives
744:
735:
726:
711:
690:
655:
592:
561:physical injury to the victim.
254:Other psychological approaches
121:
1:
3141:Traditions involving siblings
3037:International Day of Families
2697:Australian Aboriginal kinship
1784:The Demography of Roman Egypt
1681:Revue Française de Sociologie
1220:Cox, Martha J. (2010-07-15).
585:
558:attempted penile penetration;
434:
367:
307:
260:Deidentification (psychology)
94:Sibling care at orphanage in
16:Relationship between siblings
2227:10.1016/0145-2134(89)90014-8
2184:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90050-2
2141:10.1016/0145-2134(84)90046-2
1894:Journal of Biosocial Science
1484:Interview with Laurie Kramer
1090:Journal of Family Psychology
1020:Journal of Family Psychology
958:Journal of Early Adolescence
664:Journal of Family Psychology
433:married his sister Isabelle
7:
3131:Interpersonal relationships
2023:Carlson, Bonnie E. (2011).
1634:Archives of Sexual Behavior
1420:"Parent-offspring conflict"
970:10.1177/0272431699019002003
568:
324:Sibling marriage and incest
10:
3157:
2400:
1781:; Frier, Bruce W. (2006).
1726:Armagnac, Cte d' (Lomagne)
1717:Les Cahiers de Saint Louis
1102:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.643
1032:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.592
890:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.163
676:10.1037/0893-3200.19.4.571
329:
257:
175:
71:nonindustrialized cultures
3062:
2998:National Grandparents Day
2963:
2922:
2790:
2682:
2642:
2585:
2550:
2515:
2451:
2408:
2215:Child Abuse & Neglect
2172:Child Abuse & Neglect
2129:Child Abuse & Neglect
1949:(in German). 22 May 2011.
1906:10.1017/s0021932097003611
1858:10.1017/S0010417500009385
1622:, BBC News, 12 March 2007
447:John V, Count of Armagnac
431:John V, Count of Armagnac
204:
2099:. New York: Free Press.
1757:Lewis, Naphtali (1983).
1746:Ancient History Bulletin
1620:Incest: an age-old taboo
878:Developmental Psychology
336:List of coupled siblings
3090:Sociology of the family
2940:Philia (brotherly love)
2516:Second-degree relatives
2345:Adolescence and puberty
2327:Santrock, J.W. (2007).
2093:; Yllö, Kersti (1984).
1722:Europäische Stammtafeln
247:parent-offspring theory
81:Throughout the lifespan
67:industrialized cultures
2945:Storge (familial love)
2551:Third-degree relatives
2453:First-degree relatives
2079:Bank & Kahn (1982)
2044:10.1606/1044-3894.4067
1740:Strong, Anise (2006).
1418:Trivers, R.L. (1974).
516:Bank & Kahn (1982)
438:
378:
98:
27:
3054:National Adoption Day
2930:Agape (parental love)
1966:. Brunner/Mazel Inc.
1325:Adult Sibling Rivalry
1201:www.sciencedirect.com
429:
343:
199:intellectually gifted
142:Adulthood and old age
93:
86:Infancy and childhood
22:
3110:Dysfunctional family
3095:Museum of Motherhood
3042:National Family Week
2908:Quarters of nobility
1885:Scheidel, W (1997).
1437:10.1093/icb/14.1.249
720:Adolescence in India
580:Sibling estrangement
61:Cultural differences
47:sibling relationship
45:. However, though a
3136:Kinship and descent
3080:Wedding anniversary
3032:American Family Day
2988:Father–Daughter Day
2935:Eros (marital love)
2684:Kinship terminology
2032:Families in Society
1763:. Clarendon Press.
483:of Central Africa.
387:avunculate marriage
218:Psychoanalytic view
2840:collateral descent
2322:General references
1646:10.1007/BF01542244
1544:2017-10-15 at the
1525:2011-07-25 at the
1424:American Zoologist
1352:2007-07-01 at the
451:papal dispensation
439:
395:Westermarck effect
379:
375:High Museum of Art
351:, children of the
192:child psychologist
99:
28:
3118:
3117:
2918:
2917:
2835:Lineal descendant
2805:Bilateral descent
2558:Great-grandparent
2443:Matrifocal family
2304:978-0-312-05268-3
2274:978-0-465-07818-9
1973:978-0-87630-758-8
1873:Remijsen, Sofie.
1779:Bagnall, Roger S.
1609:2 Samuel 13:15–22
1265:Child Development
402:accidental incest
111:attachment theory
3148:
3100:Astronaut family
2871:
2870:
2772:Iroquois kinship
2762:Sudanese kinship
2757:Hawaiian kinship
2732:Family of choice
2563:Great-grandchild
2438:Immediate family
2395:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2316:
2287:
2278:
2247:
2246:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2121:Finkelhor, David
2117:
2111:
2110:
2091:Finkelhor, David
2087:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1837:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1774:
1753:
1735:
1729:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1578:Stepp, G. (2011)
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1486:G. Stepp (2011).
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1415:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1322:
1305:
1304:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
953:
947:
946:
929:(8): 1447–1459.
918:
912:
911:
901:
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
833:
830:
824:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
784:
778:
775:
769:
766:
760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
724:
723:
715:
709:
706:
697:
694:
688:
687:
659:
653:
652:
642:
608:
599:
596:
436:
369:
43:immediate family
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3058:
2959:
2914:
2903:Seize quartiers
2869:
2810:Common ancestor
2794:
2786:
2752:Chinese kinship
2747:Nurture kinship
2737:Fictive kinship
2678:
2638:
2627:daughter-in-law
2581:
2546:
2511:
2447:
2433:Conjugal family
2428:Extended family
2404:
2399:
2356:
2338:
2336:Further reading
2324:
2319:
2305:
2275:
2267:. Basic Books.
2256:
2251:
2250:
2211:
2207:
2168:
2164:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2012:Reinisch (1990)
2010:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1889:
1877:
1826:10.2307/2804054
1808:
1804:
1795:
1771:
1736:
1732:
1708:
1704:
1689:10.2307/3319280
1673:
1669:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1546:Wayback Machine
1537:
1533:
1527:Wayback Machine
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1472:The Hostile Act
1470:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1392:Sibling Rivalry
1390:
1381:
1374:medicinenet.com
1368:
1367:
1360:
1354:Wayback Machine
1345:
1338:
1323:
1308:
1277:10.2307/1129733
1257:
1253:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1086:
1082:
1051:
1047:
1016:
1012:
989:
985:
954:
950:
919:
915:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
848:
843:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
785:
781:
776:
772:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
727:
716:
712:
707:
700:
695:
691:
660:
656:
609:
602:
597:
593:
588:
571:
500:Reinisch (1990)
492:
422:
383:cousin marriage
360:European artist
338:
326:
310:
285:
283:Throughout life
262:
256:
239:
227:Oedipus complex
220:
207:
180:
178:Sibling rivalry
174:
172:Sibling rivalry
165:
144:
124:
88:
83:
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3008:Children's Day
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2883:Pedigree chart
2879:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Patrilineality
2847:
2845:Matrilineality
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Eskimo kinship
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2617:Sibling-in-law
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Nuclear family
2420:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2354:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2303:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2221:(2): 271–279.
2205:
2178:(3): 409–421.
2162:
2112:
2106:978-0029100202
2105:
2082:
2068:
2057:
2015:
1997:
1979:
1972:
1952:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1882:
1870:
1842:Hopkins, Keith
1838:
1820:(2): 267–299.
1816:. New Series.
1802:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1730:
1724:, Neue Folge.
1702:
1667:
1640:(3): 171–194.
1624:
1612:
1601:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1531:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1443:
1407:
1396:
1379:
1358:
1336:
1330:2012-12-11 at
1306:
1271:(2): 448–461.
1251:
1212:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1096:(4): 643–653.
1080:
1061:(3): 124–126.
1045:
1026:(4): 592–600.
1010:
983:
964:(2): 176–198.
948:
913:
884:(1): 163–172.
864:
855:
846:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
722:. p. 110.
710:
698:
689:
670:(4): 571–580.
654:
625:(2): 124–139.
600:
590:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
546:De Jong (1989)
540:Laviola (1992)
537:
536:
533:
504:playing doctor
491:
490:Among children
488:
456:In antiquity,
421:
418:
325:
322:
309:
306:
284:
281:
255:
252:
243:Robert Trivers
241:Formulated by
238:
235:
219:
216:
206:
203:
176:Main article:
173:
170:
164:
161:
143:
140:
123:
120:
87:
84:
82:
79:
62:
59:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Single parent
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:Relationships
2921:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:Royal descent
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2782:Omaha kinship
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Consanguinity
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Parent-in-law
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2587:Family-in-law
2584:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2355:1-4237-2913-7
2351:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1987:Borgis (2002)
1983:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:(3): 361–71.
1899:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:(3): 303–54.
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1796:
1794:9780521025966
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:9780198148487
1766:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1447:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:archive.today
1329:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
859:
850:
841:
839:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
783:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
721:
714:
705:
703:
693:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
614:
607:
605:
595:
591:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
566:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
541:
534:
530:
529:
528:
526:
522:
519:
517:
513:
507:
505:
501:
497:
494:According to
487:
484:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
432:
428:
424:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
365:
364:oil on canvas
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
333:
328:
321:
319:
318:sibling abuse
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
261:
251:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:Sigmund Freud
215:
211:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
184:
179:
169:
163:Family system
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
135:
131:
129:
119:
115:
112:
107:
105:
97:
92:
78:
76:
72:
68:
58:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
21:
3003:Parents' Day
2993:Siblings Day
2983:Father's Day
2971:Mother's Day
2955:Polyfidelity
2950:Filial piety
2875:Family trees
2777:Crow kinship
2727:Estrangement
2622:Child-in-law
2542:Niece/Nephew
2344:
2328:
2293:
2283:
2264:Sibling Bond
2263:
2254:Bibliography
2218:
2214:
2208:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2135:(1): 23–32.
2132:
2128:
2115:
2095:
2085:
2060:
2038:(1): 77–83.
2035:
2031:
2018:
1982:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1849:
1845:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1783:
1759:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1680:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1615:
1604:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1534:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1446:
1427:
1423:
1399:
1373:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1232:(2): 95–96.
1229:
1225:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1023:
1019:
1013:
996:
992:
986:
961:
957:
951:
926:
922:
916:
881:
877:
867:
858:
849:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
713:
692:
667:
663:
657:
622:
616:
594:
575:Siblings Day
564:
544:
538:
523:
520:
508:
493:
485:
481:Zande people
478:
455:
444:
440:
423:
420:Among adults
399:
380:
327:
315:
311:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
274:
265:Alfred Adler
263:
240:
221:
212:
208:
185:
181:
166:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
132:
125:
116:
108:
100:
64:
55:
46:
29:
23:Siblings in
2830:Inheritance
2815:Family name
2674:Stepsibling
2568:Great-uncle
2523:Grandparent
1430:: 249–264.
466:Roman Egypt
332:Adelphogamy
269:birth order
231:Little Hans
195:Sylvia Rimm
188:birth order
128:adolescence
122:Adolescence
51:symmetrical
3125:Categories
3075:Only child
3020:Family Day
2893:Ahnentafel
2855:Progenitor
2717:Disownment
2662:stepmother
2657:stepfather
2652:Stepparent
2644:Stepfamily
2632:son-in-law
2572:Great-aunt
2528:Grandchild
1206:2022-06-21
999:: 99–125.
787:Associates
586:References
458:Laodice IV
391:incestuous
356:King David
330:See also:
308:Prevention
276:David Levy
258:See also:
3085:Godparent
2792:Genealogy
2669:Stepchild
2418:Household
2235:0145-2134
2192:0145-2134
2149:0145-2134
2052:143044253
1866:143698328
1697:0035-2969
1285:0009-3920
1246:1750-8592
1111:10057/114
1075:145435845
978:146524021
414:genitalia
371:1650–1700
104:baby talk
2964:Holidays
2888:Genogram
2825:Heredity
2820:Heirloom
2742:Marriage
2707:Affinity
2702:Adoption
2488:daughter
2364:61880843
2313:22117510
1922:23732024
1711:Traditio
1542:Archived
1523:Archived
1350:Archived
1328:Archived
1120:16402880
1040:16402874
908:25067850
684:16402872
649:21731581
569:See also
462:Seleucid
353:biblical
96:Zimbabwe
31:Siblings
3063:Related
2797:lineage
2722:Divorce
2692:Kinship
2605:husband
2500:brother
2495:Sibling
2413:History
2243:2743184
2200:1617475
2157:6609754
1914:9881142
1834:2804054
1683:: 204.
1662:7206053
1654:7396691
1498:(2011).
1496:sibling
1301:3987418
1293:1129733
943:7868639
899:4108171
640:3127252
532:victim;
406:brother
39:friends
35:parents
3105:Incest
3025:Canada
2595:Spouse
2577:Cousin
2505:sister
2471:father
2466:mother
2461:Parent
2402:Family
2362:
2352:
2311:
2301:
2271:
2241:
2233:
2198:
2190:
2155:
2147:
2103:
2050:
1970:
1920:
1912:
1864:
1832:
1791:
1767:
1695:
1660:
1652:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1244:
1118:
1073:
1038:
976:
941:
906:
896:
682:
647:
637:
470:Osiris
410:sister
381:While
205:Causes
25:Bhutan
3013:Japan
2533:Uncle
2478:Child
2048:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
1918:S2CID
1890:(PDF)
1878:(PDF)
1862:S2CID
1830:JSTOR
1658:S2CID
1289:JSTOR
1071:S2CID
974:S2CID
349:Tamar
345:Amnon
75:India
2976:U.S.
2860:Clan
2795:and
2600:wife
2537:Aunt
2360:OCLC
2350:ISBN
2309:OCLC
2299:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2239:PMID
2231:ISSN
2196:PMID
2188:ISSN
2153:PMID
2145:ISSN
2101:ISBN
1992:help
1968:ISBN
1910:PMID
1789:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1693:ISSN
1650:PMID
1297:PMID
1281:ISSN
1242:ISSN
1116:PMID
1036:PMID
939:PMID
904:PMID
680:PMID
645:PMID
474:Isis
472:and
460:, a
347:and
334:and
109:The
2483:son
2223:doi
2180:doi
2137:doi
2040:doi
1902:doi
1854:doi
1822:doi
1814:Man
1685:doi
1642:doi
1432:doi
1273:doi
1234:doi
1106:hdl
1098:doi
1063:doi
1028:doi
1001:doi
966:doi
931:doi
894:PMC
886:doi
672:doi
635:PMC
627:doi
408:or
3127::
3047:UK
2358:.
2307:.
2237:.
2229:.
2219:13
2217:.
2194:.
2186:.
2176:16
2174:.
2151:.
2143:.
2131:.
2127:.
2071:^
2046:.
2036:92
2034:.
2030:.
2000:^
1916:.
1908:.
1898:29
1896:.
1892:.
1860:.
1850:22
1848:.
1828:.
1818:27
1750:20
1748:.
1744:.
1691:.
1679:.
1656:.
1648:.
1636:.
1455:^
1428:14
1426:.
1422:.
1410:^
1382:^
1372:.
1361:^
1339:^
1309:^
1295:.
1287:.
1279:.
1269:56
1267:.
1263:.
1240:.
1228:.
1224:.
1199:.
1114:.
1104:.
1094:19
1092:.
1069:.
1059:13
1057:.
1034:.
1024:19
1022:.
997:14
995:.
972:.
962:19
960:.
937:.
927:35
925:.
902:.
892:.
882:28
880:.
876:.
837:^
701:^
678:.
668:19
666:.
643:.
633:.
621:.
615:.
603:^
435:c.
416:.
373:,
368:c.
366:,
362:,
245:,
106:.
2570:/
2535:/
2394:e
2387:t
2380:v
2366:.
2315:.
2286:.
2277:.
2245:.
2225::
2202:.
2182::
2159:.
2139::
2133:8
2109:.
2054:.
2042::
1994:)
1976:.
1924:.
1904::
1880:.
1868:.
1856::
1836:.
1824::
1797:.
1773:.
1752:.
1699:.
1687::
1664:.
1644::
1638:9
1440:.
1434::
1376:.
1303:.
1275::
1248:.
1236::
1230:4
1209:.
1122:.
1108::
1100::
1077:.
1065::
1042:.
1030::
1007:.
1003::
980:.
968::
945:.
933::
910:.
888::
686:.
674::
651:.
629::
623:3
377:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
