143:'s (1978) "three ring" definition of giftedness is one frequently mentioned conceptualization of giftedness. Renzulli's definition, which defines gifted behaviors rather than gifted individuals, is composed of three components as follows: Gifted behavior consists of behaviors that reflect an interaction among three basic clusters of human traits—above average ability, high levels of task commitment, and high levels of creativity. Individuals capable of developing gifted behavior are those possessing or capable of developing this composite set of traits and applying them to any potentially valuable area of human performance. Persons who manifest or are capable of developing an interaction among the three clusters require a wide variety of educational opportunities and services that are not ordinarily provided through regular instructional programs.
477:, there is more of a value placed on an individual's motivation and diligence. When Japanese students are given a task, they attribute success to factors like effort, whereas American students tend to attribute success to ability. Similarly, when Japanese students fail, they refer the failure to lack of effort. On the other hand, American students believe failure is due to a lack of ability. There are conceptions in rural Kenya that identify four types of intelligence: initiative (paro), knowledge and skills (rieko), respect (luoro), and comprehension of how to handle real-life problems (winjo). Chan cites the Chinese belief that aspects of giftedness are innate, but that people can become gifted through industriousness, perseverance, and learning. Not all who are intellectually gifted display every noticeable characteristic.
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by many school districts because it is simple and objective. Although a high IQ score is not the sole indicator of giftedness, usually if a student has a very high IQ, that is a significant indicator of high academic potential. Because of this consideration, if a student scores highly on an IQ test, but performs at an average or below-average level academically, school officials may think that this issue warrants further investigation as an example of underachievement. However, scholars of educational testing point out that a test-taker's scores on any two tests may vary, so a lower score on an achievement test than on an IQ test neither necessarily indicates that the test-taker is underachieving nor necessarily that the school curriculum is under-challenging.
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the intellectual ease of the gifted child and tease him or her about any minor imperfection in his or her work, strength, clothes, appearance, or behavior. Either approach—positive reinforcement from parents or negative reactions from siblings and peers for minor flaws—may push gifted children into equating their worth amongst their peers to their own abilities; thus, any imperfection could be viewed as a serious defect in themselves. This unhealthy perfectionism can be further exaggerated when the child counters bullying with the same tactics (i.e., insulting the less exceptional abilities of others), thus creating further disdain in himself for low or even average performance.
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beyond, therefore they are often overlooked when it is time for gifted and talented education program nominations. Research suggests that teacher expectancy bias can also be diminish by matching the racial demographics of students to that of teachers. Gershenson and colleagues (2016) found that non-Black teachers held low expectations of their black students, specifically in relation to black male students and math, whereas Black teachers held high expectations of black male students in regards to math. This finding suggests that racial diversity among educators is a positive step toward diminishing teacher expectancy bias.
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students. Data collected by the Office of Civil Rights department of the
Department of Education also reveal that racial/ethnic minority students are underrepresented in gifted and talented education programs. Forty-nine percent of all students enrolled in schools that offer GATE programs are White, whereas 42% of all students enrolled in schools that offer GATE programs are Latino and Black, thus revealing that white people have more opportunities to be a part of a school that offers GATE programs. Within GATE programs, 29% of the students are Latino and Black, and 57% are White (U.S. Department of Education, 2016).
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chapter), the gifted education field at large has only been able to respond to the consequences of it, when the goal should be proactive identification and support to enable the success that should come from educational experience and learning, not in spite of it. This is critical because the social and emotional aspects of twice exceptionality are fundamentally important to the twice-exceptional individual's ability to achieve a well-adjusted life (Assouline, Nicpon, & Huber, 2006; Foley Nicpon, Doobay, & Assouline, 2010; Gardynik & McDonald, 2005; King, 2005; New, 2003).
648:(Gardner 1983/1994) that intellectual giftedness may be present in areas other than the typical intellectual realm. The concept of Multiple Intelligences (MI) makes the field aware of additional potential strengths and proposes a variety of curricular methods. Gardner argued that there are eight intelligences, or different areas in which people assimilate or learn about the world around them: interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, naturalistic, and spatial-visual.
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593:(DMGT) is a developmental theory that distinguishes giftedness from talent, offering explanation on how outstanding natural abilities (gifts) develop into specific expert skills (talents). According to DMGT theory, "one cannot become talented without first being gifted, or almost so". There are six components that can interact in countless and unique ways that foster the process of moving from having natural abilities (giftedness) to systematically developed skills.
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experience a sense of belonging and validation as scholars. Furthermore, the educator's role in this process is significant as Lee et al. argue that "eacher awareness and understanding of students' racial and cultural differences and their ability to incorporate multicultural perspectives into curricular content and instructional techniques may counter gifted minority students' discomfort in being one of the few minority students in gifted programs."
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perceptual difficulties, spatial disorientation, dyslexia, and attention deficits. Recognition of learning difficulties among the gifted is made extremely difficult by virtue of their ability to compensate. Among the signs that the student may be twice-exceptional are apparent inconsistencies between abilities and results, deficits in short-term memory and attention, and negative behaviors such as being sarcastic, negative, or aggressive.
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988:
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8.4% of students enrolled in gifted education programs. Similarly, while
Hispanic students represented 9% of public school students, these students only represented 4.7% of those identified as gifted. However, Asian students make up only 3.6% of the student body, yet constitute 14% in the gifted programs. Poor students are also underrepresented in gifted programs, even more than Black and Hispanic students are.
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6482:
782:, the students who were once on track to being recommended for remedial classes were performing at advanced academic levels after 2 years of intervention. They were also more heavily involved in leadership roles at their high school. This study supports the claim that teacher expectancy contributes to how a student sees him or herself in regards to achievements (Weinstein et al., 1991).
903:(the level at which they think), but they cannot always meet them because they are bound to a younger body, or the social environment is restrictive. In such cases, outsiders may call some behavior perfectionism, while for the gifted this may simply be their standard. It has been said that perfectionism "becomes desirable when it stimulates the healthy pursuit of excellence."
620:(T). It is important to know that (C), (IC), and (EC) can facilitate but can also hinder the learning and training of becoming talented. The learning/practice is the moderator. It is through the interactions, both environmental and intrapersonal that influence the process of learning and practice along with/without chance that natural abilities are transformed into talents.
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of originality and thought-provoking ideas and answers than a student with a tested IQ of 140—who will be selected for the program. Even creativity tests do not measure every aspect of a child's creativeness, noted
Davidson; and peer, parent, and teacher nominations can be biased in favor of popular, English-speaking, middle-class students.
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as remediation), yet adapt the curriculum to meet their advanced learning needs (for instance, through acceleration or enrichment). Twice-exceptional students are considered to be at risk because they are hidden within the general population of their educational environment, and often viewed as either underachievers or average learners.
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in childhood. Nevertheless, such references are scattered and leave the impression of something peculiar and very uncommon. Superior intelligence has certainly not been recognized as a vital educational problem. It is becoming to be so regarded today, because of the scientific study of such children by means of intelligence tests.
125:(1986; second edition 2005). The many different conceptions of giftedness presented, although distinct, are interrelated in several ways. Most of the investigators define giftedness in terms of multiple qualities, not all of which are intellectual. IQ scores are often viewed as inadequate measures of giftedness.
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Tock Keng Lim, Ida
Jeltova, Elena L. Grigorenko, Franz J. Monks, Michael W. Katzko, Jonathan A. Plucker, Sasha A. Barab, Sally M. Reis, Joseph S. Renzulli, Nancy M. Robinson, Mark A. Runco, Dean Keith Simonton, Robert J. Sternberg, Rena F. Subotnik, Linda Jarvin, Joyce Van Tassel-Baska, Catya von Karolyi,
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abilities, social isolation, sensitivity, and uneven development may cause them to face some challenging social and emotional issues, but their problem-solving abilities, advanced social skills, moral reasoning, out-of-school interests, and satisfaction in achievement may help them to be more resilient.
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refers to having high standards, a desire to achieve, conscientiousness, or high levels of responsibility. It is likely to be a virtue rather than a problem, even if gifted children may have difficulty with healthy perfectionism because they set standards that would be appropriate to their mental age
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According to 2013-2014 data collected by the Office of Civil Rights of the
Department of Education, White students have more opportunities and exposure to attending schools that offer gifted and talented education programs (GATE) than racial and ethnic minority students, specifically Black and Latino
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pointed to systemic racism as a contributor to the relative invisibility of gifted
African American youth. In their 2004 study, "Addressing the Achievement Gap Between Minority and Nonminority Children by Increasing Access to Gifted Programs" Olszewski-Kubilius et al. write that minority students are
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One of the criteria used in identification may be an IQ test score. Until the late 1960s, when "giftedness" was defined solely based on an IQ score, a school district simply set an arbitrary score (usually in the 130 range) and a student either did or did not "make the cut". This method is still used
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This review of contemporary research includes chapters by James
Borland, Linda E. Brody, Julian Stanley, Carolyn M. Callahan, Erin M. Miller, Tracy L. Cross, Laurence J. Coleman, John F. Feldhusen, Joan Freeman, Francoys Gagne, Edmund Gordon, Beatrice L. Bridglall, Kurt A. Heller, Christoph Perleth,
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In her article "The Case
Against Formal Identification," Davidson (1986) expressed strong frustration with formal testing, rating, and nomination procedures, including the use of point systems and cutoffs. Davidson noted that a student with a tested IQ of 110 may show greater giftedness in the sense
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tests, only to fail a class exam. It is estimated that half of gifted children do not perform in school at a level that is up to their abilities. Studies of high school dropouts in the United States estimate that between 18% and 25% of gifted students fail to graduate. This disparity can result from
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Early identification and intervention is critical; however, giftedness in the twice-exceptional population is often identified later than in the average population as it is masked by the disability. The disabilities may include auditory processing weaknesses, sensory-motor integration issues, visual
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Identification of gifted students with MI is a challenge since there is no simple test to determine the giftedness of MI. Assessing by observation is potentially most accurate, but potentially highly subjective. MI theory can be applied to not only gifted students, but it can be a lens through which
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In educational settings, many schools in the US use a variety of assessments of students' capability and potential when identifying gifted children. These may include portfolios of student work, classroom observations, achievement tests, and IQ test scores. Most educational professionals accept that
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of giftedness over the last century. These consequences sometimes include stigmatizing and social exclusion. There is no generally agreed definition of giftedness for either children or adults, but most school placement decisions and most longitudinal studies over the course of individual lives have
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We do not mean to leave the impression that before the general use of mental tests no attention had ever been paid to children of remarkable ability. We find many references in literature to especially bright children, and the biographies of many great men bear record of their superior performances
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An often-overlooked contributor to underachievement is undiagnosed learning differences. A gifted individual is less likely to be diagnosed with a learning disorder than a non-gifted classmate, as the gifted child can more readily compensate for their paucities. This masking effect is dealt with by
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People have known about twice-exceptional students for decades; however, identification and program strategies remain ambiguous. These students represent a unique challenge for the educational system. Teachers and educators will need to make special accommodations for their learning deficits (such
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The majority of students enrolled in gifted programs are White; Black and
Hispanic students constitute a smaller proportion than their enrollment in school. For example, statistics from 1993 indicate that in the U.S., Black students represented 16.2% of public school students, but only constituted
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While many people believe giftedness is a strictly quantitative difference, measurable by IQ tests, some authors on the "experience of being" have described giftedness as a fundamentally different way of perceiving the world, which in turn affects every experience had by the gifted individual. This
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tests are by far the most commonly used IQ tests in hospitals, schools, and private psychological practice. Older versions of the
Stanford-Binet test, now obsolete, and the Cattell IQ test purport to yield IQ scores of 180 or higher, but those scores are not comparable to scores on currently normed
186:
The major characteristics of these definitions are (a) the diversity of areas in which performance may be exhibited (e.g., intellectual, creativity, artistic, leadership, academically), (b) the comparison with other groups (e.g., those in general education classrooms or of the same age, experience,
157:
The term "gifted and talented" when used in respect to students, children, or youth means students, children, or youth who give evidence of high-performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields, and who require services
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While there are differences among subgroups of students identified as gifted, there are also differences among students in the general population whose talents are never addressed because we fail even to recognize that talent. Considerable attention has been directed at the under-representation of
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The closest Binet came to defining intelligence was in an article he co-authored with Simon (1904) in which they equate intelligence with judgment or common sense, adding that 'to judge well, to comprehend well, to reason well' (p. 197) are the essential activities' of intelligence. Unlike Galton,
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Some gifted children may not be aware that they are gifted. One apparently effective way to attempt to reverse underachievement in gifted children includes educating teachers to provide enrichment projects based on students' strengths and interests without attracting negative attention from peers.
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Unhealthy perfectionism can be triggered or further exacerbated by parents, siblings, or classmates with good or ill intentions. Parents are usually proud and will extensively praise the gifted child. On the other hand, siblings, peers, and school bullies may generally become jealous or envious of
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without equally strong language skills. In particular, the relationship between artistic ability or musical ability and the high academic ability usually associated with high IQ scores is still being explored, with some authors referring to all of those forms of high ability as "giftedness", while
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who demonstrates qualities to be twice-exceptional may encounter additional difficulties. With insight at a young age, it is possible for them to be constantly aware of the risk of failure. This can be detrimental to their emotional state and academic achievement. If a child comprehends a subject
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form L-M, which has long been obsolete, as the only test with a sufficient ceiling to identify the exceptionally and profoundly gifted, despite the Stanford-Binet L-M never having been normed on a representative national sample. Because the instrument is outdated, current results derived from the
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The use of a single cognitive test composite score as the primary criterion for determining giftedness is highly common within schools. In the past, the WISC-R (Wechsler, 1974) and the fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet (SB-IV; Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986) were the most commonly used
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more often than gifted and talented classes due to teacher expectancy biases placed on racial minority students. Teachers' expectations of their students' academic performance influence how students perceive themselves. If a teacher expects more success academically from specific students, those
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Because defining twice exceptionality has defied psychometric and empirical characterization up to this point, and because it can include co-morbidity with a number of disorders (specific learning disability, dyslexia, attention deficit disorders, and autism, to name the few highlighted in this
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tests; other identification procedures have been proposed but are only used in a minority of cases in most public schools in the English-speaking world. Developing useful identification procedures for students who could benefit from a more challenging school curriculum is an ongoing problem in
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Gifted students of color experience success when multicultural content is incorporated in the curriculum and furthermore when the curriculum itself is designed to be culturally and linguistically compatible. A culturally diverse curriculum and instruction encourages gifted minority students to
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Racial minority students who are perceived as being disadvantaged from their peers in regards to socioeconomic status tend to have less supportive relations with their teachers (Fitzpatrick, 2015). Due to this lack of support, teachers do not expect these disadvantaged students to go above and
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This underrepresentation of such students in gifted programs is attributed to a multiplicity of factors including cultural bias of testing procedures, selective referrals and educator bias, and reliance on deficit-based paradigms. To address the inequities in assessment procedures, researchers
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With the exception of creatively gifted adolescents who are talented in writing or the visual arts, studies do not confirm that gifted individuals manifest significantly higher or lower rates or severity of depression than those for the general population. Gifted children's advanced cognitive
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is a common trait in gifted individuals, especially those with no social network of gifted peers. In order to gain popularity, gifted children will often try to hide their abilities to win social approval. Strategies include underachievement (discussed below) and the use of less sophisticated
414:
While IQ testing has the advantage of providing a standardised basis for the diagnosis of giftedness, psychologists are expected to interpret IQ scores in the context of all available information: standardized intelligence tests ignore actual achievement and can fail to detect giftedness. For
162:
This definition has been adopted partially or completely by the majority of the individual states in the United States (which have the main responsibility for education policy as compared to the federal government). Most states have a definition similar to that used in the State of Texas:
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associated with giftedness or talent." To counteract this problem, gifted education professionals recommend creating a peer group based on common interests and abilities. The earlier this occurs, the more effective it is likely to be in preventing isolation. Since the mid-1940s, several
406:
of the range of scores, and include the 2.5% who score more than two standard deviations below the mean and the 2.5% who score more than two standard deviations above the mean. Because the average of IQ is 100 and its standard deviation is 15, this rule places the threshold for
63:
other authors distinguish "giftedness" from "talent". There is still much controversy and much research on the topic of how adult performance unfolds from trait differences in childhood, and what educational and other supports best help the development of adult giftedness.
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stems from equating one's worth as a human being to one's achievements, and the simultaneous belief that any work less than perfect is unacceptable and will lead to criticism. Because perfection in the majority of human activities is neither desirable, nor possible, this
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students are prone to displaying behavior and work ethic that will set them apart from others in a positive light, whereas if a teacher only expects the bare minimum from his or her students, those students will merely do what is expected of them (Weinstein, 2002).
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these students in programs for the gifted. Among the groups most often recognized as deserving of special attention for identification, talent development, and subsequent adjustments in curriculum are African American, Latino/Latina, and twice-exceptional learners.
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varies from one publisher to another. IQ tests have poor reliability for determining test-takers' rank order at higher IQ levels, and are perhaps only effective at determining whether a student is gifted rather than distinguishing among levels of giftedness. The
1496:
Although many would consider screening to be the crucial point in the identification process, predictive validity must be established between the screening procedure and the intellectual measure(s) used to ensure the accuracy and utility of the identification
738:"less likely to be nominated by teachers as potential candidates for gifted programs and, if nominated, are less likely to be selected for the program, particularly when such traditional measures as I.Q. and achievement tests are used for identification."
562:
theorized that, rather than viewing Einstein's (and other famously gifted late-talking individuals) adult accomplishments as existing distinct from, or in spite of, his early language deficits, and rather than viewing Einstein's lingual delay itself as a
1260:
The Binet scales, as they were known, formed the basis of modern IQ tests, just as mental age formed the basis for IQ scores. ... Although Galton was the first to try to measure individual differences in intelligence, it was Binet who appeared to have
1058:
between scores constitutes a learning disability even if all of the scores are above average. Assessments may also fail to identify some gifted students entirely because their underachieving behaviours keep them from being recognized as exceptional.
204:
IQ scores can vary for the same person, so a person does not always belong to the same IQ score range each time the person is tested. (IQ score table data and pupil pseudonyms adapted from description of KABC-II norming study cited in Kaufman 2009.)
120:
Research conducted in the 1980s and 1990s has provided data that supports notions of multiple components to intelligence. This is particularly evident in the reexamination of "giftedness" by Sternberg and Davidson in their collection of articles
393:
In psychology, identification of giftedness is usually based on IQ scores. The threshold of IQ = 130 is defined by statistical rarity. By convention, the 5% of scores who fall more than two standard deviations from the mean (or more accurately
452:
tests. The Stanford-Binet Third Revision (Form L-M) yields consistently higher numerical scores for the same test-taker than scores obtained on current tests. This has prompted some authors on identification of gifted children to promote the
777:
rather than college preparatory or honor classes. The study aimed to prepare these racial minority students for college-level academic work while attending high school. With positive teacher attitudes toward students and greater teacher
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Underachievement is a significant issue for gifted learners. There is often a stark gap between the abilities of the gifted individual and their actual accomplishments. Many gifted students will perform extremely well on standardized or
446:
of 160. However, higher ceilings, including scores into the exceptionally and profoundly gifted range, exist for the WISC-IV and WISC-V, which were specifically normed on large samples of gifted children. Today, the Wechsler child and
804:
was coined by James J. Gallagher to denote students who are both gifted and have disabilities. In other words, twice-exceptional students are those who have two special needs. For instance, they might have gifted learning needs and a
742:
suggest the use of multiple tests and alternative methods of testing, such as performance-based assessment measures, oral-expressiveness measures as well as non-verbal ability assessments (such as Naglieri Nonverbal Abilities Tests (
190:
Since the late 90s, the development of the brain of people with high IQ scores has been shown to be different to that of people with average IQ scores. A longitudinal study over 6 years has shown that high-IQ children have a thinner
651:
The most common criticism of Gardner's MI theory is "the belief by scholars that each of the seven multiple intelligences is a cognitive style rather than a stand-alone construct". Others consider the theory not to be sufficiently
33:
significantly higher than average. It is a characteristic of children, variously defined, that motivates differences in school programming. It is thought to persist as a trait into adult life, with various consequences studied in
167:"gifted and talented student" means a child or youth who performs at or shows the potential for performing at a remarkably high level of accomplishment when compared to others of the same age, experience, or environment, and who
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various factors, such as loss of interest in classes that are too easy or negative social consequences of being perceived as smart. Underachievement can also result from emotional or psychological factors, including depression,
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Other methods include matching the underachiever with an achieving role model, correcting skill deficiencies and ensuring that proper assessments are in place to identify all learning issues with underachieving students.
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Reynolds, Cecil R.; Horton, Arthur M. (2012). "Chapter 3: Basic Psychometrics and Test Selection for an Independent Pediatric Forensic Neuropsychology Evaluation". In Sherman, Elizabeth M.; Brooks, Brian L. (eds.).
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When we rely on the use of a single criterion such as an IQ score to act as a gatekeeper or rely on theories with little empirical grounding, our identification practices do not reflect this understanding of
92:
Because of the key role that gifted education programs in schools play in the identification of gifted individuals, both children and adults, it is worthwhile to examine how schools define the term "gifted".
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Callahan, C. M., Moon, T. R., & Oh, S. (2014). National surveys of gifted programs executive summary. Charlottesville, VA: National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented University of Virginia
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Saklofske, Donald; Weiss, Lawrence; Beal, A. Lynne; Coalson, Diane (2003). "Chapter 1: The Wechsler Scales for Assessing Children's Intelligence: Past to Present". In Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence;
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The various definitions of intellectual giftedness include either general high ability or specific abilities. For example, by some definitions, an intellectually gifted person may have a striking
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Lang, Margherita; Matta, Michael; Parolin, Laura; Morrone, Cristina; Pezzuti, Lina (2017). "Cognitive Profile of Intellectually Gifted Adults: Analyzing the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale".
202:
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Put into the context of the psychometric movement as a whole, it is clear that the positive extreme of the IQ distribution is not as different from other IQ levels as might have been expected.
150:, Susan K. Johnsen explains that gifted children all exhibit the potential for high performance in the areas included in the United States' federal definition of gifted and talented students:
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Weinstein, R.S.; Soulé, C. R.; Collins, F.; Cone, J.; Mehlhorn, M.; Simontacchi, K. (1991). "Expectations and high school change: Teacher researcher collaboration to prevent school failure".
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McIntosh, David E.; Dixon, Felicia A.; Pierson, Eric E. (2012). "Chapter 25: Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L. (eds.).
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McIntosh, David E.; Dixon, Felicia A.; Pierson, Eric E. (2012). "Chapter 25: Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L. (eds.).
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McIntosh, David E.; Dixon, Felicia A.; Pierson, Eric E. (2012). "Chapter 25: Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L. (eds.).
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Fitzpatrick, C.; Côté-Lussier, C.; Pagani, L. S.; Blair, C. (2015). "I Don't Think You Like Me Very Much Child Minority Status and Disadvantage Predict Relationship Quality With Teachers".
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norm tables that provide you with such extreme values are constructed on the basis of random extrapolation and smoothing but not on the basis of empirical data of representative samples.
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functions are often developed differently (or to differing extents) at different stages of development. One frequently cited example of asynchronicity in early cognitive development is
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describe people with a competence level in a single field of learning well beyond what is considered normal, even among the gifted community. Such individuals are alternatively termed
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Kamphaus, Randy; Winsor, Ann Pierce; Rowe, Ellen W.; Kim, Songwon (2012). "Chapter 2: A History of Intelligence Test Interpretation". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L. (eds.).
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Lee, Seon-Young, Olszewski-Kubilius, Peternel. "Follow-Up with students after 6 years of participation in project EXCITE." The Gifted Child Quarterly. Cincinnati: 2009. 53.2. p 137
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Binet believed that intelligence consists of a complex set of abilities—such as attention, memory, and reasoning—that are fluid and shaped by environmental and cultural influences.
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http://eclass.hua.gr/modules/document/file.php/OIK268/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1/explorations%20of%20giftedness.pdf
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There are many theories that try to explain the correlation between perfectionism and giftedness. Perfectionism can become a problem as it frustrates and inhibits achievements.
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Weinstein and colleagues (1991) aimed to change the low expectations attached to racial minority students of an urban high school that placed many Black and Latino students in
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or activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop such capabilities." (The Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994, P.L. 103–382, Title XIV, p. 388)
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Vialle, Wilma; Australian Association for the Education of the Gifted and Talented; Asia-Pacific Conference on Giftedness (11th : 2010 : Sydney, Australia) (2011),
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all students can be assessed. This more global perspective may lead to more child-centered instruction and meet the needs of a greater number of children (Colangelo, 2003).
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of some developmental areas (Colangelo, 2003). Multiple intelligences has been described as an attitude towards learning, instead of techniques or strategies (Cason, 2001).
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Some believe that the isolation experienced by gifted individuals is not caused by giftedness itself, but by society's response to giftedness and to the rarity of peers.
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Callahan, Carolyn M.; Hertberg-Davis, Holly L. (21 August 2012). "Chapter 32: Heterogeneity among the Gifted". In Callahan, Carolyn M.; Hertberg-Davis, Holly L. (eds.).
1976:
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well, but due to a developmental disorder receives poor grades in a subject, the child may have difficulty understanding why there is little success in that subject.
5770:. Houghton Mifflin Company tests. Samuel R. Pinneau (Revised IQ Tables, 1960), R. L. Thorndike (1972 Norms Tables) (1972 Norms ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
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Ganry-Tardy, Marie-Noëlle. "Watching Prodigies for the Dark Side." Scientific American, 1 Apr. 2005, www.scientificamerican.com/article/watching-prodigies-for-th/.
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The identification of giftedness first emerged after the development of IQ tests for school placement. It has since become an important issue for schools, as the
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U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights. (2016). Key Data Highlights on Equity and Opportunity Gaps in our Nation's Public Schools. Retrieved from
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The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide to the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
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711:. These abilities often come with below-age-level functioning in most, if not all areas of skilled performance. The term was introduced in a 1978 article in
896:, can be another issue for gifted individuals. It is encouraged by the fact that gifted individuals tend to be easily successful in much of what they do.
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at IQ = 70, and the symmetrical threshold for giftedness at IQ = 130 (rounded). This arbitrary threshold is used by most psychologists in most countries.
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Foote, William E. (2007). "Chapter 17: Evaluations of Individuals for Disability in Insurance and Social Security Contexts". In Jackson, Rebecca (ed.).
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Neihart, M. (2002). Risk and Resilience in Gifted Children: A Conceptual Framework. In M. Neihart, S. Reis, N. M. Robinson, & S. M. Moon (Eds.)
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Reis, S. M. & McCoach, D. B. (2002). Underachievement in Gifted Students. In M. Neihart, S. M. Reis, N. M. Robinson, & S. M. Moon (Eds.).
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Taylor, Lorraine S., and Catharine R. Whittaker. Bridging Multiple Worlds: Case Studies of Diverse Educational Communities. Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
881:, while gifted adolescents in general may struggle with social adaptive learning, but these conclusions are not supported by a large literature.
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4162:
Gallagher, Sherri L.; Sullivan, Amanda L. (2011). "Chapter 30: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition". In Davis, Andrew (ed.).
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Gottfredson, Linda S. (2009). "Chapter 1: Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing". In Phelps, Richard F. (ed.).
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Gottfredson, Linda S. (2009). "Chapter 1: Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing". In Phelps, Richard F. (ed.).
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3730:
Campbell, Jonathan M. (2006). "Chapter 3: Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability". In Campbell, Jonathan M.; Kamphaus, Randy W. (eds.).
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Kalbfleisch, M. Layne (21 August 2012). "Chapter 35: Twice-Exceptional Students". In Callahan, Carolyn M.; Hertberg-Davis, Holly L. (eds.).
117:) have argued that intellect cannot be expressed in such a unitary manner, and have suggested more multifaceted approaches to intelligence.
666:
as traditionally understood, and instead uses the word "intelligence" where other people have traditionally used words like "ability" and "
484:
Not used to answering questions just for the purpose of showing knowledge – they must use their knowledge to respond to authentic problems.
3519:
Mofield, Emily (8 April 2019). "Understanding Underachievement: Mindset, Perfectionism, and Achievement Attitudes Among Gifted Students".
3419:
Schuler, P. (2002). Perfectionism in Gifted Children and Adolescents. In M. Neihart, S. M. Reis, N. M. Robinson, & S. M. Moon (Eds.).
403:
1887:
558:, who was delayed in speech, but whose later fluency and accomplishments belied this initial delay. Psychologist and cognitive scientist
2092:
Perleth, Christoph; Schatz, Tanja; Mönks, Franz J. (2000). "Early Identification of High Ability". In Heller, Kurt A.; Mönks, Franz J.;
1925:
Perleth, Christoph; Schatz, Tanja; Mönks, Franz J. (2000). "Early Identification of High Ability". In Heller, Kurt A.; Mönks, Franz J.;
733:
Lack of equity and access in programs for the gifted has been acknowledged since the early twentieth century. In the 1920s, research by
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2112:
a gifted sample gathered using IQ > 132 using the old SB L-M in 1985 does not contain the top 2% of the population but the best 10%.
2333:
1107:
480:
There are many reasons gifted students who have various backgrounds are not as successful at Western intelligence/achievement tests:
2577:""Subtle, vicious effects": Lillian Steele Proctor's Pioneering Investigation of Gifted African American Children in Washington, DC"
195:
when young, which then grows quickly and becomes significantly thicker than the other children's by the time they become teenagers.
5090:
1147:
1005:
439:
3067:
Matta, M.; Gritti, E.S.; Lang, M. (2019). "Personality assessment of intellectually gifted adults: A dimensional trait approach".
2065:
Waddell, Deborah D. (1980). "The Stanford-Binet: An Evaluation of the Technical Data Available since the 1972 Restandardization".
6120:
4094:
3899:
2625:
2291:
1712:
866:
of varying levels of selectivity have been established to help gifted individuals find intellectual peers, the oldest ones being
5330:
2370:
Renzulli, J. (May 2001). "Evaluation of a Preschool Nutrition Education Program Based on the Theory of multiple Intelligences".
5911:
Wasserman, John D. (2012). "Chapter 1: A History of Intelligence Assessment". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L. (eds.).
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Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence; van de Vijver, Fons; Saklofske, Donald (2003). "Preface". In Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence;
3464:"Current Research on the Social and Emotional Development of Gifted and Talented Students: Good News and Future Possibilities."
1152:
857:
and Levy have noted that, "in this culture, there appears to be a great pressure for people to be 'normal' with a considerable
469:
Characteristics and attributes associated with giftedness varies across cultures. While intelligence is extremely important in
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1246:
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Weinstein, R. S. (2002). Reaching higher: The power of expectations in schooling. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
1802:
2409:
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There is also no research that points to suicide attempt rates being higher in gifted adolescents than other adolescents.
187:
or environment), and (c) the use of terms that imply a need for development of the gift (e.g., capability and potential).
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excels in a specific academic field." (74th legislature of the State of Texas, Chapter 29, Subchapter D, Section 29.121)
6113:
4339:
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3820:
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the Third Revision Form L-M with Revised IQ Tables by Samuel R. Pinneau
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321756596_Children_Above_180_IQ_Stanford-Binet_A_Seventy-Five_Year_Follow-Up
1027:
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448:
105:
in 1916, psychometricians and psychologists have sometimes equated giftedness with high IQ. Later researchers (e.g.,
5293:"Tracking the IQ Elite : TERMAN'S KIDS: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up, By Joel N. Shurkin"
3579:
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describing this condition. It is also proposed that there are savants with normal or superior IQ such as those with
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6381:
6338:
6323:
6173:
5551:
2701:"A Review of Assessment Issues in Gifted Education and Their Implications for Identifying Gifted Minority Students"
2662:"A Review of Assessment Issues in Gifted Education and Their Implications for Identifying Gifted Minority Students"
1958:
708:
629:
457:
Stanford-Binet L-M generate inflated and inaccurate scores. The IQ assessment of younger children remains debated.
2930:
King, Emily Williams (September 2005). "Addressing the social and emotional needs of twice-exceptional students".
2618:"Addressing The Achievement Gap Between Minority And Nonminority Children By Increasing Access To Gifted Programs"
6507:
6401:
6354:
4707:"Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined: The Truth about Talent, Practice, Creativity, and the Many Paths to Greatness"
3326:"Different Gain/Loss Sensitivity and Social Adaptation Ability in Gifted Adolescents during a Public Goods Game"
3102:
Swiatek, M. A. (1995). "An Empirical Investigation Of The Social Coping Strategies Used By Gifted Adolescents".
4129:
3184:
2046:
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925:
D. E. Hamachek identified six specific, overlapping types of behavior associated with perfectionism. They are:
586:. Gifted individuals also experience the world differently, resulting in certain social and emotional issues.
546:
Gifted children may develop asynchronously: their minds are often ahead of their physical growth, and specific
1753:
Carman, C. A. (2013). "Comparing apples and oranges: Fifteen years of definitions of giftedness in research".
877:
Some research suggests that mathematically gifted adolescents might have deficiencies in social valuation and
662:: that Gardner is not expanding the definition of the word "intelligence", but rather denies the existence of
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5712:
Measuring intelligence: A guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford-Binet tests of intelligence
4991:
501:
Many traits that demonstrate intellectual giftedness are identified across a multitude of cultures, such as:
81:
5658:. Riverside Textbooks in Education. Ellwood P. Cubberley (Editor's Introduction). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
4120:
Freides, David (1972). "Review of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Third Revision". In Oscar Buros (ed.).
2239:
6393:
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5153:
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The Binet scales have been around for a long time and their faults are well known. . . . Requiescat in pace
575:
4817:
Identification: The Theory and Practice of Identifying Students for Gifted and Talented Education Services
153:
There is a federal government statutory definition of gifted and talented students in the United States.
6328:
4766:
2037:
Freides, D. (1972). "Review of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Third Revision". In Oscar Buros (ed.).
530:
Displays leadership skills in various ways, such as persuasion, taking initiative, and leading by example
5467:
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2687:
6436:
6373:
4018:
889:
3175:
Robinson, N. M. (2002). "Introduction". In M. Neihart; S. M. Reis; N. M. Robinson; S. M. Moon (eds.).
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Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing, 7th ed. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.
399:
4331:
1686:
Fisher, Ronald (1925), Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, p. 47,
721:, who demonstrate special abilities involving numbers, mathematics, mechanical, and spatial skills.
6234:
5999:. consulting editors: Douglas K. Detterman, Alan S. Kaufman, Joseph D. Matarazzo. New York: Wiley.
1995:, p. xxv "The Wechsler tests are perhaps the most widely used intelligence tests in the world"
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814:
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vocabulary when among same-age peers than when among family members or other trusted individuals.
473:
and some other cultures, such an emphasis is not consistent throughout the world. For example, in
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408:
20:
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3006:"Gifted students with learning disabilities: Recommendations for identification and programming"
2661:
1859:. Government of New Brunswick, Canada, Department of Education. 2007. p. 39. Archived from
48:
6385:
6158:
5974:
Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Prifitera, Aurelio; Holdnack, James A., eds. (2006).
4059:. International Perspectives on Forensic Mental Health. New York: Routledge. pp. 449–480.
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are individuals who perform exceptionally in a single field of learning. More often, the terms
2523:
1903:
1313:
6397:
6247:
3043:
2760:"Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations"
40:
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1184:
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Uzieblo, Katarzyna; Winter, Jan; Vanderfaeillie, Johan; Rossi, Gina; Magez, Walter (2012).
5029:
4972:
4658:
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3339:
3278:
3265:"Mathematically Gifted Adolescents Have Deficiencies in Social Valuation and Mentalization"
2524:"Providing Access for Culturally Diverse Gifted Students: From Deficit to Dynamic Thinking"
2349:
2177:
Sternberg, Robert J., et al. Explorations in Giftedness. Cambridge University Press, 2011,
2130:
1617:
912:
114:
35:
5978:. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
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2125:
1975:
Raiford, Susan E.; Courville, Troy; Peters, Daniel; Gilman, Barbara J.; Silverman, Linda.
1734:
Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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view is doubted by some scholars who have closely studied gifted children longitudinally.
8:
6502:
6178:
4848:
4250:
3385:
Parker, W. D.; Mills, C. J. (1996). "The Incidence of Perfectionism in Gifted Students".
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Howell, D. C. (1992). Statistical methods for psychology, 3rd ed. PWS-Kent Publishing Co.
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854:
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3822:
The nature and nurture of giftedness: a new framework for understanding gifted education
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Cropley, David H.; Cropley, Arthur J.; Kaufman, James C.; Runco, Mark A., eds. (2010).
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774:
762:
653:
5779:. Robert J. Sternberg (Foreword). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4852:
3921:. Problems in the Behavioural Sciences No. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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434:
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can easily decrease scores on intelligence tests and hide true intellectual ability.
6024:
5870:"Intelligent Diagnosing of Intellectual Disabilities in Offenders: Food for Thought"
4749:
4706:
2833:
2126:"A Follow-up of Subjects Scoring above 180 IQ in Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius"
427:
no single criterion can be used in isolation to accurately identify a gifted child.
171:
exhibits high-performance capability in an intellectual, creative, or artistic area;
6474:
6056:
5884:
5846:
5570:
5535:
5497:
5463:
5440:
5399:
5377:
5312:
Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age
4909:
4729:
4631:; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth O.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine; Kaufman, Nadeen L. (2005).
4516:
4304:
3750:
3618:
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3357:
3347:
3296:
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3149:
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2535:
2379:
2139:
2093:
2074:
1926:
1762:
1645:
1625:
1274:
1117:
1071:
It has been thought in the past that there is a correlation between giftedness and
959:
713:
474:
77:
4457:
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6267:
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4783:
4650:
4628:
4606:
4520:
3983:
3352:
3291:
2971:
2889:
Coleman, Mary Ruth; Harradine, Christine; King, Emily Williams (September 2005).
2617:
1659:
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Renzulli, J. (November 1978). "What Makes Giftedness? Reexamining a Definition".
1339:
1132:
1076:
954:
941:
863:
699:
635:
555:
470:
192:
140:
106:
5745:
The Gifted Group at Mid-Life: Thirty-Five Years' Follow-Up of the Superior Child
5271:
2413:
6486:
6462:
5954:
5934:
5916:
5765:
5726:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 4. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
5687:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 1. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
5586:
A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary
4930:
4588:
3964:
3732:
Psychodiagnostic Assessment of Children: Dimensional and Categorical Approaches
3674:
3670:
3398:
3202:"School Counselors Light-Up the Intra- and Inter-Personal Worlds of Our Gifted"
3115:
3080:
2943:
2907:
2890:
2638:
2539:
2143:
1473:
1403:
1164:
971:
753:
Weinstein (2002) suggests that some teachers recommend racial minority students
641:
453:
110:
55:
6097:
5869:
5034:
Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen
3795:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 2. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3725:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 3. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
3153:
3021:
6496:
6364:
6297:
6292:
6219:
5748:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume V. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
4733:
4528:
4504:
4477:
4453:
3840:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3532:
2867:
2736:
1766:
1102:
977:
878:
858:
829:
779:
559:
6105:
5822:
5192:
Culture and Children's Intelligence: Cross-Cultural Analysis of the WISC-III
4403:
4276:
4187:
Culture and Children's Intelligence: Cross-Cultural Analysis of the WISC-III
3844:
1743:
Cronbach, L. J. (1949). Essentials of psychological testing, 2nd ed. Harper.
490:
May perform poorly on a culturally biased test, especially if not their own.
5896:
5761:
5739:
5724:
The Gifted Child Grows Up: Twenty-five Years' Follow-up of a Superior Group
5719:
5707:
5678:
5649:
4793:
4741:
4204:
3716:
3371:
3310:
3161:
2462:
International Handbook of Behavior Modification and Therapy: Second Edition
2391:
1637:
1606:"Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents"
1527:
663:
130:
102:
30:
6018:
5663:
4627:
2852:"Follow-Up with students after 6 years of participation in project EXCITE"
2825:
1530:, Herbert J. Walberg, Susan J. Paik, Albert Ziegler, and Richard E. Mayer.
703:
refers to the exceptional abilities occasionally exhibited by people with
487:
May perform poorly on paper-and-pencil tasks in an artificial lab setting.
84:. During the twentieth century, gifted children were often classified via
6286:
5653:
5605:
Beyond Terman: Contemporary Longitudinal Studies of Giftedness and Talent
5072:
Critical Issues and Practices in Gifted Education: What the Research Says
3044:"Twice Exceptional: When Your Child is Both Gifted and Learning Disabled"
915:
creates self-doubt, performance anxiety, and ultimately procrastination.
583:
571:
and his delay in speaking were developmentally intrinsic to one another.
59:
6092:
2786:
2593:
2576:
1629:
137:
are key qualities in many of these broadened conceptions of giftedness.
6224:
5547:
5369:
4366:
3215:
2817:
2200:, Australian Association for the Education of the Gifted and Talented,
1012: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
574:
It has been said that gifted children may advance more quickly through
175:
134:
126:
44:
6071:
4990:
Park, Gregory; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (2 November 2010).
4462:. Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.
3990:. Essentials of Psychological Assessment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
656:. This perspective has also been criticized on the grounds that it is
6252:
6242:
6209:
6198:
5888:
4891:(fifth and enlarged ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins.
3722:
The Promise of Youth: Follow-up Studies of a Thousand Gifted Children
2688:
http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/2013-14-first-look.pdf
1889:
Assessing Intelligence in Children and Adolescents: A Practical Guide
1159:
A Nation Deceived: How Schools Hold Back America's Brightest Students
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Brightness and Dullness in Children. Lippincott's Educational Guides
5539:
4898:"Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 5th ed"
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5830:
5118:(Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–65.
4141:
Talent in Context: Historical and Social Perspectives on Giftedness
3330:
3269:
2990:
1553:
1491:
1441:
Fundamentals of Gifted Education: Considering Multiple Perspectives
1421:
1371:
Fundamentals of Gifted Education: Considering Multiple Perspectives
1097:
871:
697:
a term that has been mentioned as early as the eighteenth century.
667:
525:
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6457:
4872:
4180:
3757:. Blackwell Brief Histories of Psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2722:
1992:
6282:
5913:
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Terman's Kids: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up
4927:
Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
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Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
3961:
Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
3776:. Julian C. Stanley (Guest Foreword). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
1470:
Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
1400:
Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
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Strauss, Esther; Sherman, Elizabeth M.; Spreen, Otfried (2006).
5236:(Fourth ed.). San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher.
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Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing
2972:"The challenge of identifying gifted/learning disabled students"
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Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing
1281:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–38, 24–25.
1241:(second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 14.
1209:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10510974.2013.851726
724:
6469:
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5973:
5217:(Third ed.). San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher.
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Holahan, Carole K.; Sears, Robert R.; Cronbach, Lee J. (1995).
3239:
1197:
http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:807759/FULLTEXT02.pdf
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Urbina, Susana (2011). "Chapter 2: Tests of Intelligence". In
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Re-Forming Gifted Education: Matching the Program to the Child
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cognitive measures in the schools (Coleman & Cross, 2005).
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Urbina, Susana (2011). "Chapter 2: Tests of Intelligence". In
634:
Multiple intelligences has been associated with giftedness or
6277:
5714:. Riverside textbooks in education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
5521:""General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured"
4417:
The Development of Giftedness and Talent Across the Life Span
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Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century
2085:
1918:
1850:"Gifted And Talented Students: A Resource Guide for Teachers"
937:
534:
4302:
2849:
2615:
2173:
2171:
5797:
National excellence: A case for developing America's talent
5624:
Gifted children: psychological and educational perspectives
3860:
Davis, Gary A.; Rimm, Sylvia B.; Siegle, Del (April 2010).
1338:
Davis, Gary A.; Rimm, Sylvia B.; Siegle, Del (April 2010).
1075:. This is not an established research finding. As Reis and
743:
521:
Learns concepts quickly, and builds/develops these concepts
395:
4889:
Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence
4507:(2011). "The Theory of Intelligence and Its Measurement".
3799:
2508:
2506:
2460:
Bellack, Alan S.; Hersen, Michel; Kazdin, Alan E. (2012).
2255:"Small poppies: Highly gifted children in the early years"
5853:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–38.
5439:
5185:
5154:"Genius: A Very Short Introduction [Book Review]"
5093:. PAR(Psychological Assessment Resources). Archived from
5070:
Plucker, Jonathan A.; Callahan, Carolyn M., eds. (2008).
4810:"Chapter 12: Ability Testing & Talent Identification"
2891:"Meeting the needs of students who are twice exceptional"
2850:
Seon-Young, Lee; Olszewski-Kubilius, Paula (April 2009).
2803:
2168:
1185:
https://www.sengifted.org/post/silverman-moralsensitivity
5684:
Mental and Physical Traits of a Thousand Gifted Children
5469:
The Psychology of Abilities, Competencies, and Expertise
4566:
Clinical Assessment of Child and Adolescent Intelligence
4410:
4375:
3616:
3581:
The Social and Emotional Development of Gifted Children.
3422:
The Social and Emotional Development of Gifted Children
3140:; Levy, J. J. (2001). "The Downside of Being Talented".
2757:
2487:
Defining Autism: A Guide to Brain, Biology, and Behavior
1974:
5421:
Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, Janet E., eds. (2005).
5351:
Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity
4971:. Essentials of Psychological Assessment. Hoboken, NJ:
4719:
4376:
Frances Degen, Horowitz; O'Brien, Marion, eds. (1985).
4076:
Gifted Lives: What Happens when Gifted Children Grow Up
3879:
Dumont, Ron; Willis, John O.; Elliot, Colin D. (2009).
3481:
The Social and Emotional Development of Gifted Children
3177:
The Social and Emotional Development of Gifted Children
2845:
2843:
2799:
2797:
2758:
Gershenson, S.; Holt, S. B.; Papageorge, N. W. (2016).
2616:
Olszewski-Kubilius, Paula; Seon-Young, Lee (Jan 2004).
2503:
1509:
Sternberg, Robert J.; Davidson, Janet E., eds. (2005).
85:
51:. Definitions of giftedness also vary across cultures.
5588:(Third ed.). Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
4419:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4230:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
4124:. Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press. pp. 772–773.
2041:. Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press. pp. 772–773.
1986:
1959:"WISC-IV Technical Report #7 - WISC-IV Extended Norms"
1828:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
1368:
16:
Intellectual ability significantly higher than average
6434:
5961:(first ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Witkins.
5012:
Conceptions of Giftedness: Sociocultural Perspectives
4582:
4189:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. xvx–xxxii.
2327:
2325:
1957:
Zhu, Jianjun; Cayton, Tom; Weiss, Larry; Gabel, Amy.
5603:
Subotnik, Rena Faye; Arnold, Karen D., eds. (1994).
5583:
4924:
4857:(second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4649:
4325:
3959:
Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L., eds. (2012).
2888:
2840:
2794:
2489:. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 178.
2439:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1497.
2020:
2012:
1886:
Kranzler, John H.; Floyd, Randy G. (1 August 2013).
1467:
1397:
1050:, perfectionism, low self esteem, or self-sabotage.
5777:
Methodologies for Conducting Research on Giftedness
5461:
4613:. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 151–153.
4378:
The Gifted and talented: developmental perspectives
4166:. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 343–352.
3679:
Intellectual Talent: Psychometric and Social Issues
2459:
1666:. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 151–153.
5576:The Abilities of Man: Their Nature and Measurement
5210:
5091:"Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales™ (RIAS™)"
5010:Phillipson, Shane N.; McCann, Maria, eds. (2007).
4989:
4807:
4677:
4139:Friedman, Reva C.; Rogers, Karen B., eds. (2002).
4010:
3878:
3772:Colangelo, Nicholas; Davis, Gary A., eds. (2003).
3748:
2322:
2100:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Pergamon. p. 302.
2091:
1933:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Pergamon. p. 301.
1924:
906:Some believe that perfectionism can be unhealthy.
5775:Thompson, Bruce; Subotnik, Rena F., eds. (2010).
5420:
4948:Meyer, Robert G.; Weaver, Christopher M. (2005).
4161:
3714:
1508:
6494:
5774:
5496:
5194:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 3–21.
5088:
5009:
3958:
3584:(pp. 113-124). Waco, Texas: Prufrock Press, Inc.
2484:
2435:Weiner, Irving B.; Craighead, W. Edward (2010).
623:
5290:
5069:
4484:
4309:International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent
4209:Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
3981:
3859:
3066:
2699:Mary M. Frasier; Jaime H. Garcia (2015-03-19).
2660:Mary M. Frasier; Jaime H. Garcia (2014-09-15).
2434:
2098:International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent
1956:
1931:International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent
1817:
1803:"The Identification of Students Who Are Gifted"
1337:
5867:
5805:Office of Educational Research and Improvement
5602:
5443:; Jarvin, Linda; Grigorenko, Elena L. (2010).
5234:Assessment of Children: Cognitive Applications
5112:
4808:Lohman, David F.; Foley Nicpon, Megan (2012).
4539:Identifying Gifted Students: A Practical Guide
4138:
3771:
3669:
3639:
3484:(pp. 81-91). Waco, Texas: Prufrock Press, Inc.
3425:(pp. 71-79). Waco, Texas: Prufrock Press, Inc.
2123:
1573:Identifying Gifted Students: A Practical Guide
1565:
1563:
836:
809:. Or, they may be a gifted learner and have a
415:example, a specific learning disorder such as
148:Identifying Gifted Children: A Practical Guide
6135:
6121:
5760:
5706:
5255:. La Mesa, CA: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher.
5253:Assessment of Children: Cognitive Foundations
5151:
4542:(2nd ed.). Waco, Texas: Prufrock Press.
3681:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2485:Casanova, Emily L.; Casanova, Manuel (2018).
2191:
2189:
2187:
1977:"WISC-V Technical Report #6 – Extended Norms"
1885:
1576:(2nd ed.). Waco, Texas: Prufrock Press.
874:, established in 1946 and 1966 respectively.
725:Gifted minority students in the United States
591:Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent
19:"Gifted" redirects here. For other uses, see
4950:Law and Mental Health: A Case-Based Approach
4895:
4283:
3897:
3651:(Seventh ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
2521:
2117:
1998:
757:— with the exception of Asian students
518:Well developed vocabulary in native language
402:. In the case of intelligence, these 5% are
4947:
4781:
4655:Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence
4459:The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
4348:
4225:
4095:"Young, gifted and likely to suffer for it"
3602:(Third ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
3458:
3456:
3384:
3136:
2969:
2219:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2036:
2004:
1823:
1560:
1438:
6128:
6114:
6023:. J. B. Lippincott Company. Archived from
5738:
5718:
5621:
4847:
3462:Reis, S. M. & Renzulli, J. S. (2004).
2979:International Journal of Special Education
2522:Ford, Donna; Grantham, Tarek (June 2003).
2184:
1344:. Pearson Education, Limited. p. 56.
1231:
515:Strongly motivated to understand the world
6070:
6060:
5910:
5504:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5475:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5447:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5425:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5406:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5398:
5384:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5376:
5171:. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press.
5089:Reynolds, Cecil; Kamphaus, Randy (2003).
5054:Intelligence Testing: Methods and Results
4913:
4886:
4438:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4349:Ellen Idler (July 1996). "Reviewed Work:
3918:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity
3804:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3623:Confronting Dogmatism in Gifted Education
3558:. New Jersey: Pearson. pp. 320–321.
3439:. New Jersey: Pearson. pp. 287–288.
3361:
3351:
3317:
3300:
3290:
2906:
2785:
2775:
2592:
2403:
2401:
2331:
2233:
2198:Giftedness from an Indigenous perspective
1513:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1309:Intelligence Testing: Methods and Results
1108:Davidson Institute for Talent Development
1028:Learn how and when to remove this message
198:
5976:WISC-IV Advanced Clinical Interpretation
5953:
5933:
5569:
5518:
5347:
5132:
5028:
4966:
4819:. Waco, TX: Prufrock. pp. 287–386.
4782:Levine, Albert J.; Marks, Louis (1928).
4563:
4092:
4035:
3729:
3453:
3174:
2806:American Journal of Community Psychology
2369:
2252:
2008:
1713:"Statistical Infrequency Definition of…"
1539:
1148:Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth
6013:
5331:"Review - Broken Genius - Joel Shurkin"
5328:
5309:
5269:
5250:
5231:
5208:
5050:
4675:
4605:
4568:(Second ed.). New York: Springer.
4535:
4244:
4119:
4073:
3935:
3914:
3793:The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses
3695:
3521:Journal for the Education of the Gifted
3518:
3469:published online in Wiley InterScience.
3256:
3199:
3101:
3003:
2626:Journal for the Education of the Gifted
2574:
2464:. New York: Plenum Press. p. 766.
2064:
1658:
1569:
1305:
1054:understanding that a difference of one
541:
6495:
5992:
5851:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
5844:
5677:
5648:
5502:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
5404:International Handbook of Intelligence
5166:
4902:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
4756:
4653:; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth O. (2006).
4503:
4452:
4380:. American Psychological Association.
4288:(Fifth ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
4203:
4105:from the original on November 11, 2020
3715:Burks, Barbara S.; Jensen, Dortha W.;
3069:Personality and Individual Differences
2965:
2963:
2961:
2437:The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology
2410:"The Theory of Multiple Intelligences"
2407:
2398:
2314:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2279:
2277:
2267:Colangelo, N., & Davis, G. (2003).
1752:
1279:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
1272:
746:) or Raven's Matrix Analogies Tests).
6109:
5959:The Measurement of Adult Intelligence
5941:. Baltimore: Williams & Witkins.
5939:The Measurement of Adult Intelligence
5500:; Kaufman, Scott Barry, eds. (2011).
4757:Leslie, Mitchell (July–August 2000).
4311:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Pergamon.
4164:Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology
4093:Barbieri, Annalisa (8 October 2010).
4054:
4008:
3898:Dumont, Ron; Willis, John O. (2013).
3597:
3553:
3493:
3434:
3323:
2338:(third ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
2016:
5793:
4785:Testing Intelligence and Achievement
4676:Kaufman, Scott Barry (1 June 2013).
4433:
4286:Handbook of Psychological Assessment
4122:Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook
3900:"Range of DAS Subtest Scaled Scores"
3862:Education of the Gifted and Talented
3696:Borland, James H. (1 January 2003).
3600:Psychological Testing and Assessment
3498:. New Jersey: Pearson. p. 293.
3496:Education of the Gifted and Talented
3437:Education of the Gifted and Talented
2970:Krochak, L. A.; Ryan, T. G. (2007).
2929:
2412:. Indiana University. Archived from
2039:Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook
2024:
1603:
1341:Education of the Gifted and Talented
1010:adding citations to reliable sources
981:
789:
6319:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
6230:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
6020:Brightness and Dullness in Children
5354:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5137:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4759:"The Vexing Legacy of Lewis Terman"
4257:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. pp.
4211:(ebook ed.). Open Road Media.
3883:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 126.
3818:
3790:
3262:
2958:
2274:
965:
13:
5116:Pediatric Forensic Neuropsychology
4992:"Recognizing Spatial Intelligence"
4415:; Matthews, Dona J., eds. (2009).
4351:The Gifted Group in Later Maturity
4328:The Gifted Group in Later Maturity
4307:; Subotnik, Rena F., eds. (2000).
4303:Heller, Kurt A.; Mönks, Franz J.;
4255:Encyclopedia of human intelligence
4145:American Psychological Association
3621:; Sriraman, Bharath, eds. (2003).
2013:Strauss, Sherman & Spreen 2006
509:, generating ideas beyond the norm
505:Displaying advanced reasoning and
464:
174:possesses an unusual capacity for
14:
6519:
6085:
5993:Wolman, Benjamin B., ed. (1985).
5877:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
5135:Genius: A Very Short Introduction
5036:. Plenum Publishing Corporation.
761:— to special education and
709:pervasive developmental disorders
493:Have test anxiety or suffer from
442:test manuals have standard score
66:
6480:
6468:
6456:
6444:
6414:
6091:
5626:. Macmillan Publishing Company.
5303:from the original on 2012-11-08.
5291:Frederic Golden (May 31, 1992).
5014:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4680:Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined
4633:Essentials of KABC-II Assessment
4487:"A Balance Sheet on Persistence"
4330:(first ed.). Stanford, CA:
4247:"Classification of Intelligence"
3988:Essentials of WISC-IV Assessment
3881:Essentials of DAS-II® Assessment
3216:"About Us | Mensa International"
2777:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.002
2021:Kaufman & Lichtenberger 2006
1789:"Gifted child | psychology"
1312:. New York: Henry Holt. p.
986:
892:, while considered to have many
884:
630:Theory of multiple intelligences
596:These components consist of the
6415:
6355:Evolution of human intelligence
5849:; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.).
5622:Tannenbaum, Abraham J. (1983).
3819:Dai, David Yun (12 July 2014).
3591:
3572:
3556:Education of the Gifted Learner
3547:
3512:
3487:
3472:
3428:
3413:
3378:
3232:
3208:
3193:
3179:. Waco, Texas: Prufrock Press.
3168:
3130:
3095:
3060:
3051:
3036:
2997:
2923:
2882:
2751:
2716:
2707:
2692:
2680:
2671:
2653:
2609:
2568:
2554:
2515:
2478:
2453:
2428:
2363:
2271:Boston: Pearson education, Inc.
2261:
2246:
2227:
2058:
2030:
1968:
1950:
1879:
1842:
1795:
1781:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1705:
1696:
1680:
1652:
1597:
1533:
1502:
1461:
1432:
1391:
1277:; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.).
997:needs additional citations for
5528:American Journal of Psychology
5152:GrrlScientist (3 March 2011).
4536:Johnsen, Susan K. (May 2011).
3864:. Pearson Education, Limited.
3467:Psychology in the Schools, 41,
2581:History of Education Quarterly
2575:Terzian, Sevan (August 2021).
2372:Journal of Nutrition Education
1570:Johnsen, Susan K. (May 2011).
1362:
1331:
1299:
1266:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
96:
78:instruction of gifted students
43:in the top 2.5 percent of the
1:
6420:Outline of human intelligence
6324:Multiple-intelligences theory
6096:The dictionary definition of
6055:(6): 469–471. February 1920.
6049:The Elementary School Journal
6015:Woodrow, Herbert Hollingworth
5348:Simonton, Dean Keith (1999).
5276:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
4887:Matarazzo, Joseph D. (1972).
4657:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
4355:American Journal of Sociology
3755:Intelligence: A Brief History
2932:Teaching Exceptional Children
2895:Teaching Exceptional Children
2764:Economics of Education Review
2384:10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60186-3
2269:Handbook of Gifted Education.
1876:(citing Davis and Rimm, 2004)
1857:Educational Services Division
1755:Journal of Advanced Academics
1170:
1066:
624:Multiple intelligences theory
578:established by post-Freudian
567:", it may be that Einstein's
6370:Intelligence and environment
5915:(Third ed.). New York:
5794:Ross, Pat O'Connell (1993).
5764:; Merrill, Maude A. (1973).
5710:; Merrill, Maude A. (1937).
5190:; Saklofske, Donald (eds.).
5074:. Waco, TX: Prufrock Press.
4969:Essentials of CAS Assessment
4952:. New York: Guilford Press.
4929:(Third ed.). New York:
4815:. In Hunsaker, Scott (ed.).
4587:(Third ed.). New York:
4521:10.1016/j.intell.2011.03.004
4185:; Saklofske, Donald (eds.).
4057:Learning Forensic Assessment
4036:Winerman, Lea (March 2013).
3963:(Third ed.). New York:
3774:Handbook of Gifted Education
3353:10.1371/journal.pone.0017044
3292:10.1371/journal.pone.0018224
2335:Handbook of Gifted Education
2079:10.1016/0022-4405(80)90060-6
2067:Journal of School Psychology
1472:(Third ed.). New York:
1402:(Third ed.). New York:
934:A nagging "I should" feeling
841:
677:
524:Strong sense of justice and
7:
6314:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
5807:, Department of Education.
5519:Spearman, C. (April 1904).
5251:Sattler, Jerome M. (2008).
5232:Sattler, Jerome M. (2001).
5209:Sattler, Jerome M. (1988).
4896:R. D. Savage (April 1974).
4564:Kamphaus, Randy W. (2005).
4284:Groth-Marnat, Gary (2009).
4245:Gregory, Robert J. (1995).
3802:The Dark Side of Creativity
3698:Rethinking Gifted Education
1091:
837:Social and emotional issues
376:
362:
348:
334:
320:
306:
292:
278:
264:
250:
236:
222:
71:
10:
6524:
5445:Explorations in Giftedness
4967:Naglieri, Jack A. (1999).
4019:Cambridge University Press
3825:. Teachers College Press.
3791:Cox, Catherine M. (1926).
3700:. Teachers College Press.
3399:10.1177/001698629604000404
3116:10.1177/001698629503900305
3081:10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.009
2944:10.1177/004005990503800103
2908:10.1177/004005990503800101
2856:The Gifted Child Quarterly
2639:10.1177/016235320402800202
2540:10.1207/s15430421tip4203_8
2253:M. Gross (18 March 1999).
2144:10.1177/001440298405000604
1443:. Routledge. p. 360.
1373:. Routledge. p. 330.
975:
969:
793:
627:
18:
6410:
6347:
6306:
6197:
6146:
5423:Conceptions of Giftedness
5167:Rogers, Karen B. (2002).
5133:Robinson, Andrew (2011).
5051:Pintner, Rudolph (1931).
4854:IQ and Human Intelligence
4411:Horowitz, Frances Degen;
4332:Stanford University Press
3154:10.1037/0003-066x.56.1.75
3022:10.1207/S15327035EX1002_4
1511:Conceptions of Giftedness
1306:Pintner, Rudolph (1923).
1238:IQ and Human Intelligence
512:Resourceful and adaptable
404:partitioned to both sides
123:Conceptions of Giftedness
5996:Handbook of Intelligence
5382:Handbook of Intelligence
4734:10.1177/1073191117733547
4485:Charles Locurto (1999).
4009:Flynn, James R. (2012).
3938:Intelligence: A New Look
3533:10.1177/0162353219836737
2868:10.1177/0016986208330562
2737:10.1177/0044118X13508962
1767:10.1177/1932202X12472602
1476:. pp. 623–42, 636.
1406:. pp. 623–42, 636.
815:autism spectrum disorder
811:developmental disability
616:(LP) and the outcome of
533:Comprehending and using
5742:; Oden, Melita (1959).
5722:; Oden, Melita (1947).
3671:Benbow, Camilla Persson
3625:. New York: Routledge.
3554:Davis, Gary A. (2011).
3494:Davis, Gary A. (2011).
3435:Davis, Gary A. (2011).
3004:Nielson, M. E. (2002).
2236:"His Brain Measured Up"
2124:Feldman, David (1984).
2005:Meyer & Weaver 2005
1604:Shaw, P. (March 2006).
908:Unhealthy perfectionism
589:Francoy Gagne's (2000)
409:intellectual disability
89:school administration.
27:Intellectual giftedness
21:Gifted (disambiguation)
6508:Educational psychology
5607:. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
5579:. New York: Macmillan.
5462:Sternberg, Robert J.;
5310:Shurkin, Joel (2006).
5270:Shurkin, Joel (1992).
5213:Assessment of Children
5057:. New York: Henry Holt
4635:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
4074:Freeman, Joan (2010).
3942:Transaction Publishers
3936:Eysenck, Hans (1998).
3915:Eysenck, Hans (1995).
3734:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
3387:Gifted Child Quarterly
3324:Chung, Dongil (2011).
3263:Yun, Kyongsik (2011).
3104:Gifted Child Quarterly
3042:Shenfield, T. (2014).
2408:Gilman, Lynn (2012) .
2332:Colangelo, N. (2003).
2096:; et al. (eds.).
1929:; et al. (eds.).
1086:
735:Lillian Steele Proctor
610:intrapersonal catalyst
606:environmental catalyst
199:Identification methods
184:
160:
6248:Intelligence quotient
5762:Terman, Lewis Madison
5708:Terman, Lewis Madison
5314:. London: Macmillan.
5030:Pickover, Clifford A.
4078:. London: Routledge.
4042:Monitor on Psychology
3940:. New Brunswick, NJ:
3649:Psychological Testing
3598:Aiken, Lewis (1979).
3142:American Psychologist
1081:
976:Further information:
900:Healthy perfectionism
165:
155:
39:followed people with
6334:Three-stratum theory
6027:on 30 September 2012
5847:Sternberg, Robert J.
5498:Sternberg, Robert J.
5464:Grigorenko, Elena L.
5441:Sternberg, Robert J.
5400:Sternberg, Robert J.
5378:Sternberg, Robert J.
4933:. pp. 623–642.
4305:Sternberg, Robert J.
4251:Sternberg, Robert J.
4038:"Smarter than ever?"
3751:Sternberg, Robert J.
3749:Cianciolo, Anna T.;
3619:Sternberg, Robert J.
3200:Lardner, C. (2005).
2528:Theory into Practice
2131:Exceptional Children
2094:Sternberg, Robert J.
1927:Sternberg, Robert J.
1275:Sternberg, Robert J.
1006:improve this article
947:Face-saving behavior
913:cognitive distortion
542:Developmental theory
115:Louis Leon Thurstone
36:longitudinal studies
31:intellectual ability
6307:Models and theories
5188:van de Vijver, Fons
4996:Scientific American
4434:Hunt, Earl (2011).
4183:van de Vijver, Fons
3982:Flanagan, Dawn P.;
3344:2011PLoSO...617044C
3283:2011PLoSO...618224Y
3244:www.intertel-iq.org
3047:Advanced Psychology
2725:Youth & Society
2594:10.1017/heq.2021.22
2416:on 25 November 2012
1993:Georgas et al. 2003
1630:10.1038/nature04513
1622:2006Natur.440..676S
1548:(3): 180–184, 261.
807:learning disability
206:
6360:Heritability of IQ
6137:Human intelligence
5803:. Washington, DC:
4591:. pp. 56–70.
4436:Human Intelligence
4143:. Washington, DC:
2818:10.1007/bf00938027
1906:on 16 October 2014
1892:. Guilford Press.
1807:Davidson Institute
1128:Heritability of IQ
1056:standard deviation
700:Autistic savantism
203:
82:special challenges
6432:
6431:
6348:Areas of research
6298:Visual processing
6215:Cognitive liberty
6006:978-0-471-89738-5
5985:978-0-12-088763-7
5926:978-1-60918-995-2
5919:. pp. 3–55.
5860:978-0-521-73911-5
5814:978-0-16-042928-6
5786:978-1-4338-0714-5
5633:978-0-02-418880-9
5614:978-1-56750-011-0
5595:978-0-19-515957-8
5571:Spearman, Charles
5482:978-0-521-00776-4
5454:978-0-521-74009-8
5432:978-0-521-54730-7
5413:978-0-521-00402-2
5391:978-0-521-59648-0
5361:978-0-19-512879-6
5321:978-1-4039-8815-7
5297:Los Angeles Times
5283:978-0-316-78890-8
5262:978-0-9702671-4-6
5243:978-0-9618209-7-8
5224:978-0-9618209-0-9
5201:978-0-12-280055-9
5178:978-0-910707-46-6
5144:978-0-19-959440-5
5125:978-0-19-973456-6
5100:on 9 October 2021
5081:978-1-59363-295-3
5043:978-0-688-16894-0
5021:978-0-8058-5751-1
4982:978-0-471-29015-5
4959:978-1-59385-221-4
4940:978-1-60918-995-2
4864:978-0-19-958559-5
4849:Mackintosh, N. J.
4826:978-1-931280-17-4
4769:on 26 August 2021
4763:Stanford Magazine
4711:Publishers Weekly
4691:978-0-465-02554-1
4668:978-0-471-73553-3
4642:978-0-471-66733-9
4620:978-0-8261-0629-2
4598:978-1-60918-995-2
4575:978-0-387-26299-4
4549:978-1-59363-701-9
4505:Jensen, Arthur R.
4469:978-0-275-96103-9
4454:Jensen, Arthur R.
4445:978-0-521-70781-7
4426:978-1-4338-0414-4
4413:Subotnik, Rena F.
4387:978-0-912704-94-4
4318:978-0-08-043796-5
4295:978-0-470-08358-1
4268:978-0-02-897407-1
4237:978-1-4338-0392-5
4218:978-1-4532-1043-7
4196:978-0-12-280055-9
4173:978-0-8261-0629-2
4154:978-1-55798-944-4
4085:978-0-415-47009-4
4066:978-0-8058-5923-2
4028:978-1-107-60917-4
4001:978-0-470-18915-3
3974:978-1-60918-995-2
3951:978-0-7658-0707-6
3928:978-0-521-48508-1
3890:978-0-470-22520-2
3871:978-0-13-505607-3
3847:on 9 October 2016
3832:978-0-8077-5087-2
3811:978-0-521-13960-1
3783:978-0-205-34063-7
3764:978-1-4051-0824-9
3741:978-0-471-21219-5
3707:978-0-8077-4304-1
3688:978-0-8018-5302-9
3662:978-0-02-303085-7
3632:978-0-415-89446-3
3609:978-0-205-06613-1
3240:"Intertel - Home"
2471:978-1-4613-0523-1
2446:978-0-470-17024-3
2207:978-0-9808448-1-8
2107:978-0-08-043796-5
1940:978-0-08-043796-5
1899:978-1-4625-1121-1
1835:978-1-4338-0392-5
1673:978-0-8261-0629-2
1583:978-1-59363-701-9
1520:978-0-521-54730-7
1483:978-1-60918-995-2
1450:978-1-136-94643-1
1413:978-1-60918-995-2
1380:978-1-136-94643-1
1351:978-0-13-505607-3
1248:978-0-19-958559-5
1233:Mackintosh, N. J.
1153:Talented programs
1143:Multipotentiality
1138:IQ classification
1038:
1037:
1030:
864:high-IQ societies
802:twice-exceptional
796:Twice exceptional
790:Twice-exceptional
775:remedial programs
719:Asperger syndrome
614:learning/practice
580:developmentalists
507:creative thinking
495:stereotype threat
435:IQ classification
398:) are considered
391:
390:
6515:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6472:
6461:
6460:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6418:
6417:
6339:Triarchic theory
6130:
6123:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6095:
6076:
6074:
6064:
6041:"Reviewed Work:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6010:
5989:
5970:
5950:
5930:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5889:10.1002/bsl.1990
5874:
5864:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5802:
5790:
5771:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5740:Terman, Lewis M.
5735:
5720:Terman, Lewis M.
5715:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5679:Terman, Lewis M.
5674:
5672:
5670:
5650:Terman, Lewis M.
5645:
5618:
5599:
5580:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5556:
5550:. Archived from
5525:
5515:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5474:
5458:
5436:
5417:
5395:
5373:
5342:
5337:. Archived from
5325:
5304:
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5266:
5247:
5228:
5216:
5205:
5182:
5161:
5148:
5129:
5109:
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5062:
5047:
5025:
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5004:
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4963:
4944:
4919:
4917:
4892:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4835:
4829:. Archived from
4814:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4765:. Archived from
4753:
4714:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4683:
4672:
4651:Kaufman, Alan S.
4646:
4629:Kaufman, Alan S.
4624:
4607:Kaufman, Alan S.
4602:
4579:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4532:
4498:
4481:
4449:
4430:
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4370:
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4280:
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4112:
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4070:
4049:
4032:
4016:
4005:
3984:Kaufman, Alan S.
3978:
3955:
3932:
3911:
3910:on 7 April 2014.
3906:. Archived from
3894:
3875:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3843:. Archived from
3815:
3796:
3787:
3768:
3745:
3726:
3717:Terman, Lewis M.
3711:
3692:
3666:
3636:
3613:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3516:
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3509:
3491:
3485:
3476:
3470:
3460:
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3450:
3432:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3355:
3321:
3315:
3314:
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3253:
3251:
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3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3040:
3034:
3033:
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2995:
2994:
2976:
2967:
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2955:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2801:
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2791:
2789:
2779:
2755:
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2748:
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2690:
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2678:
2675:
2669:
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2666:
2657:
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2613:
2607:
2606:
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2572:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2348:. Archived from
2329:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2290:. Archived from
2289:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2238:. Archived from
2231:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2193:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2034:
2028:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1715:. 20 April 2020.
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1660:Kaufman, Alan S.
1656:
1650:
1649:
1616:(7084): 676–79.
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1542:Phi Delta Kappan
1537:
1531:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1118:Gifted education
1033:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1013:
990:
982:
966:Underachievement
960:Self-deprecation
894:positive aspects
847:Social isolation
763:remedial classes
760:
756:
714:Psychology Today
537:beyond their age
207:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6435:
6433:
6428:
6406:
6343:
6302:
6268:Problem solving
6202:
6193:
6142:
6134:
6088:
6082:
6039:
6030:
6028:
6007:
5986:
5955:Wechsler, David
5935:Wechsler, David
5927:
5901:
5899:
5872:
5861:
5835:
5833:
5815:
5800:
5787:
5751:
5749:
5697:
5695:
5668:
5666:
5634:
5615:
5596:
5560:
5558:
5557:on 7 April 2014
5554:
5540:10.2307/1412107
5523:
5512:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5466:, eds. (2003).
5455:
5433:
5414:
5392:
5362:
5335:Popular Science
5322:
5284:
5263:
5244:
5225:
5202:
5179:
5145:
5126:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5082:
5060:
5058:
5044:
5022:
5000:
4998:
4983:
4960:
4941:
4877:
4875:
4865:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4812:
4798:
4796:
4772:
4770:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4684:. Basic Books.
4669:
4643:
4621:
4599:
4576:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4470:
4446:
4427:
4388:
4342:
4319:
4296:
4269:
4238:
4219:
4197:
4174:
4155:
4132:
4108:
4106:
4086:
4067:
4029:
4002:
3975:
3952:
3929:
3891:
3872:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3812:
3784:
3765:
3742:
3708:
3689:
3677:, eds. (1996).
3675:Lubinski, David
3663:
3633:
3610:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3552:
3548:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3492:
3488:
3477:
3473:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3433:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3383:
3379:
3322:
3318:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:
3169:
3135:
3131:
3100:
3096:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3041:
3037:
3002:
2998:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2928:
2924:
2887:
2883:
2848:
2841:
2802:
2795:
2756:
2752:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2406:
2399:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:"Archived copy"
2283:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2247:
2234:Steven Pinker.
2232:
2228:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2169:
2156:
2154:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2090:
2086:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2035:
2031:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1818:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1657:
1653:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1568:
1561:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1507:
1503:
1484:
1466:
1462:
1451:
1437:
1433:
1414:
1396:
1392:
1381:
1367:
1363:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1318:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1271:
1267:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1133:High-IQ society
1094:
1069:
1034:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1003:
991:
980:
974:
968:
955:procrastination
887:
844:
839:
798:
792:
758:
754:
727:
695:idiot savants ─
680:
636:overachievement
632:
626:
556:Albert Einstein
544:
467:
465:Across cultures
201:
193:cerebral cortex
141:Joseph Renzulli
107:Raymond Cattell
99:
80:often presents
74:
69:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6521:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6490:
6489:
6477:
6465:
6453:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6203:and constructs
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6133:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6087:
6086:External links
6084:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6062:10.1086/454779
6011:
6005:
5990:
5984:
5971:
5951:
5931:
5925:
5917:Guilford Press
5908:
5865:
5859:
5842:
5813:
5791:
5785:
5772:
5758:
5736:
5716:
5704:
5675:
5646:
5632:
5619:
5613:
5600:
5594:
5581:
5567:
5534:(2): 201–292.
5516:
5510:
5494:
5481:
5459:
5453:
5437:
5431:
5418:
5412:
5396:
5390:
5380:, ed. (2000).
5374:
5360:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5341:on 2006-10-06.
5320:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5282:
5267:
5261:
5248:
5242:
5229:
5223:
5206:
5200:
5183:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5143:
5130:
5124:
5110:
5086:
5080:
5067:
5048:
5042:
5026:
5020:
5007:
4987:
4981:
4964:
4958:
4945:
4939:
4931:Guilford Press
4922:
4921:
4920:
4884:
4863:
4845:
4825:
4805:
4779:
4754:
4728:(5): 929–943.
4717:
4716:
4715:
4690:
4673:
4667:
4647:
4641:
4625:
4619:
4611:IQ Testing 101
4603:
4597:
4589:Guilford Press
4580:
4574:
4561:
4548:
4533:
4515:(4): 171–177.
4501:
4500:
4499:
4468:
4450:
4444:
4431:
4425:
4408:
4386:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:(1): 316–318.
4341:978-0804724074
4340:
4323:
4317:
4300:
4294:
4281:
4267:
4242:
4236:
4223:
4217:
4201:
4195:
4178:
4172:
4159:
4153:
4136:
4130:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4084:
4071:
4065:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4027:
4006:
4000:
3979:
3973:
3965:Guilford Press
3956:
3950:
3933:
3927:
3912:
3895:
3889:
3876:
3870:
3857:
3831:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3788:
3782:
3769:
3763:
3746:
3740:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3693:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3645:Urbina, Susana
3641:Anastasi, Anne
3637:
3631:
3617:Ambrose, Don;
3614:
3608:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3571:
3564:
3546:
3527:(2): 107–134.
3511:
3504:
3486:
3471:
3452:
3445:
3427:
3412:
3393:(4): 194–199.
3377:
3316:
3255:
3231:
3207:
3192:
3185:
3167:
3138:Plucker, J. A.
3129:
3110:(3): 154–160.
3094:
3059:
3050:
3035:
3010:Exceptionality
2996:
2957:
2922:
2881:
2862:(2): 137–156.
2839:
2812:(3): 333–363.
2793:
2750:
2715:
2706:
2691:
2679:
2670:
2652:
2633:(2): 127–158.
2608:
2587:(3): 351–371.
2567:
2553:
2534:(3): 217–225.
2514:
2502:
2495:
2477:
2470:
2452:
2445:
2427:
2397:
2378:(3): 161–166.
2362:
2345:978-0205340637
2344:
2321:
2273:
2260:
2245:
2242:on 2006-12-11.
2226:
2206:
2183:
2167:
2138:(6): 518–523.
2116:
2106:
2084:
2073:(3): 203–209.
2057:
2047:
2029:
2019:, p. 468
2015:, p. 283
2007:, p. 219
1997:
1985:
1967:
1949:
1939:
1917:
1898:
1878:
1841:
1834:
1816:
1794:
1780:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1704:
1695:
1679:
1672:
1664:IQ Testing 101
1651:
1596:
1582:
1559:
1532:
1519:
1501:
1482:
1474:Guilford Press
1460:
1449:
1431:
1412:
1404:Guilford Press
1390:
1379:
1361:
1350:
1330:
1298:
1287:
1265:
1247:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:Marland report
1162:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1068:
1065:
1036:
1035:
994:
992:
985:
972:Gifted at-risk
967:
964:
963:
962:
957:
948:
945:
935:
932:
886:
883:
843:
840:
838:
835:
794:Main article:
791:
788:
726:
723:
679:
676:
646:Frames of Mind
642:Howard Gardner
628:Main article:
625:
622:
543:
540:
539:
538:
531:
528:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
499:
498:
491:
488:
485:
466:
463:
454:Stanford-Binet
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
200:
197:
183:
182:
179:
172:
111:J. P. Guilford
98:
95:
73:
70:
68:
67:Identification
65:
47:—that is, IQs
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6520:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6488:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6452:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6425:
6421:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6365:Psychometrics
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6305:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Understanding
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:Communication
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6131:
6126:
6124:
6119:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6102:at Wiktionary
6101:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6089:
6083:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5843:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5798:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5511:9780521739115
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:Brian Clegg.
5327:
5326:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5254:
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5245:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5013:
5008:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4836:on 2016-03-15
4832:
4828:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4795:
4791:
4788:. Macmillan.
4787:
4786:
4780:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:Gleick, James
4202:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4017:. Cambridge:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3904:Dumont Willis
3901:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3653:Prentice Hall
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3565:9780135056073
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3505:9780135056073
3501:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3446:9780135056073
3442:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:(2): e17044.
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:(4): e18224.
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3221:
3220:www.mensa.org
3217:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:(2): 93–111.
3015:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2496:9781785927225
2492:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2352:on 2016-06-08
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2297:on 2016-04-18
2293:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:, p. 66
2010:
2009:Campbell 2006
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1866:on 2011-09-04
1862:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1812:intelligence.
1808:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1692:0-05-002170-2
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:9780521739115
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Child prodigy
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1032:
1029:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:This section
993:
989:
984:
983:
979:
978:Underachiever
973:
961:
958:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
920:
916:
914:
909:
904:
901:
897:
895:
891:
890:Perfectionism
885:Perfectionism
882:
880:
879:mentalization
875:
873:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
848:
834:
831:
830:child prodigy
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
797:
787:
783:
781:
780:self-efficacy
776:
771:
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560:Steven Pinker
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6400: /
6396: /
6392: /
6390:neuroscience
6388: /
6384: /
6380: /
6376: /
6372: /
6235:
6188:visuospatial
6164:Intellectual
6163:
6098:
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6042:
6029:. Retrieved
6025:the original
6019:
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5883:(1): 28–48.
5880:
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5158:The Guardian
5157:
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5102:. Retrieved
5098:(PowerPoint)
5095:the original
5071:
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4509:Intelligence
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4109:December 14,
4107:. Retrieved
4099:The Guardian
4098:
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3821:
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3148:(1): 75–76.
3145:
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2985:(3): 44–53.
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2938:(1): 16–20.
2935:
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2787:10419/114079
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2111:
2097:
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2070:
2066:
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2052:
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2032:
2027:, p. 12
2023:, p. 7
2000:
1988:
1970:
1952:
1944:
1930:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1888:
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1856:
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1761:(1): 52–70.
1758:
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1572:
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1535:
1528:Ellen Winner
1510:
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1015:
1004:Please help
999:verification
996:
924:
921:
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664:intelligence
657:
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645:
644:proposed in
640:
633:
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613:
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601:
600:(G) itself,
597:
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131:self-concept
122:
119:
103:Lewis Terman
100:
91:
75:
53:
26:
25:
6394:personality
6329:PASS theory
6287:abstraction
6031:14 November
4555:29 November
2770:: 209–224.
2731:: 727–743.
2420:14 November
1870:29 November
1589:29 November
584:Jean Piaget
97:Definitions
60:mathematics
6503:Giftedness
6497:Categories
6451:Psychology
6225:Creativity
6169:Linguistic
6154:Collective
4908:(2): 169.
4904:(Review).
4873:2010941708
4840:2014-11-29
4722:Assessment
4493:(Review).
4491:Psycoloquy
4131:0803211600
3249:2021-05-08
3225:2021-05-08
3186:1882664779
2901:(1): 5–6.
2356:2014-12-01
2301:2011-01-21
2048:0803211600
2017:Foote 2007
1261:succeeded.
1171:References
1073:depression
1067:Depression
970:See also:
930:Depression
813:, such as
176:leadership
135:creativity
127:Motivation
45:population
6475:Education
6386:longevity
6374:fertility
6273:Reasoning
6253:Knowledge
6243:Intellect
6210:Cognition
6201:, traits,
6199:Abilities
6159:Emotional
4713:(Review).
4697:1 October
4529:0160-2896
4478:1063-2158
3841:762963086
3541:151040091
3407:145769977
3124:144179860
3089:150039612
3075:: 21–26.
3030:143676305
2952:149087075
2917:148809016
2876:145115827
2745:144010803
2647:145198023
2603:236779619
2548:144525477
2152:146862140
2025:Hunt 2011
1775:146556870
1123:Greatness
1079:mention,
1043:reasoning
1018:July 2018
842:Isolation
800:The term
707:or other
691:savantism
678:Savantism
654:empirical
552:emotional
548:cognitive
421:dyspraxia
49:above 130
6258:Learning
6174:Multiple
6017:(1919).
5967:39014016
5957:(1939).
5947:39014016
5937:(1939).
5897:22241548
5831:ED359743
5823:29205332
5732:25008797
5693:25008797
5681:(1925).
5652:(1916).
5642:82004710
5573:(1927).
5402:(2004).
5301:Archived
5032:(1998).
4851:(2011).
4799:23 April
4750:35100607
4742:28948838
4609:(2009).
4456:(1998).
4404:11972824
4396:85007559
4277:29594474
4207:(2011).
4103:Archived
4048:(3): 30.
3986:(2009).
3753:(2004).
3719:(1930).
3647:(1997).
3372:21359224
3331:PLoS ONE
3311:21483742
3270:PLoS ONE
3162:11242991
2991:EJ814509
2834:23934639
2392:11953232
2310:cite web
2215:citation
1662:(2009).
1638:16572172
1554:EJ190430
1497:process.
1492:ED530599
1422:ED530599
1235:(2011).
1098:Aptitude
1092:See also
1077:Renzulli
944:feelings
872:Intertel
668:aptitude
582:such as
565:disorder
526:morality
449:adult IQ
444:ceilings
440:Wechsler
417:dyslexia
400:atypical
216:WISC-III
72:Overview
6487:Schools
6463:Society
6437:Portals
6424:thought
6285: (
6283:Thought
6186: (
6184:Spatial
5902:15 July
5669:26 June
5548:1412107
5370:3080746
5104:11 July
5061:14 July
4915:1009574
4878:15 June
4794:1437258
4367:2782225
4259:260–266
4253:(ed.).
3851:20 July
3363:3040203
3340:Bibcode
3302:3070719
3279:Bibcode
2826:1892131
1646:3079565
1618:Bibcode
1319:14 July
1254:15 June
1048:anxiety
951:Shyness
855:Plucker
759:
755:
683:Savants
471:Western
238:Brianna
219:WJ-III
213:KABC-II
129:, high
6382:health
6378:height
6263:Memory
6238:factor
6179:Social
6140:topics
6099:gifted
6072:994141
6069:
6003:
5982:
5965:
5945:
5923:
5895:
5857:
5836:6 June
5829:
5821:
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5752:2 June
5730:
5698:2 June
5691:
5664:186102
5662:
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5561:31 May
5546:
5508:
5488:15 May
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2204:
2157:8 July
2150:
2104:
2045:
1937:
1910:9 June
1896:
1832:
1773:
1690:
1670:
1644:
1636:
1610:Nature
1580:
1552:
1517:
1490:
1480:
1447:
1420:
1410:
1377:
1348:
1285:
1245:
1113:Genius
859:stigma
705:autism
687:savant
659:ad hoc
618:talent
612:(IC),
608:(EC),
602:chance
576:stages
569:genius
336:Imelda
322:Hector
308:Georgi
266:Danica
133:, and
113:, and
101:Since
56:talent
29:is an
6278:Skill
6147:Types
6067:JSTOR
5873:(PDF)
5801:(PDF)
5555:(PDF)
5544:JSTOR
5524:(PDF)
5473:(PDF)
5366:JSTOR
4973:Wiley
4834:(PDF)
4813:(PDF)
4746:S2CID
4659:Wiley
4497:(59).
4363:JSTOR
4249:. In
3992:Wiley
3537:S2CID
3403:S2CID
3120:S2CID
3085:S2CID
3026:S2CID
2975:(PDF)
2948:S2CID
2913:S2CID
2872:S2CID
2830:S2CID
2741:S2CID
2665:(PDF)
2643:S2CID
2621:(PDF)
2599:S2CID
2544:S2CID
2295:(PDF)
2288:(PDF)
2148:S2CID
1980:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1864:(PDF)
1853:(PDF)
1771:S2CID
1642:S2CID
942:guilt
938:Shame
868:Mensa
604:(C),
535:humor
475:Japan
364:Keoku
294:Fritz
280:Elpha
252:Colin
224:Asher
210:Pupil
6398:race
6033:2013
6001:ISBN
5980:ISBN
5963:LCCN
5943:LCCN
5921:ISBN
5904:2013
5893:PMID
5855:ISBN
5838:2014
5827:ERIC
5819:OCLC
5809:ISBN
5781:ISBN
5754:2013
5728:LCCN
5700:2013
5689:LCCN
5671:2010
5660:OCLC
5638:LCCN
5628:ISBN
5609:ISBN
5590:ISBN
5563:2013
5506:ISBN
5490:2014
5477:ISBN
5449:ISBN
5427:ISBN
5408:ISBN
5386:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5316:ISBN
5278:ISBN
5257:ISBN
5238:ISBN
5219:ISBN
5196:ISBN
5173:ISBN
5139:ISBN
5120:ISBN
5106:2013
5076:ISBN
5063:2013
5038:ISBN
5016:ISBN
5003:2013
4977:ISBN
4954:ISBN
4935:ISBN
4880:2014
4869:LCCN
4859:ISBN
4821:ISBN
4801:2014
4790:OCLC
4775:2013
4738:PMID
4699:2013
4686:ISBN
4663:ISBN
4637:ISBN
4615:ISBN
4593:ISBN
4570:ISBN
4557:2014
4544:ISBN
4525:ISSN
4474:ISSN
4464:ISBN
4440:ISBN
4421:ISBN
4400:OCLC
4392:LCCN
4382:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4290:ISBN
4273:OCLC
4263:ISBN
4232:ISBN
4213:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4149:ISBN
4126:ISBN
4111:2016
4080:ISBN
4061:ISBN
4023:ISBN
3996:ISBN
3969:ISBN
3946:ISBN
3923:ISBN
3885:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3853:2013
3837:OCLC
3827:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3683:ISBN
3657:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3560:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3368:PMID
3307:PMID
3181:ISBN
3158:PMID
2987:ERIC
2822:PMID
2491:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2441:ISBN
2422:2012
2388:PMID
2340:ISBN
2316:link
2221:link
2202:ISBN
2159:2010
2102:ISBN
2043:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1912:2014
1894:ISBN
1872:2014
1830:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1634:PMID
1591:2014
1578:ISBN
1550:ERIC
1515:ISBN
1488:ERIC
1478:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1418:ERIC
1408:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1321:2013
1283:ISBN
1256:2014
1243:ISBN
953:and
940:and
870:and
744:NNAT
689:and
598:gift
550:and
396:1.96
387:102
350:Jose
331:103
303:105
275:118
261:101
247:105
233:111
178:; or
58:for
6402:sex
6057:doi
5885:doi
5536:doi
4910:PMC
4730:doi
4517:doi
4359:102
4353:".
3529:doi
3395:doi
3358:PMC
3348:doi
3297:PMC
3287:doi
3150:doi
3112:doi
3077:doi
3073:140
3018:doi
2940:doi
2903:doi
2864:doi
2814:doi
2782:hdl
2772:doi
2733:doi
2635:doi
2589:doi
2536:doi
2380:doi
2140:doi
2075:doi
1763:doi
1626:doi
1614:400
1314:196
1008:by
670:".
419:or
384:124
381:116
378:Leo
373:75
359:86
353:101
345:97
339:104
328:113
325:112
317:90
314:100
300:105
297:106
289:93
286:105
272:127
269:116
255:100
244:110
241:125
146:In
41:IQs
6499::
6065:.
6053:20
6051:.
6047:.
5891:.
5881:30
5879:.
5875:.
5825:.
5817:.
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