359:-factor was untenable was influenced by his observation that cognitive tests of U.S. Air Force personnel did not show correlations significantly different from zero. According to one reanalysis, this resulted from artifacts and methodological errors. Applying more robust methodologies, the correlations in Guilford's data sets are positive. In another reanalysis, randomly generated models were found to be as well supported as Guilford's own theory.
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366:"Guilford's SOI model must, therefore, be marked down as a somewhat eccentric aberration in the history of intelligence models. The fact that so much attention has been paid to it is disturbing to the extent that textbooks and other treatments of it have given the impression that the model is valid and widely accepted, when clearly it is not."
346:
Guilford's original model was composed of 120 components (when the behavioral component is included) because he had not separated
Figural Content into separate Auditory and Visual contents, nor had he separated Memory into Memory Recording and Memory Retention. When he separated Figural into Auditory
204:
Discharged as a full colonel after the war, Guilford joined the
Education faculty at the University of Southern California and continued to research the factors of intelligence. He published widely on what he ultimately named the Structure of Intellect theory, and his post-War research identified a
212:
Guilford's post-war research led to the development of classification testing that, modified in different ways, entered into the various personnel assessments administered by all branches of the U.S. Armed
Services. So generally speaking, all U.S. Military qualifying exams of the 1950s, 1960s, and
208:
Guilford's 20 years of research at
Southern California were funded by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Education of the former Health, Education and Welfare Department, and the Office of Naval Research. Although Guilford's subjects were recruits at the Air Force Training Command at
342:
Therefore, according to
Guilford there are 5 x 5 x 6 = 150 intellectual abilities or factors (his research only confirmed about three behavioral abilities, so it is generally not included in the model). Each ability stands for a particular operation in a particular content area and results in a
221:
According to
Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SI) theory (1955), an individual's performance on intelligence tests can be traced back to the underlying mental abilities or factors of intelligence. SI theory comprises up to 180 different intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions:
201:, now a common term in educational psychology, was coined during Guilford's project). Over the course of World War II, Guilford's use of these factors in the development of the two-day Classification Test Battery was significant in increasing graduation rates for aircrew trainees.
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298:- Information perceived as acts of people (This dimension was not fully researched in Guilford's project. It remains theoretical and is generally not included in the final model that he proposed for describing human intelligence.)
2160:
144:'s view that intelligence could be characterized in a single numerical parameter. He proposed that three dimensions were necessary for accurate description: operations, content, and products. A
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279:
information, tangible objects, things in the environment - It includes A. visual: information perceived through sight, B. auditory: information perceived through hearing, and C.
432:
Haggbloom, Steven J.; Powell, John L. III; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).
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307:
As the name suggests, this dimension contains results of applying particular operations to specific contents. The SI model includes six products in increasing complexity:
286:
Symbolic - Information perceived as symbols or signs that stand for something else, e.g., Arabic numerals, the letters of an alphabet, or musical and scientific notations
347:
and Visual contents, his model increased to 5 x 5 x 6 = 150 categories. When
Guilford separated the memory functions, his model finally increased to 180 factors.
190:. There he worked on the selection and ranking of aircrew trainees as the Army Air Force investigated why a sizable proportion of trainees were not graduating.
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Promoted to Chief of the
Psychological Research Unit at the U.S. Army Air Forces Training Command Headquarters in Fort Worth, Guilford oversaw the
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Guilford's
Structure of Intellect model of human abilities has few supporters today. Carroll (1993) summarized the view of later researchers:
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Various researchers have criticized the statistical techniques used by
Guilford. According to Jensen (1998), Guilford's contention that a
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Edwards, Reginald (1969). "Guilford's Structure of Intellect Model: Its Relevance for the Teacher Preparation Curriculum".
186:. In 1941 he entered the U.S. Army as a Lieutenant Colonel and served as Director of Psychological Research Unit No. 3 at
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in 1937, and in 1938 he became the third president of the Psychometric Society, following in the footsteps of its founder
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Guilford, J.P. (1982). Cognitive psychology's ambiguities: Some suggested remedies. Psychological Review, 89, 48–59.
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197:(Standard Nine) Project in 1943, which identified nine specific intellectual abilities crucial to flying a plane. (
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Convergent production - The ability to deduce a single solution to a problem; rule-following or problem-solving
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411:(1969). Guilford's Structure of Intellect Model: Its Relevance for the Teacher Preparation Curriculum.
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SI includes four broad areas of information to which the human intellect applies the six operations:
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Guilford as the 27th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
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specific product, such as Comprehension of Figural Units or Evaluation of Semantic Implications.
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182:, who held the position in 1937. Guilford held a number of posts at Nebraska and briefly at the
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Guilford, J.P. (1967). Joy Paul Guilford. A history of psychology in autobiography. 5. 169–191.
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Carroll 1993, 60. For a more detailed critique of the Structure-of-Intellect model, see 57–60.
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Evaluation - The ability to judge whether or not information is accurate, consistent, or valid
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APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients
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Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, the Office of Naval Research managed this research.
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292:- Concerned with verbal meaning and ideas - Generally considered to be abstract in nature.
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Divergent production - The ability to generate multiple solutions to a problem; creativity
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Guilford, J.P. (1939) General psychology. New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.
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Boring, Edwin G. (1938). "The Society of Experimental Psychologists: 1904-1938".
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Relations - Units linked as opposites or in associations, sequences, or analogies
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Transformations - Changes, perspectives, conversions, or mutations to knowledge
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Systems - Multiple relations interrelated to comprise structures or networks
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Guilford, J.P. (1988). Some changes in the structure of intellect model.
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total of 90 discrete intellectual abilities and 30 behavioral abilities.
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Guilford, J.P. (1936) Psychometric Methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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The Structure of Intellect Theory advanced by Guilford was applied by
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SI includes six operations or general intellectual processes:
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283:: information perceived through one's own physical actions
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
434:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
3245:
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
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Memory recording - The ability to encode information
113:(March 7, 1897 – November 26, 1987) was an American
314:Classes - Sets of units sharing common attributes
3201:
714:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
216:
630:
532:A history of psychology in autobiography, Vol V
592:Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48,
530:Guilford, J. P. (1967), "Joy Paul Guilford.",
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534:, Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp. 167–191,
680:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2222:
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401:Guilford, J.P. & Hoepfner, R. (1971).
213:1970s descended from Guilford's research.
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170:. Guilford was elected a member of the
551:
232:
3202:
480:
3255:People from Hamilton County, Nebraska
3235:University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
2203:
1621:
722:
689:Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
172:Society of Experimental Psychologists
698:Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
302:
266:
125:, including the distinction between
3220:20th-century American psychologists
631:Dunlap, Jack W. (1937). "Review of
253:- The ability to recall information
222:operations, content, and products.
13:
751:American Psychological Association
484:The American Journal of Psychology
385:Guilford, J.P. (1950) Creativity,
14:
3271:
3230:American intelligence researchers
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311:Units - Single items of knowledge
184:University of Southern California
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395:The Nature of Human Intelligence
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425:
1:
2527:Industrial and organizational
670:
389:, Volume 5, Issue 9, 444–454.
217:Structure of Intellect theory
2768:Human factors and ergonomics
438:Review of General Psychology
403:The Analysis of Intelligence
350:
158:Guilford graduated from the
147:Review of General Psychology
7:
658:
10:
3276:
1649:E. L. Thorndike Award
709:The structure of intellect
696:IQ and Human Intelligence.
694:Mackintosh, N. J. (1998).
413:Curriculum Theory Network,
229:for educational purposes.
16:United States psychologist
3240:Cornell University alumni
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2457:Applied behavior analysis
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678:Human Cognitive Abilities
612:Mackintosh 1998, 214–215.
554:Curriculum Theory Network
460:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
153:
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87:
73:
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28:
21:
1576:Jessica Henderson Daniel
691:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
419:
136:Developing the views of
2733:Behavioral neuroscience
2297:Behavioral neuroscience
1540:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
1152:Robert Richardson Sears
997:Harry Levi Hollingworth
884:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
789:George Stuart Fullerton
676:Carroll, J. B. (1993).
392:Guilford, J.P. (1967).
188:Santa Ana Army Air Base
3225:Creativity researchers
2783:Psychology of religion
2723:Behavioral engineering
2660:Human subject research
2316:Cognitive neuroscience
2282:Affective neuroscience
1260:George Armitage Miller
950:Margaret Floy Washburn
866:Henry Rutgers Marshall
683:Jensen, A. R. (1998).
637:Psychological Bulletin
162:before studying under
160:University of Nebraska
78:University of Nebraska
3159:Wiktionary definition
2695:Self-report inventory
2690:Quantitative research
603:Jensen 1998, 115–117.
387:American Psychologist
371:Selected bibliography
100:E. L. Thorndike Award
2685:Qualitative research
2640:Behavior epigenetics
1880:Wilbert J. McKeachie
1725:John Bissell Carroll
1706:Robert J. Havighurst
1582:Rosie Phillips Davis
1313:Wilbert J. McKeachie
1093:John Edward Anderson
1033:Louis Leon Thurstone
1027:Walter Richard Miles
1021:Walter Samuel Hunter
944:Shepherd Ivory Franz
878:Charles Hubbard Judd
860:James Rowland Angell
783:James McKeen Cattell
771:George Trumbull Ladd
635:by J. P. Guilford".
633:Psychometric Methods
275:Figural - Concrete,
233:Operations dimension
176:Louis Leon Thurstone
140:, Guilford rejected
3164:Wiktionary category
2728:Behavioral genetics
2700:Statistical surveys
2557:Occupational health
2292:Behavioral genetics
2030:G. Michael Pressley
1963:Richard C. Anderson
1816:Richard C. Atkinson
1765:J. P. Guilford
1733:Robert L. Thorndike
1534:Melba J. T. Vasquez
1403:Charles Spielberger
1361:Janet Taylor Spence
1170:Orval Hobart Mowrer
1164:Laurance F. Shaffer
1045:Albert Poffenberger
908:Robert S. Woodworth
854:Mary Whiton Calkins
665:Barberpole illusion
334:, consequences, or
117:best known for his
47:Marquette, Nebraska
3136:Schools of thought
3039:Richard E. Nisbett
2919:Donald T. Campbell
2597:Sport and exercise
2188:Daniel L. Schwartz
2153:Joanna P. Williams
2046:Patricia Alexander
2038:Jacquelynne Eccles
1915:Herbert Klausmeier
1682:B. F. Skinner
1528:Carol D. Goodheart
1296:Donald T. Campbell
1087:Calvin Perry Stone
1075:Leonard Carmichael
974:I. Madison Bentley
932:John Wallace Baird
872:George M. Stratton
842:William Lowe Bryan
795:James Mark Baldwin
749:Presidents of the
82:Cornell University
68:, California, U.S.
3197:
3196:
3174:Wikimedia Commons
3101:Counseling topics
3064:Ronald C. Kessler
3054:Shelley E. Taylor
2979:Lawrence Kohlberg
2954:Stanley Schachter
2753:Consumer behavior
2635:Archival research
2403:Psycholinguistics
2287:Affective science
2197:
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2089:Richard Shavelson
2006:John D. Bransford
1666:Sidney L. Pressey
1615:
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1594:Jennifer F. Kelly
1564:Susan H. McDaniel
1546:Donald N. Bersoff
1474:Norine G. Johnson
1457:Patrick H. DeLeon
1427:Robert J. Resnick
1385:Raymond D. Fowler
1379:Bonnie Strickland
1331:Nicholas Cummings
1325:M. Brewster Smith
1224:Charles E. Osgood
1105:Edwin Ray Guthrie
938:Walter Dill Scott
540:10.1037/11579-007
303:Product dimension
267:Content dimension
111:Joy Paul Guilford
108:
107:
33:Joy Paul Guilford
3267:
3131:Research methods
3074:Richard Davidson
3069:Joseph E. LeDoux
2944:George A. Miller
2934:David McClelland
2929:Herbert A. Simon
2829:Edward Thorndike
2650:Content analysis
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2408:Psychophysiology
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1492:Diane F. Halpern
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1409:Jack Wiggins Jr.
1391:Joseph Matarazzo
1337:Florence Denmark
1319:Theodore H. Blau
1272:Kenneth B. Clark
1182:Theodore Newcomb
1158:J. McVicker Hunt
1057:Edward C. Tolman
1015:Herbert Langfeld
902:Howard C. Warren
896:Edward Thorndike
801:Hugo MĂĽnsterberg
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142:Charles Spearman
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121:study of human
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98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
67:
57:
53:
48:
31:
27:
20:
3034:Larry Squire
3029:Bruce McEwen
3024:Amos Tversky
2994:Jerome Kagan
2984:Noam Chomsky
2924:Hans Eysenck
2894:Harry Harlow
2874:Erik Erikson
2863:
2773:Intelligence
2670:Neuroimaging
2413:Quantitative
2378:Mathematical
2373:Intelligence
2363:Experimental
2358:Evolutionary
2348:Differential
2257:Psychologist
2161:Steve Graham
1939:James Greeno
1840:Jeanne Chall
1764:
1690:Lee Cronbach
1606:Thema Bryant
1510:Sharon Brehm
1467:2001–present
1373:Logan Wright
1266:George Albee
1194:Harry Harlow
1188:Lee Cronbach
1134:
1009:Karl Lashley
1003:Edwin Boring
962:Lewis Terman
830:Josiah Royce
695:
688:
684:
677:
640:
636:
632:
626:
617:
608:
599:
591:
586:
556:(3): 47–64.
553:
547:
531:
525:
488:
482:
476:
441:
437:
427:
412:
402:
393:
386:
361:
356:
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345:
341:
338:of knowledge
306:
270:
236:
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157:
145:
135:
133:production.
123:intelligence
119:psychometric
115:psychologist
110:
109:
91:Psychologist
60:(1987-11-26)
43:7 March 1897
3215:1987 deaths
3210:1897 births
3106:Disciplines
3079:Susan Fiske
2969:Roger Brown
2869:Carl Rogers
2854:Jean Piaget
2819:Ivan Pavlov
2675:Observation
2655:Experiments
2602:Suicidology
2497:Educational
2452:Anomalistic
2423:Theoretical
2398:Personality
2328:Comparative
2311:Cognitivism
2302:Behaviorism
2070:Carol Dweck
2054:Jere Brophy
1947:Lee Shulman
1773:Jean Piaget
1117:Carl Rogers
415:(3), 47–64.
328:Predictions
281:kinesthetic
66:Los Angeles
3204:Categories
3169:Wikisource
3014:Paul Ekman
2849:Kurt Lewin
2743:Competence
2665:Interviews
2645:Case study
2522:Humanistic
2502:Ergonomics
2487:Counseling
2462:Assessment
2444:psychology
2393:Perception
2353:Ecological
2269:psychology
2247:Philosophy
2231:Psychology
2014:Joel Levin
1698:Cyril Burt
1651:recipients
1355:Max Siegel
807:John Dewey
671:References
332:inferences
296:Behavioral
277:real world
127:convergent
88:Occupation
39:1897-03-07
3189:Wikibooks
3179:Wikiquote
3049:Ed Diener
2834:Carl Jung
2738:Cognition
2567:Political
2477:Community
2307:Cognitive
1306:1976–2000
1145:1951–1975
984:1926–1950
823:1901–1925
758:1892–1900
570:0078-4931
509:0002-9556
468:145668721
446:CiteSeerX
351:Criticism
242:Cognition
131:divergent
3184:Wikinews
3141:Timeline
2763:Feelings
2758:Emotions
2718:Behavior
2709:Concepts
2587:Religion
2572:Positive
2562:Pastoral
2547:Military
2512:Forensic
2507:Feminist
2492:Critical
2482:Consumer
2472:Coaching
2467:Clinical
2442:Applied
2338:Cultural
2277:Abnormal
659:See also
290:Semantic
199:Stanines
3116:Outline
2612:Traffic
2607:Systems
2542:Medical
2368:Gestalt
2242:History
578:1179339
517:1415667
495:: 420.
195:Stanine
178:and of
168:Cornell
3146:Topics
2592:School
2517:Health
2418:Social
2321:Social
2267:Basic
2252:Portal
2186:2021:
2178:2020:
2159:2019:
2151:2018:
2143:2017:
2135:2016:
2127:2015:
2119:2014:
2111:2013:
2103:2012:
2095:2011:
2087:2010:
2068:2009:
2060:2008:
2052:2007:
2044:2006:
2036:2005:
2028:2004:
2020:2003:
2012:2002:
2004:2001:
1996:2000:
1977:1999:
1969:1998:
1961:1997:
1953:1996:
1945:1995:
1937:1994:
1929:1993:
1921:1992:
1913:1991:
1905:1990:
1886:1989:
1878:1988:
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1814:1980:
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1672:1965:
1664:1964:
1608:(2023)
1602:(2022)
1596:(2021)
1590:(2020)
1584:(2019)
1578:(2018)
1572:(2017)
1566:(2016)
1560:(2015)
1554:(2014)
1548:(2013)
1542:(2012)
1536:(2011)
1530:(2010)
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1500:(2005)
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1476:(2001)
1459:(2000)
1453:(1999)
1447:(1998)
1441:(1997)
1435:(1996)
1429:(1995)
1423:(1994)
1417:(1993)
1411:(1992)
1405:(1991)
1399:(1990)
1393:(1989)
1387:(1988)
1381:(1987)
1375:(1986)
1369:(1985)
1363:(1984)
1357:(1983)
1351:(1982)
1345:(1981)
1339:(1980)
1333:(1979)
1327:(1978)
1321:(1977)
1315:(1976)
1298:(1975)
1292:(1974)
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1280:(1972)
1274:(1971)
1268:(1970)
1262:(1969)
1256:(1968)
1250:(1967)
1244:(1966)
1238:(1965)
1232:(1964)
1226:(1963)
1220:(1962)
1214:(1961)
1208:(1960)
1202:(1959)
1196:(1958)
1190:(1957)
1184:(1956)
1178:(1955)
1172:(1954)
1166:(1953)
1160:(1952)
1154:(1951)
1137:(1950)
1131:(1949)
1125:(1948)
1119:(1947)
1113:(1946)
1107:(1945)
1101:(1944)
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1083:(1941)
1077:(1940)
1071:(1939)
1065:(1938)
1059:(1937)
1053:(1936)
1047:(1935)
1041:(1934)
1035:(1933)
1029:(1932)
1023:(1931)
1017:(1930)
1011:(1929)
1005:(1928)
999:(1927)
993:(1926)
976:(1925)
970:(1924)
964:(1923)
958:(1922)
952:(1921)
946:(1920)
940:(1919)
934:(1918)
928:(1917)
922:(1916)
916:(1915)
910:(1914)
904:(1913)
898:(1912)
892:(1911)
886:(1910)
880:(1909)
874:(1908)
868:(1907)
862:(1906)
856:(1905)
850:(1904)
844:(1903)
838:(1902)
832:(1901)
815:(1900)
809:(1899)
803:(1898)
797:(1897)
791:(1896)
785:(1895)
779:(1894)
773:(1893)
767:(1892)
576:
568:
515:
507:
466:
448:
154:Career
103:(1975)
96:Awards
49:, U.S.
3093:Lists
2552:Music
2537:Media
2532:Legal
2383:Moral
2171:2020s
2080:2010s
1989:2000s
1898:1990s
1807:1980s
1716:1970s
1657:1960s
574:JSTOR
513:JSTOR
493:JSTOR
491:(2).
464:S2CID
420:Notes
2778:Mind
685:The
594:1-4.
566:ISSN
505:ISSN
129:and
55:Died
29:Born
645:doi
558:doi
536:doi
497:doi
456:doi
166:at
3206::
641:34
639:.
572:.
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489:51
487:.
462:.
454:.
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436:.
330:,
2309:/
2223:e
2216:t
2209:v
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728:v
687:g
651:.
647::
580:.
560::
538::
519:.
499::
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458::
442:6
405:.
398:.
357:g
41:)
37:(
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