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chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats. An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans. In this study, 48 healthy female and male university students participated in either a stress test or a control group. Those randomly assigned to the stress test group had a hand immersed in ice cold water (the reputable SECPT or 'Socially
Evaluated Cold Pressor Test') for up to three minutes, while being monitored and videotaped. Both the stress and control groups were then presented with 32 words to memorize. Twenty-four hours later, both groups were tested to see how many words they could remember (free recall) as well as how many they could recognize from a larger list of words (recognition performance). The results showed a clear impairment of memory performance in the stress test group, who recalled 30% fewer words than the control group. The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.
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blood glucocorticoid levels that have increased drastically when measured after the exposure is completed. When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they often have difficulties. Prenatal stress also hinders the ability to learn and memorize by disrupting the development of the hippocampus and can lead to unestablished long term potentiation in the offspring of severely stressed parents. Although the stress is applied prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life. One explanation for why children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to display poorer memory performance than their higher-income peers is the effects of stress accumulated over the course of the lifetime. The effects of low income on the developing hippocampus is also thought be mediated by chronic stress responses which may explain why children from lower and higher-income backgrounds differ in terms of memory performance.
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weaken the next time it is retrieved. "Some studies suggest that over-trained or strongly reinforced memories do not undergo reconsolidation if reactivated the first few days after training, but do become sensitive to reconsolidation interference with time." This, however does not mean that all memory is susceptible to reconsolidation. There is evidence to suggest that memory that has undergone strong training and whether or not is it intentional is less likely to undergo reconsolidation. There was further testing done with rats and mazes that showed that reactivated memories were more susceptible to manipulation, in both good and bad ways, than newly formed memories. It is still not known whether or not these are new memories formed and it is an inability to retrieve the proper one for the situation or if it is a reconsolidated memory. Because the study of reconsolidation is still a newer concept, there is still debate on whether it should be considered scientifically sound.
1768:, proteins and enzymes have been extensively researched for their association with memory. Long-term memory, unlike short-term memory, is dependent upon the synthesis of new proteins. This occurs within the cellular body, and concerns the particular transmitters, receptors, and new synapse pathways that reinforce the communicative strength between neurons. The production of new proteins devoted to synapse reinforcement is triggered after the release of certain signaling substances (such as calcium within hippocampal neurons) in the cell. In the case of hippocampal cells, this release is dependent upon the expulsion of magnesium (a binding molecule) that is expelled after significant and repetitive synaptic signaling. The temporary expulsion of magnesium frees NMDA receptors to release calcium in the cell, a signal that leads to gene transcription and the construction of reinforcing proteins. For more information, see
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revealed that our memories are constructed: "current hypotheses suggest that constructive processes allow individuals to simulate and imagine future episodes, happenings, and scenarios. Since the future is not an exact repetition of the past, simulation of future episodes requires a complex system that can draw on the past in a manner that flexibly extracts and recombines elements of previous experiences β a constructive rather than a reproductive system." People can construct their memories when they encode them and/or when they recall them. To illustrate, consider a classic study conducted by
Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer (1974) in which people were instructed to watch a film of a traffic accident and then asked about what they saw. The researchers found that the people who were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they
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consolidation. System consolidation takes place during slow-wave sleep (SWS). This process implicates that memories are reactivated during sleep, but that the process does not enhance every memory. It also implicates that qualitative changes are made to the memories when they are transferred to long-term store during sleep. During sleep, the hippocampus replays the events of the day for the neocortex. The neocortex then reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory. When one does not get enough sleep it makes it more difficult to learn as these neural connections are not as strong, resulting in a lower retention rate of memories. Sleep deprivation makes it harder to focus, resulting in inefficient learning. Furthermore, some studies have shown that sleep deprivation can lead to
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toothpick) and then later asked them whether they had done such a thing. Findings revealed that those participants who repeatedly imagined performing such an act were more likely to think that they had actually performed that act during the first session of the experiment. Similarly, Garry and her colleagues (1996) asked college students to report how certain they were that they experienced a number of events as children (e.g., broke a window with their hand) and then two weeks later asked them to imagine four of those events. The researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children. That is, when asked to imagine the events they were more confident that they experienced the events.
841:(1963) using the "partial report paradigm." Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments, Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal.
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something stable and constant when they are stored in long-term memory but this is not the case. There are a large number of studies that found that consolidation of memories is not a singular event but are put through the process again, known as reconsolidation. This is when a memory is recalled or retrieved and placed back into your working memory. The memory is now open to manipulation from outside sources and the misinformation effect which could be due to misattributing the source of the inconsistent information, with or without an intact original memory trace (Lindsay and
Johnson, 1989). One thing that can be sure is that memory is malleable.
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took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.
1717:(STM) is temporary and subject to disruption, while long-term memory (LTM), once consolidated, is persistent and stable. Consolidation of STM into LTM at the molecular level presumably involves two processes: synaptic consolidation and system consolidation. The former involves a protein synthesis process in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), whereas the latter transforms the MTL-dependent memory into an MTL-independent memory over months to years (Ledoux 2007). In recent years, such traditional consolidation dogma has been re-evaluated as a result of the studies on reconsolidation. These studies showed that prevention after
1385:(Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory.
2137:. Amnesia can result from extensive damage to: (a) the regions of the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, amygdala, the parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices or the (b) midline diencephalic region, specifically the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. There are many sorts of amnesia, and by studying their different forms, it has become possible to observe apparent defects in individual sub-systems of the brain's memory systems, and thus hypothesize their function in the normally working brain. Other
1423:: infants are placed in a crib and a ribbon that is connected to a mobile overhead is tied to one of their feet. Infants notice that when they kick their foot the mobile moves β the rate of kicking increases dramatically within minutes. Studies using this technique have revealed that infants' memory substantially improves over the first 18-months. Whereas 2- to 3-month-olds can retain an operant response (such as activating the mobile by kicking their foot) for a week, 6-month-olds can retain it for two weeks, and 18-month-olds can retain a similar operant response for as long as 13 weeks.
1462:β during this task a subject would be asked to study a list of words and then later they will be asked to recall or write down as many words that they can remember, similar to free response questions. Earlier items are affected by retroactive interference (RI), which means the longer the list, the greater the interference, and the less likelihood that they are recalled. On the other hand, items that have been presented lastly suffer little RI, but suffer a great deal from proactive interference (PI), which means the longer the delay in recall, the more likely that the items will be lost.
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2539:, Venus flytraps have evolved the ability to obtain meat for sustenance, likely due to the lack of nitrogen in the soil. This is done by two trap-forming leaf tips that snap shut once triggered by a potential prey. On each lobe, three trigger hairs await stimulation. In order to maximize the benefit-to-cost ratio, the plant enables a rudimentary form of memory in which two trigger hairs must be stimulated within thirty seconds in order to result in trap closure. This system ensures that the trap only closes when potential prey is within grasp.
786:. The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously stored material. Finally, the function of long-term memory is to store through various categorical models or systems.
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patients. The amount of attention given new stimuli can diminish the amount of information that becomes encoded for storage. Also, the storage process can become corrupted by physical damage to areas of the brain that are associated with memory storage, such as the hippocampus. Finally, the retrieval of information from long-term memory can be disrupted because of decay within long-term memory. Normal functioning, decay over time, and brain damage all affect the accuracy and capacity of the memory.
1417:: infants are first presented with pairs of visual stimuli, such as two black-and-white photos of human faces, for a fixed amount of time; then, after being familiarized with the two photos, they are presented with the "familiar" photo and a new photo. The time spent looking at each photo is recorded. Looking longer at the new photo indicates that they remember the "familiar" one. Studies using this procedure have found that 5- to 6-month-olds can retain information for as long as fourteen days.
890:, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456), and, last, a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This is reflected in some countries' tendencies to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers.
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damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. The hippocampus is important for explicit memory. The hippocampus is also important for memory consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and tertiary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause
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that passes threshold, resulting in trap closure. Researchers, to prove that an electrical threshold must be met to stimulate trap closure, excited a single trigger hair with a constant mechanical stimulus using Ag/AgCl electrodes. The trap closed after only a few seconds. This experiment demonstrated that the electrical threshold, not necessarily the number of trigger hair stimulations, was the contributing factor in Venus flytrap memory.
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other words, when asked to imitate a two-step action sequence (such as putting a toy car in the base and pushing in the plunger to make the toy roll to the other end), 9-month-olds tend to imitate the actions of the sequence in the correct order (step 1 and then step 2). Younger infants (6-month-olds) can only recall one step of a two-step sequence. Researchers have suggested that these age differences are probably due to the fact that the
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information for longer periods of time; 6-month-olds can recall information after a 24-hour period, 9-month-olds after up to five weeks, and 20-month-olds after as long as twelve months. In addition, studies have shown that with age, infants can store information faster. Whereas 14-month-olds can recall a three-step sequence after being exposed to it once, 6-month-olds need approximately six exposures in order to be able to remember it.
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information. Furthermore, it can store this information for a much longer duration, potentially for a whole life span. For example, given a random seven-digit number, one may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in short-term memory. On the other hand, one can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.
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1522:β memories degrade with the passing of time. This occurs in the storage stage of memory, after the information has been stored and before it is retrieved. This can happen in sensory, short-term, and long-term storage. It follows a general pattern where the information is rapidly forgotten during the first couple of days or years, followed by small losses in later days or years.
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2220:, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in mind that there are situations when old information can facilitate learning of new information. Knowing Latin, for instance, can help an individual learn a related language such as French β this phenomenon is known as positive transfer.
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order in which they learned information, source memory tasks that require them to remember the specific circumstances or context in which they learned information, and prospective memory tasks that involve remembering to perform an act at a future time. Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by using appointment books, for example.
2576:. An experimental apparatus was designed to drop potted mimosa plants repeatedly from the same distance and at the same speed. It was observed that the plants' defensive response of curling up their leaves decreased over the sixty times the experiment was repeated. To confirm that this was a mechanism of memory rather than
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acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. Conrad's (1964) study, however, deals with the encoding of written text. Thus, while the memory of written language may rely on acoustic components, generalizations to all forms of memory cannot be made.
1980:(DNA-PKcs, KU70, KU80, and DNA LIGASE IV) (see Figure). These enzymes repair the double-strand breaks within about 15 minutes to two hours. The double-strand breaks in the promoter are thus associated with TOP2B and at least these four repair enzymes. These proteins are present simultaneously on a single promoter
1434:: an experimenter shows infants a unique sequence of actions (such as using a stick to push a button on a box) and then, after a delay, asks the infants to imitate the actions. Studies using deferred imitation have shown that 14-month-olds' memories for the sequence of actions can last for as long as four months.
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Sleep affects memory consolidation. During sleep, the neural connections in the brain are strengthened. This enhances the brain's abilities to stabilize and retain memories. There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory, as memories are enhanced through active
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In fact, the term 'infantile amnesia' refers to the phenomenon of accelerated forgetting during infancy. Importantly, infantile amnesia is not unique to humans, and preclinical research (using rodent models) provides insight into the precise neurobiology of this phenomenon. A review of the literature
1094:, displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory. Recognition of sounds such as spoken numbers, letters, words, and easily identifiable noises (such as doorbells and cats meowing) were all impacted. Visual short-term memory was unaffected, suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.
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is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. It was thought that without the hippocampus new memories were unable to be stored into long-term memory and that there would be a
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While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part
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Up until the mid-1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information. A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information after a 24-hour delay. Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store
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might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved. Considering that there are several kinds of memory, depending on types of represented knowledge, underlying mechanisms, processes functions and modes of acquisition, it is likely that different brain areas support different memory
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Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children's memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants' recognition memory and their recall
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The phonological loop stores auditory information by silently rehearsing sounds or words in a continuous loop: the articulatory process (for example the repetition of a telephone number over and over again). A short list of data is easier to remember. The phonological loop is occasionally disrupted.
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The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by
Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated
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Sensory memory holds information, derived from the senses, less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is an example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is
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This new research into the concept of reconsolidation has opened the door to methods to help those with unpleasant memories or those that struggle with memories. An example of this is if you had a truly frightening experience and recall that memory in a less arousing environment, the memory will be
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as the memories are not properly transferred to long-term memory. One of the primary functions of sleep is thought to be the improvement of the consolidation of information, as several studies have demonstrated that memory depends on getting sufficient sleep between training and test. Additionally,
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However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists
Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning
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sites in CpG rich regions of the genome. Furthermore, many other genes were upregulated, likely often due to hypomethylation. Hypomethylation often results from the removal of methyl groups from previously existing 5-methylcytosines in DNA. Demethylation is carried out by several proteins acting in
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or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought
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memory. Recognition memory tasks require individuals to indicate whether they have encountered a stimulus (such as a picture or a word) before. Recall memory tasks require participants to retrieve previously learned information. For example, individuals might be asked to produce a series of actions
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The more long term the exposure to stress is, the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus. Research shows that subjects placed in a stressful situation for a short amount of time still have
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Although 6-month-olds can recall information over the short-term, they have difficulty recalling the temporal order of information. It is only by 9 months of age that infants can recall the actions of a two-step sequence in the correct temporal order β that is, recalling step 1 and then step 2. In
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The working memory model explains many practical observations, such as why it is easier to do two different tasks, one verbal and one visual, than two similar tasks, and the aforementioned word-length effect. Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving
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can also confuse encoding and words that sound similar can be switched or misremembered through the phonological similarity effect. the phonological loop also has a limit to how much it can hold at once which means that it is easier to remember a lot of short words rather than a lot of long words,
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calcium levels. The first trigger causes a subthreshold cytoplasmic calcium influx. This initial trigger is not enough to activate trap closure, so a subsequent stimulus allows for a secondary influx of calcium. The latter calcium rise superimposes on the initial one, creating an action potential
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into their daily lives. This study examined 17 subjects, (average age 53) with normal memory performance. Eight subjects were asked to follow a "brain healthy" diet, relaxation, physical, and mental exercise (brain teasers and verbal memory training techniques). After 14 days, they showed greater
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Memory reconsolidation is when previously consolidated memories are recalled or retrieved from long-term memory to your active consciousness. During this process, memories can be further strengthened and added to but there is also risk of manipulation involved. We like to think of our memories as
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or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards β a computerized version of the card game "Concentration" or "Memory". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing
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is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear
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Memory is not a perfect processor, and is affected by many factors. The ways by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved can all be corrupted. Pain, for example, has been identified as a physical condition that impairs memory, and has been noted in animal models as well as chronic pain
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Although people often think that memory operates like recording equipment, this is not the case. The molecular mechanisms underlying the induction and maintenance of memory are very dynamic and comprise distinct phases covering a time window from seconds to even a lifetime. In fact, research has
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from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of
Alzheimer's (Budson & Price, 2005). Research has revealed that individuals' performance on memory tasks that rely on frontal regions declines with age. Older adults tend to exhibit deficits on tasks that involve knowing the temporal
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in the mouse causes the mouse to have a long-term memory and fear of the location in which it occurred. Contextual fear conditioning causes hundreds of DSBs in mouse brain medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus neurons (see Figure: Brain regions involved in memory formation). These DSBs
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help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt memory storage. Patients with amygdalar
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The episodic buffer is dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information and chronological ordering (e.g., the memory of a story or a movie scene). The episodic buffer is also assumed to have links to long-term memory and semantic
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Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning. In response to stressful situations, the brain releases hormones and neurotransmitters (ex. glucocorticoids and catecholamines) which affect memory encoding processes in the hippocampus. Behavioural research on animals shows that
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after what was thought to be the full removal of both his hippocampi. More recent examination of his brain, post-mortem, shows that the hippocampus was more intact than first thought, throwing theories drawn from the initial data into question. The hippocampus may be involved in changing neural
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Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent on a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar, e.g., E, P, D. Confusion with recalling
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affects subsequent retrieval of the memory (Sara 2000). New studies have shown that post-retrieval treatment with protein synthesis inhibitors and many other compounds can lead to an amnestic state (Nadel et al. 2000b; Alberini 2005; Dudai 2006). These findings on reconsolidation fit with the
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In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch proposed a "working memory model" that replaced the general concept of short-term memory with active maintenance of information in short-term storage. In this model, working memory consists of three basic stores: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the
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Research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and
Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a
2375:, a team of RIKEN-MIT scientists caused the mice to incorrectly associate a benign environment with a prior unpleasant experience from different surroundings. Some scientists believe that the study may have implications in studying false memory formation in humans, and in treating PTSD and
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which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child.
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The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration. This means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, while the total capacity of long-term memory has yet to be established, it can store much larger quantities of
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The time lapse between trigger hair stimulations suggests that the plant can remember an initial stimulus long enough for a second stimulus to initiate trap closure. This memory is not encoded in a brain, as plants lack this specialized organ. Rather, information is stored in the form of
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recalled a more serious car accident than they had actually seen. The findings of this experiment were replicated around the world, and researchers consistently demonstrated that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the
1480:β individuals are shown a number of objects and color samples during a certain period of time. They are then tested on their visual ability to remember as much as they can by looking at testers and pointing out whether the testers are similar to the sample, or if any change is present.
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have reduced expression of about 1,000 genes and increased expression of about 500 genes in the hippocampus 24 hours after training, thus exhibiting modified expression of 9.17% of the rat hippocampal genome. Reduced gene expressions were associated with methylations of those genes.
1783:. PKMΞΆ maintains the activity-dependent enhancement of synaptic strength and inhibiting PKMΞΆ erases established long-term memories, without affecting short-term memory or, once the inhibitor is eliminated, the ability to encode and store new long-term memories is restored. Also,
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1703:(Ranganath et al. 2005), suggesting a strong relationship between working memory and long-term memory. However, the substantially more working memory signals seen in the prefrontal lobe suggest that this area plays a more important role in working memory than MTL (Suzuki 2007).
1468:β one is given a significant hints to help retrieve information that has been previously encoded into the person's memory; typically this can involve a word relating to the information being asked to remember. This is similar to fill in the blank assessments used in classrooms.
1474:β subjects are asked to remember a list of words or pictures, after which point they are asked to identify the previously presented words or pictures from among a list of alternatives that were not presented in the original list. This is similar to multiple choice assessments.
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distinguished between short-term and long-term memory. He postulated that any memory that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term memory. Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of
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1440:: is very similar to the deferred imitation technique; the difference is that infants are allowed to imitate the actions before the delay. Studies using the elicited imitation technique have shown that 20-month-olds can recall the action sequences twelve months later.
2580:, some of the plants were shaken post experiment and displayed normal defensive responses of leaf curling. This experiment demonstrated long-term memory in the plants, as it was repeated a month later, and the plants were observed to remain unfazed by the dropping.
2355:(there was no broken glass depicted in the film). Thus, the wording of the questions distorted viewers' memories of the event. Importantly, the wording of the question led people to construct different memories of the event β those who were asked the question with
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801:. Semantic memory refers to memory that is encoded with specific meaning. Meanwhile, episodic memory refers to information that is encoded along a spatial and temporal plane. Declarative memory is usually the primary process thought of when referencing memory.
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882:) Modern perspectives estimate the capacity of short-term memory to be lower, typically on the order of 4β5 items, or argue for a more flexible limit based on information instead of items. Memory capacity can be increased through a process called
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data obtained from neuroimaging studies have shown activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day, suggesting that new memories may be solidified through such rehearsal.
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A characteristic of procedural memory is that the things remembered are automatically translated into actions, and thus sometimes difficult to describe. Some examples of procedural memory include the ability to ride a bike or tie shoelaces.
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of a particular place or time. Episodic memories often reflect the "firsts" in life such as a first kiss, first day of school or first time winning a championship. These are key events in one's life that can be remembered clearly.
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Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway
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appear to depend on double strand breaks initiated by topoisomerase 2-beta (TOP2B) for activation. The induction of particular double-strand breaks are specific with respect to their inducing signal. When neurons are activated
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an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report. The first precise experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by
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implies that such a definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called
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arousing specific responses from memory and shows that not all memory is consciously activated, whereas procedural memory is the slow and gradual learning of skills that often occurs without conscious attention to learning.
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Considerable further research into long-term memory has illuminated the molecular mechanisms by which methylations are established or removed, as reviewed in 2022. These mechanisms include, for instance, signal-responsive
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activity is essential for the expression of IEGs in a type of learning experience in mice termed associative fear memory. Such a learning experience appears to rapidly trigger TOP2B to induce double-strand breaks in the
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and for psychotherapy: students may perform better when tested in their regular classroom rather than an exam room, eyewitnesses may recall details better at the scene of an event than in a courtroom, and persons with
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systems and that they are in mutual relationships in neuronal networks: "components of memory representation are distributed widely across different parts of the brain as mediated by multiple neocortical circuits".
6156:"The DNA Repair-Associated Protein Gadd45Ξ³ Regulates the Temporal Coding of Immediate Early Gene Expression within the Prelimbic Prefrontal Cortex and Is Required for the Consolidation of Associative Fear Memory"
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Study of the genetics of human memory is in its infancy though many genes have been investigated for their association to memory in humans and non-human animals. A notable initial success was the association of
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Mandler, G. (1967). "Organization and memory". In K.W. Spence & J.T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory. Vol. 1, pp. 328β372. New York: Academic
9227:
LeDoux J.E. (2007) Consolidation: Challenging the traditional view. In: Roediger, H.L., Dudai, Y. and
Fitzpatrick S.M., eds. Science of Memory: Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 171β175.
1187:
involves the ability to orient oneself in space, to recognize and follow an itinerary, or to recognize familiar places. Getting lost when traveling alone is an example of the failure of topographic memory.
1124:
The central executive essentially acts as an attention sensory store. It channels information to the three component processes: the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.
1298:
is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience. One is able to place in memory information that resembles objects, places, animals or people in sort of a
2157:, also known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome, is an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex.
1456:β when one learns to associate one specific word with another. For example, when given a word such as "safe" one must learn to say another specific word, such as "green". This is stimulus and response.
2239:
task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the
1145:
stores visual and spatial information. It is engaged when performing spatial tasks (such as judging distances) or visual ones (such as counting the windows on a house or imagining images). Those with
8934:
Byrne, J.H. (2007) Plasticity: new concepts, new challenges. In: Roediger, H.L., Dudai, Y. and
Fitzpatrick S.M., eds. Science of Memory: Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 77β82.
9274:
Moscovitch, M. (2007) Memory: Why the engram is elusive? In: Roediger, H. L., Dudai, Y. and
Fitzpatrick S. M., eds. Science of Memory: Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 17β21.
9099:
Dudai, Y. (2007) Memory: It's all about representations. In: Roediger, H.L., Dudai, Y. and Fitzpatrick S.M., eds. Science of Memory: Concepts. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 13β16.
2153:, or hyperthymesic syndrome, is a disorder that affects an individual's autobiographical memory, essentially meaning that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored.
6602:
Bauer PJ, Wiebe SA, Carver LJ, Waters JM, Nelson CA (November 2003). "Developments in long-term explicit memory late in the first year of life: behavioral and electrophysiological indices".
9637:
8285:
Small GW, Silverman DH, Siddarth P, Ercoli LM, Miller KJ, Lavretsky H, et al. (June 2006). "Effects of a 14-day healthy longevity lifestyle program on cognition and brain function".
1086:. It also proposes that rehearsal is the only mechanism by which information eventually reaches long-term storage, but evidence shows us capable of remembering things without rehearsal.
8646:
Atkinson, R.C. & Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In The psychology of learning and motivation: II Oxford, England: Academic Press.
3622:
Lazzarim MK, Targa A, Sardi NF, Hack GR, Tobaldini G, Martynhak BJ, et al. (December 2020). "Pain impairs consolidation, but not acquisition or retrieval of a declarative memory".
870:
Short-term memory, not to be confused with working memory, allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity, however, is very limited. In 1956,
4951:
Doyon J, Bellec P, Amsel R, Penhune V, Monchi O, Carrier J, et al. (April 2009). "Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning".
2505:
Plants lack a specialized organ devoted to memory retention, so plant memory has been a controversial topic in recent years. New advances in the field have identified the presence of
2099:
of individuals from age 26 to 106 years. Numerous genes were identified with reduced expression after age 40, and especially after age 70. Genes that play central roles in memory and
1964:
The double-strand breaks that are induced during a learning experience are not immediately repaired. About 600 regulatory sequences in promoters and about 800 regulatory sequences in
1672:
involves the spiking of individual neurons induced by sensory input, which persists even after the sensory input disappears (Jensen and Lisman 2005; Fransen et al. 2002). Encoding of
8662:
Foerde, K., Poldrack, R.A. (2009). Procedural learning in humans. In L.R. Squire (Ed.), The new encyclopedia of neuroscience, Vol. 7 (pp. 1083β1091). Oxford, UK: Academic Press.
1333:
and can be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition β no new explicit memories have been formed, but one is
1082:
The multi-store model has been criticised for being too simplistic. For instance, long-term memory is believed to be actually made up of multiple subcomponents, such as episodic and
5189:
Hartshorn K, Rovee-Collier C, Gerhardstein P, Bhatt RS, Wondoloski TL, Klein P, et al. (March 1998). "The ontogeny of long-term memory over the first year-and-a-half of life".
1532:. Attention plays a key role in storing information into long-term memory; without proper attention, the information might not be stored, making it impossible to be retrieved later.
2422:
word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance. No long-term follow-up was conducted; it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory.
1756:, which appears to be associated with the rate at which material is forgotten over a delay period. There has been some evidence that memories are stored in the nucleus of neurons.
1282:
about the world, such as "Paris is the capital of France". Episodic memory, on the other hand, is used for more personal memories, such as the sensations, emotions, and personal
2521:. In addition to these homologous features of memory systems in both plants and animals, plants have also been observed to encode, store and retrieve basic short-term memories.
1863:). The pattern of induced and repressed genes in brain neurons subsequent to an intense learning event likely provides the molecular basis for a long-term memory of the event.
6369:
Ju BG, Lunyak VV, Perissi V, Garcia-Bassets I, Rose DW, Glass CK, et al. (June 2006). "A topoisomerase IIbeta-mediated dsDNA break required for regulated transcription".
7160:
5026:
Meacham, J. A., & Leiman, B. (1975). Remembering to perform future actions. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, September.
805:
is the unconscious storage and recollection of information. An example of a non-declarative process would be the unconscious learning or retrieval of information by way of
3824:"Isolating age-group differences in working memory load-related neural activity: assessing the contribution of working memory capacity using a partial-trial fMRI method"
1638:
Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal
2436:
released in 2001 a report which includes in pages 14β16 recommendations for keeping the mind in good functionality until advanced age. Some of the recommendations are:
1381:. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or
4427:
Buchmann A, Mondadori CR, HΓ€nggi J, Aerni A, Vrticka P, Luechinger R, et al. (2008). "Prion protein M129V polymorphism affects retrieval-related brain activity".
9141:"Simulations of the role of the muscarinic-activated calcium-sensitive nonspecific cation current INCM in entorhinal neuronal activity during delayed matching tasks"
2115:
of those genes with reduced expression. It was suggested that DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in memory and learning.
1830:
event may retain a life-long memory of the event, even after a single training session. The long-term memory of such an event appears to be initially stored in the
1656:
about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007).
1407:
techniques have been used to assess infants' recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants' recall memory.
2188:
6575:
Bauer PJ (2004). "Getting explicit memory off the ground: Steps toward construction of a neuro-developmental account of changes in the first two years of life".
2172:(also called nominal aphasia or Anomia), however, do experience the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon on an ongoing basis due to damage to the frontal and parietal
7034:"Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Gene Expression Patterns Divergence Reveals Different Grade of RNA Metabolism Involvement"
7007:
6000:
Frankland PW, Bontempi B, Talton LE, Kaczmarek L, Silva AJ (May 2004). "The involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex in remote contextual fear memory".
1956:
5726:"Biologists 'transfer' a memory through RNA injection: Research in marine snails could lead to new treatments to restore memories and alter traumatic ones"
1688:(STDP). The persistent spiking in working memory can enhance the synaptic and cellular changes in the encoding of episodic memory (Jensen and Lisman 2005).
991:
8591:
Gagliano M, Renton M, Depczynski M, Mancuso S (May 2014). "Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters".
1775:
One of the newly synthesized proteins in LTP is also critical for maintaining long-term memory. This protein is an autonomously active form of the enzyme
11330:
10011:
1984:(there are about 147 nucleotides in the DNA sequence wrapped around a single nucleosome) located near the transcription start site of their target gene.
5093:
958:. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The
2371:
Research reported in 2013 revealed that it is possible to artificially stimulate prior memories and artificially implant false memories in mice. Using
1818:
which is believed to be important in consolidating short-term to long-term memories, and which is believed to be downregulated in Alzheimer's disease.
8940:, From the search for a molecular code of memory to the role of neurotransmitters: a historical perspective, Neural Plasticity, 2004, 11(3β4), 151β158
6797:
Parkin AJ, Walter BM, Hunkin NM (1995). "Relationships between normal aging, frontal lobe function, and memory for temporal and spatial information".
3169:
2481:
shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time. In contrast to this is
494:
1750:. The search for genes associated with normally varying memory continues. One of the first candidates for normal variation in memory is the protein
848:
is a fast decaying store of visual information, a type of sensory memory that briefly stores an image that has been perceived for a small duration.
10881:
2271:
region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The
852:
is a fast decaying store of auditory information, also a sensory memory that briefly stores sounds that have been perceived for short durations.
2469:
is the method most often used. Methods of memorizing things have been the subject of much discussion over the years with some writers, such as
1290:
Research suggests that declarative memory is supported by several functions of the medial temporal lobe system which includes the hippocampus.
7143:
3579:
Liu X, Li L, Tang F, Wu S, Hu Y (2014). "Memory impairment in chronic pain patients and the related neuropsychological mechanisms: a review".
2347:
each other?" Furthermore, when asked a week later whether they had seen broken glass in the film, those who had been asked the question with
2184:
3075:"The onset of childhood amnesia in childhood: a prospective investigation of the course and determinants of forgetting of early-life events"
1838:. When such an exposure was experimentally applied, more than 5,000 differently methylated DNA regions appeared in the hippocampus neuronal
5825:
1577:
through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart,
10464:
7374:
994:. Long-term memory formation depends on both the activation of memory promoting genes and the inhibition of memory suppressor genes, and
879:
9693:"The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways: Neuroscientists have discovered a set of unfamiliar cellular mechanisms for making fresh memories"
7291:"Are we facing a crashing wave of neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19? Neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential immunologic mechanisms"
1561:
are thought to be involved in specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and
11591:
377:
1790:
The long-term stabilization of synaptic changes is also determined by a parallel increase of pre- and postsynaptic structures such as
10745:
8422:
Baluska F, Mancuso S (February 2009). "Plant neurobiology: from sensory biology, via plant communication, to social plant behavior".
1953:
of these induced breaks is associated with DNA demethylation of IEG gene promoters allowing immediate expression of these IEG genes.
1722:
behavioral evidence that retrieved memory is not a carbon copy of the initial experiences, and memories are updated during retrieval.
1294:β memory for particular events within one's own life β is generally viewed as either equivalent to, or a subset of, episodic memory.
1278:, concerning information specific to a particular context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract
392:
7904:
Loftus EF, Palmer JC (1974). "Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory".
5202:
4748:
1960:
Regulatory sequence in a promoter at a transcription start site with a paused RNA polymerase and a TOP2B-induced double-strand break
1200:
of unique and highly emotional events. People remembering where they were or what they were doing when they first heard the news of
8081:
4920:
4903:
3477:
Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP (2011). "The effect of pain on cognitive function: a review of clinical and preclinical research".
743:, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If
6862:
Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, et al. (June 2004). "Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain".
6216:"Release of paused RNA polymerase II at specific loci favors DNA double-strand-break formation and promotes cancer translocations"
2425:
There are a loosely associated group of mnemonic principles and techniques that can be used to vastly improve memory known as the
11323:
10004:
1596:
In general, the more emotionally charged an event or experience is, the better it is remembered; this phenomenon is known as the
9563:
11931:
2061:
suggests that accelerated forgetting during early life is at least partly due to rapid growth of the brain during this period.
1270:, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved. Declarative memory can be further sub-divided into
6645:
Carver LJ, Bauer PJ (March 1999). "When the event is more than the sum of its parts: 9-month-olds' long-term ordered recall".
4076:
Miller GA (March 1956). "The magical number seven plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information".
2875:"Retrograde memory for public events in mild cognitive impairment and its relationship to anterograde memory and neuroanatomy"
9760:
9681:
9389:
7386:
6738:
5811:
5505:
5331:
5165:
5049:
Fagan JF (June 1974). "Infant recognition memory: the effects of length of familiarization and type of discrimination task".
5003:
4875:
4840:
3954:
3144:
2798:
2760:
1902:
1842:
of the rats at one and at 24 hours after training. These alterations in methylation pattern occurred at many genes that were
1118:
487:
9184:
Jensen O, Lisman JE (February 2005). "Hippocampal sequence-encoding driven by a cortical multi-item working memory buffer".
8866:(January 2005). "Mechanisms of memory stabilization: are consolidation and reconsolidation similar or distinct processes?".
11849:
1026:
of many genes that had been subjected to methylation-controlled increases or decreases are transported by neural granules (
878:, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7Β±2 items. (Hence, the title of his famous paper,
10202:
10197:
10113:
9847:
9824:
3273:
Schacter DL, Addis DR, Buckner RL (September 2007). "Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain".
1996:
1224:
1157:
thought. It is the section of memory where we carry out thought processes and use them to learn and reason about topics.
763:
703:
50:
9732:, is now seen as making a contribution to learning by controlling the speed at which signals travel along neural wiring.
9660:
8983:"eIF2alpha phosphorylation bidirectionally regulates the switch from short- to long-term synaptic plasticity and memory"
1912:
that is followed by repair associated with persistent epigenetic alterations. In particular the DNA repair processes of
11316:
10955:
9997:
9023:
Cowan, Nelson. 1995. Attention and Memory: An Integrated Frame Network. New York:Oxford university Press, pp. 167.
1872:
1860:
1810:
has been shown to correlate with the stabilization of synaptic enlargement. The cAMP response element-binding protein (
1370:
1068:
67:
9554:
Suzuki, W.A. (2007). "Working memory: Signals in the brain". In: Roediger, H.L., Dudai, Y. and Fitzpatrick S.M., eds.
9480:"The context counts: congruent learning and testing environments prevent memory retrieval impairment following stress"
7509:"The context counts: congruent learning and testing environments prevent memory retrieval impairment following stress"
11493:
11488:
10067:
8666:
Graf P, Schacter DL (July 1985). "Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects".
8328:
6680:
Carver LJ, Bauer PJ (December 2001). "The dawning of a past: the emergence of long-term explicit memory in infancy".
5279:
Bauer PJ (2002). "Long-Term Recall Memory: Behavioral and Neuro-Developmental Changes in the First 2 Years of Life".
1685:
412:
402:
397:
9103:
Eysenck MW, Eysenck MC (May 1980). "Effects of processing depth, distinctiveness, and word frequency on retention".
2275:
found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of
2053:
of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months.
1486:β compares the speed of originally learning to the speed of relearning it. The amount of time saved measures memory.
1361:
Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past,
11371:
10340:
10265:
10222:
10207:
10057:
9343:
Ranganath C, Blumenfeld RS (August 2005). "Doubts about double dissociations between short- and long-term memory".
2104:
1581:, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are usually attributed to changes in neuronal
1205:
480:
112:
17:
7011:
11442:
10285:
10238:
9785:
7609:"Children's family income is associated with cognitive function and volume of anterior not posterior hippocampus"
2351:
were twice more likely to report that they had seen broken glass than those who had been asked the question with
1995:
The double-strand break introduced by TOP2B apparently frees the part of the promoter at an RNA polymerase-bound
1843:
1329:. It can best be summarized as remembering how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily used in learning
939:
of long-term memory is episodic memory, "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where
11584:
10828:
6548:
Barr R, Dowden A, Hayne H (1996). "Developmental changes in deferred imitation by 6- to 24-month-old infants".
5446:
2493:, which states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones. The so-called
2433:
951:
943:". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.
319:
5355:
11936:
10303:
10273:
10071:
10023:
9836:
6754:
Madsen HB, Kim JH (February 2016). "Ontogeny of memory: An update on 40 years of work on infantile amnesia".
6263:"Pausing sites of RNA polymerase II on actively transcribed genes are enriched in DNA double-stranded breaks"
5132:
3126:
2257:
1885:
play a central role in determining this capability. Key epigenetic mechanisms involved in memory include the
677:
107:
11691:
4818:
2485:: an intensive memorization in a short period of time. The spacing effect is exploited to improve memory in
946:
Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the
10876:
10777:
10664:
10277:
10253:
7939:
Loftus GR (1992). "When a lie becomes memory's truth: Memory distortion after exposure to misinformation".
7668:
5441:
Baddeley, Alan D., "The Psychology of Memory", pp. 131β132, Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1976,
3200:
2343:
into each other?" gave higher estimates than those who were asked, "How fast were the cars going when they
667:
367:
1932:
is considered to be essential for processing the information being learned. Such genes are referred to as
11686:
10212:
2229:
2023:
predominately activate genes involved in synaptic processes, that are important for learning and memory.
1657:
422:
372:
9322:
Palmere M, Benton SL, Glover JA, Ronning R (1983). "Elaboration and the recall of main ideas in prose".
7750:"Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interference"
1834:, but this storage is transient. Much of the long-term storage of the memory seems to take place in the
11002:
10927:
10760:
10257:
1977:
1913:
1209:
9865:
7845:
Schwarzel. M.& Mulluer. U., "Dynamic Memory Networks", "Cellular and Molecular Life Science", 2006
5852:
Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Katche C, Slipczuk L, Rossato JI, Goldin A, et al. (February 2008).
5156:
Rovee-Collier CK, Bhatt RS (1993). "Evidence of long-term retention in infancy". In Ross Vasta (ed.).
4209:
Clayton NS, Dickinson A (September 1998). "Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays".
2824:"Towards solving the riddle of forgetting in functional amnesia: recent advances and current opinions"
2103:
were among those showing the most significant reduction with age. There was also a marked increase in
11926:
11577:
8944:
Conrad CD (June 2010). "A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory".
7421:
Conrad CD (June 2010). "A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory".
7240:"Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases"
6530:
Handbook of research methods in developmental science: New developments in the study of infant memory
5035:
Meacham, J. A., & Leiman, B. (1982). Remembering to perform future actions. In U. Neisser (Ed.),
2552:
1835:
920:
672:
540:
382:
77:
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6154:
Li X, Marshall PR, Leighton LJ, Zajaczkowski EL, Wang Z, Madugalle SU, et al. (February 2019).
4090:
3916:"An auditory analogue of the sperling partial report procedure: Evidence for brief auditory storage"
2247:
This research on the effects of stress on memory may have practical implications for education, for
11753:
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11040:
10985:
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10790:
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10622:
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2665:
1644:
1449:
Researchers use a variety of tasks to assess older children and adults' memory. Some examples are:
1283:
1134:
1130:
72:
9950:
9804:
8697:"The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future"
5566:"Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans"
3226:"The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future"
3136:
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10052:
10047:
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2012:
1928:
During a new learning experience, a set of genes is rapidly expressed in the brain. This induced
1291:
696:
359:
33:
9967:
6824:
McIntyre JS, Craik FI (June 1987). "Age differences in memory for item and source information".
5471:
4261:
3915:
3765:"Cognitive Behavioral Performance of Untreated Depressed Patients with Mild Depressive Symptoms"
2715:, a type most frequently below conscious awareness that helps perform particular types of action
11844:
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11094:
10995:
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6471:"Profiling DNA break sites and transcriptional changes in response to contextual fear learning"
6214:
Dellino GI, Palluzzi F, Chiariello AM, Piccioni R, Bianco S, Furia L, et al. (June 2019).
4085:
2146:
2142:
2080:
2011:, to directly interact with the RNA polymerase paused at the transcription start site to start
2008:
1769:
1747:
1732:
1681:
1652:
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1586:
1542:
1142:
990:. By 2015 it had become clear that long-term memory requires gene transcription activation and
871:
744:
254:
117:
82:
8981:
Costa-Mattioli M, Gobert D, Stern E, Gamache K, Colina R, Cuello C, et al. (April 2007).
8510:
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Baldwin A, Markin VS (June 2009). "Electrical memory in Venus flytrap".
7400:
5229:"What infant memory tells us about infantile amnesia: long-term recall and deferred imitation"
2750:
2409:
and brain efficiency through simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises,
1624:
which is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the time of brain damage.
1117:
visuo-spatial sketchpad. In 2000 this model was expanded with the multimodal episodic buffer (
11894:
11859:
11639:
11624:
11366:
11149:
10864:
10750:
10722:
10707:
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10540:
10281:
10131:
8472:
Hedrich R, Neher E (March 2018). "Venus Flytrap: How an Excitable, Carnivorous Plant Works".
7976:"Imagination inflation for action events: repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections"
3022:
Spiegel DR, Smith J, Wade RR, Cherukuru N, Ursani A, Dobruskina Y, et al. (2017-10-24).
2692:
2536:
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1307:
and it is assumed some kind of perceptual representational system underlies this phenomenon.
1035:
1019:
883:
417:
387:
9278:
Nader K, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (December 2000). "The labile nature of consolidation theory".
7032:
Garofalo M, Pandini C, Bordoni M, Pansarasa O, Rey F, Costa A, et al. (December 2020).
6261:
Singh S, Szlachta K, Manukyan A, Raimer HM, Dinda M, Bekiranov S, et al. (March 2020).
5791:
4386:
Papassotiropoulos A, Wollmer MA, Aguzzi A, Hock C, Nitsch RM, de Quervain DJ (August 2005).
1987:
1908:
Stimulation of brain activity in memory formation is often accompanied by the generation of
11808:
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10607:
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10385:
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10217:
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8827:
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8554:
8545:
Stokstad E (May 2016). "PLANT SCIENCE. How the Venus flytrap acquired its taste for meat".
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6482:
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6009:
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5792:"Chapter 5 Translational control of gene expression: A molecular switch for memory storage"
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2517:, have been shown to have an influence on plants as well, including in wound responses and
2313:
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2004:
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224:
9674:
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2626:
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Working memory. Recent functional imaging studies detected working memory signals in both
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11889:
11526:
11432:
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6615:
5704:
4756:
4163:
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2697:
2213:
2112:
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Memory dysfunction can also occur after viral infections. Many patients recovering from
1976:
Such TOP2B-induced double-strand breaks are accompanied by at least four enzymes of the
11473:
11261:
11246:
11084:
11029:
11022:
10990:
10891:
10886:
10838:
10816:
10785:
10612:
10307:
10243:
10020:
9711:
9692:
9649:
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9368:
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8396:
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8310:
8298:
8226:
8170:
8143:
8124:
7956:
7921:
7881:
7856:
7823:
7806:
7787:
7722:
7695:
7641:
7608:
7489:
7446:
7315:
7290:
7266:
7239:
7212:
7187:
7121:
7094:
7070:
7033:
6989:
6941:
6931:
6914:
6895:
6779:
6627:
6505:
6470:
6446:
6421:
6402:
6343:
6318:
6289:
6262:
6243:
6180:
6155:
6128:
6101:
6077:
6052:
6033:
5982:
5890:
5853:
5767:
5740:
5642:
5546:
5401:
5374:
5304:
5253:
5228:
5124:
5066:
4976:
4933:
4865:
4730:
4646:
4621:
4594:
4569:
4545:
4520:
4496:
4471:
4452:
4242:
4191:
4147:
4130:
4111:
4053:
4028:
4009:
3896:
3848:
3823:
3799:
3764:
3740:
3715:
3691:
3666:
3647:
3604:
3556:
3531:
3512:
3459:
3400:
3365:
3341:
3298:
3250:
3225:
3150:
3099:
3074:
3050:
3023:
2999:
2972:
2948:
2923:
2899:
2874:
2850:
2823:
2702:
2670:
2173:
2032:
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It has been shown that trap closure can be blocked using uncouplers and inhibitors of
2310:
Acquisition which is the process of storage and retrieval of new information in memory
793:, is the conscious storage and recollection of data. Under declarative memory resides
11813:
11790:
11783:
11763:
11758:
11743:
11716:
11661:
11629:
11516:
11463:
11297:
11285:
11256:
11104:
10975:
10950:
10906:
10833:
10811:
10712:
10649:
10617:
10592:
10560:
10545:
10455:
10425:
10363:
10098:
9766:
9756:
9716:
9677:
9587:
9536:
9501:
9458:
9422:
9385:
9360:
9295:
9260:
9201:
9172:
9120:
9080:
9012:
8961:
8927:
8883:
8863:
8843:
8798:
8769:
8726:
8683:
8616:
8570:
8527:
8523:
8489:
8439:
8401:
8302:
8267:
8218:
8214:
8175:
8116:
8038:
7997:
7925:
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7828:
7779:
7727:
7646:
7571:
7530:
7481:
7438:
7392:
7382:
7355:
7320:
7271:
7217:
7126:
7075:
6981:
6946:
6887:
6841:
6771:
6734:
6727:
6707:
6662:
6619:
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6406:
6394:
6348:
6317:
Madabhushi R, Gao F, Pfenning AR, Pan L, Yamakawa S, Seo J, et al. (June 2015).
6294:
6247:
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5895:
5817:
5807:
5772:
5634:
5587:
5538:
5501:
5442:
5406:
5337:
5327:
5296:
5258:
5206:
5171:
5161:
5116:
5074:
5009:
4999:
4968:
4925:
4881:
4871:
4846:
4836:
4830:
4800:
4722:
4678:
4651:
4599:
4550:
4501:
4444:
4409:
4368:
4327:
4234:
4183:
4103:
4058:
4001:
3960:
3950:
3931:
3888:
3853:
3839:
3804:
3745:
3696:
3651:
3639:
3596:
3561:
3516:
3504:
3451:
3405:
3333:
3290:
3255:
3192:
3154:
3140:
3104:
3055:
3004:
2953:
2904:
2855:
2804:
2794:
2756:
2723:
2712:
2637:
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2486:
2470:
2418:
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1665:
1558:
1502:
1326:
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1235:
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1197:
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1006:
999:
865:
806:
771:
767:
748:
740:
535:
455:
443:
329:
249:
9470:
9372:
9213:
9092:
9048:
8973:
8895:
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Brain regions involved in memory formation including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)
975:
Research has suggested that long-term memory storage in humans may be maintained by
289:
11879:
11818:
11733:
11478:
11437:
11419:
11308:
11236:
11189:
11159:
11114:
10970:
10901:
10854:
10659:
10634:
10520:
10480:
10368:
9706:
9613:
9575:
9526:
9491:
9450:
9412:
9352:
9331:
9307:
9287:
9248:
9193:
9162:
9152:
9112:
9072:
9036:
9002:
8994:
8953:
8915:
8875:
8835:
8810:
8790:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8716:
8708:
8675:
8647:
8628:
8608:
8562:
8519:
8481:
8451:
8431:
8391:
8381:
8294:
8257:
8210:
8165:
8155:
8128:
8108:
8028:
7987:
7948:
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7251:
7207:
7199:
7116:
7106:
7065:
7055:
7045:
6973:
6936:
6926:
6899:
6879:
6833:
6806:
6763:
6699:
6654:
6611:
6584:
6557:
6500:
6490:
6441:
6433:
6386:
6338:
6330:
6284:
6274:
6227:
6215:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6123:
6113:
6072:
6064:
6017:
5966:
5929:
5885:
5875:
5799:
5762:
5752:
5646:
5626:
5606:
5577:
5550:
5530:
5396:
5386:
5288:
5248:
5240:
5198:
5108:
5058:
4980:
4960:
4915:
4790:
4712:
4641:
4633:
4589:
4581:
4540:
4532:
4491:
4483:
4436:
4399:
4358:
4317:
4309:
4269:
4246:
4226:
4175:
4142:
4095:
4048:
4040:
4013:
3991:
3927:
3900:
3880:
3843:
3835:
3794:
3784:
3735:
3727:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3631:
3588:
3551:
3543:
3494:
3486:
3443:
3395:
3385:
3345:
3325:
3282:
3245:
3237:
3184:
3132:
3094:
3086:
3045:
3035:
2994:
2984:
2943:
2935:
2894:
2886:
2845:
2835:
2681:
2510:
2506:
2490:
2414:
2396:
2297:
2196:
2192:
2070:
1847:
1791:
1776:
1743:
1696:
1600:. Patients with amygdala damage, however, do not show a memory enhancement effect.
1334:
1192:
1076:
987:
928:
912:
903:
887:
779:
590:
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2465:
is a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim.
11921:
11823:
11768:
11738:
11726:
11681:
11666:
11522:
11174:
11154:
11129:
11119:
11074:
11069:
10823:
10795:
10530:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10373:
10326:
10151:
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1946:
1929:
1886:
1795:
1718:
1710:
1673:
1321:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1031:
995:
976:
838:
802:
798:
794:
790:
649:
644:
545:
467:
304:
294:
264:
234:
194:
154:
102:
42:
8957:
7434:
6703:
6118:
5757:
4487:
2267:
that are released during stress cause damage to neurons that are located in the
747:
could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language, relationships, or
11554:
11340:
11241:
11205:
11099:
10697:
10644:
10470:
10440:
10420:
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2687:
2518:
2494:
2478:
2410:
2280:
2169:
1802:. On the molecular level, an increase of the postsynaptic scaffolding proteins
1669:
1603:
1338:
1337:
accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in
1182:
1103:
968:
964:
831:
775:
334:
284:
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3979:
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2302:
Making memories occurs through a three-step process, which can be enhanced by
2216:, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and
518:
11915:
11778:
11656:
11651:
11220:
11210:
11184:
11179:
11139:
11124:
11089:
11012:
10859:
10687:
10550:
10525:
10488:
10445:
10435:
10430:
10415:
10248:
10181:
10176:
10103:
9976:
9819:
9799:
9252:
8919:
8794:
8160:
7396:
7147:
6588:
6279:
5391:
5300:
5175:
5120:
5013:
3964:
3329:
2840:
2808:
2678:, a statistical property in which intertemporal dependence decays only slowly
2572:
2560:
2525:
2466:
2426:
2376:
2150:
2108:
2050:
1410:
Techniques used to assess infants' recognition memory include the following:
1374:
1346:
1295:
1027:
1023:
972:
connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.
955:
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1369:. John Meacham introduced this distinction in a paper presented at the 1975
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10922:
10737:
10692:
10679:
10669:
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8179:
8120:
8042:
7890:
7832:
7783:
7731:
7650:
7575:
7534:
7485:
7442:
7359:
7324:
7275:
7221:
7130:
7079:
6891:
6775:
6711:
6666:
6623:
6514:
6455:
6398:
6352:
6298:
6239:
6200:
6189:
6137:
6086:
6029:
5943:
5899:
5821:
5776:
5591:
5542:
5410:
5244:
4972:
4885:
4850:
4804:
4726:
4655:
4603:
4554:
4505:
4448:
4413:
4372:
4331:
4107:
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2957:
2908:
2859:
2648:
2462:
2372:
2326:
2263:
Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages.
2096:
2058:
1300:
1257:
1091:
947:
908:
613:
314:
279:
274:
239:
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5638:
5262:
5210:
5078:
4929:
4682:
4585:
4536:
4238:
4187:
3455:
3196:
856:
is a type of sensory memory that represents a database for touch stimuli.
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11671:
11634:
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10980:
10934:
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1878:
1852:
1831:
1736:
1617:
1612:
1546:
1400:
1330:
959:
736:
309:
269:
92:
11869:
6883:
4521:"DNA methylation: a permissive mark in memory formation and maintenance"
3592:
3352:
3040:
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1507:
1427:
Techniques used to assess infants' recall memory include the following:
1174:
they have seen before or to say a list of words they have heard before.
11708:
11144:
11007:
10574:
10108:
9531:
9514:
8033:
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3532:"The impact of pain upon cognition: what have rodent studies told us?"
3499:
2524:
One of the most well-studied plants to show rudimentary memory is the
2443:
to keep physically active so to promote blood circulation to the brain
1002:
was found to be a major mechanism for achieving this dual regulation.
11854:
11839:
11676:
11619:
11606:
11468:
10380:
10136:
10126:
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10082:
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9291:
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7662:
7660:
7351:
6837:
5630:
4099:
2564:
2544:
2474:
2406:
2279:. This high level of extracellular glutamate allows calcium to enter
2276:
2138:
1529:
1279:
1261:
875:
629:
559:
144:
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11864:
11773:
11569:
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5851:
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3815:
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2440:
to stay intellectually active through learning, training or reading
2100:
1827:
1608:
1578:
1554:
1550:
1059:
766:
system with explicit and implicit functioning that is made up of a
606:
585:
189:
169:
87:
7657:
4385:
4230:
2915:
1923:
1877:
Studies of the molecular basis for memory formation indicate that
11884:
11354:
10582:
10166:
6213:
5828:
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3376:(31). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: 11778β83.
2577:
2532:
2134:
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199:
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8980:
8946:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
7747:
7423:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
7095:"Non-Alzheimer's disease-related memory impairment and dementia"
5999:
5604:
5324:
Remembering the times of our lives: memory in infancy and beyond
2964:
2634:, hypothetical memory function of individual body parts or cells
1780:
11397:
10318:
10156:
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8590:
7031:
6758:. Developmental Regulation of Memory in Anxiety and Addiction.
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Much of the current knowledge of memory has come from studying
1839:
1807:
1803:
1676:
involves persistent changes in molecular structures that alter
1264:
process must call back the information. It is sometimes called
1039:
783:
639:
6153:
6051:
Duke CG, Kennedy AJ, Gavin CF, Day JJ, Sweatt JD (July 2017).
4568:
Duke CG, Kennedy AJ, Gavin CF, Day JJ, Sweatt JD (July 2017).
3707:
2640:, memory that is shared, passed on, and constructed by a group
2570:
Many other plants exhibit the capacity to remember, including
2401:
A UCLA research study published in the June 2008 issue of the
2183:. Other viruses can also elicit memory dysfunction, including
1325:) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on
11747:
11376:
10161:
9841:
6422:"The Mediator complex: a central integrator of transcription"
6368:
5798:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 169. pp. 81β95.
3421:
3419:
3161:
2556:
2303:
2212:
Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is
2084:
2075:
One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of
1937:
1882:
1752:
1680:
between neurons. Examples of such structural changes include
1015:
980:
131:
9661:"For More Effective Studying, Take Notes With Pen and Paper"
9435:
The seven sins of memory: How the mind forgets and remembers
8906:
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8284:
7338:
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5375:"A process analysis of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus"
5160:. Vol. 9. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub. pp. 1β45.
4426:
2815:
2083:. However, memory loss is qualitatively different in normal
2037:
For the inability of adults to retrieve early memories, see
1620:
and problems with memory storage. This memory loss includes
9729:
6964:
Zola-Morgan S, Squire LR (1993). "Neuroanatomy of memory".
6912:
6260:
5911:
5909:
4298:"Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions"
3756:
1811:
1784:
1765:
1213:
732:
728:
9321:
8902:
Asimov, Isaac (1979). Life and time. New York: Avon Books.
8509:
5563:
4904:"Episodic and declarative memory: role of the hippocampus"
4388:"The prion gene is associated with human long-term memory"
3416:
3217:
1415:
Visual paired comparison procedure (relies on habituation)
8014:
5464:
5417:
5348:
4701:"The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?"
4472:"The regulation of transcription in memory consolidation"
4347:"Covalent modification of DNA regulates memory formation"
3021:
2555:. After trap closure, these electrical signals stimulate
2497:
uses spatial memory to memorize non-spatial information.
716:
9561:
8015:
Garry M, Manning CG, Loftus EF, Sherman SJ (June 1996).
7607:
Decker AL, Duncan K, Finn AS, Mabbott DJ (August 2020).
6316:
5906:
5673:
5671:
4779:"Topographical disorientation: a synthesis and taxonomy"
3309:
3066:
2684:, the ability of the brain to store and recover memories
2333:
1787:
is important for the persistence of long-term memories.
32:
This article is about human memory. For other uses, see
9379:
7606:
7377:. In Postlethwaite, T. Neville, HusΓ©n, Torsten (eds.).
7237:
5789:
5738:
4950:
3366:"Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction"
2885:(6). American Psychological Association (APA): 959β72.
1149:
will not be able to engage the visuospatial sketchpad.
9558:. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 147β150.
8082:"A mouse. A laser beam. A manipulated memory." (video)
6601:
5915:
3716:"The cognitive neuroscience of human memory since H.M"
3658:
3621:
3363:
2921:
2791:
Attention and Arousal : Cognition and Performance
2079:, especially as it is one of the hallmark symptoms of
1444:
1133:
or background noise can impede the phonological loop.
986:
Further research investigated the molecular basis for
9138:
7593:(eleventh ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
7366:
5705:"Gene called Kibra plays an important role in memory"
5668:
4993:
4776:
2866:
11338:
9512:
7807:"Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance"
7547:
3272:
2970:
2821:
2587:
1978:
non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway
1821:
9562:Tyler SW, Hertel PT, McCallum MC, Ellis HC (1979).
9342:
9224:(pp. 67β87). New York & London: Routledge.
9139:Fransen E, Alonso AA, Hasselmo ME (February 2002).
7743:
7741:
6050:
4567:
3913:
3476:
1999:to physically move to its associated enhancer (see
9484:Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
7804:
7513:Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience
6796:
6726:
5687:Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences
5664:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
5155:
5149:
5085:
4901:
4302:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
3821:
3364:Foerde K, Knowlton BJ, Poldrack RA (August 2006).
2793:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
1565:, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in
9513:Schwabe L, BΓΆhringer A, Wolf OT (February 2009).
9277:
8329:"International Longevity Center report on memory"
8058:"Scientists can implant false memories into mice"
7548:Schwabe L, BΓΆhringer A, Wolf OT (February 2009).
7185:
7161:"Hyperthymesia: Definition, causes, and symptoms"
6963:
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3775:(1). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0146356.
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8586:
8584:
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7738:
6857:
6855:
6468:
5222:
5220:
5037:Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts
4832:Memory observed: remembering in natural contexts
4694:
4692:
4208:
4168:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
3024:"Transient global amnesia: current perspectives"
2973:"The remains of the day in dissociative amnesia"
1379:Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts
1005:Rats with a new, strong long-term memory due to
751:to develop. Memory loss is usually described as
8817:
7857:"Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance"
6547:
5916:Meyer D, Bonhoeffer T, Scheuss V (April 2014).
3914:Darwin CJ, Turvey MT, Crowder RG (April 1972).
3425:
3120:
3118:
1924:DNA topoisomerase 2-beta in learning and memory
1034:. At these locations the messenger RNAs can be
9981:
9102:
9029:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
8421:
8192:
8141:
7602:
7600:
7372:
7288:
5326:. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
5182:
4469:
4295:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
11585:
11324:
10334:
10019:
10005:
9026:
8694:
8581:
8098:
7696:"System consolidation of memory during sleep"
7186:Ally BA, Hussey EP, Donahue MJ (April 2013).
7008:"Memory of Time May Be Factor in Parkinson's"
6852:
6823:
6312:
6310:
6308:
5435:
5274:
5272:
5217:
5091:
4987:
4857:
4689:
4668:
4155:
4122:
3762:
3223:
2513:, a physiological response characteristic of
2164:failure of word retrieval from memory is the
1893:of neuronal DNA, as well as modifications of
1695:(MTL), a brain area strongly associated with
720:Overview of the forms and functions of memory
697:
488:
9183:
8665:
8471:
8287:The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
8049:
7973:
7903:
6419:
6254:
6207:
6099:
4822:
4770:
4615:
4613:
4561:
4512:
4463:
4344:
4202:
4026:
3938:
3713:
3167:
3115:
3072:
2455:to avoid depression or emotional instability
2003:). This allows the enhancer, with its bound
1373:annual meeting and subsequently included by
1038:into the proteins that control signaling at
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9477:
9440:
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8278:
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7693:
7666:
7597:
7506:
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6682:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
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6673:
6644:
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5101:Current Directions in Psychological Science
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3578:
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2769:
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9586:
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7550:"Stress disrupts context-dependent memory"
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9750:
9710:
9617:
9530:
9495:
9416:
9166:
9156:
9131:Fivush, Robyn and Neisser, Ulric (1994).
9006:
8763:
8720:
8395:
8385:
8261:
8169:
8159:
8055:
8032:
7991:
7880:
7822:
7773:
7721:
7711:
7640:
7565:
7524:
7337:
7314:
7265:
7255:
7211:
7120:
7110:
7069:
7059:
7049:
6940:
6930:
6753:
6724:
6693:
6504:
6494:
6445:
6413:
6342:
6288:
6278:
6179:
6149:
6147:
6127:
6117:
6076:
5933:
5889:
5879:
5869:
5766:
5756:
5581:
5400:
5390:
5252:
4919:
4794:
4716:
4669:Zlonoga B, Gerber A (February 1986). "".
4645:
4622:"DNA Methylation and Establishing Memory"
4619:
4610:
4593:
4544:
4495:
4403:
4362:
4321:
4273:
4146:
4131:"Acoustic Confusions in Immediate Memory"
4089:
4052:
3995:
3847:
3798:
3788:
3739:
3690:
3555:
3498:
3399:
3389:
3249:
3137:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012.001.0001
3098:
3049:
3039:
2998:
2988:
2947:
2898:
2849:
2839:
2489:flashcard training. Also relevant is the
2256:may improve when helped to situate their
1627:
393:Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
9632:
9059:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8862:
8544:
7289:Troyer EA, Kohn JN, Hong S (July 2020).
5956:
5233:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
5226:
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4863:
4698:
4518:
4470:Alberini CM, Kandel ER (December 2014).
4161:
3870:
3124:
2748:
2403:American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
2133:, particularly loss of memory, known as
1986:
1955:
1759:
1511:The garden of oblivion, illustration by
1506:
1356:
1107:
1058:
907:
886:. For example, in recalling a ten-digit
715:
9740:"20 Study Hacks to Improve Your Memory"
9234:
9135:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8780:
8417:
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8094:
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8090:
7588:
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4828:
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4020:
3944:
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2788:
2752:Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems
2656:, a characteristic of adaptive immunity
2095:profiles were determined for the human
1881:mechanisms operating in neurons in the
844:Three types of sensory memories exist.
14:
11914:
9737:
9728:, long considered inert insulation on
9690:
9382:Angels on Psychology: Companion Volume
8943:
8737:
8505:
8503:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
7938:
7811:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
7420:
7233:
7231:
6729:The development of memory in childhood
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6426:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
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5790:Costa-Mattioli M, Sonenberg N (2008).
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5372:
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4441:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.002
4128:
4075:
3664:
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3028:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
2755:. Cengage Learning. pp. 157β162.
2202:
2149:can also affect memory and cognition.
1177:
11573:
11312:
10322:
9993:
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9478:Schwabe L, Wolf OT (September 2009).
9062:
9057:Marking the mind: A history of memory
8783:Perspectives on Psychological Science
8740:"Memory and brain systems: 1969-2009"
8084:β the scientists' June 2013 TED talk.
7974:Goff LM, Roediger HL (January 1998).
7507:Schwabe L, Wolf OT (September 2009).
6574:
6469:Stott RT, Kritsky O, Tsai LH (2021).
6364:
6362:
5659:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5321:
5278:
5048:
4897:
4895:
4029:"Changing concepts of working memory"
3977:
3667:"Memory and brain systems: 1969β2009"
3318:Perspectives on Psychological Science
2872:
2334:Construction for general manipulation
1227:(1976) divides long-term memory into
1138:according to the word length effect.
1067:The multi-store model (also known as
11599:
9848:
9398:
8412:
8243:
8148:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
8087:
7092:
6616:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1476.x
6527:
4259:
4253:
1846:, often due to the formation of new
1528:β Memory failure due to the lack of
1393:
1216:are examples of flashbulb memories.
1048:
859:
803:Non-declarative, or implicit, memory
10203:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
10114:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
9825:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
9658:
9443:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
9384:. Cheltenham, U.K: Nelson Thornes.
8500:
8458:
7854:
7669:"Sleep Deprivation and Memory Loss"
7466:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
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4345:Miller CA, Sweatt JD (March 2007).
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3947:Psychology: the science of behavior
3732:10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113720
3714:Squire LR, Wixted JT (2011-07-21).
3529:
3236:(1481). The Royal Society: 773β86.
3128:Working Memory, Thought, and Action
1445:To assess children and older adults
1388:
897:
24:
9628:
9237:"From association to organization"
9158:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-01081.2002
9117:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1980.tb01743.x
8695:Schacter DL, Addis DR (May 2007).
8299:10.1097/01.JGP.0000219279.72210.ca
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6932:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03964.1997
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6100:Krokan HE, BjΓΈrΓ₯s M (April 2013).
5482:
5379:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
5094:"The Development of Infant Memory"
4902:Tulving E, Markowitsch HJ (1998).
4892:
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3224:Schacter DL, Addis DR (May 2007).
3073:Bauer PJ, Larkina M (2013-11-18).
2567:, allowing for digestion of prey.
2306:. The three steps are as follows:
1920:are employed in memory formation.
1873:Epigenetics in learning and memory
1861:Epigenetics in learning and memory
1371:American Psychological Association
1119:Baddeley's model of working memory
25:
11948:
10746:DeeseβRoedigerβMcDermott paradigm
9814:
9779:
9324:Journal of Educational Psychology
8021:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
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4749:"IIDRSI: topographic memory loss"
4027:Ma WJ, Husain M, Bays PM (2014).
3984:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
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3085:(8). Informa UK Limited: 907β24.
2181:COVID-19 experience memory lapses
1822:DNA methylation and demethylation
1686:spike-timing-dependent plasticity
1097:
1071:) was first described in 1968 by
1018:-induced double-strand breaks in
825:
762:Memory is often understood as an
413:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
113:Neuropsychological rehabilitation
11372:Lateralization of brain function
11291:
11279:
10348:
10298:
9959:
9942:
9925:
9908:
9891:
9874:
9857:
8538:
8524:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.03.005
8362:"Visual memory needs categories"
8353:
8321:
8237:
8215:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05443.x
8186:
8135:
8075:
8008:
7967:
7932:
7897:
7848:
7839:
7798:
7694:Born J, Wilhelm I (March 2012).
7687:
7582:
7541:
7500:
7457:
7414:
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7331:
7282:
7179:
7153:
7137:
7086:
7025:
7000:
6957:
6906:
6817:
3990:(1): 87β114, discussion 114β85.
3840:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.030
3324:(2). SAGE Publications: 142β62.
2604:
2590:
1938:DNA topoisomerase 2-beta (TOP2B)
1651:One question that is crucial in
1165:Researchers distinguish between
967:, as first gleaned from patient
517:
461:
449:
437:
49:
11443:Somatosensory evoked potentials
10299:
10239:Evolution of human intelligence
9065:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
6790:
6747:
6718:
6568:
6550:Infant Behavior and Development
6521:
6462:
6093:
6044:
5993:
5959:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
5950:
5845:
5832:
5783:
5732:
5718:
5697:
5653:
5598:
5557:
5514:
5451:
5029:
5020:
4944:
4835:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
4811:
4741:
4662:
4420:
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4289:
3907:
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3615:
3572:
3523:
3491:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.002
3470:
2928:Disease Models & Mechanisms
2207:
2160:While not a disorder, a common
2057:from behavioral neuroscientist
1903:acetylations and deacetylations
10956:AtkinsonβShiffrin memory model
10829:Memory and social interactions
8756:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3575-09.2009
8360:Olsson H, Poom L (June 2005).
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6826:Canadian Journal of Psychology
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5707:. News-medical.net. 2006-10-20
4476:Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
3726:(1). Annual Reviews: 259β288.
3683:10.1523/jneurosci.3575-09.2009
3281:(9). Springer Nature: 657β61.
2742:
2434:International Longevity Center
2405:found that people can improve
1945:of IEG genes that function in
1866:
1855:as well as enzymes of the DNA
1421:Operant conditioning technique
1303:. Visual memory can result in
1242:
1069:AtkinsonβShiffrin memory model
952:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
13:
1:
11932:Neuropsychological assessment
10304:Outline of human intelligence
10208:Multiple-intelligences theory
9837:National Institutes of Health
9738:Leyden A (January 24, 2014).
9564:"Cognitive effort and memory"
9551:. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
9105:British Journal of Psychology
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8486:10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.004
8056:Hogenboom M (July 25, 2013).
7918:10.1016/s0022-5371(74)80011-3
7295:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
7112:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/sarlt
6966:Annual Review of Neuroscience
6562:10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90015-6
5971:10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80082-1
5804:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00005-2
5741:"Synapses and memory storage"
5680:"Memory formation and belief"
4718:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
4162:Baddeley AD (November 1966).
4135:British Journal of Psychology
3720:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2749:Sherwood L (1 January 2015).
2258:memories of a traumatic event
2026:
1536:
1310:
874:(1920β2012), when working at
782:. This can be related to the
678:Parallel individuation system
403:ReyβOsterrieth complex figure
398:Miniβmental state examination
108:Neuropsychological assessment
11754:Perception as interpretation
10665:Retrieval-induced forgetting
10254:Intelligence and environment
9805:Resources in other libraries
9433:Schacter, Daniel L. (2002).
9345:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
9316:The collective memory reader
9280:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
8567:10.1126/science.352.6287.756
8101:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
7953:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10769035
7204:10.1080/13554794.2011.654225
6496:10.1371/journal.pone.0249691
5935:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.031
5523:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
4867:Language, memory, and though
4705:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
4699:Baddeley A (November 2000).
4519:Oliveira AM (October 2016).
4364:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.022
3932:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90007-2
3790:10.1371/journal.pone.0146356
3636:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000576
3275:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
3091:10.1080/09658211.2013.854806
2500:
2390:
2118:
1658:Convergence-divergence zones
1585:, thought to be mediated by
1541:Brain areas involved in the
1438:Elicited imitation technique
1432:Deferred imitation technique
1219:
1007:contextual fear conditioning
668:Numerosity adaptation effect
368:Benton Visual Retention Test
7:
10198:CattellβHornβCarroll theory
9556:Science of Memory: Concepts
9437:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
9145:The Journal of Neuroscience
8958:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.11.003
8744:The Journal of Neuroscience
7435:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.11.003
6919:The Journal of Neuroscience
6704:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.726
6160:The Journal of Neuroscience
6119:10.1101/cshperspect.a012583
5758:10.1101/cshperspect.a005751
5356:"Paired-associate learning"
5191:Developmental Psychobiology
5158:Annals of Child Development
4488:10.1101/cshperspect.a021741
3671:The Journal of Neuroscience
3131:. Oxford University Press.
2834:. Frontiers Media SA: 403.
2583:
2260:in an appropriate context.
2230:Effects of stress on memory
1826:Rats exposed to an intense
1746:with memory dysfunction in
1726:
1496:
1377:in his 1982 edited volume,
809:, or a priming phenomenon.
423:Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
373:Continuous Performance Task
10:
11953:
11003:Levels of Processing model
10928:World Memory Championships
10761:Lost in the mall technique
10608:dissociative (psychogenic)
9982:Articles related to memory
9357:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.009
9336:10.1037/0022-0663.75.6.898
9318:. Oxford University Press.
9198:10.1016/j.tins.2004.12.001
9077:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.010
8999:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.050
8880:10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.001
8738:Squire LR (October 2009).
8680:10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501
8639:
7873:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.002
7633:10.1038/s41467-020-17854-6
6756:Behavioural Brain Research
6335:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.032
5498:Introduction to Psychology
4953:Behavioural Brain Research
4260:Levy A (14 January 2021).
3885:10.1177/001872086300500103
3665:Squire LR (October 2009).
3548:10.1016/j.pain.2013.06.012
3189:10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501
2873:Smith CN (November 2014).
2458:to observe good nutrition.
2452:to keep sleep time regular
2394:
2295:
2227:
2122:
2068:
2036:
2030:
1914:non-homologous end joining
1870:
1730:
1631:
1500:
1246:
1101:
1052:
901:
863:
829:
31:
11832:
11799:
11707:
11605:
11547:
11504:
11456:
11438:Auditory evoked potential
11418:
11411:
11390:
11347:
11274:
11229:
11198:
11057:
11050:
10943:
10915:
10847:
10804:
10776:
10736:
10678:
10573:
10479:
10454:
10406:
10399:
10356:
10294:
10231:
10190:
10081:
10030:
9987:
9800:Resources in your library
9619:10.4249/scholarpedia.1747
9580:10.1037/0278-7393.5.6.607
9455:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.09.009
8613:10.1007/s00442-013-2873-7
8436:10.1007/s10339-008-0239-6
7775:10.1016/j.cub.2006.05.024
7713:10.1007/s00426-011-0335-6
7478:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.09.009
7307:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.027
7257:10.3389/fneur.2021.634827
6811:10.1037/0894-4105.9.3.304
6768:10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.030
6232:10.1038/s41588-019-0421-z
5457:Goldstein, E. B. (2014).
5227:Meltzoff AN (June 1995).
4965:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.11.012
4638:10.1177/25168657211072499
4275:10.1146/knowable-011421-3
4180:10.1080/14640746608400047
3997:10.1017/S0140525X01003922
3978:Cowan N (February 2001).
3125:Baddeley A (2007-03-15).
2223:
1836:anterior cingulate cortex
1598:memory enhancement effect
1454:Paired associate learning
992:de novo protein synthesis
921:Thomas Jefferson Building
880:"The Magical Number 7Β±2."
673:Approximate number system
383:Hayling and Brixton tests
78:Cognitive neuropsychology
11041:The Seven Sins of Memory
10986:Intermediate-term memory
10791:Indirect tests of memory
10768:Recovered-memory therapy
10718:Misattribution of memory
9833:Memory-related resources
9691:Fields RD (March 2020).
9253:10.1177/0963721411414656
9243:(Submitted manuscript).
8920:10.1177/1354067X09353212
8908:Culture & Psychology
8795:10.1177/1745691610362350
8161:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00024
7165:www.medicalnewstoday.com
7093:Arlt S (December 2013).
6589:10.1016/j.dr.2004.08.003
6280:10.1074/jbc.RA119.011665
5842:" Speak Memory, 210β223.
5392:10.3389/fncel.2013.00078
5092:Rovee-Collier C (1999).
4796:10.1093/brain/122.9.1613
4392:Human Molecular Genetics
3624:Behavioural Pharmacology
3330:10.1177/1745691610362350
2841:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00403
2735:
2666:Intermediate-term memory
2291:
2214:retroactive interference
2064:
1997:transcription start site
1160:
1135:Articulatory suppression
1112:The working memory model
764:informational processing
73:Clinical neuropsychology
11875:Relational frame theory
11850:Higher nervous activity
11448:Visual evoked potential
10728:Source-monitoring error
9755:. New York: Doubleday.
9186:Trends in Neurosciences
9055:Danziger, Kurt (2008).
8868:Trends in Neurosciences
8840:10.1126/science.2296719
8474:Trends in Plant Science
8387:10.1073/pnas.0500810102
7861:Trends in Neurosciences
6725:Cowan, N., ed. (1997).
6391:10.1126/science.1127196
6022:10.1126/science.1094804
5881:10.1073/pnas.0711863105
5476:Encyclopædia Britannica
5429:Encyclopædia Britannica
5360:Encyclopædia Britannica
5293:10.1111/1467-8721.00186
5113:10.1111/1467-8721.00019
3448:10.1126/science.2296719
3391:10.1073/pnas.0602659103
2990:10.3390/brainsci2020101
2828:Frontiers in Psychology
2168:phenomenon. Those with
1851:concert, including the
1383:remembering to remember
1292:Autobiographical memory
34:Memory (disambiguation)
11845:Experiential avoidance
11532:Long-term potentiation
11484:Postsynaptic potential
11428:Bereitschaftspotential
11135:George Armitage Miller
11095:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
9659:Eck A (June 3, 2014).
9653:
8713:10.1098/rstb.2007.2087
8244:Sara SJ (2000-03-01).
7980:Memory & Cognition
7855:Lee JL (August 2009).
7700:Psychological Research
7591:Physiology of Behavior
7375:"Transfer of learning"
7244:Frontiers in Neurology
6102:"Base excision repair"
5605:Cahill L, Babinsky R,
5472:"Recognition (memory)"
5245:10.1006/jecp.1995.1023
3834:. Elsevier BV: 20β32.
3581:Acta Neuropsychiatrica
3242:10.1098/rstb.2007.2087
2983:(2). MDPI AG: 101β29.
2553:voltage-gated channels
2218:proactive interference
1992:
1961:
1910:damage in neuronal DNA
1770:long-term potentiation
1733:Long-term potentiation
1682:long-term potentiation
1653:cognitive neuroscience
1634:Cognitive neuroscience
1628:Cognitive neuroscience
1587:long-term potentiation
1543:neuroanatomy of memory
1515:
1230:declarative (explicit)
1143:visuospatial sketchpad
1113:
1064:
931:
915:'s 1896 illustration,
727:is the faculty of the
721:
255:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
118:Traumatic brain injury
83:Cognitive neuroscience
11860:Ironic process theory
11625:Cognitive flexibility
11367:Intracranial pressure
11298:Philosophy portal
11286:Psychology portal
11150:Henry L. Roediger III
10751:False memory syndrome
10723:Misinformation effect
10703:Imagination inflation
10132:Intelligence quotient
9672:Fernyhough C (2013).
9647:
9519:Learning & Memory
9405:Learning & Memory
8250:Learning & Memory
7613:Nature Communications
7554:Learning & Memory
6604:Psychological Science
6069:10.1101/lm.045112.117
6057:Learning & Memory
5662:Biological psychology
5570:Learning & Memory
4632:: 25168657211072499.
4586:10.1101/lm.045112.117
4537:10.1101/lm.042739.116
4262:"Memory, the mystery"
2693:Mnemonic major system
2537:eastern United States
2362:misinformation effect
2254:post-traumatic stress
2005:transcription factors
1990:
1959:
1934:immediate early genes
1760:Genetic underpinnings
1678:synaptic transmission
1510:
1490:Implicit-memory tasks
1357:By temporal direction
1236:procedural (implicit)
1111:
1062:
1020:immediate early genes
911:
719:
456:Philosophy portal
444:Psychology portal
418:Wechsler Memory Scale
388:Lexical Decision Task
11937:Sources of knowledge
11537:Long-term depression
11512:Axoplasmic transport
10655:Motivated forgetting
10218:Three-stratum theory
9751:Ranganath C (2024).
9497:10.3758/CABN.9.3.229
8938:Chapouthier, Georges
8424:Cognitive Processing
7526:10.3758/CABN.9.3.229
7340:Psychological Review
7150:, February 16. 2008.
7051:10.3390/ijms21249500
6577:Developmental Review
4864:Anderson JR (1976).
4620:Bernstein C (2022).
4314:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11
4078:Psychological Review
3920:Cognitive Psychology
2654:Immunological memory
2249:eyewitness testimony
2155:Korsakoff's syndrome
1918:base excision repair
1857:base excision repair
1816:transcription factor
1800:postsynaptic density
1693:medial temporal lobe
1591:long-term depression
1563:declarative learning
1513:Ephraim Moses Lilien
1405:operant conditioning
1365:, or in the future,
1363:retrospective memory
1184:Topographical memory
1055:Memory consolidation
919:, now housed in the
511:Cognitive psychology
11890:Thought suppression
11527:Synaptic plasticity
11519:/Nerve regeneration
11165:Arthur P. Shimamura
11065:Richard C. Atkinson
10882:Effects of exercise
10756:Memory implantation
10640:Interference theory
10556:Selective retention
10536:Meaningful learning
10191:Models and theories
9698:Scientific American
9610:2008SchpJ...3.1747E
8832:1990Sci...247..301T
8605:2014Oecol.175...63G
8559:2016Sci...352..756S
8512:Bioelectrochemistry
8378:2005PNAS..102.8776O
8207:2010NYASA1191...27N
7766:2006CBio...16.1290E
7667:Karriem-Norwood V.
7625:2020NatCo..11.4040D
6884:10.1038/nature02661
6876:2004Natur.429..883L
6487:2021PLoSO..1649691S
6383:2006Sci...312.1798J
6014:2004Sci...304..881F
5871:2008PNAS..105.2711B
5623:1995Natur.377..295C
5461:. Nelson Education.
4789:(Pt 9): 1613β1628.
4753:Med.univ-rennes1.fr
4223:1998Natur.395..272C
4033:Nature Neuroscience
3945:Carlson NR (2010).
3781:2016PLoSO..1146356L
3677:(41): 12711β12716.
3593:10.1017/neu.2013.47
3440:1990Sci...247..301T
3382:2006PNAS..10311778F
3041:10.2147/ndt.s130710
2698:Photographic memory
2203:Influencing factors
2147:Parkinson's disease
2143:Alzheimer's disease
2081:Alzheimer's disease
2001:regulatory sequence
1897:proteins including
1748:Alzheimer's disease
1648:(Moscovitch 2007).
1256:requires conscious
1178:By information type
925:Library of Congress
659:Numerical cognition
551:Pattern recognition
468:Medicine portal
160:Executive functions
11474:Membrane potential
11339:Physiology of the
11262:Andriy Slyusarchuk
11085:Hermann Ebbinghaus
10991:Involuntary memory
10892:Memory improvement
10877:Effects of alcohol
10839:Transactive memory
10817:Politics of memory
10786:Exceptional memory
10244:Heritability of IQ
10021:Human intelligence
9654:
9650:Radboud University
9547:Semon, R. (1904).
9532:10.1101/lm.1257509
9235:Mandler G (2011).
8034:10.3758/bf03212420
7993:10.3758/bf03211367
7589:Carlson N (2013).
7567:10.1101/lm.1257509
6377:(5781): 1798β802.
5583:10.1101/lm.4.3.291
5373:Kesner RP (2013).
4829:Neisser U (1982).
4405:10.1093/hmg/ddi228
2940:10.1242/dmm.035055
2891:10.1037/neu0000117
2789:Eysenck M (2012).
2703:Politics of memory
2671:Involuntary memory
2407:cognitive function
2174:lobes of the brain
2141:disorders such as
2033:Memory development
1993:
1962:
1622:retrograde amnesia
1516:
1478:Detection paradigm
1367:prospective memory
1254:Declarative memory
1249:Declarative memory
1193:Flashbulb memories
1114:
1065:
932:
813:is the process of
722:
541:Object recognition
180:Motor coordination
11909:
11908:
11903:
11902:
11662:Critical thinking
11630:Cognitive liberty
11567:
11566:
11563:
11562:
11517:Neuroregeneration
11464:Neurotransmission
11306:
11305:
11270:
11269:
11257:Cosmos Rossellius
11105:Marcia K. Johnson
10976:Exosomatic memory
10961:Context-dependent
10951:Absent-mindedness
10834:Memory conformity
10812:Collective memory
10713:Memory conformity
10650:Memory inhibition
10569:
10568:
10561:Tip of the tongue
10316:
10315:
10232:Areas of research
10182:Visual processing
10099:Cognitive liberty
9786:Library resources
9762:978-0-385-54863-2
9683:978-0-06-223789-7
9676:. HarperCollins.
9645:
9418:10.1101/lm.7.2.73
9391:978-0-7487-9463-8
8430:(Suppl 1): S3-7.
8263:10.1101/lm.7.2.73
7388:978-0-08-041046-3
6870:(6994): 883β991.
6740:978-0-86377-495-9
6659:10.1080/741944070
6273:(12): 3990β4000.
5813:978-0-444-53164-3
5796:Essence of Memory
5678:Tzofit O (2014).
5660:Kalat JW (2001).
5507:978-1-133-95660-0
5496:Kalat JW (2013).
5425:"Recall (memory)"
5333:978-0-8058-5733-7
5322:Bauer PJ (2007).
5167:978-1-85302-219-7
5051:Child Development
5005:978-1-4292-3719-2
4877:978-0-470-15187-7
4842:978-0-7167-1372-2
4626:Epigenet Insights
4398:(15): 2241β2246.
4266:Knowable Magazine
4217:(6699): 272β274.
4129:Conrad R (1964).
3956:978-0-205-68557-8
3542:(12): 2603β2605.
3146:978-0-19-852801-2
2800:978-3-642-68390-9
2762:978-1-305-44551-2
2724:Short-term memory
2713:Procedural memory
2638:Collective memory
2598:Psychology portal
2511:Action potentials
2507:neurotransmitters
2487:spaced repetition
2471:Cosmos Rossellius
2241:SECPT stress test
2166:tip-of-the-tongue
2039:Childhood amnesia
2020:fear conditioning
2009:mediator proteins
1715:Short-term memory
1701:prefrontal cortex
1559:mammillary bodies
1526:Absent-mindedness
1503:Eyewitness memory
1394:To assess infants
1327:implicit learning
1317:procedural memory
1202:President Kennedy
1198:episodic memories
1131:Irrelevant speech
1084:procedural memory
1063:Multi-store model
1049:Multi-store model
1000:DNA demethylation
876:Bell Laboratories
866:Short-term memory
860:Short-term memory
807:procedural memory
768:sensory processor
749:personal identity
714:
713:
505:
504:
337:("H.M.", patient)
330:Hans-Lukas Teuber
250:Elkhonon Goldberg
16:(Redirected from
11944:
11927:Mental processes
11600:Mental processes
11594:
11587:
11580:
11571:
11570:
11479:Action potential
11457:Other short term
11420:Evoked potential
11416:
11415:
11333:
11326:
11319:
11310:
11309:
11296:
11295:
11294:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11237:Jonathan Hancock
11190:Robert Stickgold
11160:Richard Shiffrin
11115:Elizabeth Loftus
11055:
11054:
10971:Childhood memory
10778:Research methods
10660:Repressed memory
10635:Forgetting curve
10623:transient global
10494:Autobiographical
10404:
10403:
10343:
10336:
10329:
10320:
10319:
10302:
10301:
10223:Triarchic theory
10014:
10007:
10000:
9991:
9990:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9971:from Wikiversity
9964:
9963:
9962:
9955:
9947:
9946:
9945:
9938:
9930:
9929:
9928:
9921:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9904:
9896:
9895:
9894:
9887:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9870:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9850:
9829:
9774:
9747:
9734:
9714:
9687:
9668:
9646:
9623:
9621:
9583:
9544:
9534:
9509:
9499:
9474:
9430:
9420:
9399:Sara SJ (2000).
9395:
9376:
9339:
9311:
9292:10.1038/35044580
9264:
9217:
9180:
9170:
9160:
9128:
9096:
9052:
9020:
9010:
8977:
8931:
8899:
8859:
8814:
8777:
8767:
8734:
8724:
8707:(1481): 773β86.
8691:
8633:
8632:
8588:
8579:
8578:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8507:
8498:
8497:
8469:
8456:
8455:
8419:
8410:
8409:
8399:
8389:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8340:
8334:. Archived from
8333:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8265:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8173:
8163:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8096:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8036:
8012:
8006:
8005:
7995:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7884:
7852:
7846:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7826:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7777:
7745:
7736:
7735:
7725:
7715:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7664:
7655:
7654:
7644:
7604:
7595:
7594:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7569:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7528:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7399:. Archived from
7370:
7364:
7363:
7352:10.1037/h0044616
7335:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7269:
7259:
7235:
7226:
7225:
7215:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7157:
7151:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7053:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7004:
6998:
6997:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6859:
6850:
6849:
6838:10.1037/h0084154
6821:
6815:
6814:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6732:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6697:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6545:
6534:
6533:
6528:Teti DM (2005).
6525:
6519:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6449:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6346:
6314:
6303:
6302:
6292:
6282:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6226:(6): 1011β1023.
6211:
6205:
6204:
6193:
6183:
6151:
6142:
6141:
6131:
6121:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6048:
6042:
6041:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5937:
5913:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5883:
5873:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5631:10.1038/377295a0
5602:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5493:
5480:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5449:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5404:
5394:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5256:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5131:. Archived from
5098:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5046:
5040:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4923:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4826:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4755:. Archived from
4745:
4739:
4738:
4720:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4649:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4435:(9): 2389β2402.
4429:Neuropsychologia
4424:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4100:10.1037/h0043158
4093:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3999:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3502:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3393:
3361:
3350:
3349:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3199:. Archived from
3174:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2786:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2682:Long-term memory
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2528:. Native to the
2491:Zeigarnik effect
2449:to reduce stress
2419:stress reduction
2415:physical fitness
2397:Improving memory
2298:Sleep and memory
2131:memory disorders
2109:oxidative damage
2071:Memory and aging
1848:5-methylcytosine
1779:(PKC), known as
1777:protein kinase C
1697:long-term memory
1567:emotional memory
1389:Study techniques
1032:dendritic spines
988:long-term memory
942:
929:Washington, D.C.
913:Olin Levi Warner
904:Long-term memory
898:Long-term memory
888:telephone number
872:George A. Miller
789:Declarative, or
780:long-term memory
706:
699:
692:
546:Face recognition
521:
507:
506:
497:
490:
483:
466:
465:
464:
454:
453:
452:
442:
441:
440:
362:
346:
338:
245:Norman Geschwind
225:Arthur L. Benton
214:
165:Natural language
134:
62:
53:
39:
38:
21:
18:Memory retention
11952:
11951:
11947:
11946:
11945:
11943:
11942:
11941:
11912:
11911:
11910:
11905:
11904:
11899:
11828:
11795:
11703:
11682:Problem solving
11667:Decision-making
11601:
11598:
11568:
11559:
11543:
11523:Neuroplasticity
11500:
11452:
11407:
11386:
11343:
11337:
11307:
11302:
11292:
11290:
11280:
11278:
11266:
11247:Dominic O'Brien
11225:
11194:
11175:Susumu Tonegawa
11155:Daniel Schacter
11130:Eleanor Maguire
11120:Geoffrey Loftus
11075:Stephen J. Ceci
11070:Robert A. Bjork
11046:
10965:state-dependent
10939:
10911:
10843:
10824:Cultural memory
10800:
10796:Memory disorder
10772:
10732:
10674:
10565:
10475:
10450:
10395:
10352:
10347:
10317:
10312:
10290:
10227:
10186:
10152:Problem solving
10086:
10077:
10026:
10018:
9983:
9975:
9965:
9960:
9958:
9948:
9943:
9941:
9937:from Wikisource
9931:
9926:
9924:
9914:
9909:
9907:
9897:
9892:
9890:
9880:
9875:
9873:
9869:from Wiktionary
9863:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9849:sister projects
9846:at Knowledge's
9811:
9810:
9809:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9777:
9763:
9684:
9633:
9631:
9629:Further reading
9626:
9392:
9271:. London: Sage.
8826:(4940): 301β6.
8750:(41): 12711β6.
8642:
8637:
8636:
8589:
8582:
8543:
8539:
8508:
8501:
8470:
8459:
8420:
8413:
8372:(24): 8776β80.
8358:
8354:
8344:
8342:
8341:on 19 July 2007
8338:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8283:
8279:
8242:
8238:
8191:
8187:
8140:
8136:
8113:10.1038/nrn2090
8097:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8064:
8054:
8050:
8013:
8009:
7972:
7968:
7937:
7933:
7902:
7898:
7853:
7849:
7844:
7840:
7803:
7799:
7754:Current Biology
7746:
7739:
7692:
7688:
7678:
7676:
7665:
7658:
7605:
7598:
7587:
7583:
7546:
7542:
7505:
7501:
7462:
7458:
7419:
7415:
7406:
7404:
7389:
7371:
7367:
7336:
7332:
7287:
7283:
7236:
7229:
7184:
7180:
7170:
7168:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7142:
7138:
7091:
7087:
7030:
7026:
7017:
7015:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6962:
6958:
6925:(10): 3964β79.
6911:
6907:
6860:
6853:
6822:
6818:
6799:Neuropsychology
6795:
6791:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6723:
6719:
6695:10.1.1.130.4890
6678:
6674:
6643:
6639:
6600:
6596:
6573:
6569:
6546:
6537:
6526:
6522:
6481:(7): e0249691.
6467:
6463:
6438:10.1038/nrm3951
6418:
6414:
6367:
6360:
6329:(7): 1592β605.
6315:
6306:
6259:
6255:
6220:Nature Genetics
6212:
6208:
6195:(Erratum:
6194:
6152:
6145:
6098:
6094:
6049:
6045:
6008:(5672): 881β3.
5998:
5994:
5955:
5951:
5914:
5907:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5814:
5788:
5784:
5737:
5733:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5682:
5676:
5669:
5658:
5654:
5617:(6547): 295β6.
5603:
5599:
5562:
5558:
5535:10.1038/nrn1825
5519:
5515:
5508:
5494:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5456:
5452:
5440:
5436:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5371:
5367:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5334:
5320:
5316:
5277:
5270:
5225:
5218:
5187:
5183:
5168:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5063:10.2307/1127955
5047:
5043:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5006:
4992:
4988:
4949:
4945:
4900:
4893:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4843:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4812:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4711:(11): 417β423.
4697:
4690:
4667:
4663:
4618:
4611:
4566:
4562:
4531:(10): 587β593.
4517:
4513:
4468:
4464:
4425:
4421:
4384:
4380:
4343:
4339:
4294:
4290:
4280:
4278:
4258:
4254:
4207:
4203:
4160:
4156:
4127:
4123:
4091:10.1.1.308.8071
4074:
4070:
4045:10.1038/nn.3655
4025:
4021:
3976:
3972:
3957:
3943:
3939:
3912:
3908:
3869:
3865:
3820:
3816:
3761:
3757:
3712:
3708:
3663:
3659:
3620:
3616:
3577:
3573:
3530:Low LA (2013).
3528:
3524:
3475:
3471:
3434:(4940): 301β6.
3424:
3417:
3362:
3353:
3314:
3310:
3287:10.1038/nrn2213
3271:
3267:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3147:
3123:
3116:
3071:
3067:
3020:
3016:
2969:
2965:
2920:
2916:
2879:Neuropsychology
2871:
2867:
2820:
2816:
2801:
2787:
2770:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2708:Prenatal memory
2660:Implicit memory
2644:Explicit memory
2621:Adaptive memory
2612:Medicine portal
2610:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2503:
2399:
2393:
2336:
2300:
2294:
2265:Glucocorticoids
2232:
2226:
2210:
2205:
2197:influenza virus
2127:
2125:Memory disorder
2121:
2073:
2067:
2042:
2035:
2029:
1947:neuroplasticity
1930:gene expression
1926:
1875:
1869:
1824:
1796:dendritic spine
1762:
1739:
1729:
1711:reconsolidation
1674:episodic memory
1636:
1630:
1539:
1505:
1499:
1447:
1396:
1391:
1359:
1341:depends on the
1322:implicit memory
1313:
1276:episodic memory
1272:semantic memory
1267:explicit memory
1260:, in that some
1251:
1245:
1222:
1180:
1163:
1106:
1100:
1057:
1051:
996:DNA methylation
977:DNA methylation
940:
906:
900:
868:
862:
839:George Sperling
834:
828:
799:episodic memory
791:explicit memory
710:
650:Problem solving
645:Decision making
501:
472:
462:
460:
450:
448:
438:
436:
428:
427:
363:
358:
351:
350:
344:
336:
335:Henry Molaison
325:Roger W. Sperry
320:Mark Rosenzweig
305:Karl H. Pribram
295:Alexander Luria
265:Kenneth Heilman
235:Antonio Damasio
215:
212:
205:
204:
195:Problem solving
155:Decision making
135:
132:Brain functions
130:
123:
122:
103:Neurophysiology
63:
60:
43:Neuropsychology
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11950:
11940:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11907:
11906:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11870:Mental fatigue
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11836:
11834:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11805:
11803:
11797:
11796:
11794:
11793:
11788:
11787:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11741:
11736:
11731:
11730:
11729:
11719:
11713:
11711:
11705:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11696:
11695:
11694:
11689:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11643:
11642:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11611:
11609:
11603:
11602:
11597:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11574:
11565:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11555:Myelinogenesis
11551:
11549:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11534:
11520:
11514:
11508:
11506:
11502:
11501:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11496:
11491:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11460:
11458:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11424:
11422:
11413:
11409:
11408:
11406:
11405:
11400:
11394:
11392:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11351:
11349:
11345:
11344:
11341:nervous system
11336:
11335:
11328:
11321:
11313:
11304:
11303:
11301:
11300:
11288:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11242:Paul R. McHugh
11239:
11233:
11231:
11227:
11226:
11224:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11100:Ivan Izquierdo
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11061:
11059:
11052:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11044:
11037:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10999:
10998:
10988:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10958:
10953:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10932:
10931:
10930:
10919:
10917:
10913:
10912:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10867:
10857:
10851:
10849:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10820:
10819:
10808:
10806:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10782:
10780:
10774:
10773:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10753:
10748:
10742:
10740:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10698:Hindsight bias
10695:
10690:
10684:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10645:Memory erasure
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10626:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10603:post-traumatic
10600:
10595:
10590:
10579:
10577:
10571:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10541:Personal-event
10538:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10496:
10491:
10485:
10483:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10473:
10471:Working memory
10468:
10460:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10443:
10441:Motor learning
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10412:
10410:
10401:
10397:
10396:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10360:
10358:
10357:Basic concepts
10354:
10353:
10346:
10345:
10338:
10331:
10323:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10310:
10295:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10288:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10228:
10226:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10194:
10192:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10090:
10088:
10087:and constructs
10079:
10078:
10076:
10075:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10034:
10032:
10028:
10027:
10017:
10016:
10009:
10002:
9994:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9974:
9973:
9956:
9954:from Wikibooks
9939:
9922:
9920:from Wikiquote
9905:
9888:
9871:
9842:
9840:
9839:
9830:
9808:
9807:
9802:
9796:
9795:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9780:External links
9778:
9776:
9775:
9761:
9748:
9735:
9688:
9682:
9669:
9655:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9590:(2008-03-26).
9584:
9574:(6): 607β617.
9559:
9552:
9545:
9510:
9475:
9438:
9431:
9396:
9390:
9377:
9340:
9330:(6): 898β907.
9319:
9312:
9275:
9272:
9265:
9247:(4): 232β235.
9232:
9228:
9225:
9218:
9181:
9151:(3): 1081β97.
9136:
9129:
9100:
9097:
9060:
9053:
9035:(6): 671β684.
9024:
9021:
8993:(1): 195β206.
8978:
8941:
8935:
8932:
8903:
8900:
8860:
8815:
8778:
8735:
8692:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8654:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8580:
8537:
8499:
8480:(3): 220β234.
8457:
8411:
8352:
8320:
8277:
8236:
8185:
8134:
8086:
8074:
8048:
8007:
7966:
7947:(4): 121β123.
7931:
7912:(5): 585β589.
7896:
7847:
7838:
7797:
7760:(13): 1290β4.
7737:
7706:(2): 192β203.
7686:
7656:
7596:
7581:
7540:
7499:
7456:
7413:
7387:
7365:
7330:
7281:
7227:
7198:(2): 166β181.
7178:
7152:
7136:
7105:(4): 465β473.
7085:
7024:
6999:
6956:
6905:
6851:
6816:
6805:(3): 304β312.
6789:
6762:(Pt A): 4β14.
6746:
6739:
6717:
6672:
6637:
6594:
6583:(4): 347β373.
6567:
6556:(2): 159β170.
6535:
6520:
6461:
6412:
6358:
6304:
6253:
6206:
6166:(6): 970β983.
6143:
6112:(4): a012583.
6092:
6063:(7): 278β288.
6043:
5992:
5949:
5905:
5844:
5831:
5812:
5782:
5751:(6): a005751.
5731:
5717:
5696:
5667:
5652:
5607:Markowitsch HJ
5597:
5576:(3): 291β300.
5556:
5513:
5506:
5481:
5463:
5450:
5434:
5416:
5365:
5347:
5332:
5314:
5287:(4): 137β141.
5268:
5239:(3): 497β515.
5216:
5181:
5166:
5148:
5084:
5041:
5028:
5019:
5004:
4986:
4943:
4914:(3): 198β204.
4891:
4876:
4856:
4841:
4821:
4810:
4769:
4740:
4688:
4677:(7): 171β172.
4661:
4609:
4580:(7): 278β288.
4560:
4511:
4482:(1): a021741.
4462:
4419:
4378:
4357:(6): 857β869.
4337:
4288:
4252:
4201:
4174:(4): 302β309.
4154:
4121:
4068:
4039:(3): 347β356.
4019:
3970:
3955:
3937:
3926:(2): 255β267.
3906:
3863:
3814:
3755:
3706:
3657:
3630:(8): 707β715.
3614:
3587:(4): 195β201.
3571:
3522:
3485:(3): 385β404.
3479:Prog Neurobiol
3469:
3415:
3351:
3308:
3265:
3216:
3160:
3145:
3114:
3065:
3014:
2977:Brain Sciences
2963:
2914:
2865:
2814:
2799:
2768:
2761:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2729:Working memory
2726:
2721:
2719:Sensory memory
2716:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Method of loci
2685:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2601:
2585:
2582:
2559:production of
2519:photosynthesis
2502:
2499:
2495:Method of loci
2479:spacing effect
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2411:healthy eating
2395:Main article:
2392:
2389:
2335:
2332:
2327:false memories
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2296:Main article:
2293:
2290:
2281:NMDA receptors
2228:Main article:
2225:
2222:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2170:anomic aphasia
2123:Main article:
2120:
2117:
2097:frontal cortex
2069:Main article:
2066:
2063:
2031:Main article:
2028:
2025:
1925:
1922:
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1823:
1820:
1761:
1758:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1704:
1689:
1670:working memory
1668:. Encoding of
1640:representation
1632:Main article:
1629:
1626:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1484:Savings method
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1358:
1355:
1339:motor learning
1312:
1309:
1247:Main article:
1244:
1241:
1221:
1218:
1179:
1176:
1162:
1159:
1104:Working memory
1102:Main article:
1099:
1098:Working memory
1096:
1050:
1047:
1024:messenger RNAs
969:Henry Molaison
965:attention span
902:Main article:
899:
896:
864:Main article:
861:
858:
832:Sensory memory
830:Main article:
827:
826:Sensory memory
824:
778:) memory, and
712:
711:
709:
708:
701:
694:
686:
683:
682:
681:
680:
675:
670:
662:
661:
655:
654:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
624:
623:
617:
616:
610:
609:
603:
602:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
570:
569:
563:
562:
556:
555:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
530:
529:
523:
522:
514:
513:
503:
502:
500:
499:
492:
485:
477:
474:
473:
471:
470:
458:
446:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
364:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
340:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Rodolfo LlinΓ‘s
287:
285:Benjamin Libet
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:Donald O. Hebb
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11949:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11896:
11893:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11881:
11878:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
11863:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11837:
11835:
11831:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11809:Consolidation
11807:
11806:
11804:
11802:
11798:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11749:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11735:
11732:
11728:
11725:
11724:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11657:Consciousness
11655:
11653:
11652:Comprehension
11650:
11648:
11645:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11608:
11604:
11595:
11590:
11588:
11583:
11581:
11576:
11575:
11572:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11546:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11524:
11521:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11503:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11417:
11414:
11410:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11391:Primarily PNS
11389:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11353:
11352:
11350:
11348:Primarily CNS
11346:
11342:
11334:
11329:
11327:
11322:
11320:
11315:
11314:
11311:
11299:
11289:
11287:
11277:
11276:
11273:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11222:
11221:Clive Wearing
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11185:Endel Tulving
11183:
11181:
11180:Anne Treisman
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11140:Brenda Milner
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11125:James McGaugh
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11090:Sigmund Freud
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11062:
11060:
11056:
11053:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11034:retrospective
11031:
11028:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11013:Muscle memory
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10966:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10942:
10936:
10933:
10929:
10926:
10925:
10924:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10914:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10862:
10861:
10860:Art of memory
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10818:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10775:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10743:
10741:
10739:
10735:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10708:Memory biases
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10688:Confabulation
10686:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10680:Memory errors
10677:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10598:post-hypnotic
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10551:Rote learning
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10526:Hyperthymesia
10524:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10489:Active recall
10487:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10478:
10472:
10469:
10466:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10453:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10409:
10405:
10402:
10398:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10386:Consolidation
10384:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10344:
10339:
10337:
10332:
10330:
10325:
10324:
10321:
10309:
10305:
10297:
10296:
10293:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10271:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10249:Psychometrics
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10189:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10177:Understanding
10175:
10172:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10104:Communication
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10084:
10080:
10073:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10029:
10025:
10022:
10015:
10010:
10008:
10003:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9986:
9979:
9970:
9969:
9957:
9953:
9952:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9923:
9919:
9918:
9906:
9903:from Wikinews
9902:
9901:
9889:
9885:
9884:
9872:
9868:
9867:
9855:
9854:
9851:
9845:
9838:
9834:
9831:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9812:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9758:
9754:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9722:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9685:
9679:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9657:
9656:
9651:
9620:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9560:
9557:
9553:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9490:(3): 229β36.
9489:
9485:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9439:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9397:
9393:
9387:
9383:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9351:(8): 374β80.
9350:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9320:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9281:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9233:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9111:(2): 263β74.
9110:
9106:
9101:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9030:
9025:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9009:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8952:(5): 742β55.
8951:
8947:
8942:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8789:(2): 142β62.
8788:
8784:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8674:(3): 501β18.
8673:
8669:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8587:
8585:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8553:(6287): 756.
8552:
8548:
8541:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8504:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8462:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8416:
8407:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8356:
8337:
8330:
8324:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8293:(6): 538β45.
8292:
8288:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8189:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8107:(4): 262β75.
8106:
8102:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8083:
8078:
8063:
8059:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8027:(2): 208β14.
8026:
8022:
8018:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7900:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7867:(8): 413β20.
7866:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7817:(5): 553β67.
7816:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7742:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7690:
7674:
7670:
7663:
7661:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7603:
7601:
7592:
7585:
7577:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7544:
7536:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7519:(3): 229β36.
7518:
7514:
7510:
7503:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7460:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7429:(5): 742β55.
7428:
7424:
7417:
7403:on 2008-12-03
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7234:
7232:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7167:. 9 June 2020
7166:
7162:
7156:
7149:
7148:New Scientist
7145:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7028:
7014:on 2019-01-22
7013:
7009:
7003:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6909:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6856:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6832:(2): 175β92.
6831:
6827:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6750:
6742:
6736:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6688:(4): 726β45.
6687:
6683:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6653:(2): 147β74.
6652:
6648:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6610:(6): 629β35.
6609:
6605:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6531:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6465:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6432:(3): 155β66.
6431:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6363:
6354:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6148:
6139:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5928:(2): 430β43.
5927:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5864:(7): 2711β6.
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5835:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5721:
5706:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5138:on 2003-07-21
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5032:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4825:
4819:
4814:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4759:on 2013-04-30
4758:
4754:
4750:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:10.1038/26216
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3873:Human Factors
3867:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3206:on 2021-10-26
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:(3): 501β18.
3182:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Animal memory
2625:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2602:
2599:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:Mimosa pudica
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:jasmonic acid
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:Venus flytrap
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:using visual
2472:
2468:
2467:Rote learning
2464:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2427:art of memory
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:schizophrenia
2374:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2331:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Consolidation
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:Hyperthymesia
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:transcription
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2051:dentate gyrus
2046:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2013:transcription
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:demethylation
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1859:pathway (see
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:downregulated
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:axonal bouton
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:Consolidation
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:Ulric Neisser
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:basal ganglia
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:unconsciously
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1315:In contrast,
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1296:Visual memory
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:assassination
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1092:brain damaged
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:messenger RNP
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
957:
956:parietal lobe
953:
949:
944:
936:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
895:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
857:
855:
854:Haptic memory
851:
850:Echoic memory
847:
846:Iconic memory
842:
840:
833:
823:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
753:forgetfulness
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
687:
685:
684:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:
660:
657:
656:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
622:
619:
618:
615:
612:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:Metacognition
598:
597:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
571:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
557:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
531:
528:
525:
524:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
508:
498:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
478:
476:
475:
469:
459:
457:
447:
445:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
355:
354:
347:
341:
339:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Brenda Milner
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Alan Baddeley
218:
217:
209:
208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
150:Consciousness
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
133:
127:
126:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
68:Brain regions
66:
65:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
11800:
11381:
11252:Ben Pridmore
11170:Larry Squire
11080:Susan Clancy
11039:
10923:Memory sport
10848:Other topics
10738:False memory
10693:Cryptomnesia
10670:Weapon focus
10630:Decay theory
10391:Neuroanatomy
10350:Human memory
10306: /
10284: /
10280: /
10276: /
10274:neuroscience
10272: /
10268: /
10264: /
10260: /
10256: /
10146:
10119:
10072:visuospatial
10048:Intellectual
9966:
9949:
9932:
9915:
9898:
9886:from Commons
9881:
9864:
9843:
9823:
9790:
9752:
9743:
9724:
9705:(3): 74β79.
9702:
9696:
9673:
9664:
9601:
9597:Scholarpedia
9595:
9588:Eichenbaum H
9571:
9567:
9555:
9548:
9525:(2): 110β3.
9522:
9518:
9487:
9483:
9449:(2): 183β8.
9446:
9442:
9434:
9411:(2): 73β84.
9408:
9404:
9381:
9348:
9344:
9327:
9323:
9315:
9286:(3): 216β9.
9283:
9279:
9268:
9244:
9240:
9221:
9192:(2): 67β72.
9189:
9185:
9148:
9144:
9132:
9108:
9104:
9071:(2): 174β8.
9068:
9064:
9056:
9032:
9028:
8990:
8986:
8949:
8945:
8911:
8907:
8871:
8867:
8823:
8819:
8786:
8782:
8747:
8743:
8704:
8700:
8671:
8667:
8599:(1): 63β72.
8596:
8592:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8518:(2): 142β7.
8515:
8511:
8477:
8473:
8427:
8423:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8343:. Retrieved
8336:the original
8323:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8256:(2): 73β84.
8253:
8249:
8239:
8201:(1): 27β41.
8198:
8194:
8188:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8104:
8100:
8077:
8065:. Retrieved
8061:
8051:
8024:
8020:
8010:
7986:(1): 20β33.
7983:
7979:
7969:
7944:
7940:
7934:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7864:
7860:
7850:
7841:
7814:
7810:
7800:
7757:
7753:
7703:
7699:
7689:
7679:November 20,
7677:. Retrieved
7675:. Web MD LLC
7672:
7616:
7612:
7590:
7584:
7560:(2): 110β3.
7557:
7553:
7543:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7472:(2): 183β8.
7469:
7465:
7459:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7405:. Retrieved
7401:the original
7378:
7368:
7346:(1): 49β60.
7343:
7339:
7333:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7247:
7243:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7164:
7155:
7139:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7044:(24): 9500.
7041:
7037:
7027:
7016:. Retrieved
7012:the original
7002:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6922:
6918:
6908:
6867:
6863:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6728:
6720:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6650:
6646:
6640:
6607:
6603:
6597:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6553:
6549:
6529:
6523:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6429:
6425:
6415:
6374:
6370:
6326:
6322:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6163:
6159:
6109:
6105:
6095:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5965:(2): 264β8.
5962:
5958:
5952:
5925:
5921:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5834:
5795:
5785:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5720:
5709:. Retrieved
5699:
5690:
5686:
5661:
5655:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5529:(1): 54β64.
5526:
5522:
5516:
5497:
5475:
5466:
5458:
5453:
5437:
5428:
5419:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5359:
5350:
5323:
5317:
5284:
5280:
5236:
5232:
5197:(2): 69β89.
5194:
5190:
5184:
5157:
5151:
5140:. Retrieved
5133:the original
5107:(3): 80β85.
5104:
5100:
5087:
5057:(2): 351β6.
5054:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5031:
5022:
4995:
4989:
4959:(1): 61β75.
4956:
4952:
4946:
4911:
4907:
4866:
4859:
4831:
4824:
4813:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4761:. Retrieved
4757:the original
4752:
4743:
4708:
4704:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4629:
4625:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4308:(1): 11β21.
4305:
4301:
4291:
4279:. Retrieved
4265:
4255:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4084:(2): 81β97.
4081:
4077:
4071:
4036:
4032:
4022:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3946:
3940:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3431:
3427:
3373:
3369:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3208:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3180:
3176:
3163:
3127:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2790:
2751:
2744:
2649:False memory
2571:
2569:
2550:
2541:
2523:
2504:
2463:Memorization
2461:
2446:to socialize
2431:
2424:
2402:
2400:
2385:
2381:
2373:optogenetics
2370:
2366:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2323:
2301:
2286:
2262:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2217:
2211:
2208:Interference
2178:
2161:
2159:
2139:neurological
2130:
2128:
2090:
2074:
2059:Jee Hyun Kim
2055:
2047:
2043:
2017:
1994:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1943:promoter DNA
1927:
1907:
1899:methylations
1876:
1825:
1789:
1774:
1763:
1751:
1740:
1650:
1637:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1574:
1571:
1545:such as the
1540:
1525:
1519:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1397:
1382:
1378:
1360:
1351:
1331:motor skills
1320:
1314:
1301:mental image
1289:
1284:associations
1265:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1210:Sydney Siege
1191:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1088:
1081:
1066:
1012:
1004:
985:
981:'prion' gene
974:
950:(especially
948:frontal lobe
945:
937:
933:
916:
892:
869:
843:
835:
820:
815:subliminally
788:
761:
724:
723:
614:Metalanguage
566:
315:Oliver Sacks
280:Muriel Lezak
275:Edith Kaplan
240:Phineas Gage
174:
98:Neuroanatomy
29:
11699:Prospection
11672:Imagination
11635:Forecasting
11615:Association
11360:Wakefulness
11110:Eric Kandel
11058:Researchers
11030:Prospective
10981:Free recall
10935:Shas Pollak
10588:anterograde
10504:Declarative
10278:personality
10213:PASS theory
10171:abstraction
9866:Definitions
9604:(3): 1747.
8914:(1): 5β35.
8874:(1): 51β6.
8864:Alberini CM
8345:1 September
7619:(1): 4040.
7171:28 November
7061:2434/803710
6267:J Biol Chem
5693:(2): 34β44.
4908:Hippocampus
2676:Long memory
2632:Body memory
2545:cytoplasmic
2530:subtropical
2273:CA1 neurons
2269:hippocampal
2193:Ebola virus
2077:memory loss
2018:Contextual
1887:methylation
1867:Epigenetics
1853:TET enzymes
1832:hippocampus
1737:Eric Kandel
1618:memory loss
1613:epinephrine
1547:hippocampus
1472:Recognition
1466:Cued recall
1460:Free recall
1401:Habituation
1243:Declarative
1167:recognition
1022:. Also the
963:very short
960:hippocampus
745:past events
737:information
408:Stroop Test
310:Pasko Rakic
270:Eric Kandel
93:Human brain
11916:Categories
11880:Mental set
11759:Peripheral
11709:Perception
11692:strategies
11494:Inhibitory
11489:Excitatory
11145:Lynn Nadel
11023:intertrial
11008:Metamemory
10996:flashbacks
10916:In society
10613:retrograde
10575:Forgetting
10546:Procedural
10456:Short-term
10426:Eyewitness
10109:Creativity
10053:Linguistic
10038:Collective
9917:Quotations
9771:1420804022
7407:2011-10-30
7250:: 634827.
7018:2012-11-08
6972:: 547β63.
5711:2012-11-08
5447:0465067360
5142:2013-08-23
4996:Psychology
4763:2012-11-08
3828:NeuroImage
3500:10379/3129
3210:2019-03-12
2578:exhaustion
2565:hydrolases
2185:SARS-CoV-1
2105:DNA damage
2027:In infancy
1982:nucleosome
1879:epigenetic
1731:See also:
1537:Physiology
1520:Transience
1501:See also:
1343:cerebellum
1311:Procedural
1239:memories.
1196:are clear
1147:aphantasia
1053:See also:
1036:translated
979:, and the
954:) and the
772:short-term
527:Perception
230:David Bohm
185:Perception
11855:Intention
11840:Attention
11774:Harmonics
11727:RGB model
11677:Intuition
11647:Foresight
11640:affective
11620:Awareness
11607:Cognition
11505:Long term
11469:Chronaxie
11403:Sensation
10897:Nutrition
10805:In groups
10618:selective
10593:childhood
10521:Flashbulb
10481:Long-term
10381:Attention
10270:longevity
10258:fertility
10157:Reasoning
10137:Knowledge
10127:Intellect
10094:Cognition
10085:, traits,
10083:Abilities
10043:Emotional
9968:Resources
9951:Textbooks
9835:from the
9744:Exam Time
9665:Nova Next
9549:Die Mneme
9261:145553047
8928:145542078
8593:Oecologia
7926:143526400
7397:749308019
7301:: 34β39.
7192:Neurocase
6690:CiteSeerX
6407:206508330
6248:159041612
5301:0963-7214
5176:827689578
5121:0963-7214
5014:755079969
4574:Learn Mem
4525:Learn Mem
4141:: 75β84.
4086:CiteSeerX
3965:268547522
3879:: 19β31.
3652:221723081
3517:207406677
3155:142763675
2809:858929786
2557:glandular
2501:In plants
2475:alphabets
2391:Improving
2277:glutamate
2195:and even
2162:temporary
2119:Disorders
2113:promoters
2111:, in the
2107:, likely
1966:enhancers
1719:retrieval
1684:(LTP) or
1575:traveling
1557:, or the
1530:attention
1280:knowledge
1262:conscious
1220:Long-term
1153:meaning.
1030:) to the
731:by which
640:Reasoning
630:Cognition
591:Long-term
581:Emotional
560:Attention
345:(patient)
145:Attention
11895:Volition
11885:Thinking
11865:Learning
11814:Encoding
11199:Patients
10870:mnemonic
10865:chunking
10531:Implicit
10514:Semantic
10509:Episodic
10499:Explicit
10364:Encoding
10142:Learning
10058:Multiple
9820:"Memory"
9816:Zalta EN
9721:34276078
9541:19181616
9506:19679758
9471:38765943
9463:19796703
9427:10753974
9373:17203344
9365:16002324
9300:11257912
9214:11847067
9206:15667928
9177:11826137
9093:17549103
9085:16563730
9049:14153362
9017:17418795
8974:41414240
8966:19903505
8896:18339636
8888:15626497
8856:40894114
8803:26162121
8774:19828780
8731:17395575
8621:24390479
8575:27174967
8532:19356999
8494:29336976
8444:18998182
8406:15937119
8315:10975990
8307:16731723
8272:10753974
8231:38551140
8223:20392274
8180:21629821
8121:17342174
8067:July 26,
8062:BBC News
8043:24213869
7961:12793048
7891:19640595
7833:19300585
7792:10114241
7784:16824917
7732:21541757
7651:32788583
7576:19181616
7535:19679758
7494:38765943
7486:19796703
7451:41414240
7443:19903505
7360:13408394
7325:32298803
7276:33692745
7222:22519463
7131:24459413
7080:33327559
6994:16569263
6892:15190254
6784:30878407
6776:26190765
6712:11757877
6667:10645377
6624:14629697
6515:34197463
6475:PLOS ONE
6456:25693131
6399:16794079
6353:26052046
6299:32029477
6240:31110352
6201:30545945
6190:30545945
6138:23545420
6087:28620075
6038:15893863
6030:15131309
5987:22788405
5944:24742464
5900:18263738
5826:Archived
5822:18394469
5777:22496389
5592:10456070
5543:16371950
5411:23750126
5342:62089961
5309:56110227
5129:12167896
4973:19061920
4938:18634842
4805:10468502
4735:14333234
4727:11058819
4656:35098021
4604:28620075
4555:27634149
4506:25475090
4457:35432936
4449:18423780
4414:15987701
4373:17359920
4332:13406589
4281:25 March
4196:39981510
4116:15654531
4108:13310704
4063:24569831
4006:11515286
3893:13990068
3858:23357076
3809:26730597
3769:PLOS ONE
3750:21456960
3701:19828780
3644:32925225
3609:38818387
3601:25279415
3566:23774574
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