407:] as distinguishing one tone from another. . . g tends to dominate according as the performance involves the perceiving of relations, or as it requires that relations seen in one situation should be transferred to another. . . . On weighing the evidence, many of us used to say that this g appears to measure some form of mental energy. But in the first place, such a suggestion is apt to invite needless controversy. This can be avoided by saying more cautiously that g behaves as if it measured an energy. In the second place, however, there seems to be good reason for changing the concept of energy to that of "power" (which, of course, is energy or work divided by time). In this way, one can talk about mind power in much the same manner as about horse power. . . . . . .g is in the normal course of events determined innately; a person can no more be trained to have it in higher degree than he can be trained to be taller. (pp. 156 –157).
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all tests, whereas the other varies from one test to another; the former is called the general factor or g, while the other is called the specific factor. This then is what the g term means, a score-factor and nothing more. But this meaning is sufficient to render the term well defined so that the underlying thing is susceptible to scientific investigation; we can proceed to find out facts about this score-factor, or g factor. We can ascertain the kind of mental operations in which it plays a dominant part as compared with the other or specific factor. And so the discovery has been made that g is dominant in such operations as reasoning, or learning Latin; whereas it plays a very small part indeed in such operation [
473:. In particular the move from a psychological g to a biological g – that is a unitary biological mechanism or mechanisms has remained a matter of active research. Nonetheless, Thomson's disagreements with Spearman had more to do with methodology and epistemology than data or interpretations thereof. It was Thomson who authored Spearman's
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refers to the ability to make meaning out of confusion. He claimed that to understand these different abilities "in their trenchant contrast, their ubiquitous cooperation, and their genetic interlinkage" would, for the study of "individual differences – and even cognition itself" – be "the very beginning of wisdom."
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which led
Spearman to postulate his original general and specific factor models of ability. Spearman applied mathematical procedures to psychological phenomena and moulded the outcome of his analysis into a theory – which has greatly influenced modern psychology. Factor analysis and its modern relations
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When asked what g is, one has to distinguish between the meanings of terms and the facts about things. g means a particular quantity derived from statistical operations. Under certain conditions the score of a person at a mental test can be divided into two factors, one of which is always the same in
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was what emerged from a large battery of tests, i.e., that it was not measured perfectly by any single test, the fact that g-theory suggested that much of ability could be captured in a single factor, and his suggestion that "the eduction of relations and correlates" underlay this general factor led
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who argued his own experiments showed that intelligence formed seven primary categories: numerical, reasoning, spatial, perceptual, memory, verbal fluency and verbal comprehension. Thurstone ultimately agreed with
Spearman that there was a general factor among ability measures. Subsequently, Raymond
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Dr. Spearman has made many researches in experimental psychology. His many published papers cover a wide field, but he is especially distinguished by his pioneer work in the application of mathematical methods to the analysis of the human mind, and his original studies of correlation in this sphere.
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was not, from a psychological point of view, a single ability but composed of two very different abilities which normally worked closely together. These he called "eductive" ability and "reproductive" ability. The former term comes from the Latin root "educere" – which means to "draw out" and thus
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is a statistical test that is used to find relationships between multiple correlated measures and
Spearman played a clear part in its development. Spearman coined the term factor analysis and used it extensively in analyzing multiple measures of cognitive performance. It was factor analytic data
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There was also another co-factor as proposed by
Spearman that was special intelligence. The special intelligence was for individuals who accomplished high success results in the same tests. However, later Spearman introduced group factor that was particular to those correlations that were not a
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While arguing consistently that g accounted for much of individual differences in "ability" (as measured by tests which had "no place in schools"), Spearman also acknowledged that "Every normal man, woman, and child is … a genius at something … It remains to discover at what …" He thought that
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had emerged "had no place in schools" because they "deflected" teachers', pupils', parents' and politicians' attention from the business of education which, as the Latin root of the word implies, should be concerned with "drawing out" whatever talents a student may have.
360:. While some work has been made on these lines by pupils and associates of his, the development of factor analysis as a tool of psychiatry followed a different path than he had intended. Regardless, his indirect contributions towards psychiatry were considerable.
263:, because it was a centre of the "new psychology"—one that used the scientific method instead of metaphysical speculation. As Wundt was often absent due to his multiple duties and popularity, Spearman largely worked with
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Although
Spearman achieved most recognition in his day for his statistical work, he regarded this work as subordinate to his quest for the fundamental laws of psychology, and he is now similarly renowned for both.
886:""A conversation between Charles Spearman, Godfrey Thomson, and Edward L. Thorndike: The International Examinations Inquiry Meetings 1931-1938": Correction to Deary, Lawn, and Bartholomew (2008)"
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detecting these areas of genius required procedures very different from "any of the testing procedures at present in current usage", though he felt these to be capable of "vast improvement".
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Chief amongst these achievements was the discovery of the general factor in human intelligence, and his subsequent development of a theory of "g" and synthesis of empirical work on ability.
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from
February 1900) he obtained his degree in 1906. He had already published his seminal paper on the factor analysis of intelligence (1904). Spearman met and impressed the psychologist
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Cattell supported a version of the general ability concept theorized by
Spearman but highlighted two forms of ability, distinguished by their noegenetic properties:
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Williams, R. H., Zimmerman, D. W., Zumbo, B. D. & Ross, D. (2003). Charles
Spearman: British Behavioral Scientist. Human Nature Review. 3: 114–118
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Spearman had an unusual background for a psychologist. In his childhood he was ambitious to follow an academic career. But first he joined the
251:. After 15 years he resigned in 1897 to study for a PhD in experimental psychology. In Britain, psychology was generally seen as a branch of
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might be regarded as one of these although Raven himself clearly stated that his tests should not be regarded as "intelligence" tests.
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Spearman's life both began and ended in the city of London. He had three daughters, and a son who died in 1941 in Crete.
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341:(Lovie & Lovie, 1996, p. 81). His statistical work was not appreciated by his University College colleague
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could be detected in any sufficiently-broad set of cognitive measures, he felt that the tests from which his
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Edward Roy; Bernstein, Douglas A.; Penner, Louis A.; Clarke-Stewart, Alison (2007).
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result of factor g or s. His ideas were in 1938 criticized on paper by psychologist
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Lovie, P.; Lovie, A. D. (1996). "Charles Edward
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who arranged for
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Here, Spearman gives a compact summary of his findings and theory of
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New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga.
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1087:"The proof and measurement of association between two things"
817:"The Proof and Measurement of Association between Two Things"
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Charles Spearman always insisted that his work be applied in
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Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications
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Charles Spearman (1930). "Abilities, General and Special".
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He has inspired and directed research work by many pupils.
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318:. Galton did pioneering work in psychology and developed
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The abilities of man : their nature and measurement
387:-sponsored International Examinations Inquiry Meetings.
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Grote professorship of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic
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People involved in race and intelligence controversies
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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As time progressed, Spearman increasingly argued that
329:(1904), a non-parametric version of the conventional
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884:Deary, I. J.; Lawn, M.; Bartholomew, D. J. (2008).
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792:The Abilities of Man: Their Nature and Measurement
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674:Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science
533:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
437:to the quest for tests of this general ability.
314:Spearman was strongly influenced by the work of
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672:Lovie, Pat (2005). "Spearman, Charles Edward".
19:For the African-American baseball catcher, see
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1156:(Sixth ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
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999:. Vol. 1 (14 ed.). pp. 45–47.
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530:(1947). "Charles Spearman. 1863-1945".
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213:Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
120:Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
23:. For the American football coach, see
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821:The American Journal of Psychology
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639:The American Journal of Psychology
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790:Spearman, Charles B. (2005).
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495:structural equation modelling
1284:Fellows of the Royal Society
930:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
491:confirmatory factor analysis
439:Raven's Progressive Matrices
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1152:Gregory, Robert J. (2011).
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225:general intelligence factor
167:Other notable students
134:Fellow of the Royal Society
21:Charles Spearman (baseball)
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1309:Quantitative psychologists
1264:Mathematical psychologists
1259:Differential psychologists
1215:Portraits of Statisticians
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448:Spearman felt that though
335:correction for attenuation
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1178:IQ and Human Intelligence
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1222:Spearman on Intelligence
997:Encyclopaedia Britannica
857:"The Chair of Anatomy".
569:"Beeby, Clarence Edward"
463:Encyclopaedia Britannica
223:scores reflect a single
1227:Charles Spearman, 1927
794:. The Blackburn Press.
765:2027/mdp.39015012170307
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197:Charles Edward Spearman
51:Charles Edward Spearman
704:Hart's Army list, 1901
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893:History of Psychology
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102:University of Leipzig
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475:biographical memoir
375:(and also those of
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414:Louis L. Thurstone
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320:correlation
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928:Psychology
899:(3): 163.
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691:0470860804
501:References
354:psychiatry
253:philosophy
211:, and for
205:statistics
57:1863-09-10
618:143787063
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