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He allows officials to use the power of their office dishonestlyâĶ he elevates those of royal blood to have special rights more than the people. He governs without principle. The country's affairs are left to the mercy of fate, as can be seen from the depression of the economy and hardshipsâĶ the government of the king has treated the people as slavesâĶ it can be seen that from the taxes that are squeezed from the people, the king carries off many millions for personal useâĶ The People's Party has no wish to snatch the throne. Hence it invites this king to retain the position. But he must be under the law of the constitution for the governing the country, and cannot do anything independently without the approval of the assembly of the people's representativesâĶ If the king replies with a refusal or does not reply within the time setâĶ it will be regarded as treason to the nation, and it will be necessary for the country to have a republican form of government.
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1080:"Democracy" for Siam was to be given to the people in three installments. First, assembly members were to be appointed by the Four Musketeers. They would exercise power on behalf of the people, and their first session was to last six months. Second, a period when the mostly ignorant populace would learn about democracy and elections; the assembly would then be changed to be composed of half-appointed members by the Musketeers, and the other half through indirect representation. These candidates must, of course, have been examined by the Khana Ratsadon before any election. Third, the charter stated that full democratic representation in the assembly could only be achieved at the end of ten years or when more than half of the populace had gone through primary education, whichever was achieved first.
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the "commoner" elites and some high-ranking nobility to support the
Promoters' bid to seize power through military force. The resulting unhappiness at the status quo due to the awareness of the ideals of Western democracy, nationalism, and communism, coupled with the mismanagement by the absolute monarchy and the deteriorating economic conditions caused by the Great Depression, triggered the 1932 revolution. The onus of the outbreak of the 1932 revolution from this perspective thus lies with the disgruntled commoner elites. who wanted radical change and were generally unwilling to compromise with the monarchy and the aristocracy, in particular with Rama VII, who was supposedly in favour of a constitutional monarchy.
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689:, high-ranking Chakri princes had regained dominance of the government, and only four of the twelve ministries were administered by commoners or members of the lower nobility. Prajadhipok turned out to be a sympathetic monarch, immediately ordered a cut in palace expenditure and travelled extensively around the country. He made himself more accessible and visible to the ever-growing Bangkok elite and middle class by carrying out many civic duties. By this time, students sent to study abroad had started to return, faced with a lack of opportunity, the entrenchment of the princes, and the comparative backwardness of the country.
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526:. The group called themselves the "Promoters" (āļāļđāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢ), hoping to return home to try to promote change. The Promoters realised, ironically, as the king's advisors had done, that the Siamese people were not yet ready for democracy, and most were illiterate peasants with little concern for affairs in Bangkok. In Bangkok itself, the new and emerging middle class was dependent on the patronage of the aristocracy for jobs and positions. As a result, they realised that a "mass revolution" was not possible and only a military-led coup d'ÃĐtat was possible. For this purpose a
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1057:. The temporary charter was signed on 27 June 1932 at 17:00. It was a draft document written by Pridi in advance. The constitution began by announcing that: "the highest power in the land belongs to all people." The constitution basically stripped the king of all of his ancient powers such as his power of veto, power of pardon, and the right to even confirm his own successor and heir. The constitution removed the monarchy's powers, without abolishing the office itself. The constitution created a
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always remains seated when their subjects offer homage, not the reverse. This led to Pridi apologising for defaming him in the manifesto. Subsequently, all known copies were pulled from circulation. The King responded to this act by affixing his royal seal on a document exonerating all members of the Khana
Ratsadon for the coup. The Khana Ratsadon then released all their hostages with the exception of
468:, the half-German son of a junior Thai official at the Siamese legation in Berlin and later a page to the crown prince who would become Rama VI. They were to become prominent members of the "promoters". These Western-educated commoner elites were exposed not just to the latest scientific and technical knowledge in Europe, but also to the ideals of Western democracy, nationalism, and communism.
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714:, resigned. Boworadet was not a member of the supreme council, and it was suspected that disagreement with the council over budget cuts led to his resignation. The King, who openly confessed his own lack of financial knowledge, stating he was just a simple soldier, tried with little success to battle the senior princes over the issue.
737:. The celebration was somewhat muted due to fears stemming from an alleged prophecy dating back to the days of King Rama I, which predicted the end of the dynasty on its 150th anniversary. At the end of April, Prajadhipok left Bangkok for his summer holidays, leaving Prince Paribatra in charge as regent. The King went to
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in the 1960s, the state began downplaying the significance of 1932. Public observation of 24 June as
National Day was abandoned in favour of King Bhumibol's birthday on 5 December. The events were glossed over by school textbooks, while views describing the actions of the People's Party as premature,
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and the many others who had permanently lost their influence and positions because of the seizure of power by the Khana
Ratsadon. The rebellion was a failure, and although there is no evidence whatsoever that Prajadhipok was involved, his neutrality and indecisiveness during the brief conflict led to
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and that he had always favoured granting the people a constitution. The King wrote of his decision of refusing to fight, "I could not sit on a throne besmirched by blood." One point which the King did not concede was when the party sent a gunboat to carry him to
Bangkok. He refused and travelled back
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to promote modern-style nationalism were widely deemed as wasteful. By 1920, fiscal mismanagement and the global economic downturn took the state budget into deficit. In 1925, the most senior princes decided to demand large cuts in expenditures, especially the royal household. This represented a bold
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was ordered to guard him. Armoured vehicles, including some tanks, were commandeered and ordered to head toward the Ananta
Samakhom Throne Hall, including Phraya Ritthi. Having been told weeks before that a military exercise was happening, other troops in the vicinity of Bangkok joined the plotters,
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and replace it with a
Westernised constitutional system and to replace Rama VI with a prince more sympathetic to their beliefs. The revolt failed and the participants were imprisoned. In reaction, Vajiravudh abandoned his attempts at constitutional reform and continued with his absolutist rule, with
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Despite his lofty ideals and
Western education, Pridi's version of democracy faced the same dilemma that Prajadhipok's version did: the notion simply that the country, especially the rural populace was not yet ready for it. Within days, the Khana Ratsadon had turned Siam into a one-party state with
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The tone of the manifesto differed greatly from that of the telegram sent to the King signed by the three full colonels and musketeers: Phraya Phahon, Phraya
Songsuradet, and Phraya Ritthi. The telegram stated, using royal language (Rachasap: āļĢāļēāļāļēāļĻāļąāļāļāđ), that if the King did not wish to remain as a
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When this king succeeded his elder brother, people at first had hoped that he would govern protectively. ButâĶ the king maintains his power above the law as before. He appoints court relatives and toadies without merit or knowledge to important positions without listening to the voice of the people.
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were arrested, in which Thai elites were traumatically distressed. None, except the commander of the First Army Corps, offered any resistance. He put up a fight and was slightly wounded, but was eventually taken into custody, becoming the revolution's only casualty. About 40 officials were arrested
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The coup took place in an era when most of the population was kept out of politics and the political sphere was the domain of military and bureaucratic elites. Handley suggests that there was the refusal of both Rama VI and VII, and aristocracy to share power with the new "commoner" elites, forced
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The Khana
Ratsadon forced the princes to sign a document proclaiming their commitment to peace and to avoidance of any bloodshed. The coup elicited almost no response from the populace, and the day-to-day life of the people returned to normal even before the end of the day. The rest of the country
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reached Siam. Prajadhipok proposed the levying of general income taxes and property taxes to help alleviate the sufferings of the poor. These were rejected by the Supreme Council, who feared their fortunes would be reduced. Instead, they cut civil service payrolls and reduced the military budget,
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King Prajadhipok returned to Bangkok on 26 June. His first action was to grant a royal audience to the Khana Ratsadon. As the members entered the room, the King rose and greeted them by saying: "I rise in honour of the Khana Ratsadon". It was a significant gesture, as in Siamese culture the king
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were confident enough to call a senior ministerial meeting. In the meeting Pridi tried to persuade senior civil servants to support the Khana Ratsadon, asking them for support and telling them to remain united, lest the semblance of confusion lead to foreign intervention. Pridi asked the foreign
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made a call to Prince Paribatra, asking for his authorisation to arrest and imprison all involved in the plot. The prince, recognising names on the list that included many influential and powerful individuals, decided to delay the order for the next day. That same evening, one of Luang Sinthu's
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would be signed, on 10 December. This constitution eventually gave back to the monarchy many powers it had lost in the previous charter, and the monarchy was once again held "sacred and inviolable". The Assembly of People's Representatives was expanded to include 156 members, 78 elected and 78
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arrived to report to the King. The King and the princes discussed many options, which included fleeing the country, staging a counter-coup or full surrender. However, the King had already decided before the telegram arrived. He quickly replied he was willing to remain on the throne as a
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Western education became popular in the reign of Rama V. Although this was still largely limited to the Siamese nobility and the wealthy, new avenues of social mobility were now available to commoners and members of the lower nobility. The best example of these commoner beneficiaries is
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about his decision to return to Bangkok: "...we were all quite aware that we were probably going to our death." The many unsettled constitutional roles of the crown and the dissatisfaction with Phraya Phahon's seizure of power culminated in October 1933 in a counter-coup, the
726:. Despite being advised that his people were not yet ready for democracy, the King was undeterred and was determined to implement a constitution before his dynasty's 150th anniversary in 1932. The document was rejected by the princes in the supreme council.
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taking place elsewhere in the cityâall the while opening the gates of the barracks and mobilising the troops. The ruse worked, and through all the confusion and panic, Phraya Prasan was able to arrest the commander of the regiment and place him in custody.
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monarch under a constitution, the party was willing to replace him with another royal prince. Despite the language, the telegram warned the monarch in strong terms that if any member of the Khana Ratsadon was hurt, the princes in custody would suffer.
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Most of the military and civil administrations offered little resistance. Accustomed to taking orders and with all lines of communication shut down, they were unable to act. The next stage of the revolution was left to the civilian side of the party.
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inherited a country in crisis. His brother King Vajiravudh had left the state on the verge of bankruptcy, and the fact that the state and the people were forced to subsidise the many princes and their lavish lifestyles. Prajadhipok created the
611:, considered one of the best minds of his generation and the Director of Education at the Military Academy. Both had studied abroad and were eager for change. Songsuradet instantly became the party's tactician, advising it should first secure
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in front of the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall at about 06:00, there was already a crowd watching the assembled military. A crowd mistook the act for a Chinese uprising or a military exercise. Phraya Phahon climbed onto a tank and read the
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challenge to the authority of the absolute monarch and reflected the severity of the fiscal malaise in Siam. The critique was thus that Rama VI was not a competent absolute monarch, and that he squandered the massive political capital.
416:, using Western approach, by appointing more able commoners to the government. A commoner involvement disappointed the aristocracy and nobility. Rama VI carried out unpopular policies that lowered the influence of the royal family.
542:, where he gathered the support of about fifty like-minded men, mostly civilians and civil servants, who also wanted to see the end of absolute monarchy. It was the job of the others, such as Plaek, who had by then received the
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institutions such as the "People's Assembly" and the position of "President of the People's Committee". However, Khana Ratsadon showed their bipartisanship when they recommended the appointment of lawyer and Privy Councillor
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599:, one of the seven Promoters, himself an army officer, and former Royal Page of King Vajiravudh, took it upon himself to try to recruit for the party influential and powerful members who also wanted to see the end of
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When the Promoters eventually returned to Siam by the end of the 1920s, they quietly expanded their lists of contacts and party membership, mostly using a personal relationship. Pridi became a teacher at the
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623:, another discontented officer. Forming what was known within the party as the "Four Musketeers" (4 āļāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļŠāļ·āļ, Four Tiger Soldiers), the most senior members of the party they eventually became its leaders.
782:. All communications between the princes and senior members of the administration were thus disabled. Their houses were also under surveillance and guarded by both civilian and military party members.
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in Paris, France, a small group of seven military and civilian students assembled to debate the founding of a party to try to bring change to Siam. Intent on not wanting to repeat the failure of the
948:'s propaganda leaflets, pamphlets, and radio broadcasts, all supporting the revolution. The text of the manifesto of the Khana Ratsadon, written by Pridi, criticised the monarch in harsh terms:
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militarily and eventually the country would follow. He also advised the Promoters to be more secretive to avoid official and police detection. Eventually, he approached his friend Colonel
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The first session of the People's Assembly convened in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall on 28 June 1932. The charter however did not last long. By the end of the year a new more moderate
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the loss of his credibility and prestige. Three years after the revolution, King Prajadhipok abdicated the throne and left Siam never to return. He died in England in 1941, during
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ministry to dispatch to all foreign missions a document stating that the party was committed to protecting foreign lives and business and to fulfilling Siam's treaty obligations.
778:. Following them was Prayoon, who later that night took command of a cadre of young officers to seize the post and telegraph offices around the capital. One of the officers was
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to solve the problems. The council was composed of experienced senior princes, that quickly replaced the commoners appointed by Vajiravudh. The council was dominated by the
400:, to be the most critical aspect of Siam political system. Towards 1880, Chulalongkorn asked of Europe an initiation into modern culture and showed a decided preference for
847:, where most of the armoured vehicles in Bangkok were kept. On arrival, Phraya Songsuradet reprimanded the officer in charge of the barracks for sleeping while there was a
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560:. The number of party members increased, and, by the end of 1931, it reached 102 members, separated into two branches consisting of civilians and the military.
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Public perception and discourse over the 1932 revolution has fluctuated over time. With the revival of the role of the monarchy initiated by the government of
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who was from a peasant background. Many of the brightest Siamese students, both commoners and the nobility, were sent abroad to study in Europe. These include
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Before the arrival of the Musketeers' telegram, the King was aware of ongoing events in Bangkok. He was playing golf at the summer villa's course with
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and the idea that Vajiravudh and Prajadhipok had been making their own preparations for giving democracy to the people when ready were popularized.
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Meanwhile, the King put his efforts into the drafting of a constitution, with the help of two princes and an American foreign policy advisor,
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607:. An affable man and popular within the army, he immediately joined the party and gave it his support. The second senior officer was Colonel
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In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Prajadhipok and the Khana Ratsadon immediately set about granting the Siamese people their
2374:"The Quest for 'Siwilai': a Geographical Discourse of Civilizational Thinking in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries Siam"
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518:, they laid out a clear and coherent plan to change Siam. This group included two young students: one a soldier and an artilleryman
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1979:āļ āļēāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻ āļ§āļąāļāļāļēāļĒāļ āļēāļāļĒāļāļāļĢāđāđāļāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļąāļ 2475 Dawn of Revolution āļĢāļāļāļāļīāđāļĻāļĐ āļ āļŦāđāļāļāļĻāļīāļĨāļāļāļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĻ āļĄāļēāļĢāļĻāļĩ āļ§āļąāļāļŠāļ§āļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļ āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļĩāđ 5 āđāļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ 2567
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was bluffing. The success of the revolution still depended on events elsewhere in Bangkok. Phraya Prasan was sent to the house of
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cheered, followed by the military, probably more out of deference than full comprehension of what has actually happened.
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and detained in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall. One exception was the Minister of Commerce and Communications, Prince
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in 1944. Other princes went into voluntary exile in other Southeast Asian countries, and some others in Europe.
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angering most of the country's educated elite. The officer corps was especially disgruntled, and in 1931 Prince
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waiting for the signal, while Phraya Songsuradet went with a couple of the conspirators to the barracks of the
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thus unknowingly participating in a revolution. Units loyal to the monarch shut themselves in their barracks.
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and power of the princes. One officer he had a connection with was the Deputy Inspector of Artillery, Colonel
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Thailand in Transition: A brief survey of Cultural Trends in the five years since the Revolution of 1932
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were already carrying out their part of the plan. Phraya Phahon and some supporters gathered near the
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remained on the throne and compromised with Khana Ratsadon. Two coups occurred a year later, in
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Moerman, Michel (1965). "Ethnic identification in a complex civilisation: who are the Lue?".
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the minor exception of appointing some able commoners to his privy council and government.
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Newspaper, the headline reads: "A change of government for Siamese King to be under law"
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The Siamese revolution of 1932 has also been depicted in the 2024 Thai animated film,
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appointed. The democratic restrictions were removed and the government scheduled
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1884:"āļĒāđāļāļāļĢāļāļĒ 'āđāļāđāļēāđāļāļĢāļāđāļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļ' āđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāđāļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļāļāļāļąāļāđāļĢāļāļāļĩāđāđāļĄāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāļĢāļĩāļāļĩ āļāļāļĄāļĒāļāļāđ"
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Thailand's Struggle for Democracy: The Life and Times of M. R. Seni Pramoj
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title and became Luang Phibunsongkhram, to try to gather supporters within the
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2298:"An Outline of Change in the Form of the Government (Rama VII's Constitution)"
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in London to report that the revolution merely was "a simple re-adjustment".
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was residing out of Bangkok, at about 04:00 on the morning of 24 June 1932,
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The granting of Siam's 'permanent' constitution on 10 December 1932 at the
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to the police. On the evening of 23 June 1932, the director general of the
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as the first President of the People's Committee and in effect the first
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Overthrow of Thai King Prajadhipok; constitutional monarchy established
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913:. By 08:00 the operation was over and the Promoters had won the day.
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Scene of a declaration of Siam as a democratic nation on 24 June 1932
2151:
994:
to Bangkok by royal train, stating that he was not a captive of the
3650:
3645:
3001:
2836:
2562:
2085:
The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej
1952:"'2475 āļĢāļļāđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļ§āļąāļāļī' āđāļāļāļīāđāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāļĩāđāļāļāđāļāļĒāļāļ§āļĢāļāļđ"
1162:
766:
supporters in the navy commandeered a gunboat from its dock on the
757:
Despite their precautions, word of the plan's existence eventually
369:
2103:
Thailand's Durable Premier: Phibun through Three Decades 1932â1957
380:(Rama V) reformed a medieval kingdom into a centralizing state of
3274:
2831:
2621:
2606:
2568:
2556:
1011:
742:
711:
612:
425:
401:
397:
75:
2432:
Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai Nationalism
2264:
Reynolds, Craig J. (2006). "Feudalism as a Trope for the Past".
2024:
Pridi by Pridi: Selected Writings on Life, Politics, and Economy
1261:
Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the development of Thai nationalism
2550:
909:, who escaped in a detached railway engine to warn the King in
2266:
Seditious Histories: Contesting Thai and Southeast Asian Pasts
1530:
2236:
Thai Radical Discourse: The Real Face of Thai Feudalism Today
1894:
1157:. He was replaced as king by his nine-year-old nephew Prince
641:
1421:
1419:
1229:
799:
Soldiers assembled in front of the Throne Hall, 24 June 1932
1161:(King Rama VIII), who at that time was attending school in
1007:
758:
1217:
1651:
1576:
1416:
1263:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 126â175.
1183:
Public perception and discourse over the 1932 revolution
498:
1347:
1148:
staged by royalist factions. The royalists were led by
692:
316:
and resulted in a bloodless transition of Siam into a
2177:
Siamese revolution of 1932 (āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļ§āļąāļāļīāļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ āļ.āļĻ. 2475)
2126:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
1927:"Time to Truly Understand Thailand's 1932 Revolution"
2051:
Chakrabongse, HRH Chula, Prince of Thailand (1957).
1208:. The film is subject to both praise and criticism.
1107:
addressing the crowd at Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall.
860:
By the time the infantry and cavalry arrived in the
3112:
2509:
1739:
1737:
1610:
1608:
741:(āļ§āļąāļāđāļāļĨāļāļąāļāļ§āļĨ: translated as 'far from worries') of
2408:
2362:Siam Mapped: a history of the geo-body of a nation
2291:
1996:
1886:[Pridi's "Draft National Economic Plan"].
1536:
1311:
1139:In late 1932, the King wrote to his nephew Prince
717:
412:(Rama VI) sought to legitimise absolutism through
2094:Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State
1994:
1755:
1410:
1021:
626:
3895:
1995:Baker, Christopher; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2005).
1734:
1605:
1475:
1323:
1259:Vella, Walter Francis; Vella, Dorothy B (1974).
308:on 24 June 1932. It ended Siam's centuries-long
2179:(in Thai) (5 ed.). Samesky (āļāđāļēāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ).
2087:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2003:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
1944:
451:Rise of the Western-educated "commoner" elites
3618:
3098:
2957:SiameseâAmerican Treaty of Amity and Commerce
2495:
2356:
1972:
2987:Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857)
2065:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2050:
1870:
1743:
1645:
1614:
1301:
1299:
1297:
476:
2434:. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.
2268:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
2078:. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations.
2053:Twain Have Met: An Eastern Prince Came West
1830:
1828:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1724:
1722:
1685:
1683:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1436:
1434:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
934:
869:, a declaration proclaiming the end of the
807:Troops on the street during the revolution.
774:, at the centre of the capital and part of
419:
347:amid infighting within the government over
3625:
3611:
3105:
3091:
2502:
2488:
2406:
2368:
2339:Siam Becomes Thailand: A Story of Intrigue
2174:
2130:
2114:. Great Britain: Cassel & Company Ltd.
1900:
1657:
1582:
1547:
1545:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1425:
1258:
1235:
1223:
1072:
1062:
917:was also similarly disaffected, prompting
845:First Cavalry Regiment of the Royal Guards
291:
2389:
2282:
2017:
1802:
1713:
1294:
1272:
1270:
710:, a minor member of the royal family and
3949:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
2287:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
2263:
2233:
2105:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
1825:
1808:
1719:
1695:
1680:
1663:
1620:
1588:
1557:
1458:
1431:
1383:
1178:
1130:
1099:
1036:
1025:
968:
810:
802:
794:
659:
630:
567:
497:
486:
2790:Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon
2364:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
2212:
2196:The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism
2133:"The Setting of the Siamese Revolution"
2082:
2055:. United Kingdom: G.T. Foulis & Co.
1778:
1542:
1515:
1498:
1305:
14:
3896:
3441:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
2118:
2109:
2100:
2041:
1481:
1267:
522:, the other a law student and radical
3606:
3086:
2908:Burmese Invasions of Chiangmai (1797)
2483:
2438:
2429:
2342:. United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co.
2335:
2091:
2073:
2046:. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
1912:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1819:
1790:
1767:
1728:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1633:
1599:
1570:
1551:
1524:
1509:
1493:
1469:
1452:
1440:
1398:
1377:
1365:
1329:
1276:
293:āļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨāļĩāđāļĒāļāđāļāļĨāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļāļāļĢāļāļāļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ āļ.āļĻ. 2475
3909:1930s coups d'ÃĐtat and coup attempts
2198:. United Kingdom: Routledge Curzon.
2193:
2044:The End of Absolute Monarchy in Siam
1924:
1353:
1341:
1317:
1288:
1247:
1069:Assembly of People's Representatives
592:, the revolutionary four musketeers.
534:(āļāļāļ°āļĢāļēāļĐāļāļĢ) (or the People's Party).
510:In February 1927, in a hotel on the
464:, who was of Sino-Thai descent, and
363:
2443:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2283:Steinberg, D. J., ed. (1971).
2238:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1077:) made up of 70 appointed members.
964:
693:Discontent from the economic crisis
24:
3679:Boworadet rebellion (October 1933)
3436:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
2972:SiameseâVietnamese War (1841â1845)
2952:SiameseâVietnamese War (1831â1834)
2194:Mead, Kullada Kesboonchoo (2004).
790:
563:
506:, leader of the young army faction
25:
3965:
3684:Rebellion of the Sergeants (1935)
2449:
2101:Kobkua, Suwannathat-Pian (1995).
729:On 6 April 1932, the King opened
351:'s socialist economic plan and a
3649:
3589:Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782â1932)
3562:Communist insurgency in Thailand
2992:Siamese Mission to France (1861)
2778:Supreme Council of State of Siam
2415:. New York: Holmes & Meier.
2076:Some Aspects of Siamese Politics
540:Ministry of Justice's Law School
530:was formed and it was named the
494:, leader of the civilian faction
259:
247:
235:
145:
134:
48:
3699:Manhattan Rebellion (June 1951)
3593:History of Thailand (1973â2001)
3264:The Prince Bidyalabh Bridhyakon
3259:The Prince Adireksorn Udomsakdi
3185:The Prince Narisara Nuwattiwong
3114:History of Thailand (1932â1973)
3073:History of Thailand (1932â1973)
2927:Cambodian rebellion (1811â1812)
2511:Rattanakosin Period (1782â1932)
2468:Undermining the 1932 Revolution
1987:
1918:
1906:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1784:
1772:
1761:
1756:Baker & Phongpaichit (2005)
1749:
1639:
1487:
1446:
1411:Baker & Phongpaichit (2005)
1404:
1371:
1359:
1335:
926:By the evening of 24 June, the
873:and the establishment of a new
718:Constitution denied by Rama VII
129:People's Party (Khana Ratsadon)
3742:Army General Staff plot (1948)
3467:April 1933 Siamese coup d'ÃĐtat
1537:Sivisanvaja & Stevens 1932
1282:
1252:
1241:
1135:Sesquicentennial celebrations.
1047:Permanent Constitution of Siam
1022:First constitution of Thailand
1010:, never to return and died in
627:Modernized attempt of Rama VII
13:
1:
3939:Political history of Thailand
3497:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3472:June 1933 Siamese coup d'ÃĐtat
3302:Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena
3213:Chao Phraya Bijayendra Yodhin
3047:1924 Palace Law of Succession
2227:10.1525/aa.1965.67.5.02a00070
2131:Lapomarede, Baron de (1934).
1925:Mark, Eugene (29 June 2017).
1211:
556:, was doing the same for the
358:
3689:Songsuradet rebellion (1939)
3129:Individuals and institutions
3069:Thonburi Kingdom (1767â1782)
3042:Siamese Expeditionary Forces
3027:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
2962:Kedah Insurgency (1838â1839)
2947:Kedah Insurgency (1831â1832)
2378:The Journal of Asian Studies
2175:Mektrairat, Nakarin (2010).
2042:Batson, Benjamin A. (1984).
1175:Khana Ratsadon § Legacy
1095:
752:
747:Prachuap Khiri Khan Province
605:Phraya Phahol Pholpayuhasena
585:Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
171:Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
7:
3747:Silent Coup (November 1951)
3431:Communist Party of Thailand
3296:Phraya Manopakorn Nitithada
3289:Prime Ministers of Thailand
2922:Burmese Invasion of Thalang
2285:In Search of Southeast Asia
2234:Reynolds, Craig J. (1994).
2215:The American Anthropologist
1032:Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall
841:Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall
817:Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall
772:Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall
280:Siamese coup d'ÃĐtat of 1932
66:24 June 1932 (92 years ago)
10:
3970:
3934:Military coups in Thailand
3904:Siamese revolution of 1932
3871:2013â2014 political crisis
3861:2005â2006 political crisis
3482:Rebellion of the Sergeants
3457:Siamese revolution of 1932
3255:(Plod Vichear na Songkhla)
3180:The Prince of Nakhon Sawan
3052:Siamese revolution of 1932
3007:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
2407:Van Praagh, David (1996).
2096:. Boulder: Westview Press.
1172:
1126:Phraya Manopakorn Nititada
1114:Phraya Manopakorn Nititada
1105:Phraya Manopakorn Nititada
480:
471:
353:rebellion of the royalists
328:, and the creation of the
276:Siamese revolution of 1932
35:Siamese revolution of 1932
18:Siamese Revolution of 1932
3848:
3822:
3712:
3659:
3585:
3507:Thai cultural restoration
3462:Constitutions of Thailand
3385:Marshal of the Air Force
3120:
3065:
2942:Lao rebellion (1826â1828)
2517:
2461:16 September 2012 at the
2441:Thailand: A Short History
2430:Vella, Walter F. (1978).
2391:10.1017/s0021911800014327
2294:Stevens, Raymond Bartlett
2083:Handley, Paul M. (2006).
1168:
1073:
1063:
685:, German-educated Prince
554:Luang Sinthusongkhramchai
552:. A young naval captain,
292:
287:
203:Luang Sinthusongkhramchai
157:
122:
58:
47:
39:
34:
3924:20th-century revolutions
3572:14 October 1973 Uprising
3335:Thawan Thamrongnawasawat
3239:(Thongdi Nolarajasuwach)
3215:(General Um Indrayodhin)
2932:Crawfurd Mission to Siam
2862:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns
2698:Bhanurangsi Savangwongse
2439:Wyatt, David K. (2003).
2092:Keyes, Charles. (1987).
1067:, the executive) and an
935:Khana Ratsadon manifesto
867:Khana Ratsadon Manifesto
724:Raymond Bartlett Stevens
683:Minister of the Interior
679:Supreme Council of State
420:Mismanagement of Rama VI
408:culture. In 1910s, King
288:āļāļēāļĢāļāļāļīāļ§āļąāļāļīāļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ āļ.āļĻ. 2475
152:Supreme Council of State
3866:2010 political protests
3856:6 October 1976 massacre
3807:international reactions
3772:March 1977 coup attempt
3694:Palace Rebellion (1949)
3642:revolts and revolutions
3527:Army General Staff plot
3017:Shan Rebellion of Phrae
2847:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix
2456:Thai Revolution of 1932
1198:2475 Dawn of Revolution
837:Phra Phrasasphithayayut
785:
621:Phra Phrasasphithayayut
580:Phra Phrasasphithayayut
318:constitutional monarchy
186:Phra Phrasasphithayayut
97:constitutional monarchy
3830:Peace Rebellion (1952)
3542:Silent Coup (Thailand)
2898:Tha Din Daeng campaign
2738:Kitiyakara Voralaksana
2733:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
2728:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
2703:Devawongse Varoprakarn
2672:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
2557:Phutthaloetla Naphalai
2336:Stowe, Judith (1991).
2323:Cite journal requires
2110:Kruger, Rayne (1964).
1184:
1136:
1118:Prime Minister of Siam
1108:
1085:permanent constitution
1050:
1034:
991:constitutional monarch
977:
958:
820:
808:
800:
687:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
669:
666:Prince of Nakorn Sawan
657:
593:
507:
495:
372:had been ruled by the
320:, the introduction of
254:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
158:Commanders and leaders
3835:1973 popular uprising
3567:1971 Thai coup d'ÃĐtat
3552:1958 Thai coup d'ÃĐtat
3547:1957 Thai coup d'ÃĐtat
3517:1948 Thai coup d'ÃĐtat
3512:1947 Thai coup d'ÃĐtat
3487:Songsuradet rebellion
3308:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
3271:(Bhat Phuengphrakhun)
3248:The Prince of Chainat
3237:Phraya Nolarajasuwach
3221:(Dr. Pridi Banomyong)
3202:Prince Aditya Dibabha
3032:Palace Revolt of 1912
2967:Kelantanese Civil War
2917:Capture of Chiangsaen
2883:Foundation of Bangkok
2748:Abhakara Kiartivongse
2551:Phutthayotfa Chulalok
2370:Winichakul, Thongchai
2358:Winichakul, Thongchai
2292:Sivisanvaja, Phraya;
2120:Landon, Kenneth Perry
1999:A History of Thailand
1182:
1134:
1103:
1090:Siam's first election
1040:
1029:
972:
950:
854:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
814:
806:
798:
699:the Wall Street Crash
663:
634:
578:, Lieutenant Colonel
571:
504:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
501:
490:
225:Luang Kowit-aphaiwong
191:Luang Phibulsongkhram
3944:Rattanakosin Kingdom
3669:Palace Revolt (1912)
3660:Rebellions, revolts,
3404:Luang Wichitwathakan
3387:Fuen R. Ritthakhanee
3253:Phraya Manovaratsevi
3232:Phra Suthamawinichay
3219:Luang Praditmanutham
3207:Chao Phraya Yomarath
3197:The Prince Anuvatana
3141:Monarchy of Thailand
3022:Holy Man's Rebellion
2977:Kengtung expeditions
2768:Rangsit Prayurasakdi
2743:Chirapravati Voradej
2713:Narisara Nuwattiwong
2473:3 March 2016 at the
2074:Coast, John (1953).
1805:, Part II Chapter 8.
1716:, Part II Chapter 7.
674:Prajadhipok Sakdidej
617:Phraya Ritthiakhaney
597:Prayoon Pamornmontri
590:Phraya Ritthiakhaney
466:Prayoon Pamornmontri
424:During the reign of
220:Prayoon Pamornmontri
215:Luang Praditmanutham
181:Phraya Ritthiakhaney
3849:Protests and crises
3537:Manhattan Rebellion
3477:Boworadet Rebellion
3379:Lieutenant General
3346:Thanom Kittikachorn
3280:Princess Srisangwan
3269:Luang Adundetcharat
3243:Sa-nguan Chuthatemi
3168:Regents of Thailand
2997:Front Palace Crisis
2753:Purachatra Jayakara
2602:Maha Sura Singhanat
1903:, pp. 257â258.
1871:Chakrabongse (1957)
1744:Chakrabongse (1957)
1646:Chakrabongse (1957)
1615:Chakrabongse (1957)
1356:, pp. 126â153.
1238:, pp. 251â252.
1146:Boworadet Rebellion
1049:on 10 December 1932
903:Purachatra Jayakara
896:members and twelve
739:Klai Kangwon Palace
712:Minister of Defence
520:Plaek Khittasangkha
376:. After 1868, King
95:Establishment of a
3876:2020â2021 protests
3421:Free Thai Movement
3160:Bhumibol Adulyadej
2763:Wongsa Dhiraj Snid
2718:Kashemsri Subhayok
2708:Damrong Rajanubhab
2693:Vajirananavarorasa
2310:on 5 October 2011.
2251:Unknown parameter
2112:The Devil's Discus
2027:. Silkworm Books.
1185:
1141:Chula Chakrabongse
1137:
1109:
1059:People's Committee
1055:first constitution
1051:
1035:
978:
833:Phraya Songsuradet
821:
809:
801:
780:Khuang Abhaiwongse
670:
658:
609:Phraya Songsuradet
594:
575:Phraya Songsuradej
572:(L to R): Colonel
508:
496:
326:first constitution
304:which occurred in
266:Damrong Rajanubhab
176:Phraya Songsuradet
3929:Conflicts in 1932
3914:1930s in Thailand
3891:
3890:
3787:1985 coup attempt
3782:1981 coup attempt
3777:October 1977 coup
3600:
3599:
3580:
3579:
3080:
3079:
3060:
3059:
2842:Dan Beach Bradley
2773:Mahidol Adulyadej
2758:Yugala Dighambara
2666:Hereditary Prince
2034:978-974-7551-35-8
1226:, pp. 33â34.
1128:on 1 April 1933.
1092:in October 1933.
1074:āļĢāļąāļāļŠāļ āļēāļāļđāđāđāļāļāļĢāļēāļĐāļāļĢ
986:Prince Purachatra
894:Thai Royal Family
871:absolute monarchy
768:Chao Phraya River
735:Chao Phraya River
703:economic meltdown
601:absolute monarchy
382:absolute monarchy
364:Absolute monarchy
330:National Assembly
310:absolute monarchy
272:
271:
118:
117:
107:absolute monarchy
16:(Redirected from
3961:
3954:June 1932 events
3840:Black May (1992)
3654:
3653:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3532:Palace Rebellion
3381:Kat Katsongkhram
3314:Khuang Aphaiwong
3123:
3122:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3083:
2903:Tavoy expedition
2893:Nine Armies' War
2888:TÃĒy SÆĄnâSiam War
2520:
2519:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2414:
2403:
2393:
2365:
2353:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2303:. Archived from
2302:
2288:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2221:(5): 1215â1230.
2209:
2190:
2171:
2137:
2127:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2019:Banomyong, Pridi
2014:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1890:(in Thai). 2020.
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1781:, pp. 35â43
1776:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1484:, pp. 20â27
1479:
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1344:, pp. 66â69
1339:
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1286:
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1076:
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1004:Prince Paribatra
965:Royalty reaction
890:Prince Paribatra
849:Chinese uprising
512:Rue du Sommerard
430:Wild Tiger Corps
414:Thai nationalism
388:started to make
368:Since 1782, the
295:
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91:Coup successful
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3674:1932 Revolution
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3012:Paknam incident
2871:
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2681:
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2541:
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2463:Wayback Machine
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2140:Pacific Affairs
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1960:. 17 March 2024
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1376:
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1165:, Switzerland.
1098:
1064:āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļēāļĐāļāļĢ
1024:
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952:All the People,
942:Pridi Banomyong
937:
877:state in Siam.
793:
791:Bangkok seizure
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695:
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564:Four Musketeers
524:Pridi Banomyong
492:Pridi Banomyong
485:
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477:The "Promoters"
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462:Pridi Banomyong
458:Phibun Songkram
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2450:External links
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2217:. New Series.
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1714:Banomyong 2000
1706:
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1310:
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1173:Main article:
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996:Khana Ratsadon
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1914:
1909:
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1897:
1889:
1888:prachatai.com
1885:
1879:
1873:, p. 162
1872:
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1757:
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1746:, p. 161
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1648:, p. 159
1647:
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1482:Landon (1939)
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882:
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879:The Promoters
876:
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829:Phraya Phahon
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439:
438:palace revolt
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38:
33:
30:
19:
3919:1932 in Siam
3673:
3502:World War II
3456:
3450:
3449:
3410:Institutions
3409:
3408:
3392:
3391:
3375:Phao Siyanon
3361:
3360:
3340:Pote Sarasin
3287:
3286:
3209:(Pan Sukhum)
3166:
3165:
3139:
3138:
3051:
2876:
2875:
2857:John Bowring
2825:
2824:
2795:Sunthorn Phu
2783:
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2665:
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2648:Crown Prince
2646:
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2542:
2536:
2535:
2440:
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2410:
2381:
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2316:cite journal
2305:the original
2284:
2265:
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2218:
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2139:
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2093:
2084:
2075:
2052:
2043:
2023:
1998:
1988:Bibliography
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1955:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1931:The Diplomat
1930:
1920:
1915:, p. 75
1913:Stowe (1991)
1908:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1866:
1861:, p. 34
1859:Stowe (1991)
1854:
1849:, p. 33
1847:Stowe (1991)
1842:
1837:, p. 27
1835:Stowe (1991)
1822:, p. 26
1820:Stowe (1991)
1798:
1793:, p. 25
1791:Stowe (1991)
1786:
1774:
1768:Stowe (1991)
1763:
1751:
1731:, p. 19
1729:Stowe (1991)
1709:
1704:, p. 21
1702:Stowe (1991)
1697:
1692:, p. 22
1690:Stowe (1991)
1677:, p. 20
1675:Stowe (1991)
1653:
1641:
1636:, p. 18
1634:Stowe (1991)
1602:, p. 17
1600:Stowe (1991)
1578:
1573:, p. 16
1571:Stowe (1991)
1552:Stowe (1991)
1532:
1525:Stowe (1991)
1510:Stowe (1991)
1494:Stowe (1991)
1489:
1477:
1472:, p. 15
1470:Stowe (1991)
1455:, p. 14
1453:Stowe (1991)
1448:
1443:, p. 13
1441:Stowe (1991)
1406:
1401:, p. 12
1399:Stowe (1991)
1378:Stowe (1991)
1373:
1366:Stowe (1991)
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1308:, p. 37
1284:
1277:Stowe (1991)
1260:
1254:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1155:World War II
1138:
1110:
1082:
1079:
1052:
1045:signing the
1016:
1000:
979:
959:
954:
951:
938:
925:
918:
915:
905:, Prince of
883:
866:
859:
822:
776:Dusit Palace
756:
728:
721:
697:In 1930, as
696:
671:
652:
646:
640:
595:
589:
588:and Colonel
583:
579:
573:
543:
536:
509:
454:
441:
435:
426:King Rama VI
423:
406:Anglo-Saxons
367:
334:
279:
275:
273:
209:
197:
165:
123:Belligerents
90:
40:Part of the
29:
3557:Vietnam War
3324:Seni Pramoj
3156:(Rama VIII)
3148:Prajadhipok
3037:World War I
2587:Prajadhipok
2526:Individuals
2360:(c. 1994).
1554:, p. 5
1527:, p. 1
1512:, p. 2
1342:Mead (2004)
1289:Mead (2004)
1279:, p. 4
1248:Mead (2004)
1201: [
1122:coup d'ÃĐtat
1043:Prajadhipok
862:Royal Plaza
825:Prajadhipok
823:While King
733:across the
637:Prajadhipok
436:In 1912, a
337:Prajadhipok
298:coup d'ÃĐtat
242:Prajadhipok
3898:Categories
3638:rebellions
3522:Korean War
3451:Key events
3426:Coup Group
3150:(Rama VII)
3132:Key events
2877:Key events
2837:Nguyáŧ
n Ãnh
2826:Foreigners
2800:Bodindecha
2660:Vajiravudh
2655:Vajirunhis
2627:Wichaichan
2589:(Rama VII)
2581:Vajiravudh
2565:(Rama III)
2529:Key events
1936:16 October
1330:Stowe 1991
1212:References
898:nobilities
884:In truth,
648:chang kben
582:, Colonel
410:Vajiravudh
359:Background
109:under the
105:Ended the
3881:reactions
3814:2014 coup
3797:2006 coup
3792:1991 coup
3767:1976 coup
3762:1971 coup
3757:1958 coup
3752:1957 coup
3737:1948 coup
3732:1947 coup
3713:Coups and
3192:Rama VIII
3162:(Rama IX)
2583:(Rama VI)
2571:(Rama IV)
2559:(Rama II)
2255:ignored (
2244:cite book
2160:0030-851X
2061:cite book
1354:Mead 2004
1318:Mead 2004
1096:Aftermath
982:the queen
920:The Times
753:Plan leak
708:Boworadej
516:1912 plot
322:democracy
3646:Thailand
3373:General
3362:Military
3300:General
3175:Rama VII
3126:Politics
3002:Haw wars
2595:Viceroys
2577:(Rama V)
2563:Nangklao
2553:(Rama I)
2523:Monarchs
2471:Archived
2459:Archived
2372:(2000).
2296:(1932).
2122:(1939).
2021:(2000).
1964:20 March
1163:Lausanne
731:a bridge
701:and the
639:wearing
394:nobility
386:monarchy
324:and the
296:) was a
210:Civilian
71:Location
3227:Rama IX
2832:Ang Eng
2784:Siamese
2687:Royalty
2622:Pinklao
2569:Mongkut
2400:2658942
2168:2750737
1012:Bandung
911:Hua Hin
743:Hua Hin
672:Prince
613:Bangkok
472:Prelude
402:England
398:Sakdina
300:by the
76:Bangkok
3393:Others
3312:Major
2912:(1802)
2419:
2398:
2346:
2272:
2202:
2183:
2166:
2158:
2031:
2007:
1169:Legacy
835:, and
763:police
759:leaked
502:Major
384:. The
87:Result
3634:Coups
2544:Kings
2396:JSTOR
2308:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2164:JSTOR
2136:(PDF)
1205:]
1041:King
654:krabi
642:khrui
635:King
545:Luang
390:royal
341:April
335:King
2417:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2329:help
2270:ISBN
2257:help
2200:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2156:ISSN
2067:link
2029:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1966:2024
1938:2020
1008:Java
786:Coup
664:HRH
645:and
558:navy
550:army
392:and
345:June
343:and
306:Siam
284:Thai
274:The
198:Navy
166:Army
101:Siam
80:Siam
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3644:in
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