430:
752:
594:
3015:
37:
380:
In analyzing the structure of characters and defining the words represented by them, Xu strove to clarify the meaning of the pre-Han classics, so as to ensure order and render their use in governance unquestioned. Xu's motives also included a pragmatic and political dimension: according to Boltz, the
1135:
Xu Xuan's textual criticism has been especially vital for all subsequent scholarship, since his restoration of the damage done by Li
Yangbing resulted in the closest version we have to the original, and the basis for all later editions. Xu Kai, in turn, focused on exegetical study, analyzing the
1170:
has historically been very valuable to scholars and was the most important early source regarding the structure of
Chinese characters, much of its analysis and many of its definitions have been superseded by later scholarship, in particular that resulting from the late 19th-century discovery of
463:
The dictionary includes a preface and 15 chapters. The first 14 chapters are character entries; the 15th and final chapter is divided into two parts: a postface and an index of section headers. Xu Shen states in his postface that the dictionary has 9,353 character entries, plus 1,163 graphic
345:
featured the first comprehensive analysis of characters in terms of their structure, and attempted to provide a rationale for their construction. It was also the first to organize its entries into sections according to shared components called
742:
in the late Han, and then in modern standard script in the centuries to follow, the small seal characters continued to be copied in their own seal script to preserve their structure, as were the ancient and Zhou-script characters.
509:
Xu's choice of sections appears in large part to have been driven by the desire to create an unbroken, systematic sequence among the headers themselves, such that each had a natural, intuitive relationship (e.g. structural,
464:
variants, with a total length of 133,441 characters. The transmitted texts vary slightly in content, owing to the omissions and emendations of later commentators. Modern editions have 9,831 characters and 1,279 variants.
1043:
was educational. Since Han studies of writing are attested to have begun by pupils of 8 years old, Xu Shen's categorization of characters was proposed to be understood as a mnemonic methodology for juvenile students.
393:
Now, as for writing systems and their offspring characters, these are the root of the classics, the origin of kingly government, what former men used to hand down to posterity, and what later men use to remember
654:
Individual entries can also include graphical variants, secondary definitions, information regarding their regional use, citations from pre-Han texts, and further phonetic information, typically provided in a
1171:
oracle bone script. It is no longer seen as authoritative for definitions and graphical analysis. Xu lacked access to the earlier oracle bone inscriptions, as well as bronzeware inscriptions from the
876:
had been mentioned by earlier authors, Xu Shen's postface was the first work to provide definitions and examples. However, only the first four of these principles occur in the body of the dictionary.
731:
would have used the oldest characters to best convey the meaning of the texts. However, Wang Guowei and other scholars have shown that they were regional variant forms in the eastern areas during the
719:
argue for the original dating. The ancient characters were based on the characters used in pre-Qin copies of the classics recovered from the walls of houses where they had been hidden to escape the
558:
radicals have no characters under them, while 159 have only one. From a modern lexicographical perspective, Xu's 540 radicals can seem "enigmatic" or "illogical". For instance, he included
1056:
text has been lost, it was transmitted through handwritten copies for centuries. The oldest extant manuscript currently resides in Japan, and consists of a six-page fragment dating to the
554:
characters, that is, the ten
Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches. As a result, unlike modern dictionaries which attempt to maximize the number of characters under each radical, 34
417:
were limited, with entries loosely organized into semantic categories, and merely listing synonymous characters. This layout was comparatively unsuited for looking up characters. In the
421:, Xu instead organized characters by their apparent shared graphical components. Boltz calls this "a major conceptual innovation in the understanding of the Chinese writing system".
482:" in English: these may be entire characters or simplifications thereof, which also serve as components shared by all the characters in that section. The first section header was
1554:
Bottéro, Françoise (1996), "Sémantisme et classification dans l'écriture chinoise: les systèmes de classement des caractères par clés du "Shuowen jiezi" au "Kangxi zidian"",
2902:
1739:, translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California,
967:), meaning that element B plays a semantic role in A, while C has a similar pronunciation. In his 10th-century edition, Xu Xuan removed the phonetic marker
385:"cannot be held to have arisen from a purely linguistic or lexicographical drive". During the Han era, the prevalent theory of language was the Confucian
452:
characters that evolved slowly and organically throughout the mid-to-late Zhou dynasty in the state of Qin, and which were then standardized during the
2453:
2108:
1272:
materials, clipped and arranged them in the original dictionary order, and photo-lithographically printed a colossal edition. Notable advances in
2842:
373:
in 100 CE. However, due to an unfavorable imperial attitude towards scholarship, he waited until 121 before his son Xu Chong presented it to
2832:
1075:
2710:
891:) are named explicitly in the dictionary by labelling character entries in the typical formula "A is B ... (is) simple indicative" (A B
2872:
1903:
The
Extreme of Typographic Complexity: Character Set Issues Relating to Computerization of The Eastern Han Chinese Lexicon Shuowenjiezi
720:
873:
715:
and Tang Lan argued that the structure and style of these characters suggested a later date, but some modern scholars such as
668:
In addition to the seal script form, two other variant styles were included if they differed in form—called 'ancient script' (
2101:
1777:
1744:
1723:
1545:
1523:
2882:
2822:
1603:[Research on the Qin Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing],
2912:
1300:
1718:, Budapest monographs in East Asian Studies, vol. 1, Department of East Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University,
1612:
1563:
1070:
section header. The earliest post-Han scholar known to have researched and emended this dictionary was Li
Yangbing (
389:, a line of thinking revolving around the use the correct names to ensure proper governance. The postface explains:
2852:
2094:
1839:
650:
In the case of compound graphs, analysis of the character's structure in terms of semantic or phonetic components.
3052:
3042:
1013:) are not new characters, but rather new uses of existing characters, and are never labelled in the dictionary.
473:
187:
63:
3047:
256:
79:
1573:
3018:
2862:
1540:, Early China Special Monograph Series, vol. 2, Berkeley: University of California, pp. 429–442,
1124:
ordered Xu Xuan and other editors to publish an authoritative edition of the dictionary, which became the
2508:
987:) are rarely labelled directly, but more commonly identified by the formula "A ... from X from Y" (A ...
479:
347:
133:
3057:
3037:
2743:
2083:
by Alain Lucas & Jean-Louis Schott and with "集韻 Jiyun" and "玉篇 Yupian" texts by Jean-Louis Schott.
1901:
478:
Xu Shen sorted the
Chinese lexicon into 540 sections, under section headers generally referred to as "
2787:
2052:
2086:
1853:, vol. 1, Department of East Asian Languages and Literature, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
86:
70:
2754:
1786:
O'Neill, Timothy (2013), "Xu Shen's
Scholarly Agenda: A New Interpretation of the Postface of the
2892:
1121:
2806:
522:. In the process, he included many section headers that are not considered ones today, such as
386:
1772:, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 6 (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
732:
2966:
2690:
2486:
1943:
1558:(in French), vol. 37, Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études chinoises,
999:
Y), indicating that character A is obtained through the graphical juxtaposition of X and Y.
429:
1909:, STEDT Project, Linguistic Department, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 28–29
8:
2554:
1621:
1150:; 1788–1858), followed the textual criticism model of Xu Xuan, while others like Gui Fu (
321:
2995:
2475:
2371:
2121:
2117:
1588:
307:
223:
215:
1815:
1087:
of studies, owing to his idiosyncratic and somewhat capricious editing of the text".
242:
2956:
2382:
2360:
2349:
2316:
1881:
1854:
1803:
1799:
1773:
1740:
1719:
1698:
1672:
1608:
1559:
1541:
1519:
1294:
701:
607:
374:
325:
171:
163:
700:, an early copybook traditionally attributed to "Historian Zhou", from the court of
2976:
2765:
2653:
1950:
1795:
1646:
551:
503:
112:
2732:
2576:
2523:
2497:
2393:
1261:) is particularly notable, and the most common edition still in use by students.
781:
The title of the work draws a basic distinction between two types of characters:
739:
2699:
2404:
1765:
1715:
Orthography of early
Chinese writing: evidence from newly excavated manuscripts
413:
277:
270:
147:
3031:
2261:
1885:
1807:
1709:
1101:
1036:
362:
1702:
1676:
1516:
Character
Studies: The World of Explanation and Interpretation of Characters
923:) are similarly labelled with the formula "A is B ... (is) pictograph" (A B
2675:
2664:
2642:
2631:
1958:
1605:中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊 Academia Sinica Institute of History and Philology Monograph
1208:'tiger'). However, early forms of the character attested on bronzes have a
1179:
periods, which often provide valuable insight. For example, Xu categorized
1176:
1109:
1105:
1057:
795:, characters consisting of a single graphic element (such as the character
727:. Xu believed that these were the most ancient characters available, since
724:
687:
456:
and promulgated empire-wide. Thus, Needham et al. (1986: 217) describe the
232:
119:
42:
2620:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1858:
1650:
2986:
2338:
2283:
2184:
2155:
1865:
1276:
research have been made by
Chinese and Western scholars like Ma Zonghuo (
1136:
meaning of Xu Shen's text, appending supplemental characters, and adding
712:
696:
453:
449:
438:
366:
1592:
1683:
1657:
1265:
1264:
20th-century scholarship offered new understandings and accessibility.
1250:
1172:
1112:. The most important Northern Song scholars were the brothers Xu Xuan (
1060:, amounting to about 2% of the entire text. The fragment concerns the
955:) are implicitly defined by the formula "A ... from B, C sound" (A...
518:) with the ones before and after, as well as by the desire to reflect
2239:
2195:
2116:
1732:
728:
716:
645:
519:
180:
1927:
1880:] (in Chinese), Taipei: The Commercial Press, pp. 239–295,
610:
form (top right), with the ancient and Zhou-script forms on the left
593:
2587:
2532:
1713:
631:
515:
511:
201:
2609:
2565:
2294:
2228:
2217:
1226:'a musical pitch') phonetic—which is also seen in early forms of
1081:), who according to Boltz is "usually regarded as something of a
637:
626:
358:
311:
282:
239:
1624:(1978), "The initials of Xu Shen's language as reflected in the
2932:
2543:
2442:
2272:
1158:; 1784–1834) followed the analytical exegesis model of Xu Kai.
1138:
751:
2057:
2598:
2464:
2327:
2250:
261:
247:
577:'stamen')—instead of listing the character under the common
2305:
2166:
2048:
400:
330:
738:
Even as copyists transcribed the main text of the book in
36:
1475:
1332:
973:
in cases where the pronunciations were no longer similar.
220:
206:
192:
1697:] (in Chinese), Hanjing wenhua shiye youxiangongsi,
1434:
2903:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1465:
1463:
1461:
735:, from only slightly earlier than the Qin seal script.
1518:] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Tōkai daigaku shuppankai,
1424:
1422:
1349:
1347:
814:, characters composed from multiple elements (such as
460:
as "a paleographic handbook as well as a dictionary".
1572:———; Harbsmeier, Christoph (2008),
1241:
1231:
1221:
1203:
1184:
1142:
pronunciation glosses for each entry. Among Qing-era
1017:
1003:
977:
945:
913:
881:
862:
853:
847:
841:
835:
804:
785:
773:
678:
669:
656:
601:
572:
550:
heading. He also included as section headers all the
537:
527:
497:
487:
168:
152:
138:
124:
46:
1487:
1458:
1446:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1344:
1320:
625:A short definition, usually consisting of a single
2051:– comparative database of different editions from
1556:Mémoires de l'institut des hautes études chinoises
1047:
755:Page from a copy of a Song dynasty edition of the
542:'bear'), which modern dictionaries list under the
2454:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
1833:, vol. 55, Academia Sinica, pp. 651–754
1770:Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany
1571:
1383:
1359:
3029:
1371:
909:)), where B is a definition for the character A.
694:characters were taken from the no-longer extant
1794:, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 413–440,
1161:
2814:
1878:The Collected works of Wang Jing'an of Haining
1764:
1587:, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 249–271,
834:Thus, the work's title means "commenting on" (
644:The character's pronunciation, indicated by a
2843:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
2102:
1844:: The First Comprehensive Chinese Dictionary"
1671:] (in Chinese), Taiwan Commercial Press,
1645:, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 176–187,
1027:) are identified by their definitions in the
1022:
1008:
994:
988:
982:
968:
962:
956:
950:
936:
930:
924:
918:
904:
898:
892:
886:
867:
825:
819:
809:
796:
790:
768:
84:
68:
1872:[Commentary on the Shi Zhou Pian],
1538:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
1082:
2711:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
1785:
1768:; Lu, Guizhen; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (2008) ,
1578:dictionary and the human sciences in China"
1338:
3014:
2109:
2095:
98:Explaining graphs and analyzing characters
2833:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
324:(25–206 CE). While prefigured by earlier
1911:– List of the 540 radicals in Xiaozhuan.
1792:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1708:
1481:
1100:scholarship improved greatly during the
1090:
750:
592:
428:
16:2nd-century Chinese character dictionary
1813:
1636:
1553:
1108:dynasties, as well as during the later
398:Previous Chinese dictionaries like the
3030:
1752:
1620:
1509:
1389:
1189:'be concerned', 'consider') under the
746:
222:
170:
2925:
2090:
1837:
1643:International Journal of Lexicography
1531:
1493:
1469:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1365:
1353:
1326:
622:The seal script form of the character
2883:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2823:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1864:
1682:
1656:
1598:
874:traditional character classification
567:as a radical indexing only the rare
2873:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1731:
1413:
1401:
1377:
13:
1893:
1760:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
1146:scholars, some like Zhu Junsheng (
1052:Although the original Han dynasty
14:
3069:
1915:
1641:and Textual Criticism in China",
3013:
1800:10.7817/jameroriesoci.133.3.0413
1536:說文解字", in Loewe, Michael (ed.),
1198:radical, noting its phonetic as
35:
1637:Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1989), "
1510:Atsuji Tetsuji (阿辻哲次) (1986),
1209:
1190:
1048:Textual history and scholarship
861:Although the "six principles" (
760:
706:
686:), not to be confused with the
578:
559:
543:
283:
262:
248:
221:
207:
193:
41:Cover of a modern reprint of a
2913:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
2431:
2426:
2422:
2144:
1630:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1066:
759:, showing characters with the
474:List of Shuowen Jiezi radicals
169:
153:
139:
125:
85:
69:
1:
2173:
1599:Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) (2003),
1309:
618:character entry consists of:
502:), the last character of the
433:The 540 radicals used by the
405:
353:
335:
314:
3019:List of Chinese dictionaries
2863:The Five Thousand Dictionary
2853:A Chinese–English Dictionary
2039:
1814:Serruys, Paul L.-M. (1986),
1632:, no. 6, pp. 27–75
1607:(in Chinese), 中央硏究院歷史語言硏究所,
1314:
1162:Later and contemporary study
424:
369:. He finished compiling the
7:
2509:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
1753:Miller, Roy Andrew (1953).
1666:A Forest of Glosses on the
1532:Boltz, William G. (1993), "
1287:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1204:
1185:
1154:; 1736–1805) and Wang Yun (
1018:
1004:
978:
946:
914:
882:
863:
854:
852:'separate', 'analyze') the
848:
842:
836:
805:
786:
774:
679:
670:
657:
602:
573:
538:
528:
498:
488:
467:
47:
10:
3074:
2744:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
1502:
944:Phono-semantic compounds (
840:'comment', 'explain') the
588:
492:'first') and the last was
471:
3011:
2948:
2805:
2788:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
2779:
2724:
2689:
2522:
2418:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2061:online text version with
2053:Beijing Normal University
1755:Problems in the study of
1692:Explanatory Notes on the
1281:
1277:
1258:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1199:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1071:
1061:
1023:
1009:
995:
989:
983:
969:
963:
957:
951:
937:
931:
925:
919:
905:
899:
893:
887:
868:
826:
820:
815:
810:
797:
791:
769:
683:
674:
662:
598:
568:
533:
523:
493:
483:
377:, along with a memorial.
328:reference works like the
294:
276:
269:
255:
238:
231:
214:
200:
186:
179:
162:
146:
132:
118:
111:
106:
102:
94:
78:
62:
51:
34:
30:
23:
2755:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
1949:Scanned editions at the
1931:
1873:
1869:
1830:
1687:
1661:
1604:
1600:
1511:
1268:collected all available
665:'read as if') notation.
629:—occasionally through a
64:Traditional Chinese
2893:Grammata Serica Recensa
2081:définitions and glosses
1920:
1122:Emperor Taizong of Song
1116:; 916–991) and Xu Kai (
1016:No derived characters (
80:Simplified Chinese
3053:History of linguistics
2961:(Tangut; 12th century)
2161:(first millennium BCE)
1900:Cook, Richard (2001),
1851:Wisconsin China Series
1816:"On the System of the
1083:
1039:, the function of the
976:Compound indicatives (
778:
611:
441:
409: 3rd century BCE
396:
387:Rectification of Names
339: 3rd century BCE
3043:Chinese classic texts
2177: 3rd century BC
1838:Thern, K. L. (1966),
1236:'vessel', 'hut') and
1126:Shuowen Jiezi Xichuan
1092:Shuowen Jiezi Xichuan
754:
733:Warring States period
677:) and 'Zhou script' (
606:'child', showing the
596:
472:Further information:
432:
391:
361:was a scholar of the
45:'veritable edition' (
3048:Chinese dictionaries
2967:Pentaglot Dictionary
2487:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1944:Chinese Text Project
1304:(television program)
1120:; 920–974). In 986,
880:Simple indicatives (
818:itself, composed of
635:pun, as seen in the
208:Syut3-man4 gaai2-zi6
2555:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
1999:Siku Quanshu Huiyao
1651:10.1093/ijl/2.3.176
1443:, pp. 432–433.
846:, and "analyzing" (
767:radical, including
747:Structural analysis
711:827–782 BCE).
381:compilation of the
322:Eastern Han dynasty
2996:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
2949:In other languages
2476:Zhongwen Da Cidian
2372:Zhonghua Da Zidian
2122:Chinese characters
2120:for scripts using
1842:Shuo-wen Chieh-tzu
1822:Shuo-wen chieh-tzu
1757:Shuo-wen chieh-tzu
1534:Shuo wen chieh tzu
779:
612:
442:
308:Chinese dictionary
194:Syut-màhn gáai-jih
155:Shuo-wen chieh-tzŭ
3058:2nd-century books
3038:Han dynasty texts
3025:
3024:
3007:
3006:
2957:Pearl in the Palm
2944:
2943:
2801:
2800:
2637:(c. 12th century)
2383:Xinhua Dictionary
2361:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
2350:Kangxi Dictionary
2311:(c. 11th century)
1840:"Postface of the
1779:978-0-521-08731-5
1746:978-1-557-29071-7
1725:978-963-463-811-7
1622:Coblin, W. South.
1547:978-1-557-29043-4
1525:978-4-486-00841-5
1484:, pp. 54–61.
1416:, pp. 82–83.
1404:, pp. 72–77.
1295:Kangxi Dictionary
1255:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
1249:The Qing scholar
702:King Xuan of Zhou
375:Emperor An of Han
326:Chinese character
298:
297:
290:
289:
284:Syiwet-mɨun Kedzi
188:Yale Romanization
113:Standard Mandarin
3065:
3017:
3016:
3000:
2992:
2982:
2981:(Japanese; 1960)
2977:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
2972:
2962:
2937:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2812:
2811:
2794:
2772:
2766:Longkan Shoujian
2761:
2750:
2739:
2717:
2706:
2705:(c. 1st century)
2682:
2671:
2660:
2654:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2649:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2583:
2572:
2561:
2550:
2539:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2449:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2411:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2356:
2345:
2334:
2323:
2312:
2301:
2290:
2289:(c. 7th century)
2279:
2268:
2267:(c. 4th century)
2257:
2246:
2235:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2047:
1951:Internet Archive
1946:
1941:
1940:
1910:
1908:
1888:
1861:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1810:
1782:
1761:
1749:
1728:
1705:
1679:
1658:Ding Fubao (丁福保)
1653:
1633:
1628:duruo glosses",
1617:
1601:秦系文字研究：从漢字史的角度考察
1595:
1582:
1568:
1550:
1528:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1283:
1280:) and Ma Xulun (
1279:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1131:
1119:
1115:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
985:
981:
972:
971:
966:
965:
960:
959:
954:
953:
949:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
927:
922:
921:
917:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
895:
890:
889:
885:
871:
870:
866:
857:
851:
845:
839:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
813:
812:
808:
800:
799:
794:
793:
789:
777:
772:
771:
766:
762:
721:burning of books
710:
708:
685:
682:
676:
673:
664:
660:
605:
600:
584:
580:
576:
570:
566:
565:
561:
552:sexagenary cycle
549:
545:
541:
535:
531:
525:
504:Earthly Branches
501:
495:
491:
485:
437:in the original
410:
407:
340:
337:
319:
316:
286:
285:
265:
264:
251:
250:
227:
226:
225:
210:
209:
196:
195:
175:
174:
173:
158:
157:
156:
142:
141:
140:Shuowen jieetzyh
128:
127:
104:
103:
90:
89:
74:
73:
53:
50:
39:
21:
20:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2940:
2935:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2815:Chinese–English
2797:
2792:
2775:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2737:
2733:Jingdian Shiwen
2720:
2715:
2704:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2625:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2577:Yunhai jingyuan
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2518:
2513:
2502:
2498:Hanyu Da Cidian
2491:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2447:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2398:
2394:Hanyu Da Zidian
2387:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2332:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2233:
2222:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2176:
2171:
2160:
2137:
2124:
2115:
2045:
2042:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1894:Further reading
1891:
1875:
1871:
1846:
1832:
1826:
1780:
1766:Needham, Joseph
1747:
1737:Chinese Writing
1733:Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)
1726:
1689:
1663:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1580:
1566:
1548:
1526:
1513:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1290:
1213:
1194:
1193:
1164:
1095:
1078:
1050:
764:
749:
740:clerical script
705:
591:
582:
563:
562:
547:
476:
470:
427:
408:
356:
338:
317:
263:Suat-bûn kái-jī
249:Soat-bûn kái-jī
154:
134:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
95:Literal meaning
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2991:(French; 2001)
2987:Le Grand Ricci
2983:
2973:
2971:(Manchu; 1794)
2963:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2762:
2751:
2740:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2670:(17th century)
2661:
2650:
2648:(14th century)
2639:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2540:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2494:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2438:
2436:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2405:Zhonghua Zihai
2401:
2390:
2379:
2368:
2357:
2346:
2335:
2324:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2269:
2258:
2247:
2236:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2181:
2163:
2151:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2055:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
1995:
1947:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:External links
1914:
1913:
1912:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1862:
1835:
1811:
1783:
1778:
1762:
1750:
1745:
1729:
1724:
1710:Galambos, Imre
1706:
1680:
1654:
1634:
1618:
1613:
1596:
1569:
1564:
1551:
1546:
1529:
1524:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1496:, p. 435.
1486:
1474:
1472:, p. 433.
1457:
1455:, p. 436.
1445:
1433:
1431:, p. 432.
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1356:, p. 431.
1343:
1341:, p. 436.
1331:
1329:, p. 430.
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1163:
1160:
1094:
1089:
1079: 765–780
1049:
1046:
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1032:
1014:
1000:
974:
942:
910:
832:
831:
802:
748:
745:
652:
651:
648:
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623:
590:
587:
469:
466:
426:
423:
355:
352:
296:
295:
292:
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288:
287:
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278:Middle Chinese
274:
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271:Middle Chinese
267:
266:
259:
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245:
236:
235:
229:
228:
218:
212:
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204:
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197:
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184:
183:
181:Yue: Cantonese
177:
176:
166:
160:
159:
150:
144:
143:
136:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:Transcriptions
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
82:
76:
75:
66:
60:
59:
40:
32:
31:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2701:
2697:
2696:
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2692:
2688:
2678:
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2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:(before 1161)
2623:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:
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2374:
2373:
2369:
2363:
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2358:
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2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:(3rd century)
2242:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:(2nd century)
2209:
2208:
2207:Shuowen Jiezi
2204:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1929:Shuowen Jiezi
1925:
1924:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:Shuowen jiezi
1784:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1694:Shuowen Jiezi
1693:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:Shuowen Jiezi
1667:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:Shuowen Jiezi
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:957-671-995-X
1610:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1576:Shuowen Jiezi
1570:
1567:
1565:2-857-57055-4
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:Galambos 2006
1478:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1380:, p. 73.
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1303:
1302:Shuowen Jiezi
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1253:'s annotated
1252:
1247:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1216:signific and
1206:
1187:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1168:Shuowen Jiezi
1159:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Southern Tang
1099:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1054:Shuowen Jiezi
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:Imre Galambos
1035:According to
1030:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1001:
980:
975:
948:
943:
916:
911:
884:
879:
878:
877:
875:
865:
859:
856:
850:
844:
838:
807:
803:
788:
784:
783:
782:
776:
758:
753:
744:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
703:
699:
698:
693:
689:
681:
672:
666:
659:
649:
647:
643:
640:
639:
634:
633:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
617:
616:Shuowen Jiezi
609:
604:
595:
586:
575:
557:
553:
540:
532:'flame') and
530:
521:
517:
513:
507:
505:
500:
490:
481:
475:
465:
461:
459:
458:Shuowen Jiezi
455:
451:
447:
446:Shuowen Jiezi
444:Xu wrote the
440:
436:
435:Shuowen Jiezi
431:
422:
420:
419:Shuowen Jiezi
416:
415:
403:
402:
395:
390:
388:
384:
378:
376:
372:
371:Shuowen Jiezi
368:
364:
363:Five Classics
360:
351:
349:
344:
343:Shuowen Jiezi
333:
332:
327:
323:
320:, during the
318: 100 CE
313:
309:
305:
304:
303:Shuowen Jiezi
293:
281:
279:
275:
272:
268:
260:
258:
254:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
224:
219:
217:
213:
205:
203:
199:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
172:
167:
165:
161:
151:
149:
145:
137:
135:
131:
126:Shuōwén jiězì
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
56:Shuowen Jiezi
49:
44:
38:
33:
29:
26:
25:Shuowen Jiezi
22:
19:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2786:
2780:Biographical
2764:
2753:
2742:
2731:
2709:
2698:
2676:Peiwen Yunfu
2674:
2665:Qi Lin Bayin
2663:
2652:
2643:Menggu Ziyun
2641:
2632:Pingshui Yun
2630:
2619:
2608:
2597:
2586:
2575:
2564:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2441:
2430:
2403:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2227:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2183:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2118:Dictionaries
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:"說文解字注", 釋名
2062:
2058:
2046:(in Chinese)
1998:
1959:Siku Quanshu
1957:
1942:– via
1937:, retrieved
1935:(in Chinese)
1928:
1902:
1877:
1866:Wang, Guowei
1850:
1841:
1821:
1820:(部首) in the
1817:
1791:
1787:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1736:
1714:
1695:
1691:
1669:
1665:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1584:
1575:
1555:
1537:
1533:
1515:
1489:
1477:
1448:
1436:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1368:, p. 4.
1361:
1339:O'Neill 2013
1334:
1322:
1301:
1293:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1248:
1246:'captive').
1177:Western Zhou
1167:
1165:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1125:
1110:Qing dynasty
1097:
1096:
1091:
1065:
1058:Tang dynasty
1053:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1002:Loangraphs (
912:Pictograms (
860:
833:
801:itself), and
780:
756:
737:
725:Qin Shihuang
695:
691:
688:Zhou dynasty
667:
653:
636:
630:
615:
613:
555:
508:
477:
462:
457:
445:
443:
434:
418:
412:
399:
397:
392:
382:
379:
370:
357:
342:
329:
310:compiled by
302:
301:
299:
233:Southern Min
120:Hanyu Pinyin
55:
43:Song dynasty
24:
18:
2758:一切經音義 (慧琳)
2747:一切經音義 (玄英)
2339:Zhengzitong
2284:Ganlu Zishu
2190:(c. 220 BC)
2185:Cangjiepian
2156:Shizhoupian
2129:Monolingual
2001:: chapters
1962:: chapters
1684:Duan, Yucai
1512:漢字学―説文解字の世界
1390:Coblin 1978
723:ordered by
713:Wang Guowei
697:Shizhoupian
454:Qin dynasty
450:seal script
448:to analyze
439:seal script
367:Han dynasty
365:during the
3032:Categories
2725:Exegetical
2714:現代漢語方言大詞典
2201:(c. 40 BC)
2136:Characters
2063:Duàn Yùcái
1939:2024-03-02
1686:(1980) ,
1660:(1959) ,
1585:Asia Major
1494:Boltz 1993
1470:Boltz 1993
1453:Boltz 1993
1441:Boltz 1993
1429:Boltz 1993
1366:Thern 1966
1354:Boltz 1993
1327:Boltz 1993
1310:References
1266:Ding Fubao
1251:Duan Yucai
1173:Late Shang
1166:While the
1084:bête noire
614:A typical
608:small seal
597:Entry for
394:antiquity.
354:Background
148:Wade–Giles
2807:Bilingual
2691:Varieties
2621:Qiyin lüe
2512:现代汉语规范词典
2240:Xiao Erya
2196:Jijiupian
2049:數字化《說文解字》
2040:Databases
1997:from the
1956:from the
1886:551302706
1874:海寧王靜安先生遺書
1868:(1979),
1808:0003-0279
1735:(2000) ,
1315:Citations
947:xíngshēng
915:xiàngxíng
729:Confucius
717:Qiu Xigui
646:homophone
520:cosmology
425:Structure
54:) of the
2999:(Korean)
2791:中國人名大辭典
2760:(c. 807)
2749:(c. 649)
2738:(c. 583)
2588:Guangyun
2538:(c. 230)
2533:Shenglei
2457:教育部國語辭典
2278:(c. 543)
2256:(c. 350)
2234:(c. 230)
2223:(c. 200)
2079:Guangyun
1712:(2006),
1703:31788379
1677:21118625
1593:41649948
1414:Qiu 2000
1402:Qiu 2000
1378:Qiu 2000
1288:See also
1210:⼼
1019:zhuǎnzhù
765:'SPEECH'
761:⾔
632:shengxun
579:⼼
544:⽕
516:phonetic
512:semantic
480:radicals
468:Sections
348:radicals
202:Jyutping
2700:Fangyan
2610:Yunjing
2566:Tangyun
2558:刊謬補缺切韻
2490:现代汉语词典
2295:Leipian
2229:Guangya
2218:Shiming
2075:Fangyan
2067:Shiming
2059:Shuowen
1824:(說文解字)"
1818:Pu Shou
1626:Shuowen
1503:Sources
1274:Shuowen
1270:Shuowen
1214:'HEART'
1212:
1195:'THINK'
1144:Shuowen
1098:Shuowen
1041:Shuowen
1029:Shuowen
763:
757:Shuowen
709:
690:. The
680:Zhòuwén
638:Shiming
627:synonym
589:Entries
583:'HEART'
581:
564:'DOUBT'
556:Shuowen
546:
414:Fangyan
383:Shuowen
359:Xu Shen
341:), the
312:Xu Shen
240:Hokkien
48:zhēnběn
2936:(1997)
2933:CEDICT
2926:Online
2917:(1996)
2907:(1972)
2897:(1957)
2887:(1947)
2877:(1931)
2867:(1926)
2857:(1892)
2847:(1874)
2837:(1842)
2827:(1823)
2793:(1921)
2716:(2002)
2681:(1711)
2659:(1324)
2615:(1161)
2604:(1037)
2593:(1008)
2544:Qieyun
2514:(2004)
2503:(1994)
2501:漢語大詞典
2492:(1978)
2481:(1968)
2479:中文大辭典
2470:(1938)
2459:(1926)
2448:(1915)
2443:Ciyuan
2410:(1994)
2399:(1989)
2397:漢語大字典
2388:(1957)
2377:(1915)
2375:中華大字典
2366:(1815)
2364:說文解字注
2355:(1716)
2344:(1627)
2333:(1615)
2322:(1254)
2317:Zitong
2300:(1066)
2273:Yupian
2262:Ziyuan
1884:
1859:654390
1857:
1806:
1776:
1743:
1722:
1701:
1675:
1662:說文解字詁林
1611:
1591:
1562:
1544:
1522:
1139:fanqie
1130:説文解字繫傳
1005:jiǎjiè
883:zhǐshì
864:liùshū
548:'FIRE'
411:) and
257:Tâi-lô
2771:(997)
2769:龍龕手鑒
2736:經典釋文
2679:佩文韻府
2668:戚林八音
2657:中原音韻
2646:蒙古字韻
2599:Jiyun
2582:(780)
2580:韻海鏡源
2571:(732)
2560:(706)
2549:(601)
2465:Cihai
2419:Words
2408:中华字海
2386:新华字典
2353:康熙字典
2328:Zihui
2287:干祿字書
2251:Zilin
2210:說文解字
2077:, 廣韻
2073:, 方言
2069:, 爾雅
2031:14–15
2027:12–13
2023:10–11
1992:14–15
1988:12–13
1984:10–11
1907:(PDF)
1876:[
1870:史籀篇敘錄
1847:(PDF)
1831:史語所集刊
1827:(PDF)
1690:[
1688:說文解字注
1664:[
1589:JSTOR
1581:(PDF)
1574:"The
1514:[
1259:說文解字注
979:huìyì
961:B, C
872:) of
671:gǔwén
658:dúruò
641:, and
539:xióng
306:is a
2635:平水韻
2624:七音略
2524:Rime
2342:正字通
2306:Piya
2243:小爾雅
2199:急就篇
2188:倉頡篇
2167:Erya
2159:史籀篇
2071:Erya
2029:and
1990:and
1932:說文解字
1921:Text
1882:OCLC
1855:OCLC
1804:ISSN
1774:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1699:OCLC
1673:OCLC
1609:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1175:and
1106:Song
1104:and
837:shuō
824:and
775:shuō
692:Zhou
401:Erya
331:Erya
300:The
87:说文解字
71:說文解字
2703:方言
2613:韻鏡
2602:集韻
2591:廣韻
2569:唐韻
2547:切韻
2536:聲類
2468:辭海
2446:辭源
2331:字彙
2320:字通
2309:埤雅
2298:類篇
2276:玉篇
2265:字苑
2254:字林
2232:廣雅
2221:釋名
2170:爾雅
2019:8–9
2015:6–7
2011:4–5
2003:1–2
1980:8–9
1976:6–7
1972:4–5
1968:2–3
1829:,
1796:doi
1790:",
1647:doi
1284:).
1282:馬敘倫
1278:馬宗霍
1148:朱駿聲
1132:).
1076:fl.
1072:李陽冰
941:)).
929:...
897:...
849:jiě
843:wén
787:wén
574:ruǐ
529:yán
514:or
499:hài
243:POJ
216:IPA
164:IPA
3034::
2432:cí
2429:;
2174:c.
2145:zì
2142:;
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
2013:,
2009:,
2005:,
1986:,
1982:,
1978:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1953::
1849:,
1802:,
1583:,
1460:^
1421:^
1346:^
1243:lǔ
1233:lǔ
1223:lǚ
1205:hǔ
1186:lǜ
1156:王筠
1152:桂馥
1118:徐鍇
1114:徐鉉
1074:;
1067:mù
1064:;
1024:轉注
1010:假借
993:X
984:會意
952:形聲
932:象形
920:象形
900:指事
888:指事
869:六書
858:.
855:zì
830:).
806:zì
707:r.
684:籀文
675:古文
663:讀若
603:zǐ
585:.
506:.
489:yī
406:c.
350:.
336:c.
315:c.
52:真本
2435:)
2427:词
2425:／
2423:詞
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2179:)
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2148:)
2140:字
2138:(
2110:e
2103:t
2096:v
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2007:3
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1964:1
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1649::
1392:.
1257:(
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1238:虜
1230:(
1228:盧
1220:(
1218:呂
1202:(
1200:虍
1191:思
1183:(
1181:慮
1128:(
1062:木
1031:.
996:從
990:從
970:聲
964:聲
958:從
938:也
935:(
926:也
906:也
903:(
894:也
827:子
821:宀
816:字
811:字
798:文
792:文
770:說
704:(
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599:子
571:(
569:繠
560:惢
536:(
534:熊
526:(
524:炎
496:(
494:亥
486:(
484:一
404:(
334:(
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