4213:
901:
2096:
script's historical developments in the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions; (5) no precise, unambiguous, and convenient means for specifying pronunciations; (6) no standardized, user-friendly means for looking up words and graphs; (7) failure to distinguish linguistically between vernacular and literary registers, or between usages peculiar to different regions and times; and (8) open-endedness of the writing system, with current unabridged character dictionaries containing 60,000 to 85,000 graphs.
19:
4201:
4177:
1090:(1996), giving more than 196,000 words or terms alphabetically arranged in a single-tier pinyin order. The user can therefore in a straightforward way find a term whose pronunciation is known rather than searching by radical or character structure, the latter being a 2-tiered approach. This project had long been advocated by another pinyin proponent,
1361:) Beijing: Commercial Press, 2006. (6400 header characters) (This ancient Chinese dictionary is probably the most popular in terms of sales and is intended for a general audience with a non-expert understanding of the Classical language. It is used extensively as a reference and study aid by secondary school students in preparation for the
2095:
lists eight adverse features of traditional
Chinese lexicography, some of which have continued up to the present day: (1) persistent confusion of spoken word with written graph; (2) lack of etymological science as opposed to the analysis of script; (3) absence of the concept of word; (4) ignoring the
1296:
radicals, and give definitions in order of antiquity (most ancient to most recent) when several definitions exist. Quotes from the literature exemplifying each listed meaning are given. Quotes are usually chosen from the pre-Han
Classical literature when possible, unless the definition emerged
432:
asked about the
Chinese characters, he replied "Sir, they have not an alphabet. They have not been able to form what all other nations have formed". Nevertheless, the Chinese made their dictionaries, and developed three original systems for lexicographical ordering: semantic categories, graphic
447:("Approaching Correctness") is the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, and scholarship reveals that it is a pre-Qin compilation of glosses to classical texts. It contains lists of synonyms arranged into 19 semantic categories (e.g., "Explaining Plants", "Explaining Trees"). The
976:(1892, 1912), one that Norman calls "the first truly adequate Chinese–English dictionary". It contained 13,848 characters and numerous compound expressions, with pronunciation based upon Beijing Mandarin, which it compared with nine southern dialects such as
1198:("Contemporary Chinese Dictionary") is a middle-sized dictionary of words. It is arranged by characters, alphabetized by pinyin, which list compounds and phrases, with a total 56,000 entries (expanded to 70,000 in the 2016 edition). Both the
596:), the radical method is usually effective, thus it continues to be widely used in the present day. However, sometimes the radical of a character is not obvious. To compensate this, a "Chart of Characters that Are Difficult to Look up" (
1880:; "Compilation and Explanations of the Colloquial Terms Found in Classical Poetry and Dramas"). Pioneering work in the field, completed in 1945 but published posthumously in 1954 in Shanghai by Zhonghua Book Company. Many reprints.
1280:"). One Chinese dictionary bibliography lists over 130 subject categories, from "Abbreviations, Accounting" to "Veterinary, Zoology." The following examples are limited to specialized dictionaries from a few representative fields.
1333:) Beijing: Commercial Press, 1998. (24000 header words) (This dictionary is the most extensive special purpose ancient Chinese dictionary in terms of the number of words defined. However, general purpose dictionaries like the
1385:). (12500 header characters) (This dictionary was compiled over a period of 15 years by a team of well-known linguists and specialists in ancient Chinese literature at Peking University originally led by the late Professor
484:, has 8 semantically based chapters of names for plants and animals. For a dictionary user wanting to look up a character, this arbitrary semantic system is inefficient unless one already knows, or can guess, the meaning.
879:
While the above traditional pre-20th-century
Chinese dictionaries focused upon the meanings and pronunciations of words in classical texts, they practically ignored the spoken language and vernacular literature.
1899:; "A Comprehensive Glossary of the Special Terms Found in the Genre of Dunhuang Bianwen"), revised and enlarged edition with supplements. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe. 1997. First published 1962.
687:
Besides categorizing ancient
Chinese dictionaries by their methods of collation, they can also be classified by their functions. In the traditional bibliographic divisions of the imperial collection
1918:; "Explanations of the Colloquial Terms Found in Classical Poetry and Dramas, Illustrated by Examples"), 2nd revised and enlarged edition. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 2005. First published 1980.
1860:
The 20th century saw the rapid progress of the studies of the lexicons found in the
Chinese vernacular literature, which includes novels, dramas and poetry. Important works in the field include:
651:
The clear problem with these old phonetically arranged dictionary is that the would-be user needs to have the knowledge of rime. Thus, dictionaries collated this way can only serve the literati.
892:
served as the standard
Chinese dictionary for generations, is still published and is now online. Contemporary lexicography is divisible between bilingual and monolingual Chinese dictionaries.
916:, they compiled the first grammar books and bilingual dictionaries. Westerners adapted the Latin alphabet to represent Chinese pronunciation, and arranged their dictionaries accordingly.
658:
or other methods of romanisation, together with a radicals index. Some of these pinyin dictionaries also contain indices of the characters arranged by number and order of strokes, by the
1248:(Chinese–English dictionary) project in 1997, it has grown into a standard reference database. The CEDICT is the basis for many Internet dictionaries of Chinese, and is included in the
1288:
Dictionaries of
Ancient Chinese give definitions, in Modern Chinese, of characters and words found in the pre-Modern (before 1911) Chinese literature. They are typically organized by
1156:"Dictionary of the National Language") was a four-volume dictionary of words, designed to standardize modern pronunciation. The main entries were characters listed phonologically by
1000:
system, which was standard in
English speaking countries until 1979 when pinyin was adopted. The Giles dictionary was replaced by the 1931 dictionary of the Australian missionary
851:) of the Song dynasty. Although these dictionaries center upon the graphic properties of Chinese characters, they do not necessarily collate characters by radical. For instance,
2658:
1986. "The Need for an
Alphabetically Arranged General Usage Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Review Article of Some Recent Dictionaries and Current Lexicographical Projects".
2371:
A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, arranged according to the Wu-fang yuan yin, with the pronunciation of the characters as heard in Peking, Canton, Amoy and Shanghai
1139:("Sea of Words") was a comprehensive dictionary of characters and expressions, and provided near-encyclopedic coverage in fields like science, philosophy, history. The
4064:
1069:
988:. It has been called "still interesting as a repository of late Qing documentary Chinese, although there is little or no indication of the citations, mainly from the
2004:; "A Dictionary of Loanwords in Classical Dramas of China"). Shanghai: Hanyu da cidian chubanshe; Kunming: Yunnan daxue chubanshe. 2001. First published in 1991 as
339:
The precursors of Chinese dictionaries are primers designed for students of Chinese characters. The earliest of them only survive in fragments or quotations within
1297:
during the post-Classical period. Dictionaries intended for historians, linguists, and other classical scholars will sometimes also provide Middle Chinese
2029:
3615:
3270:
1215:("Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese Words") with over 370,000 word and phrase entries listed under 23,000 different characters; and the (1986–89)
1180:
1043:. A hint of non-standard pronunciation was also given, by marking final stops and initial voicing and non-palatalization in non-Mandarin dialects.
1077:
edited two full-scale dictionaries: Chinese-English with over 8,000 characters and 100,000 entries, and English-Chinese with over 160,000 entries.
307:; "word, speech; phrase, expression; diction, phraseology; statement; a kind of poetic prose; depart; decline; resign"), and its graphic variant
2332:
A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language: According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms: Containing about 12,000 Characters
3168:
Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionary with handwriting recognition, character evolution information, pronunciation and video examples.
3054:
908:, the first major Chinese–English dictionary. In this section, words are arranged alphabetically based on Morrison's transcription of Chinese.
4004:
955:
912:
The foreigners who entered China in late Ming and Qing dynasties needed dictionaries for different purposes than native speakers. Wanting to
3994:
3226:
2038:. These specialized Chinese dictionaries are available either as add-ons to existing publications like Yuan's 2004 Pocket Dictionary and
3872:
1449:
3073:
2014:; "Mongolian Expressions in Yuan and Ming Dramas") by Shanghai: Hanyu dacidian chubanshe. Covering mainly the loanwords form Mongolian.
1308:
While dictionaries published in mainland China intended for study or reference by high school/college students are generally printed in
4034:
1985:; "Compilation and Explanations of the Jargon and Slang used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties"). Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe. 1997.
2074:
1789:. During the late 19th century, when Western powers forced open China's doors, numerous loanwords entered Chinese, many through the
1221:("Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese Characters") with 54,678 head entries for characters. They both use a system of 200 radicals.
689:
3236:
2355:
Chinese and English dictionary: Containing all the words in the Chinese imperial dictionary, arranged according to the radicals
1943:; "Explanation of the Special Terms Found in the Yuan Operas"). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. 1983–1990. 4 volumes.
1445:
1006:
3263:
913:
610:
The third system of lexicographical ordering is by character pronunciation. This type of dictionary collates its entries by
4044:
3984:
2039:
1241:
1027:
970:
criticized Williams as "the lexicographer not for the future but of the past", and took nearly twenty years to compile his
928:
784:
and its descendants. These exegetical dictionaries focus on explaining meanings of words as found in the Chinese classics.
417:
3000:
562:
radicals to 214. It also originated the "radical-stroke" scheme of ordering characters on the number of residual graphic
4074:
3209:
3202:
1086:
1010:, which was popular for decades, was based on Giles and partially updated by Y.R. Chao in 1943 and reprinted in 1960.
3042:
2960:
2921:
2876:
2844:
2794:
2640:
2607:
2579:
2508:
2464:
2378:
2339:
2226:
1103:
3113:
4014:
3256:
905:
2081:
TPS Frequency Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Study Guide to 2,500 Characters and Over 24,000 Words and Phrases
1786:
3177:
2624:
2409:
2246:
1832:; "Dictionary of Loanwords in Chinese"). Hong Kong: Commercial Press; Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe. 1985.
1313:
941:
2486:. Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press. 1931. Rev. American ed. 1943. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1966:
of the Tang and Song Dynasties"), revised edition. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 2001. First published 1990.
1793:. While some foreign borrowings became obsolete, others became indispensable terms in modern vocabulary.
959:, which refined distinctions in articulation and gave variant regional pronunciations in addition to standard
416:
as "a book containing the words of any language in alphabetical order, with explanations of their meaning" in
4233:
2400:
2035:
1309:
876:"rime book"), focuses on the pronunciations of characters. These dictionaries are always collated by rimes.
4180:
4024:
2283:
2048:
972:
924:
157:'lexicographic books') semantically encompasses "dictionary; lexicon; encyclopedia; glossary". The
3670:
2789:"New China Dictionary"). Beijing: Commercial Press. 1953. 10th rev. ed. Beijing: Commercial Press. 2004.
2404:. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series 84, 2013. p. 85.
1778:
1179:("New China Character Dictionary") is a pocket-sized reference, alphabetically arranged by pinyin. It is
1126:("Sources of Words") was a groundbreaking effort in Chinese lexicography and can be considered the first
508:
2071:
Chinese-English Frequency Dictionary: A Study Guide to Mandarin Chinese's 500 Most Frequently Used Words
4191:
3905:
2456:
24:
2660:
821:. This type of dictionary, which focuses on the shape and structure of the characters, subsumes both "
679:
uses radicals, which are grouped by tone. The characters under each radical are also grouped by tone.
3949:
3063:
2446:
2395:
1963:
1533:; "A comprehensive dictionary of modern Chinese topolects"). Qianjiang: Hubei Renmin Chubanshe. 2002.
1244:, and there are also free dictionaries available online. After Paul Denisowski started the volunteer
428:, not alphabets. To Johnson, not having an alphabet is not to the Chinese's credit, as in 1778, when
3248:
1389:. It is authoritative and intended for use by scholars of ancient Chinese language and literature.)
517:("Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters") arranged characters through a system of 540
3916:
2903:"Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese Characters"). 8 vols. Wuhan: Hubei cishu chubanshe. 1986–1989.
2105:
420:. But Johnson's definition cannot be applied to the Chinese dictionaries, as Chinese is written in
87:
1240:"electronic dictionaries") usable on computers, PDAs, etc. There are proprietary systems, such as
4054:
3096:
1416:", but the language situation in China is said to be uniquely complex. In the "dialect" sense of
1052:
1031:(1947), that emphasized the spoken rather than the written language. Main entries were listed in
587:
441:
The first system of dictionary organization is by semantic categories. The circa 3rd-century BCE
2052:. Mission Book Company. 1942. rev. American ed. Harvard University Press. 1973. 13th reprinting.
319:; "word, term; expression, phrase; speech, statement; part of speech; a kind of tonal poetry").
3968:
3223:
2110:
1444:
prefer the translation "topolect", which are very similar to independent languages. (See also-
1277:
1014:
946:
2914:
Chinese Dictionaries: An Extensive Bibliography of Dictionaries in Chinese and Other Languages
4238:
3010:
3004:
2366:
2350:
2327:
950:
932:
669:
Some dictionaries employ more than one of these three methods of collation. For example, the
393:
340:
4128:
3852:
3648:
2479:
1429:
1194:
1001:
177:
112:
33:
29:
8:
3716:
2806:
2299:
2295:
993:
3245:– full texts of the Shuowen, Erya, Xiao Erya, Shiming and Fangyan dictionaries (Chinese)
82:) list words and phrases. Because tens of thousands of characters have been used in
4157:
3637:
3533:
3283:
2871:"Comprehensive Dictionary of Chinese"). 12 vols. Shanghai: Cishu chubanshe. 1986–1994.
2311:
2175:
2024:
1386:
1302:
1112:
659:
615:
586:, became the standard dictionary for Chinese characters, and popularized the system of
549:
493:("Regional Speech") is the world's oldest known dialectal dictionary. The circa 200 CE
158:
65:
1365:
portion of the Chinese language section of the National College Entrance Examination (
487:
Two other Han dynasty lexicons are loosely organized by semantics. The 1st century CE
4243:
4118:
3544:
3522:
3511:
3478:
2956:
2917:
2872:
2840:
2790:
2636:
2603:
2575:
2524:
2520:
2504:
2460:
2405:
2374:
2335:
2222:
2179:
1790:
1514:; "A comprehensive dictionary of Chinese topolects"). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuzhu. 1999.
1453:
1421:
1224:
In recent years, the computerization of Chinese has allowed lexicographers to create
1047:
574:
421:
378:
350:
166:
117:
2303:
1679:; "A comprehensive classified dictionary of Chinese idioms"). Shandong jiaoyu. 1988.
1209:
Two outstanding achievements in contemporary Chinese lexicography are the (1986–93)
4138:
3927:
3815:
3030:
2433:
2429:
2167:
1782:
1417:
671:
507:
The second system of dictionary organization is by recurring graphic components or
185:
102:
51:
1345:
may contain a larger overall ancient Chinese lexicon, together with modern words.)
900:
93:
Chinese dictionaries have been published for over two millennia, beginning in the
4205:
3894:
3738:
3685:
3659:
3555:
3230:
3107:
3067:
3015:
2764:"Dictionary of the National Language"). 8 vols. Shanghai: Commercial Press. 1937.
2496:
2450:
1774:
1736:; "An encyclopedia of Chinese proverbs"), 2 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu. 2004.
1634:; "fixed expression; idiom; locution"). Some modern dictionaries for idioms are:
1249:
1217:
1211:
1161:
1074:
1032:
1022:
960:
856:
619:
244:"dictionary, encyclopedia; standard, rule; statute, canon; classical allusion").
98:
83:
2689:"Comprehensive Chinese-Character Dictionary"). 4 vols. Shanghai: Zhonghua. 1915.
1402:
was the first Chinese specialized dictionary. The usual English translation for
276:
254:
190:
3861:
3566:
3127:
2945:
2655:
2633:
ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary: Alphabetically Based Computerized
2128:
2092:
1717:; "A Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs). Shanghai: Hanyu dacidian Chubanshe. 2004.
1441:
1428:
is also used to mean "non-Mandarin languages, mutually unintelligible regional
1183:
1091:
1081:
1040:
985:
838:
663:
654:
A great number of modern dictionaries published today arrange their entries by
633:
579:
489:
409:
397:
205:
126:
107:
3039:
Search results are ranked by frequency of occurrence in everyday Chinese text.
2373:. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1874. Reprint Ganesha. 2001.
1698:; "A standard dictionary of modern Chinese idioms"). Changqun Chubanshe. 2000.
1189:
4227:
3423:
3368:
2421:
2241:
1437:
1175:
1106:
began in 1912, educators and scholars recognized the need to update the 1716
1036:
1018:
981:
967:
945:
in 1842. Both were flawed in their representation of pronunciations, such as
611:
602:), arranged by the number of strokes of the characters, is usually provided.
534:
513:
429:
360:
4217:
3837:
3826:
3804:
3793:
3090:
2590:
2561:
2215:
Chinese Lexicology and Lexicography: A Selected and Classified Bibliography
1476:; "A syllabary of Chinese topolects") Beijing: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe. 1962.
1116:("Comprehensive Chinese-Character Dictionary"), which corrected over 4,000
746:
676:
583:
563:
555:
481:
464:
122:
47:
18:
3782:
3171:
2171:
1489:; "A lexicon of Chinese topolects"). Beijing: Wenzi Gaige Chubanshe. 1964.
457:("Little Erya") reduces these 19 to 13 chapters. The early 3rd century CE
115:. One of the most influential Chinese dictionaries ever published was the
4148:
3500:
3445:
3346:
3317:
2839:"The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary"). Beijing: Commercial Press. 1973.
1813:; "Dictionary of Loanwords in Chinese"). Beijing: Commercial Press. 1990.
1766:
1599:
1433:
1057:
827:
822:
704:
629:
568:
544:
448:
382:
365:
345:
94:
3151:
a Creative Commons licensed dictionary based on Knowledge article titles
3070:
Online Chinese–English Dictionary (and other tools for learning Chinese)
3136:
3036:
2545:
1770:
1064:
997:
923:
translators edited early Chinese dictionaries. The Scottish missionary
3162:
Online dictionary with over 2 million entries and translated examples.
2027:
and lists of Chinese characters arranged by frequency of usage (e.g.,
331:
is often "used for both 'character dictionary' and 'word dictionary'.
314:
302:
239:
227:
3401:
3357:
3278:
2807:"400 million copies of Chinese-character [Xinhua] dictionary"
2714:"Sources of Words"). Shanghai: Commercial Press. 1915. Rev. ed. 1939.
2218:
1962:; "Compilation and Explanations of the Colloquial Terms Found in the
1762:
1301:
readings and/or Old Chinese rime groups, as well as bronze script or
1120:
mistakes and added more than 1,000 new characters. Lu Erkui's (1915)
977:
760:
732:
453:
425:
405:
389:
4200:
3749:
3694:
3201:. 2009. (Chinese, Pinyin, Bopomofo to English; e-Book PDF format) .
1660:; "A dictionary of Chinese idioms"). Sichuan Cishu Chubanshe. 1985.
1582:
1157:
638:
499:("Explaining Names") employs paranomastic glosses to define words.
401:
370:
3076:
Similar to the previous site, but more centered on Chinese culture
2151:
The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (Volume 2)
3771:
3727:
3456:
3390:
3379:
2049:
The Five Thousand Dictionary; A Chinese-English Pocket Dictionary
1548:
1413:
936:
717:, "major learning", i.e., learning that had moral implications).
495:
459:
373:"), named after the legendary inventor of writing, was edited by
4094:
3705:
3604:
3434:
1245:
1122:
1063:
Chinese lexicography advanced during the 1970s. The translator
655:
624:
529:
195:
1143:
remains a popular dictionary and has been frequently revised.
3760:
3626:
3489:
3412:
3242:
3159:
3101:
3048:
2064:
Frequency dictionary of Chinese words (Linguistic structures)
1543:
1135:
1056:
with his reconstructed pronunciations for Middle Chinese and
920:
644:
539:
374:
3020:
2158:
Xue, Shiqi (1982). "Chinese Lexicography Past and Present".
2034:, lexicographers have compiled dictionaries for learners of
1470:
Beijing University Chinese Department. Hanyu Fangyin Zihui (
953:
applied the method of dialect comparison in his dictionary,
636:. During the Song dynasty, it was expanded into the 1011 CE
3467:
3328:
3180:
A minimalistic and bidirectional English-Chinese dictionary
3148:
2912:
Mathias, James, Thomas Creamer, and Sandra Hixson. (1982).
1851:; "Loanwords in Chinese"). Beijing: Commercial Press. 2000.
476:
443:
3060:
1312:, dictionaries intended for scholarly research are set in
3165:
3154:
3037:
WrittenChinese.Com Free Online Chinese-English Dictionary
3025:
1359:
Dictionary of Commonly Used Characters in Ancient Chinese
590:. As most Chinese characters are semantic-phonetic ones (
572:("Correct Character Mastery") also used 214. The 1716 CE
232:; "character, graph; letter, script, writing; word") and
2849:
2334:
Macao: East India Company. 1832. Reprint Ganesha. 2006.
4065:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
3108:
Lin Yutang's Chinese–English Dictionary of Modern Usage
2550:
Lin Yutang's Chinese–English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1070:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
349:
was compiled by one or more historians in the court of
3239:, Developed by Beijing Language and Culture University
2321:
2292:
Chinese and English arranged according to the radicals
703:, lit. "minor learning", the premodern equivalent of "
605:
436:
4189:
3213:. Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center.
2149:(dictionaries)". In William H. Nienhauser Jr. (ed.).
992:." Giles modified the Chinese romanization system of
949:
stops. In 1874 the American philologist and diplomat
622:". The first surviving rime dictionary is the 601 CE
502:
3142:
2277:
2978:
2881:
2552:. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. 1972.
2391:
2389:
2387:
1383:
The Wang Li Character Dictionary of Ancient Chinese
408:, dictionaries are usually ordered alphabetically.
334:
165:(character dictionary) for written forms, that is,
3079:
2817:
2767:
2739:"Sea of Words"). 3 vols. Shanghai: Zhonghua. 1936.
2415:
2360:
2253:
2030:List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese
353:(r. 827 BCE – 782 BCE), and was the source of the
101:history of any language. In addition to works for
3616:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
2717:
2555:
2529:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
2503:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1947.
2265:
2194:
1260:Chinese publishing houses print diverse types of
4225:
2667:
2489:
2384:
1073:(1972) that is now available online. The author
359:zhòuwén variant forms listed in the Han dynasty
88:a number of methods to order and sort characters
2906:
2473:
2344:
2046:Fenn, Courtenay H. and Hsien-tseng Chin. 1926.
1097:
895:
693:, dictionaries were classified as belonging to
3976:
3021:Chinese Notes - open source Chinese-Dictionary
2994:
2926:
2439:
2290:Macao: East India Company. 1815–1823. Part 1:
2235:
1499:
1206:followed a simplified scheme of 189 radicals.
883:
632:; it became the standard of pronunciation for
4005:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
3264:
3128:
3114:
3081:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2898:
2888:
2866:
2856:
2834:
2824:
2784:
2774:
2759:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2724:
2709:
2699:
2684:
2674:
2612:
2593:
2584:
2565:
2144:
2135:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1980:
1970:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1903:
1894:
1884:
1875:
1865:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1817:
1808:
1798:
1756:
1750:
1731:
1721:
1712:
1702:
1693:
1683:
1674:
1664:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1553:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1493:
1484:
1471:
1461:
1407:
1376:
1352:
1324:
1271:
1265:
1235:
1229:
1165:
1164:. For example, the title in these systems is
1151:
956:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
871:
846:
832:
796:
775:
754:
740:
726:
712:
698:
682:
597:
591:
522:
354:
312:
300:
282:
274:
260:
252:
237:
225:
3139:Classical Chinese-character usage dictionary
2965:
2799:
2513:
2206:
1580:; "proverb; popular saying, maxim; idiom"),
173:(word/phrase dictionary), for spoken forms.
111:dictionaries also been created for the many
3873:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
2539:
2308:Chinese and English arranged alphabetically
2059:. Yale University Far Eastern Publications.
1745:The Chinese language adopted a few foreign
1450:Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan
1255:
396:of a dictionary generally depends upon its
215:
152:
4176:
3271:
3257:
3190:Hixson, Sandra and James Mathias. (1975).
2955:Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 2000.
2692:
2221:: Chinese University Press. p. xxii.
1186:. The 11th edition was published in 2011.
1110:. It was thoroughly revised in the (1915)
966:The British consular officer and linguist
474:s original 19 chapters. The circa 1080 CE
323:is a much older and more common word than
28:, the oldest extant Chinese dictionary of
3995:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
2630:
2618:
527:; "section header") radicals. The 543 CE
220:'character dictionary') combines
90:to facilitate more convenient reference.
3045:Directory of online Chinese dictionaries
2649:
2519:
1855:
1542:Chinese has five words translatable as "
899:
690:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
537:, rearranged them into 542. The 1615 CE
86:, Chinese lexicographers have developed
17:
3049:Stroke Order Animation & Dictionary
3011:Chinese English Dictionary for Learners
1479:Beijing University Chinese Department.
210:
4226:
3194:. New Haven: Far Eastern Publications.
2445:
1446:Protection of the Varieties of Chinese
1080:The linguist and professor of Chinese
859:dictionary collated by tone and rime.
759:, "sounds and rhymes," comparable to "
129:it popularized are still widely used.
4087:
3252:
3192:A Compilation of Chinese Dictionaries
3097:Chinglish: Chinese–English Dictionary
2288:A dictionary of the Chinese language.
1067:wrote the semantically sophisticated
939:) dialect dictionary in 1832 and the
4045:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
3985:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
3199:Webster's Digital Chinese Dictionary
2984:
2501:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2259:
2212:
2127:
1412:; lit. "regional/areal speech") is "
1242:Wenlin Software for learning Chinese
1028:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
931:(1815–1823). The British missionary
929:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
721:was divided into texts dealing with
105:, beginning with the 1st-century CE
54:: 'character dictionaries' (
4035:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
3178:English <> Chinese Dictionary
2600:Far East English–Chinese Dictionary
2572:Far East Chinese–English Dictionary
2484:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
2271:
2200:
2157:
2153:. SMC Publishing. pp. 165–172.
2018:
1690:Xiandai Hanyu chengyu guifan cidian
1466:; "topolect dictionary") examples.
1007:Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary
642:("Expanded Rimes") and the 1037 CE
606:Phonetically organized dictionaries
437:Semantically organized dictionaries
68:, and 'word dictionaries' (
13:
3197:Uy, Dr. Timothy and Jim Hsia, ed.
3184:
3091:CEDICT: Chinese–English Dictionary
2887:Hanyu da zidian bianji weiyuanhui
2602:. Taipei: Far East Book Co. 1975.
2574:. Taipei: Far East Book Co. 1971.
2250:. Isaac Pitman & Sons. p. 822.
1996:Gudian Xiqu Wailaiyu Kaoshi Cidian
1331:Word Dictionary of Ancient Chinese
1283:
543:("Character Glossary"), edited by
503:Graphically organized dictionaries
14:
4255:
3217:
3145:a Knowledge-style language portal
3110:, Chinese University of Hong Kong
2916:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.
2057:IFEL Vocabulary of Spoken Chinese
4211:
4199:
4175:
3224:Chinese Character Frequency List
3102:Chinese-Character Dictionary Web
2973:Pocket Oxford Chinese Dictionary
904:A page from the 1865 reprint of
433:components, and pronunciations.
377:, and helped to standardize the
335:Traditional Chinese lexicography
3074:YellowBridge Chinese Dictionary
3026:LINE English-Chinese Dictionary
2087:
2006:Yuanming Xiqu Zhong De Mengguyu
1787:Southern and Northern dynasties
1525:Xiandai Hanyu fangyan da cidian
400:. For a language written in an
4075:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
3593:
3588:
3584:
3306:
3129:
3115:
3082:
2947:
2940:
2934:
2899:
2889:
2867:
2857:
2835:
2825:
2785:
2775:
2760:
2750:
2735:
2725:
2710:
2700:
2685:
2675:
2621:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
2594:
2566:
2145:
2136:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1981:
1971:
1958:
1948:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1904:
1895:
1885:
1876:
1866:
1847:
1837:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1757:
1751:
1732:
1722:
1713:
1703:
1694:
1684:
1675:
1671:Fenlei Hanyu chengyu da cidian
1665:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1594:
1588:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1554:
1529:
1519:
1510:
1494:
1485:
1472:
1462:
1408:
1377:
1353:
1325:
1272:
1266:
1236:
1230:
1166:
1152:
1087:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
942:Chinese and English Dictionary
872:
847:
833:
801:"character book"), consist of
797:
776:
755:
741:
727:
713:
707:"), which was contrasted with
699:
598:
592:
566:besides the radical. The 1627
523:
355:
313:
301:
283:
275:
261:
253:
200:
161:has two words for dictionary:
147:
142:
132:
121:, finished in 1716 during the
78:
73:
69:
60:
30:Buddhist technical terminology
1:
3335:
3166:Zhonga.org Chinese Dictionary
2619:DeFrancis, John, ed. (1996).
2401:Chinese History: A New Manual
2121:
2036:Chinese as a foreign language
1891:Dunhuang Bianwen Ziyi Tongshi
906:Morrison's Chinese dictionary
480:("Increased Erya"), from the
37:
4181:List of Chinese dictionaries
4025:The Five Thousand Dictionary
4015:A Chinese–English Dictionary
3233:, Linguistic Data Consortium
3174:with handwriting recognition
2748:Zhongguo cidian bianzuanchu
2426:A Chinese–English Dictionary
2357:. Batavia: Parapattan. 1842.
1777:. The lexicon absorbed many
1740:
1098:Chinese–Chinese dictionaries
973:A Chinese-English Dictionary
896:Chinese–English dictionaries
837:) of the Tang dynasty, and "
628:("Cutting Rimes") from the
618:, and produces a so-called "
533:("Jade Chapters"), from the
463:("Expanded Erya"), from the
295:; "word dictionary"); using
251:is interchangeably written (
7:
3671:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
2995:Online Chinese dictionaries
2625:University of Hawai'i Press
2432:. 1892. 2nd. ed. Shanghai:
2213:Yang, Paul Fu-mien (1985).
2099:
1779:Buddhist terms and concepts
1602:; enigmatic folk simile"),
1452:is an online dictionary of
1393:
884:Modern Chinese lexicography
841:dictionaries", such as the
825:dictionaries", such as the
10:
4260:
3906:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
3243:Early Chinese lexicography
3210:A Guide to Gwoyeu Tsyrdean
3057:altogether 155941 entries.
3031:Chinese-English Dictionary
2975:. Oxford University Press.
2941:王力 張雙棣 蔣紹愚 何九盈 曹先擢 唐作藩 郭錫良
2457:Cambridge University Press
2294:(physically in two books:
2247:The Life of Samuel Johnson
2083:. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press.
2079:Burkhardt, Michael. 2010.
2042:or as specific ones like
1398:Twenty centuries ago, the
1349:Guhanyu Changyongzi Zidian
780:, "word book"), comprises
745:, "script", analogous to "
683:Functional classifications
4173:
4110:
3967:
3950:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
3941:
3886:
3851:
3684:
3580:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3172:Chinese-French dictionary
2525:"Grammata Serica Recensa"
1977:Songyuanming Shiyu Huishi
1954:Tangsong Biji Yuci Huishi
1785:began to flourish in the
1537:
1500:
1050:wrote the seminal (1957)
1035:, and they distinguished
731:, "exegesis" similar to "
273:; "word dictionary") or (
238:
226:
189:
55:
3917:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
3237:New Chinese Dictionaries
3155:Malay Chinese Dictionary
3016:Chinese Tools Dictionary
2971:Yuan, Zhu, et al. 2004.
2631:Defrancis, John (2003).
2116:
2106:Chinese character orders
1598:; "truncated witticism,
1456:. Here are some general
1256:Specialized dictionaries
1181:the world's most popular
511:. The famous 100–121 CE
394:lexicographical ordering
4055:Grammata Serica Recensa
3007:based visual dictionary
2953:Wang Li Guhanyu Zidian.
1506:Hanyu fangyan da cidian
1053:Grammata Serica Recensa
1046:The Swedish sinologist
770:type, sometimes called
247:For word dictionaries,
125:, with the list of 214
46:There are two types of
4123:(Tangut; 12th century)
3323:(first millennium BCE)
2111:Chinese character sets
2062:Liu, Eric Shen. 1973.
1773:'s exploration of the
1728:Zhongguo yanyu da quan
1564:"set phrase; idiom"),
1440:. Some linguists like
1373:Wang Li Guhanyu Zidian
1278:specialized dictionary
1173:Wei Jiangong's (1953)
1133:Shu Xincheng's (1936)
1015:structural linguistics
909:
467:dynasty, followed the
178:character dictionaries
97:. This is the longest
64:) list individual
50:regularly used in the
43:
3339: 3rd century BC
3005:Clique (graph theory)
2811:People's Daily Online
2172:10.1353/dic.1982.0009
2073:. Hippocrene Books.
2055:Huang, Po-fei. 1973.
1856:Vernacular literature
1824:Hanyu Wailaici Cidian
1805:Hanyu Wailaiyu Cidian
1498:) and Miyata Ichiro (
1170:and Gwoyeu tsyrdean.
961:Beijing pronunciation
951:Samuel Wells Williams
933:Walter Henry Medhurst
903:
791:dictionaries, called
648:("Collected Rimes").
578:, compiled under the
558:, simplified the 540
341:Chinese classic texts
21:
4234:Chinese dictionaries
4129:Pentaglot Dictionary
3649:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
3160:Tasty Mantou Chinese
2831:Xiandai Hanyu cidian
2661:Sino-Platonic Papers
1927:) & Wang Xueqi (
1652:Hanyu chengyu cidian
1430:varieties of Chinese
1204:Xiandai Hanyu cidian
1195:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1013:Trained in American
1002:Robert Henry Mathews
660:four corner encoding
113:varieties of Chinese
34:Dunhuang manuscripts
3717:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
3087:, Online Dictionary
2813:. 13 February 2004.
2564:and Zhang Fangjie
2495:Chao, Yuen Ren and
2396:Wilkinson, Endymion
2316:English and Chinese
1872:Shiciqu Yuci Huishi
1769:, especially after
1481:Hanyu fangyan cihui
1314:Traditional Chinese
1130:"word dictionary".
994:Thomas Francis Wade
343:. For example, the
4158:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
4111:In other languages
3638:Zhongwen Da Cidian
3534:Zhonghua Da Zidian
3284:Chinese characters
3282:for scripts using
3229:2013-07-05 at the
3207:Wan, Grace. 1970.
3066:2010-01-10 at the
3043:LearnchineseOK.com
2681:Zhongwen Da Zidian
2521:Karlgren, Bernhard
2480:Mathews, Robert H.
2025:corpus linguistics
1910:Shiciqu Yuci Lishi
1321:Gudai Hanyu Cidian
1310:Simplified Chinese
1303:oracle bone script
1113:Zhonghua Da Zidian
910:
167:Chinese characters
66:Chinese characters
44:
41: 8th century
32: –
4187:
4186:
4169:
4168:
4119:Pearl in the Palm
4106:
4105:
3963:
3962:
3799:(c. 12th century)
3545:Xinhua Dictionary
3523:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
3512:Kangxi Dictionary
3473:(c. 11th century)
3122:Kangxi Dictionary
3001:Atlas Sémantiques
2932:Wang, Li, et al.
2434:Kelly & Walsh
2430:Kelly & Walsh
2422:Giles, Herbert A.
1791:Japanese language
1644:) and Lu Deshen (
1454:Taiwanese Hokkien
1422:Mandarin dialects
1118:Kangxi Dictionary
1108:Kangxi Dictionary
1104:Republic of China
1048:Bernhard Karlgren
935:wrote a Hokkien (
890:Kangxi Dictionary
819:Kangxi Dictionary
575:Kangxi Dictionary
379:Small seal script
351:King Xuan of Zhou
327:, and Yang notes
218:
155:
137:The general term
118:Kangxi Dictionary
4251:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4195:
4179:
4178:
4162:
4154:
4144:
4143:(Japanese; 1960)
4139:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
4134:
4124:
4099:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4010:
4000:
3990:
3974:
3973:
3956:
3934:
3928:Longkan Shoujian
3923:
3912:
3901:
3879:
3868:
3867:(c. 1st century)
3844:
3833:
3822:
3816:Zhongyuan Yinyun
3811:
3800:
3789:
3778:
3767:
3756:
3745:
3734:
3723:
3712:
3701:
3677:
3666:
3655:
3644:
3633:
3622:
3611:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3573:
3562:
3551:
3540:
3529:
3518:
3507:
3496:
3485:
3474:
3463:
3452:
3451:(c. 7th century)
3441:
3430:
3429:(c. 4th century)
3419:
3408:
3397:
3386:
3375:
3364:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3324:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3132:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3085:
3084:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2628:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2517:
2511:
2497:Yang, Lien-sheng
2493:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2443:
2437:
2419:
2413:
2393:
2382:
2367:Williams, Samuel
2364:
2358:
2351:Medhurst, Walter
2348:
2342:
2328:Medhurst, Walter
2325:
2319:
2284:Morrison, Robert
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2183:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2069:Ho, Yong. 2001.
2019:Chinese learners
2013:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1961:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1783:Chinese Buddhism
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1618:; "idiom"), and
1617:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1418:English dialects
1411:
1410:
1380:
1379:
1356:
1355:
1328:
1327:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1154:
875:
874:
850:
849:
836:
835:
800:
799:
779:
778:
758:
757:
744:
743:
730:
729:
716:
715:
702:
701:
672:Longkan Shoujian
664:cangjie encoding
601:
600:
595:
594:
553:
526:
525:
473:
363:dictionary. The
358:
357:
318:
317:
306:
305:
286:
285:
280:
279:
264:
263:
258:
257:
243:
242:
231:
230:
219:
216:
212:
202:
193:
159:Chinese language
156:
153:
149:
144:
103:Mandarin Chinese
80:
75:
71:
62:
57:
52:Chinese language
42:
39:
22:A page from the
4259:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4212:
4210:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4102:
4097:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4058:
4048:
4038:
4028:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3988:
3977:Chinese–English
3959:
3954:
3937:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3899:
3895:Jingdian Shiwen
3882:
3877:
3866:
3847:
3842:
3831:
3820:
3809:
3798:
3787:
3776:
3765:
3754:
3743:
3739:Yunhai jingyuan
3732:
3721:
3710:
3699:
3680:
3675:
3664:
3660:Hanyu Da Cidian
3653:
3642:
3631:
3620:
3609:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3560:
3556:Hanyu Da Zidian
3549:
3538:
3527:
3516:
3505:
3494:
3483:
3472:
3461:
3450:
3439:
3428:
3417:
3406:
3395:
3384:
3373:
3362:
3351:
3338:
3333:
3322:
3299:
3286:
3277:
3231:Wayback Machine
3220:
3187:
3185:Further reading
3104:, Rick Harbaugh
3093:, Mandarintools
3068:Wayback Machine
3055:Chinese–English
2997:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2966:
2931:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2895:Hanyu da zidian
2886:
2882:
2863:Hanyu da cidian
2854:
2850:
2822:
2818:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2772:
2768:
2747:
2743:
2722:
2718:
2697:
2693:
2672:
2668:
2656:Mair, Victor H.
2654:
2650:
2643:
2617:
2613:
2589:
2585:
2560:
2556:
2544:
2540:
2518:
2514:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2459:. p. 173.
2444:
2440:
2420:
2416:
2394:
2385:
2365:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2326:
2322:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2129:Mair, Victor H.
2124:
2119:
2102:
2090:
2021:
1858:
1822:), et al. eds.
1775:Western Regions
1743:
1720:Wen Duanzheng (
1540:
1396:
1286:
1284:Ancient Chinese
1258:
1250:Unihan Database
1218:Hanyu Da Zidian
1212:Hanyu Da Cidian
1162:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
1100:
1075:Liang Shih-Chiu
1041:bound morphemes
1033:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
1023:Lien-sheng Yang
925:Robert Morrison
898:
886:
857:clerical script
685:
620:rime dictionary
608:
547:
505:
471:
439:
337:
135:
127:Kangxi radicals
99:lexicographical
84:written Chinese
40:
25:Yiqiejing yinyi
12:
11:
5:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4153:(French; 2001)
4149:Le Grand Ricci
4145:
4135:
4133:(Manchu; 1794)
4125:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4091:
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3881:
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3849:
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3846:
3845:
3834:
3832:(17th century)
3823:
3812:
3810:(14th century)
3801:
3790:
3779:
3768:
3757:
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3735:
3724:
3713:
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3690:
3688:
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3634:
3623:
3612:
3600:
3598:
3578:
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3567:Zhonghua Zihai
3563:
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3530:
3519:
3508:
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3475:
3464:
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3442:
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3218:External links
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3137:CTP Dictionary
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2987:, p. 171.
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2414:
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2359:
2343:
2320:
2276:
2274:, p. 151.
2264:
2262:, p. 165.
2252:
2242:Boswell, James
2234:
2227:
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2203:, p. 152.
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2093:Victor H. Mair
2089:
2086:
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2067:
2060:
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2020:
2017:
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2015:
1988:Fang Linggui (
1986:
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1944:
1919:
1900:
1883:Jiang Lihong (
1881:
1857:
1854:
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1852:
1843:Hanyu wailaici
1833:
1816:Liu Zhengtan (
1814:
1765:") during the
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1739:
1738:
1737:
1718:
1701:Zhang Yipeng (
1699:
1680:
1661:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1490:
1477:
1458:fangyan cidian
1442:John DeFrancis
1420:, Chinese has
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1370:
1346:
1335:Hanyu Dacidian
1285:
1282:
1262:zhuanke cidian
1257:
1254:
1184:reference work
1099:
1096:
1092:Victor H. Mair
1082:John DeFrancis
1037:free morphemes
996:to create the
986:Fuzhou dialect
897:
894:
885:
882:
684:
681:
634:Middle Chinese
607:
604:
580:Kangxi Emperor
504:
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438:
435:
418:his dictionary
410:Samuel Johnson
398:writing system
369:("Chapters of
336:
333:
145:; pinyin:
141:(Chinese:
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3407:(3rd century)
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3374:(2nd century)
3371:
3370:
3369:Shuowen Jiezi
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3149:Linguabot.com
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2795:7-100-03931-2
2792:
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2781:Xinhua zidian
2773:Wei Jiangong
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2723:Shu Xincheng
2720:
2707:
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2447:Norman, Jerry
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1797:Cen Qixiang (
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1682:Li Xingjian (
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1226:dianzi cidian
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1201:
1200:Xinhua zidian
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1176:Xinhua Zidian
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1024:
1020:
1019:Yuen Ren Chao
1016:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Kangxi Zidian
987:
983:
979:
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974:
969:
968:Herbert Giles
964:
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957:
952:
948:
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930:
926:
922:
917:
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914:learn Chinese
907:
902:
893:
891:
881:
877:
869:
866:type, called
865:
860:
858:
854:
844:
840:
830:
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816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Shuowen Jiezi
794:
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612:syllable rime
603:
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560:Shuowen Jiezi
557:
551:
546:
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535:Liang dynasty
532:
531:
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514:Shuowen Jiezi
510:
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430:James Boswell
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35:
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27:
26:
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16:
4239:Lexicography
4147:
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4073:
4063:
4053:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3948:
3942:Biographical
3926:
3915:
3904:
3893:
3871:
3860:
3838:Peiwen Yunfu
3836:
3827:Qi Lin Bayin
3825:
3814:
3805:Menggu Ziyun
3803:
3794:Pingshui Yun
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3521:
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3477:
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3422:
3411:
3400:
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3367:
3356:
3345:
3327:
3316:
3305:
3280:Dictionaries
3279:
3208:
3198:
3191:
3124:(in Chinese)
3121:
3051:Arch Chinese
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2972:
2967:
2952:
2928:
2913:
2908:
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2883:
2862:
2855:Luo Zhufeng
2851:
2830:
2823:Lü Shuxiang
2819:
2810:
2801:
2780:
2769:
2756:Guoyu cidian
2755:
2744:
2730:
2719:
2705:
2694:
2680:
2673:Xu Yuan'gao
2669:
2659:
2651:
2632:
2620:
2614:
2599:
2591:Liang Shiqiu
2586:
2571:
2562:Liang Shiqiu
2557:
2549:
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2532:
2528:
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2500:
2491:
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2428:. Shanghai:
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2160:Dictionaries
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2150:
2141:
2132:
2091:
2088:Deficiencies
2080:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2047:
2028:
2022:
2005:
1995:
1976:
1953:
1935:Yuanqu Shici
1934:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1859:
1842:
1835:Shi Youwei (
1823:
1804:
1746:
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1727:
1708:
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1651:
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1581:
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1524:
1517:Zhan Bohui (
1505:
1480:
1457:
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1403:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1372:
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1330:
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1289:
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1225:
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1216:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1174:
1172:
1158:Zhuyin Fuhao
1148:Guoyu cidian
1147:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1085:
1079:
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1062:
1051:
1045:
1026:
1012:
1005:
989:
971:
965:
954:
940:
918:
911:
889:
887:
878:
867:
863:
861:
852:
842:
826:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
792:
788:
786:
781:
771:
767:
765:
750:
747:grammatology
736:
722:
718:
708:
694:
688:
686:
677:Liao dynasty
670:
668:
653:
650:
643:
637:
623:
609:
588:214 radicals
584:Qing dynasty
573:
567:
559:
556:Ming dynasty
538:
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518:
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494:
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482:Song dynasty
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48:dictionaries
45:
23:
15:
3920:一切經音義 (慧琳)
3909:一切經音義 (玄英)
3501:Zhengzitong
3446:Ganlu Zishu
3352:(c. 220 BC)
3347:Cangjiepian
3318:Shizhoupian
3291:Monolingual
3203:Loqu8 Press
2935:王力古漢語字典 編寫組
2166:: 151–169.
2075:Cover image
2001:古典戏曲外來语考释词典
1969:Wang Ying (
1946:Wang Ying (
1921:Gu Xuejie (
1902:Wang Ying (
1767:Han dynasty
1600:aposiopesis
1492:Xu Baohua (
1432:", such as
1190:Lü Shuxiang
1146:The (1937)
1084:edited the
1058:Old Chinese
828:Ganlu Zishu
823:orthography
815:Zhengzitong
705:linguistics
630:Sui dynasty
569:Zhengzitong
554:during the
548: [
545:Mei Yingzuo
451:dictionary
449:Han dynasty
383:Qin dynasty
381:during the
366:Cangjiepian
346:Shizhoupian
293:tzʻŭ²-tien³
271:tzʻŭ²-tien³
133:Terminology
95:Han dynasty
4228:Categories
3887:Exegetical
3876:現代漢語方言大詞典
3363:(c. 40 BC)
3298:Characters
2890:汉语大字典编辑委员会
2546:Lin Yutang
2410:0674002474
2122:References
2023:Employing
1771:Zhang Qian
1695:现代汉语成语规范词典
1663:Wang Qin (
1638:Li Yihua (
1620:guanyongyu
1192:'s (1973)
1065:Lin Yutang
998:Wade-Giles
817:, and the
662:or by the
422:characters
414:dictionary
211:tzŭ⁴-tien³
206:Wade–Giles
3969:Bilingual
3853:Varieties
3783:Qiyin lüe
3674:现代汉语规范词典
3402:Xiao Erya
3358:Jijiupian
3033:Omegadict
2985:Mair 1998
2698:Lu Erkui
2260:Mair 1998
2219:Hong Kong
2188:Footnotes
2180:201777847
2131:(1998). "
2066:. Mouton.
2011:元明戲曲中的蒙古語
1763:loanwords
1741:Loanwords
1676:分类汉语成语大词典
1530:现代汉语方言大词典
1434:Cantonese
1363:wenyanwen
1167:ㄍㄨㄛㄩ ㄘㄉ一ㄢ
1102:When the
978:Cantonese
947:aspirated
761:phonology
733:philology
454:Xiao Erya
426:logograph
406:syllabary
390:collation
4244:Sinology
4206:Language
4161:(Korean)
3953:中國人名大辭典
3922:(c. 807)
3911:(c. 649)
3900:(c. 583)
3750:Guangyun
3700:(c. 230)
3695:Shenglei
3619:教育部國語辭典
3440:(c. 543)
3418:(c. 350)
3396:(c. 230)
3385:(c. 200)
3227:Archived
3080:DICT.TW
3064:Archived
3003: :
2535:: 1–332.
2523:(1957).
2449:(1988).
2272:Xue 1982
2244:. 1907.
2201:Xue 1982
2142:tzu-tien
2100:See also
1959:唐宋笔记语辞汇释
1896:敦煌變文字義通釋
1747:wailaici
1650:), eds.
1583:xiehouyu
1504:), eds.
1394:Dialects
1354:古汉语常用字字典
1202:and the
1025:wrote a
749:"), and
639:Guangyun
509:radicals
412:defined
402:alphabet
371:Cang Jie
4192:Portals
3862:Fangyan
3772:Yunjing
3728:Tangyun
3720:刊謬補缺切韻
3652:现代汉语词典
3457:Leipian
3391:Guangya
3380:Shiming
3130:王力古漢語字典
3116:康熙字典網上版
3061:websaru
2948:王力古漢語字典
2893:, eds.
2754:, eds.
2751:中國辭典編纂處
2664:1:1–31.
2570:, eds.
2499:, eds.
2452:Chinese
2436:. 1912.
2133:Tzu-shu
1982:宋元明市语汇释
1915:诗词曲语辞例释
1877:詩詞曲語辭匯釋
1841:), ed.
1829:漢語外來詞詞典
1810:汉语外来语词典
1707:), ed.
1688:), ed.
1669:), ed.
1549:chengyu
1523:), ed.
1511:汉语方言大词典
1448:.) The
1426:fangyan
1414:dialect
1404:fangyan
1400:Fangyan
1387:Wang Li
1378:王力古漢語字典
1305:forms.
937:Min Nan
719:Xiaoxue
695:xiǎoxué
675:of the
582:of the
564:strokes
496:Shiming
490:Fangyan
460:Guangya
186:Chinese
108:Fangyan
4098:(1997)
4095:CEDICT
4088:Online
4079:(1996)
4069:(1972)
4059:(1957)
4049:(1947)
4039:(1931)
4029:(1926)
4019:(1892)
4009:(1874)
3999:(1842)
3989:(1823)
3955:(1921)
3878:(2002)
3843:(1711)
3821:(1324)
3777:(1161)
3766:(1037)
3755:(1008)
3706:Qieyun
3676:(2004)
3665:(1994)
3663:漢語大詞典
3654:(1978)
3643:(1968)
3641:中文大辭典
3632:(1938)
3621:(1926)
3610:(1915)
3605:Ciyuan
3572:(1994)
3561:(1989)
3559:漢語大字典
3550:(1957)
3539:(1915)
3537:中華大字典
3528:(1815)
3526:說文解字注
3517:(1716)
3506:(1627)
3495:(1615)
3484:(1254)
3479:Zitong
3462:(1066)
3435:Yupian
3424:Ziyuan
3143:bab.la
2959:
2920:
2875:
2861:, ed.
2843:
2836:现代汉语词典
2829:, ed.
2793:
2779:, ed.
2729:, ed.
2706:Ciyuan
2704:, ed.
2679:, ed.
2639:
2629:Also:
2606:
2598:, ed.
2578:
2548:, ed.
2507:
2482:, ed.
2463:
2424:, ed.
2408:
2377:
2369:, ed.
2353:, ed.
2338:
2330:, ed.
2312:Part 3
2304:Part 2
2286:, ed.
2225:
2178:
2040:Wenlin
1803:) ed.
1733:中国谚语大全
1657:汉语成语词典
1538:Idioms
1486:汉语方言词汇
1473:汉语方言字汇
1424:, yet
1367:gaokao
1343:Ciyuan
1341:, and
1326:古代汉语词典
1299:fanqie
1292:or by
1290:pinyin
1246:CEDICT
1128:cidian
1123:Ciyuan
984:, and
927:wrote
868:yùnshū
864:Yinyun
839:script
807:Yupian
751:yīnyùn
656:pinyin
625:Qieyun
530:Yupian
519:bushou
329:zidian
325:cidian
321:Zidian
289:cídiǎn
267:cídiǎn
249:cidian
208::
201:zìdiǎn
198::
196:pinyin
188::
182:zidian
171:cidian
169:, and
163:zidian
79:cídiǎn
61:zìdiǎn
4218:China
3933:(997)
3931:龍龕手鑒
3898:經典釋文
3841:佩文韻府
3830:戚林八音
3819:中原音韻
3808:蒙古字韻
3761:Jiyun
3744:(780)
3742:韻海鏡源
3733:(732)
3722:(706)
3711:(601)
3627:Cihai
3581:Words
3570:中华字海
3548:新华字典
3515:康熙字典
3490:Zihui
3449:干祿字書
3413:Zilin
3372:說文解字
2900:汉语大字典
2868:汉语大词典
2731:Cihai
2686:中華大字典
2176:S2CID
2117:Notes
1848:汉语外来词
1781:when
1566:yanyu
1544:idiom
1438:Hakka
1339:Cihai
1294:Zihui
1141:Cihai
1136:Cihai
1039:from
982:Hakka
921:Bible
855:is a
853:Liyun
843:Liyun
811:Zihui
793:zìshū
789:Wenzi
772:yǎshū
768:Xungu
737:wénzì
723:xùngǔ
709:dàxué
645:Jiyun
616:tones
552:]
540:Zihui
472:'
375:Li Si
148:císhū
139:cishu
3797:平水韻
3786:七音略
3686:Rime
3504:正字通
3468:Piya
3405:小爾雅
3361:急就篇
3350:倉頡篇
3329:Erya
3321:史籀篇
3083:線上字典
2957:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2786:新华字典
2761:國語辭典
2637:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2223:ISBN
1964:Biji
1940:元曲釋詞
1714:谚语大典
1604:xiyu
1501:宮田一郎
1463:方言词典
1436:and
1273:专科词典
1267:專科詞典
1237:电子词典
1231:電子詞典
1160:and
1153:國語辭典
1021:and
919:Two
888:The
862:The
834:干祿字書
787:The
782:Erya
766:The
763:").
735:"),
614:and
599:難檢字表
477:Piya
469:Erya
444:Erya
388:The
234:dian
217:lit.
176:For
154:lit.
3865:方言
3775:韻鏡
3764:集韻
3753:廣韻
3731:唐韻
3709:切韻
3698:聲類
3630:辭海
3608:辭源
3493:字彙
3482:字通
3471:埤雅
3460:類篇
3438:玉篇
3427:字苑
3416:字林
3394:廣雅
3383:釋名
3332:爾雅
2858:羅竹風
2826:吕叔湘
2776:魏建功
2726:舒新城
2701:陸爾奎
2676:徐元誥
2595:梁實秋
2567:張芳杰
2302:);
2168:doi
2140:or
1994:),
1991:方龄贵
1975:),
1952:),
1933:),
1930:王學奇
1924:顧學頡
1908:),
1889:),
1886:蔣禮鴻
1870:),
1838:史有为
1819:劉正談
1800:岑麒祥
1758:外来词
1752:外來詞
1726:).
1723:温端政
1704:张一鹏
1685:李行健
1647:吕德申
1641:李一华
1631:惯用语
1625:慣用語
1595:歇后语
1589:歇後語
1546:":
1520:詹伯慧
1495:许宝华
1369:).)
1316:.
593:形聲字
424:or
404:or
392:or
4230::
3594:cí
3591:;
3336:c.
3307:zì
3304:;
3120:,
2944:)
2809:.
2736:辭海
2711:辭源
2635:.
2623:.
2533:29
2531:.
2527:.
2455:.
2398:.
2386:^
2314::
2310:;
2306::
2298:,
2217:.
2174:.
2162:.
2146:字典
2137:字書
1972:王锳
1949:王锳
1905:王锳
1867:張相
1666:王勤
1615:习语
1609:習語
1577:谚语
1571:諺語
1561:成语
1555:成語
1409:方言
1381:;
1357:;
1337:,
1329:;
1252:.
1094:.
1060:.
1017:,
1004:.
980:,
963:.
873:韻書
848:隸韻
813:,
809:,
805:,
798:字書
777:雅書
756:音韻
742:文字
728:訓詁
714:大學
700:小學
666:.
550:zh
524:部首
385:.
356:籀文
309:cí
297:cí
291:;
287:;
284:词典
277:詞典
269:;
265:;
262:辞典
255:辭典
222:zi
214:;
204:;
194:;
191:字典
180:,
151:;
143:辭書
76:;
74:辭典
72:;
70:辞典
58:;
56:字典
38:c.
36:,
4194::
3597:)
3589:词
3587:／
3585:詞
3583:(
3341:)
3334:(
3310:)
3302:字
3300:(
3272:e
3265:t
3258:v
2938:(
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2758:(
2733:(
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2683:(
2645:.
2627:.
2469:.
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2318:.
2300:2
2296:1
2231:.
2182:.
2170::
2164:4
2032:)
2008:(
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1912:(
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1807:(
1761:"
1755:/
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1622:(
1612:/
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845:(
831:(
795:(
774:(
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315:詞
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299:(
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240:典
236:(
228:字
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