1561:
small and modest by Verner as compared with the great pyramids of
Shepseskaf's fourth dynasty predecessors. Indeed, the total volume of the mastaba masonry represents no more than a third that of Menkaure's pyramid. For Verner and Egyptologist Abeer El-Shahawy, this could be explained by the decline in the economic prosperity of Egypt at the time as well as a decline in the king's power. At the opposite, for Stadelmann one should not conclude that political instability or economic difficulties prevented Menkaure, Shepseskaf and their successors from emulating the great pyramids of their forebears. Instead he proposes that the main impetus behind Menkaure's smaller pyramid and for Shepseskaf's decision to have a mastaba made for himself is a cultic change, where the pyramid is replaced as the centre of appearance and importance by the mortuary temple as the centre of the funerary ritual. In spite of its reduced size, Shepseskaf's tomb and funerary complex were probably unfinished at the death of the king, something which is taken to confirm a short reign. Excavations have shown that parts of the associated mortuary temple as well as the entirety of the causeway leading to it from the Nile valley have been "hastily" completed in mudbrick, probably by one of his successors.
1852:
court has far more than any. As not much money was in circulation during this king's reign, they told me, a law was made for the
Egyptians' allowing a man to borrow on the security of his father's corpse; and the law also provided that the lender become master of the entire burial-vault of the borrower, and that the penalty for one giving this security, should he fail to repay the loan, was that he was not to be buried at his death either in that tomb of his fathers or in any other, nor was he to bury any relative of his there. Furthermore, in his desire to excel all who ruled Egypt before him, this king left a pyramid of brick to commemorate his name, on which is this writing, cut on a stone: 'Do not think me less than pyramids of stone; for I excel them as much as Zeus does other gods; for they stuck a pole down into a marsh and collected what mud clung to the pole, made bricks of it, and thus built me.' These were the acts of Asukhis."
1627:
temple floor. The stele indicates that some sort of popular cult had been revived by the 12th dynasty on the premises of the temple. Dedicated by a butcher named
Ptahhotep, the stele depicts Ptahhotep and his family seemingly officiating a fully functioning cult, with its priests, scribes and servants. Contrary to the Old Kingdom state-sponsored cult honouring Shepseskaf, the main object of this cult was not Shepseskaf himself but the dead of the surrounding necropolis for whom people were making offerings, offerings which only the gods could give the dead after accepting them thanks to Shepseskaf's intercession. For JĂ©quier, this cult had been turned into a lucrative activity by Ptahhotep's family.
948:
1497:
with the arduous task of completing
Menkaure's pyramid complex at Giza while simultaneously having to start his own tomb. In this theory, Shepseskaf may have intended to turn the mastaba into a pyramid at a later stage. In support of this theory is the observation that the architecture and layout of the subterranean structures of the mastaba exactly follow the standard plan for royal pyramids. Shepseskaf might have been forced to take this decision if Egypt experienced economic difficulties at the time as Verner posits, or perhaps Menkaure's failure to complete his mortuary temple could have made Shepseskaf more cautious about his own tomb.
1598:
probable daughter queen
Bunefer. This contrasts with the at least 73 and 21 priests known to have served in the cults of Khufu and Menkaure, respectively. Furthermore, no evidence for Shepseskaf's cult has been found beyond the mid fifth dynasty, while the cults of some of his close successors lasted beyond the end of the Old Kingdom. Provisions for these official mortuary cults were produced in agricultural estates set up during the ruler's reign. Possibly owing to the short duration of his reign only two such estates are known for Shepseskaf compared with at least sixty for Khufu.
872:
in the funerary cult for her father and therefore must have been
Shepseskaf's daughter and the consort of another unspecified king. Indeed, all priestesses serving in a king's funerary cult were princesses, daughters or granddaughters of that king. If this hypothesis is true, it makes Bunefer the only queen known from Ancient Egypt to have served in a mortuary cult. Exceptional circumstances could explain this observation, for example if there was no other suitable female descendant to officiate in Shepseskaf's cult after his death. Bunefer's mother could have been Khentkaus
746:, while others believe purely practical considerations, possibly including a declining economy, are at fault. Alternatively, it may be that Shepseskaf intended his tomb to be a pyramid, but after his death it was completed as a mastaba. Possibly because of this, and the small dimensions of his tomb compared to those of his forebears and his short reign, Shepseskaf was the object of a relatively minor state-sponsored funerary cult that disappeared in the second half of the fifth dynasty. This cult was revived in the later
1549:
1391:
one where the state-administration was opened to people of non-royal descent. It is in the interval from
Menkaure to Userkaf that the royal family began to step back from the highest offices, in particular that of the vizier. Shepseskaf, Userkaf and their fifth dynasty successors responded to these changes by designing new means of asserting their supremacy and religious influence, through the cult of Ra, the creation of novel offices of state and changes in the king's role. Ra's primacy over the rest of the
1456:
1573:. To the southeast of the antechamber is a room with six niches, possibly storerooms, while west of the antechamber lies the burial chamber. Measuring 7.79 m Ă 3.85 m (25.6 ft Ă 12.6 ft) it is lined with granite and has a 4.9 m (16 ft) high arched ceiling sculpted into a false vault. Remnants of a decorated dark basalt sarcophagus were uncovered there although the burial chamber was never finished and in all probability never used.
42:
4417:; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; Arnold, Arnold; Arnold, Dorothea; Cherpion, Nadine; David, Ălisabeth; Grimal, Nicolas; Grzymski, Krzysztof; Hawass, Zahi; Hill, Marsha; JĂĄnosi, Peter; LabĂ©e-ToutĂ©e, Sophie; Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Phillippe; Leclant, Jean; Der Manuelian, Peter; Millet, N. B.; Oppenheim, Adela; Craig Patch, Diana; Pischikova, Elena; Rigault, Patricia; Roehrig, Catharine H.; Wildung, Dietrich; Ziegler, Christiane (1999).
1181:
1668:
the region of the Nile Valley (anchored by dendrochronology to absolute dates), direct linkages between the dated samples and historical chronology and relative dating information. Samples dated to specific reigns were collected from museum collections and excavation material while certain types of material (notably charcoal and mummified remains) were avoided owing to their susceptibility to contamination.
223:
5519:
1584:. No niches meant to house statues of the king were found, although fragments of a statue of Shepseskaf in the style of those of Khafre and Menkaure were uncovered in the temple. To the east lay a small inner court and a larger outer one. Remnants of a causeway have been found; it is supposed to have led to a valley temple which has yet to be located.
852:
1560:
The mastaba, oriented on a northâsouth axis, is rectangular in shape with a base of 99.6 m Ă 74.4 m (327 ft Ă 244 ft) and a height of 18 m (59 ft). The outer slope of its wall is 65° or 70° and it may have risen in two steps. The tomb dimensions are deemed very
1390:
In modern
Egyptology no sharp division is understood to have taken place between the fourth and fifth dynasties. Yet some transition between them is perceived through the evolution of the Egyptian state at the time, from one where all power and positions of prestige were taken by the royal family, to
1166:
were fashioned and the gods who unite the two lands are said to have followed the king. These events occurred at or close to the coronation of the king. The site of
Shepseskaf's tomb, said to be a pyramid, was chosen that same year. On that occasion, an enclosure of Lebanese wood may have been set up
1152:
limits the space available on it for
Shepseskaf's rule to five or six compartments, corresponding to that many years. Manetho's count may be explained by a conflation of the four full years attributed to Shepseskaf by the Turin king list plus two full years and a significant monthly fraction credited
1667:
have yielded the following intervals for Shepseskaf's date of accession to the throne: 2538â2498 BC with 68% probability, 2556â2476 BC with 95% probability. These studies are based archaeological samples to measure fluctuations in radiocarbon activity, specific information on radiocarbon activity in
1496:
As Shepseskaf chose to have a mastaba built for himself he broke with the fourth dynasty tradition of constructing pyramids. Several theories have been put forth to explain this choice. First, Verner hypothesises that Shepseskaf may have designed a mastaba as a temporary measure because he was faced
1379:
as "noble" for the former and "strong" for the later and they probably belonged to the same family with Userkaf being either Shepseskaf's son or his brother. In addition, the biographies of officials serving at the time show no break in their careers at the juncture of the fourth and fifth dynasties
887:
Hassan, who excavated Bunefer's tomb, rejects the opinion that Bunefer was Shepseskaf's daughter. He notes that most of Bunefer's titles are wifely ones and stresses "the fact that the name of Shepseskaf appears in her tomb is in favour of the assumption that he was her husband". In any case Bunefer
871:
tomb demonstrate that she is related to Shepseskaf: she notably bore the title of "Great of praise, priestess of King Shepseskaf, the king's wife, the great ornament, the great favourite". Lana Troy, an Egyptologist, deduces from this title that while she married a pharaoh, she served as a priestess
786:
and Peter Clayton. Peter JĂĄnosi nonetheless remarks that the decree does not constitute irrefutable proof of filiation since it does not describe the relationship between these two kings explicitly. In particular, the completion of the tomb of a deceased pharaoh by his successor does not necessarily
1799:
A mastaba takes time to build and the unfinished state of the tomb gives some indication on the reign duration as works on the royal tomb started in the king's first year of reign and either stopped or were interrupted at the death of the king. Depending on the final state of the originally planned
1626:
stele during his excavations of Shepseskaf's mortuary temple. At that time, the vicinity of the mastaba had become a necropolis housing tombs from the lower strata of society. The stele uncovered by JĂ©quier probably originated from a nearby tomb and had been reused at a later time as paving for the
1517:
I was Shepseskaf's consort, further conjectures that Khentkaus was forced to marry Userkaf, the high priest of Ra, after Shepseskaf's death. This marriage would have sealed the unrivalled ascendancy of the solar cult throughout the fifth dynasty. Egyptologist Jaromir MĂĄlek concurs in part with this
1879:
To quote Stadelmann on the subject: "With Userkaf, Manetho begins a new dynasty. Recent historical research, however, suggests that the delimitation of king lists into dynasties should be viewed with a certain reserve. In any case, the reason for the Manethonian division into dynasties seems to be
1851:
Herodotus's account is as follows: "After Mycerinus, the priests said, Asukhis became king of Egypt. He built the eastern outer court of Hephaestus's temple; this is by far the finest and grandest of all the courts, for while all have carved figures and innumerable felicities of architecture, this
1508:
Alternatively, Hassan has put forward the idea that Shepseskaf may have deliberately chosen to build a mastaba owing to religio-political reasons, as the pyramid shape is closely associated with the solar cult. In doing so he would have tried to undermine the growing influence of the priesthood of
1500:
At the opposite, Egyptologist Stephen Quirke believes that Shepseskaf's tomb amounts to the first step of a planned step pyramid that was unfinished owing to its owner's early death, only to be completed by his successor or his queen in the shape of a mastaba. This theory finds some support in the
1466:
Shepseskaf's decision to be buried in South Saqqara represents a departure from the Giza necropolis used by his predecessors. The reason for this choice is debated. Verner remarks that this choice had political symbolism as it allowed Shepseskaf a greater proximity to the dynasty founder Sneferu's
991:
reports about his career under the kings Khafre, Menkaura, Shepseskaf, Userkaf and Sahure, while the high priest Ptahshepses describes being born under Menkaure, growing up under Shepseskaf and starting his career under Userkaf. Furthermore, Egyptologist Patrick O'Mara underlines that "no names of
1601:
In parallel to the official cult, it seems that Shepseskaf's name and memory were especially well regarded at least as late as the second half of the fifth dynasty as attested by at least seven high officials bearing the name Shepseskafankh, meaning "May Shepseskaf live" or "Shepseskaf lives", up
1568:
or the hieroglyphic determinative for a shrine. The mastaba was originally clad with white Turah limestone except for its lower course, which was clad in red granite. The entrance to the substructures is on the mastaba's northern face, from where a nearly 20.95 m (68.7 ft) long rock-cut
1487:
instead conjectures that the choice of location for a pharaoh's tomb was mostly dictated by the vicinity of his palace which could change owing to economic, political and military interests. This remains unverified as no palace of an Old Kingdom king has been located so far, and it may be instead
1286:
of the late fourth dynasty. According to Herodotus, Menkaure was succeeded by a king, whom he calls Asukhis, who built an outer court of Hephaestus's (Ptah's) temple, decreed a new law on borrowing to remedy the lack of money in circulation during his reign and built a brick pyramid. Herodotus's
1274:
during Shepseskaf's rule. This material allows for rapid construction. Shepseskaf's works concerned the causeway and entrance corridors of the temple, its great open court, storerooms and inner temple as well as the exterior walls. All brick constructions were covered in yellow mud then plastered
1597:
Like other pharaohs of the fourth and fifth dynasties, Shepseskaf was the object of an official funerary cult after his death. This cult seems to have been relatively minor when compared to those given to his predecessors. Only three priests serving in this cult are known, including Shepseskaf's
1126:
The duration of Shepseskaf's rule is uncertain but it is generally taken to have lasted probably four but perhaps up to seven years. Explicit archaeological evidence on this matter is reduced to six documents. Four of these are inscriptions dated to the year of his accession to the throne, three
706:
as claimed by some historical sources, then his death marks the end of the fourth dynasty. The transition to the fifth dynasty seems not to have been a sharp rupture but rather a continuous process of evolution in the king's power and role within the Egyptian state. Around this time, some of the
1327:
Some of the officials who served under Shepseskaf are known from the funerary inscriptions they made on their tombs and which mention the king. These are mostly found in Giza and Saqqara. The fact that many of these inscriptions only mention Shepseskaf without further details hints at the short
1203:
It was during his second year of rule that Shepseskaf recorded the earliest surviving decree from the Old Kingdom period. Inscribed on a limestone slab uncovered in Menkaure's mortuary temple, the decree concerns the completion of this temple, records offerings to be made there and protects the
974:
indicates unambiguously that he succeeded Menkaure on the throne and was crowned on the 11th day of the fourth month. The identity of his successor is less certain. Archaeological evidence seems to indicate that Shepseskaf was succeeded directly by Userkaf. In particular, no intervening king is
1760:
760â656 BC), they were certainly copied or compiled from Old Kingdom sources. These themselves date to the first half of the fifth dynasty, possibly under Neferirkare's rule, as the annals record no event after that. In addition, Patrick O'Mara has shown that the Old Kingdom source itself used
1526:
In a fourth opinion, BĂĄrta, who stresses that the reasons for Shepseskaf's choice largely elude us, nonetheless proposes that the king may have lacked full legitimacy after ascending the throne from his position of high official through marriage. In this hypothesis Shepseskaf would be a son of
1784:
which had taken place since the start of the reign. The cattle count was an important event aimed at evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied on the population. This involved counting cattle, oxen and small livestock. During the first half of the fifth dynasty, this count might have been
1880:
different from that which modern historians would take as a basis. The sparse, almost exclusively archaeological knowledge of the monuments simply does not allow any clear statements as to the extent to which such dynasties actually do justice to the historical reality of the Old Kingdom."
1275:
white and left plain, except for the walls of the great open court which were made into a system of niches. The completed doorways were fitted with wooden doors and the temple floors were of beaten mud on packed limestone chips, while the great court received a stone flooring.
1482:
However, the main reason might have been economic or practical rather than political or religious. There was simply not enough space left in Giza for another large pyramid complex, and the proximity of limestone quarries to South Saqqara could have played a role. Egyptologist
1789:
although it may not always have happened at regular intervals. Following these principles, these inscriptions talk of the year after the first cattle count of Shepseskaf's reign. If the count was indeed biennial, which is uncertain, this would correspond to his second regnal
1662:
Proposed dates for the reign of Shepseskaf: 2523â2519 BC, ending 2510 BC, 2511â2506 BC, 2504â2500BC, 2503â2498 BC, ending 2494 BC, 2486â2479 BC, 2472â2467 BC, ending 2465 BC, 2462â2457 BC, 2461â2456 BC, 2442â2436 BC, 2441â2438 BC, 2441â2436 BC, ending 2435 BC, 2396â2392 BC.
1702:
pharaohs are never explicitly reported in contemporary documents. Furthermore, no official title is known to have designated the crown prince before his accession to the throne. This makes such relationships difficult to assert beyond doubt from purely archaeological
5674:
Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Dee, Michael W.; Rowland, Joanne M.; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Harris, Stephen A.; Brock, Fiona; Quiles, Anita; Wild, Eva M.; Marcus, Ezra S.; Shortland, Andrew J. (2010). "Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt".
1090:
today. In column III, line 15 King Shepseskaf is listed, line 16 is wholly in a lacuna while the end of Userkaf's name is legible on line 17. The missing line 16 must have originally held the royal name of Shepseskaf's unknown successor. The
781:
who proposed that Shepseskaf was Menkaure's son. Reisner based his hypothesis on a decree showing that Shepseskaf completed Menkaure's mortuary temple. This hypothesis is shared by many Egyptologists including Aidan Dodson and Dyan Hilton,
1340:
I who was educated among the royal children in Shepseskaf's palace and harem, later promoted to the office of priest of Ptah by Userkaf and son-in-law of this pharaoh; and Kaunisut, a palace official, priest and director of hairdressers.
1161:
Very few activities of Shepseskaf are known. The Palermo stone reports that in the year of his accession to the throne he participated in the "going around the Two Lands" and a "festival of the diadem" during which two images of the god
1522:
notes that if Shepseskaf really did intend his tomb to be a mastaba and regardless of his motivations, this indicates that while a pyramid may be desirable, it was not an absolute necessity for a pharaoh to reach the afterlife.
1077:
in the case of Bicheris and Thampthis could originate from the Egyptian name Djedefptah, or they could both be fictitious rulers. That a king might have reigned between Shepseskaf and Userkaf is also indirectly supported by the
934:
working backwards by adding reign lengths – themselves uncertain and inferred from historical sources and archaeological evidence – and, in a few cases, using ancient astronomical observations and
1117:
For Egyptologist Nigel Strudwick, the uncertainty regarding Shepseskaf's successor and the presence of further shadowy rulers in historical sources during the late fourth dynasty point to some family instability at the time.
1423:("Qebeh Shepseskaf") by the ancient Egyptians, this name is variously translated as "Shepseskaf is pure", "Shepseskaf is purified", "Coolness of King Shepseskaf" and "The cool place of Shepseskaf". Nowadays it is known as
1779:
During the Old Kingdom period, the Egyptians did not record time as we do today. Rather, they counted years since the beginning of the reign of the current king. Furthermore these years were referred to by the number of
1539:
II, had enjoyed prior to his death. Possibly faced with opponents and a state-administration increasingly from outside of the royal family, he could have chosen to build a non-typical tomb fitting his peculiar status.
1153:
to his anonymous successor on that list. This successor could correspond to Manetho's Thampthis, to whom Manetho gives nine years of reign, although as observed by Verner archaeological evidence for this ruler is nil.
1931:
In the tale the first three kings of the fifth dynasty are said to be brothers but it is now known thanks to archaeological evidences that Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai had father-son relationships with one
1106:), also seems to have mentioned an unknown successor for Shepseskaf as it originally listed nine cartouches corresponding to fourth dynasty kings, when only six are otherwise known from archaeological evidence (
791:
is that Menkaure and Shepseskaf could have been brothers, and the latter's consequently advanced age when ascending to the throne could explain his short reign. In contrast with these hypotheses, Egyptologists
1800:
tomb one can thus estimate on the maximum duration of the king's reign. Had Shepseskaf reigned longer than four years, his mastaba would have been more advanced at his death than it is, according to Verner.
975:
mentioned on the tombs of officials who served at the time. For example, an inscription in the tomb of the palace courtier Netjerpunesut gives the following sequence of kings he served under: Djedefre â
5537:
Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
1383:
Some distinction between the fourth and fifth dynasties may nonetheless have been recognised by the ancient Egyptians, as recorded by a tradition much older than Manetho's and found in the tale of the
996:
royal grandchildren, who often bore the name of a royal ancestor as a component of their own ." This reconstruction of late fourth to early fifth dynasty is also in agreement with that given on the
1266:
Excavations of Menkaure's mortuary temple confirm that it was probably left unfinished at this pharaoh's death. Originally planned to be made of granite, then altered to be completed of white
6366:
1131:
and one from the Palermo stone. The last two contemporary inscriptions mention his second regnal year, one of which is found on the decree of Shepseskaf concerning Menkaure's pyramid town.
4610:
Ancient records of Egypt historical documents from earliest times to the Persian conquest, collected edited and translated with commentary, vol. I The First to the Seventeenth Dynasties
1501:
Palermo stone which indicates that the emplacement and name of Shepseskaf's tomb were chosen during his first year on the throne. In this text the name of the tomb is written with the
807:
The identity of Shepseskaf's mother is even more uncertain than that of his father. If the latter was Menkaure, then Shepseskaf's mother could have been one of Menkaure's royal wives
686:
is not entirely certain; he might have been his son or possibly his brother. The identity of his mother is highly uncertain as she could have been one of Menkaure's consorts or queen
1140:
gives him seven years on the throne. Although this figure is compatible with the Palermo stone which may have had up to seven compartments relating Shepseskaf's reign according to
1073:
forms for Shepeseskaf and Userkaf, respectively, while the identities of Bicheris and Thampthis are unknown. They could refer to shadowy figures, perhaps the fourth dynasty prince
1336:
under Shepseskaf and possibly his cousin; Sekhemkare, a son of Khafre, priest of the royal funerary cults; Nisutpunetjer, who was a priest of the royal funerary cults; Ptahshepses
1171:
where the tomb was to be constructed. Finally Shepseskaf probably decreed a daily offering of 20 measures of something (what was offered is lost in a lacuna of the stone) to the
888:
had at least one son, whose name is lost, and whose father was not a king according to this son's titles. He was possibly an issue from a second, non-royal, marriage of Bunefer.
1475:
pyramids in Dahshur, possibly emphasising his belonging to the dynastic line. For BĂĄrta, Shepseskaf simply decided to come back to the traditional burial grounds of Saqqara and
5092:
The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom
1315:
makes similar mistakes in reporting the history of the fourth dynasty – notably, both he and Herodotus incorrectly believed the fourth dynasty came after the
939:. These methodologies do not agree perfectly and some uncertainty remains. As a result, Shepseskaf's rule is dated to some time around the late 26th to mid-25th century BC.
1086:
in the early Ramesside era (1292â1189 BC). The canon, written on papyrus is damaged at several spots and thus many royal names are either fragmentary or completely lost in
5246:
JanĂĄk, JiĆĂ; VymazalovĂĄ, Hana; Coppens, Filip (2011). "The Fifth Dynasty "sun temples" in a broader context". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
895:, and is known by her titles to have been the daughter of a king. She was long thought to be a daughter of Shepseskaf following a hypothesis by 19th-century Egyptologist
5090:
1635:
Along with other royal monuments at Saqqara and Abusir which had fallen into ruin, Shepseskaf's mastaba was the object of restoration works under the impulse of prince
1505:
of a pyramid rather than that of a mastaba, but in the tomb of Nikauhor, who worked as overseer of Shepseskaf's tomb, it appears with the determinative of a mastaba.
5112:
1215:
which was done in the presence of the King himself. The King of Upper and Lower Egypt Shepseskaf. For the king of Upper and Lower Egypt he set up a monument, a
1387:. In this story, King Khufu is foretold the demise of his line and the rise of a new dynasty through the accession of three sons of Ra to the throne of Egypt.
6269:
750:
as a privately run lucrative cult aimed at guaranteeing a royal intercessor for the offerings made to their dead by members of the lower strata of society.
4646:
10071:
835:
I may instead have been the wife or the daughter of Shepseskaf. One more possibility was put forth by Arielle Kozloff, who proposed instead that it was
5521:
L'architettura delle piramidi Menfite. Parte VI, La grande fossa di Zauiet el-Aryan, la Piramide di Micerino, il Mastabat Faraun, la Tomba di Khentkaus
1363:. The historical reality of these dynasties is difficult to appraise and they might not correspond to the modern conception for that term: for example
5181:
6085:. Archiv OrientĂĄlnĂ, Supplementa (in German). Vol. IX. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 529â542.
6081:(2000). "Userkaf in Saqqara und Abusir. Untersuchungen zur Thronfolge in der 4. und frĂŒhen 5. Dynastie". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
242:
6382:
5267:
Giza in der 4. Dynastie. Die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole des Alten Reiches. Band I: Die Mastabas der Kernfriedhöfe und die FelsgrÀber
10150:
4477:
BĂĄrta, Miroslav (2016). "'Abusir Paradigm' and the Beginning of the Fifth Dynasty". In Hein, Irmgard; Billing, Nils; Meyer-Dietrich, Erika (eds.).
4980:
Recherches sur l'anthroponymie dans l'Ăgypte du IIIe millĂ©naire avant J.-C.: signification et portĂ©e sociale du nom Ă©gyptien avant le Moyen Empire
1576:
The mastaba was surrounded by a double enclosure wall of mudbricks. On the eastern face of the tomb was a mortuary temple with an offering hall,
5843:. CNI publications, 20. Copenhagen: Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press.
660:
4938:
1643:
II. This was possibly to appropriate stones for his father's construction projects while ensuring a minimal restoration for cultic purposes.
1479:, a choice that therefore does not need to be seen as a sign of religious conflicts within the royal family, as had been proposed by Hassan.
831:
based on the "immense conformity" of their tombs, an opinion that is widely shared, yet what this relationship was remains unclear. Khentkaus
1372:
1059:â SebercherĂȘs â Thamphthis" at the end of the fourth dynasty while "UsercherĂȘs" is given as the fifth dynasty's first king. SebercherĂȘs (in
476:
1889:
For JĂ©quier though, the very fact that Shepseskaf had a mastaba built for himself rather than a pyramid could be evidence of such troubles.
1134:
Two historical sources report the duration of Shepseskaf's reign. The Turin canon credits him with a reign of four years, while Manetho's
5821:. BeitrĂ€ge zur Ăgyptischen Bauforschung und Altertumskunde. Vol. 5. Cairo: Institut fĂŒr Ăgytpsiche Bauforschung und Altertumskunde.
4991:. Archiv OrientĂĄlnĂ, Supplementa. Vol. 9. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 397â412.
1761:
earlier royal annals probably first written in the time span between Menkaure's and Userkaf's reigns, i.e. possibly during Shepseskaf's.
1148:
to conclude Shepseskaf's rule did not exceed the four years attributed to him by the Turin canon. A reappraisal of the Palermo stone by
5133:
10086:
10081:
6042:. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis. Vol. 237. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press Fribourg, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen.
714:
The only activities firmly datable to Shepseskaf's short reign are the completion of the hitherto unfinished mortuary complex of the
4887:
1770:
This part of the Palermo stone is actually ascribed to the Early Dynastic Period, specifically the transition between Aha and Djer.
1488:
that it was the centre of the administration and royal house which followed the funerary complex rather than the other way around.
408:
402:
399:
396:
393:
738:, that is a flat-roofed rectangular structure, rather than a pyramid for himself are significant and continue to be debated. Some
542:
501:
364:
324:
10061:
10056:
1861:
His mastaba, located in Giza and now known as G8154 yielded a list of the kings under whom he served, from Khafre down to Sahure.
41:
525:
522:
519:
516:
491:
416:
347:
339:
283:
280:
196:
10066:
4645:
Callender, Vivienne Gae (1994). "Part III. A prosopographical register of the wives of the Egyptian Kings (Dynasties IâXVII)".
1015:
Three historical sources go directly or indirectly against this order of succession. The source in direct contradiction is the
702:
dynasties, Userkaf could well have been his son or his brother. If Shepseskaf was succeeded directly by Userkaf rather than by
344:
342:
199:
10046:
6519:
Die Rolle Ă€gyptischer Könige im BewuĂtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen ĂŒber die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien
6488:
6469:
6355:
6336:
6282:
6231:
6182:
6161:
6117:
6090:
6047:
5889:
5848:
5802:
5740:
5546:
5508:
5460:
5415:
5321:
5255:
5191:
5162:
5018:
4996:
4928:
4902:
4807:
4768:
4706:
4685:
4635:
4486:
4467:
4445:
1375:
is noble") and Userkaf have much in common, for example their throne names both follow the same pattern qualifying the Ka of
527:
496:
428:
425:
422:
419:
414:
411:
405:
349:
166:
4479:
The Pyramids between life and death : proceedings of the workshop held at Uppsala University, May 31st â June 1st, 2012
4418:
498:
493:
111:
10076:
10051:
843:, who was Shepseskaf's mother. For Egyptologist Vivienne Gae Callender there is no evidence in support of this hypothesis.
5474:. The Egypt Exploration Society. Occasional Publications. Vol. 8. London: Egypt Exploration Society. pp. 57â76.
1564:
The narrow ends of the mastaba were deliberately raised unlike the traditional fashion, making the tomb look like a great
1513:
reference to Ra in his name as well as in that of his probable immediate successor Userkaf. Hassan, who believes Khentkaus
10041:
7821:
7609:
6462:
Chronologie des pharaonischen Ăgypten : die Zeitbestimmung der Ă€gyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr
1144:, this is considered an overestimate according to modern consensus. Verner points notably to the unfinished state of his
1114:, Djedefre, Khafra, Menkaure and Shepseskaf). The five cartouches between those of Khafre and Userkaf are now illegible.
931:
800:
posited that Shepseskaf could have been of non-royal extraction and took the throne only thanks to his marriage to queen
764:
6499:
10030:
8791:
8507:
7375:
6635:
6609:
6018:
5664:
1619:
1531:
I. While in all probability related to the fourth dynasty royal family, he may not have had the legitimacy that prince
1304:
1963:
Against this opinion Stadelmann thinks that the "Ka" in Shepseskaf's and Userkaf's names does refer to the soul of Ra.
10155:
10145:
6543:
6450:
6428:
6250:
6201:
5479:
5274:
5035:. Cairo: Faculty of Arts of the Egyptian University & Government Press. pp. 75â86, figs. 81â91, pls. 23â26.
1941:
JanĂĄk, VymazalovĂĄ and Coppens note in passing that this sign could be "a schematic depiction of the mastaba-like tomb
1287:
account cannot easily be reconciled with the historical reality and seems to stem from confusion between fourth and
10096:
2670:
992:
estates of the period compounded with royal names make mention of any other kings than these, nor do the names of
679:
period. He reigned most probably for four but possibly up to seven years in the late 26th to mid-25th century BC.
10160:
9283:
6148:
449:
102:
6288:
5470:
MĂĄlek, Jaromir (1992). "A Meeting of the Old and New. SaqqĂąra during the New Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.).
4660:
9333:
9060:
8916:
1581:
1288:
698:, is not known although in the absence of clear indication of strife at the transition between the fourth and
9629:
9419:
9351:
9216:
9083:
8993:
8806:
6924:
1753:
884:, whose existence is uncertain however as he is not attested archaeologically (see below for a discussion).
9201:
9138:
8421:
1899:
711:
which had hitherto been the prerogative of the royal family were opened to nobles of non-royal extraction.
5578:
5539:
Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27 â July 5, 2005)
4608:
1786:
1518:
hypothesis, seeing Shepseskaf's decision as the symptom of a possible religious crisis. The archaeologist
914:
I, an idea shared by Kozloff but rejected by BĂĄrta who thinks they were brothers. Alternatively, Khentkaus
9562:
8671:
8583:
8068:
7845:
7836:
6504:. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann.
1083:
952:
71:
Duration uncertain, probably four years but possibly up to seven, in the late 26th to mid-25th century BC
1399:, a novelty in comparison with the earlier fourth dynasty, when more emphasis was put on royal burials.
9391:
8724:
8461:
8288:
8220:
6802:
5096:
1618:
While no trace of state-sponsored cult of Shepseskaf have been uncovered from the late Old Kingdom and
1316:
6521:. MĂŒnchener Ăgyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 17. MĂŒnchen, Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag.
5864:
4481:. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Boreas. Vol. 36. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 51â74.
1972:
That is, the mastaba took the shape of a Buto shrine with a rounded vaulted top between vertical ends.
9912:
7683:
5909:
892:
7757:
7528:
7390:
1436:
1296:
1196:
6300:
6243:
L'Egypte et la vallée du Nil. Tome 1, Des origines à la fin de l'Ancien Empire 12000-2000 av. J.-C
6172:
6037:
6006:
1569:
passageway descends at 23°30' to an antechamber, the access to which was to be protected by three
1371:, final king of the Second dynasty. Stadelmann and BĂĄrta remark that Shepseskaf (which means "His
9597:
9512:
9489:
7806:
7668:
7605:
7394:
7194:
7010:
6572:
6464:. MĂŒnchner Ă€gyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.
4820:(2002). "The biographical inscription of Ptahshepses from Saqqara: A newly identified fragment".
1623:
1459:
1292:
1038:
963:
747:
672:
648:
6438:
4696:
1149:
947:
903:
published inscriptions from Ptahshepses's tomb showing that she was Userkaf's daughter instead.
10101:
10091:
9639:
9618:
9537:
8451:
8311:
7921:
7555:
7515:
7309:
7251:
7135:
6939:
6602:
5288:
1424:
1408:
1333:
1192:
1037:. No copies of the Aegyptiaca have survived and it is now known only through later writings by
967:
727:
708:
699:
626:
5838:
4438:
The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I â Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300â1069 BC
10111:
9587:
9552:
9532:
9522:
9484:
8084:
7988:
7342:
6398:
Verner, Miroslav (2010). "Some considerations concerning the Old Kingdom royal palace (aH)".
5750:
1752:
Although the surviving fragments of the Palermo stone itself probably date to the much later
1283:
778:
10106:
9612:
9567:
8940:
8568:
8503:
8356:
8351:
8058:
8053:
7906:
7332:
7120:
6999:
5684:
5541:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 311â341.
4604:
2856:
1781:
1699:
1432:
1128:
1087:
787:
depend on a direct father/son relation between the two. A possible alternative proposed by
742:
see these decisions as symptoms of a power-struggle between the king and the priesthood of
731:
676:
6445:(in German). Vol. V. PyramidenbauâSteingefĂ€Ăe. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 584.
4987:
Goedicke, Hans (2000). "AbusirâSaqqaraâGiza". In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
4778:
4458:(1999). "Chronology of Ancient Egypt". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).
896:
8:
9602:
9577:
9542:
9479:
8854:
8829:
8033:
8028:
7452:
6883:
5899:
4897:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 31â45.
4783:
Recherches sur les monuments qu'on peut attribuer aux six premiÚres dynasties de Manéthon
1820:. This might designate a building perhaps marked by snake stelae, possibly at Heliopolis.
1319: – it is possible that it was their sources in Egypt which were at fault.
988:
880:
I might have been a consort of Shepseskaf. Bunefer's royal husband may have been pharaoh
715:
637:
66:
6039:
Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective
5840:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800â1550 B.C
5688:
5634:
O'Mara, Patrick F. (1997). "Manetho and the Turin Canon: A Comparison of Regnal Years".
5500:
5494:
5152:
4908:
4651:. Sydney, Australia: Macquarie University. School of History, Philosophy, and Politics.
9892:
9879:
9456:
8466:
8038:
8013:
7080:
6855:
6538:(in German). Vol. II. ErntefestâHordjedef. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 1257.
6108:
Stadelmann, Rainer (2001). "Old Kingdom: Fourth Dynasty". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
6066:
5965:
5945:
5925:
5781:
5716:
5700:
5622:
5601:
5565:
5392:
5360:
5234:
5226:
4874:
4845:
4837:
4592:
4584:
4551:
1664:
936:
6177:. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
5859:
5613:
O'Mara, Patrick F. (1996). "Was There an Old Kingdom Historiography? Is It Datable?".
5293:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 1925
5284:
4857:
Dunham, Dows (1935). "Four New Kingdom Monuments in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston".
4628:
EinfĂŒhrung in die altĂ€gyptische Literaturgeschichte. Band 1: Altes und Mittleres Reich
1444:
10165:
9947:
9926:
9820:
9787:
9499:
8834:
8456:
8336:
7958:
7886:
7544:
7347:
7337:
7269:
6595:
6539:
6522:
6505:
6484:
6465:
6446:
6424:
6407:
6374:
6351:
6332:
6315:
6278:
6256:
6246:
6227:
6207:
6197:
6178:
6157:
6113:
6096:
6086:
6078:
6043:
6024:
6014:
5913:
5885:
5844:
5822:
5798:
5760:
5736:
5728:
5720:
5708:
5660:
5643:
5542:
5525:
5504:
5475:
5456:
5432:
5431:. Vol. I, Unteraegypten und Memphis. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.
5411:
5405:
5317:
5270:
5251:
5238:
5197:
5187:
5168:
5158:
5139:
5100:
5074:
5055:
5036:
5014:
4992:
4966:
4924:
4898:
4849:
4803:
4786:
4785:(in French). Paris: Institut de France, Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres.
4764:
4740:
4702:
4681:
4652:
4631:
4614:
4596:
4534:
BĂ©rard, Jean (1937). "Remarques sur une erreur historique d'HĂ©rodote (II, 124-136)".
4505:
4482:
4463:
4441:
4424:
4414:
1392:
1360:
1356:
984:
783:
6245:. Nouvelle Clio (in French). Vol. 50. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
6226:. Champollion (in French). Translated by Nathalie Baum. Monaco: Ăditions du Rocher.
6150:
The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders
5556:
Nuzzolo, Massimiliano (2007). "The Sun Temples of the Vth Dynasty: A Reassessment".
1443:, it was not before the years 1924â1925 that the mastaba was thoroughly explored by
10126:
9953:
9781:
9547:
9301:
8884:
8181:
8077:
8018:
7442:
7422:
6346:
Verner, Miroslav (2001c). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
5692:
5593:
5384:
5300:
5218:
5086:
4866:
4829:
4732:
4576:
4543:
1440:
1349:
The division of ancient Egyptian kings into dynasties is an invention of Manetho's
1312:
1046:
997:
808:
797:
793:
604:
295:
51:
4630:. EinfĂŒhrungen und Quellentexte zur Ăgyptologie. Vol. 1, 3, 6. MĂŒnster: LIT.
1731:, meaning "royal daughter of his body" but her father's identity remains in doubt.
9898:
9868:
9827:
9763:
9507:
9437:
9307:
8646:
8301:
8023:
7417:
7055:
7023:
6862:
6219:
6011:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 1, Part 2. Early History of the Middle East
4817:
4716:
4455:
1830:
1607:
1519:
1510:
1428:
1384:
1141:
1079:
927:
900:
788:
376:
7604:
6013:(3rd ed.). London, New york: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145â207.
5816:
5754:
5490:
5426:
5209:
Hsu, Shih-Wei (2012). "The development of Ancient Egyptian royal inscriptions".
5068:
5049:
1355:, intended to adhere more closely to the expectations of Manetho's patrons, the
9994:
9792:
9753:
9471:
9427:
9296:
8380:
8306:
8136:
8008:
7968:
7716:
7568:
7533:
7523:
7457:
7412:
7294:
7289:
6869:
6848:
6814:
6367:"Sahure's Causeway. New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field"
5985:
5331:
5222:
5006:
4833:
1092:
6526:
5826:
5772:
Reisner, Georges A. (1939). "A Family of Royal Estate Stewards of Dynasty V".
5529:
5078:
5040:
4790:
3325:
2219:
1211:
Shepsesket, the year after the first occasion of the count of cattle and herds
10139:
9673:
9572:
9404:
9374:
9050:
8905:
8762:
8631:
8471:
8446:
8396:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7983:
7790:
7721:
7711:
7573:
7327:
7075:
7018:
6971:
6808:
6767:
6411:
6378:
6319:
6260:
6211:
6007:"The Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period"
5917:
5903:
5812:
5764:
5647:
5436:
5201:
5172:
5143:
5059:
4958:
4744:
4656:
4618:
4509:
3154:
1502:
1308:
1204:
estate and staff of the pyramid of Menkaure by exempting them from taxation:
1074:
1060:
971:
668:
6100:
6028:
5696:
5453:
Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of readings. The Old and Middle Kingdoms
5304:
5269:(in German). Wien: Verlag der Ăsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
4970:
4736:
4518:
4428:
1328:
duration of his reign. The court officials who mentioned Shepseskaf include
1018:
694:. Similarly, Shepseskaf's relation to his probable successor on the throne,
9758:
9592:
9582:
9557:
9409:
9359:
9318:
9044:
8956:
8844:
8757:
8737:
8656:
8621:
8616:
8502:
8441:
8151:
7973:
7963:
7926:
7881:
7795:
7785:
7775:
7691:
7407:
7284:
7093:
7034:
6894:
6841:
6746:
6509:
6127:
5712:
5250:. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts. pp. 430â442.
5104:
5028:
3978:
1954:
Verner is explicitly against this hypothesis, qualifying it as "erroneous".
1603:
1472:
1396:
836:
828:
739:
691:
616:
4720:
4547:
3701:
154:
9862:
9807:
9658:
9607:
9527:
9399:
9291:
9273:
9231:
9142:
9033:
9028:
9023:
8977:
8961:
8934:
8899:
8889:
8824:
8777:
8767:
8752:
8742:
8689:
8651:
8626:
8606:
8596:
8362:
8346:
8321:
8316:
8116:
8043:
7953:
7936:
7891:
7866:
7800:
7780:
7765:
7747:
7477:
7472:
7279:
7106:
7086:
6900:
6834:
6825:
6709:
6483:. MĂŒnchner Ă€gyptologische Studien (in German). Mainz: Philip von Zabern.
5597:
5472:
Studies in Pharaonic Religion and Society. In Honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths
5372:
4580:
4564:
1610:, a royal estate steward, a courtier, a priest, and a judicial official.
1565:
1484:
1468:
1380:
and no traces of religious, political or economic upheavals at the time.
1368:
1267:
907:
856:
819:
I may have been Shepseskaf's mother and also the mother of his successor
815:
or a secondary wife. Alternatively Miroslav BĂĄrta believes that Khentkaus
801:
687:
573:
6070:
5704:
5683:(5985). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1554â1557.
5626:
5605:
5569:
5396:
5364:
5230:
4921:
The Egyptian Museum in Cairo. A Walk Through The Alleys of Ancient Egypt
4626:
Burkard, GĂŒnter; Thissen, Heinz Josef; Quack, Joachim Friedrich (2003).
4588:
4555:
2679:, pp. 176, 196, figs. 147, 149, 150, 152, 156, 159, pls. 54â56, 58.
1029:), a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of
926:
Shepseskaf's reign is difficult to date precisely in absolute terms. An
9979:
9933:
9886:
9841:
9813:
9634:
9517:
9442:
9369:
9258:
9073:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8983:
8971:
8951:
8924:
8894:
8874:
8819:
8772:
8747:
8679:
8641:
8611:
8601:
8341:
8141:
8131:
7901:
7896:
7861:
7770:
7742:
7563:
7467:
7462:
7447:
7432:
7240:
7148:
6876:
6694:
6631:
5834:
5785:
4878:
4841:
1636:
1577:
1570:
1270:, all stone construction ceased and the temple was hastily finished in
1168:
1070:
1030:
881:
774:
93:
4496:
BĂĄrta, Miroslav (2015). "Tomb of the chief physician Shepseskafankh".
3802:
3800:
1580:
and five storerooms, the layout of which later served as template for
910:
proposes that Shepseskaf fathered pharaoh Userkaf with queen Khentkaus
9919:
9834:
9797:
9723:
9717:
9644:
9624:
9341:
9323:
9268:
9248:
9111:
8946:
8929:
8879:
8732:
8699:
8694:
8636:
8435:
8256:
8209:
8161:
8121:
8098:
7871:
7737:
7706:
7360:
7274:
7100:
6981:
6718:
5388:
5135:
The Histories. Herodotus, With an English Translation by A. D. Godley
4280:
4268:
4256:
4232:
3990:
3557:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3062:
1329:
1279:
1188:
1184:
1135:
1096:
1050:
1016:
1009:
703:
47:
5375:(2002). "The Pyramid Age Settlement of the Southern Mount at Giza".
4870:
4367:
3677:
1829:
The decree, now fragmentary and damaged, is currently housed in the
1548:
1455:
9989:
9984:
9973:
9940:
9855:
9848:
9802:
9774:
9768:
9733:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9313:
9253:
9096:
9068:
8661:
8591:
8403:
8389:
8369:
8331:
8243:
8188:
8146:
7978:
7948:
7911:
7856:
7701:
7578:
7483:
7427:
7322:
7229:
7223:
7212:
7178:
7062:
7048:
7041:
7028:
6992:
6732:
6559:
6156:. Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International.
3797:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2247:
1271:
1163:
1056:
1042:
956:
840:
812:
770:
719:
683:
608:
79:
6534:
Wildung, Dietrich (1977). Helck, Wolfgang; Eberhard, Otto (eds.).
6441:(1984). "Schepseskaf". In Helck, Wolfgang; Eberhard, Otto (eds.).
6327:
Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Pyramid". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
4676:
Chauvet, Violaine (2001). "Saqqara". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
4064:
3429:
3265:
899:. A consensus was reached on this issue, but in 2002 Egyptologist
9966:
9905:
9748:
9432:
9243:
9237:
9225:
9106:
9101:
9038:
9017:
8862:
8814:
8714:
8704:
8429:
8326:
8296:
8278:
8267:
8250:
8202:
8195:
8126:
8048:
7696:
7504:
7490:
7402:
7353:
7259:
7202:
7153:
6986:
6976:
6956:
6889:
6739:
6618:
6579:
6566:
3253:
2523:
1757:
1553:
1532:
1414:
1300:
1145:
1107:
1034:
864:
820:
735:
723:
695:
664:
577:
89:
59:
6630:
3954:
3178:
2694:
2595:
2511:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2358:
2356:
2343:
2341:
1395:
and the increased royal devotion given to him made Ra a sort of
851:
9873:
9743:
9380:
9263:
8868:
8839:
8709:
8684:
8476:
8410:
8236:
8229:
8156:
8111:
8105:
7931:
7851:
7437:
7264:
7217:
7171:
7143:
7069:
6947:
6906:
6788:
6753:
6725:
6009:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
5351:
Kozloff, Arielle P. (1982). "Weserkaf, Boy King of Dynasty V".
5312:
Katary, Sally (2001). "Taxation". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
3629:
3473:
2045:
2043:
2041:
1716:
I which seems to indicate that she was the mother of two kings.
1509:
Ra. This hypothesis could also explain the absence of a direct
1476:
1364:
1001:
980:
976:
823:. Indeed, a close relationship between Shepseskaf and Khentkaus
6301:"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology"
4054:
4052:
3930:
3908:
3906:
3653:
2960:
2802:
2501:
2499:
2368:
2093:
2091:
1815:
1809:
1726:
1418:
1350:
1230:
1216:
1172:
467:
304:
260:
129:
9959:
9738:
9728:
9706:
9364:
8273:
8261:
8174:
8091:
7942:
7876:
7538:
7207:
7165:
7159:
6951:
6910:
6781:
6774:
6760:
6057:
Spalinger, Anthony (1994). "Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom".
3713:
3337:
3289:
2904:
2409:
2380:
2353:
2338:
1208:
1111:
1064:
1024:
962:
The relative chronological position of Shepseskaf within the
137:
30:
5289:"Le Mastabat-el-Faraoun et le culte funéraire de Shepseskaf"
5151:
Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012).
3966:
3761:
3038:
2778:
2658:
2259:
2195:
2038:
1012:
is on the 25th entry between those of Menkaure and Userkaf.
9711:
9701:
9091:
8966:
8167:
7497:
7317:
7299:
7184:
6966:
6961:
6795:
6587:
4721:"La Pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire"
4355:
4292:
4172:
4160:
4136:
4124:
4100:
4049:
3903:
3891:
3824:
3812:
3737:
3593:
3509:
3497:
3376:
3354:
3352:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2496:
2469:
2326:
2088:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
868:
179:
6194:
Patterns of queenship in ancient egyptian myth and history
5111:
4565:"The Old Kingdom evidence on the toponym áž«ntj-ĆĄ "Lebanon""
4309:
4307:
3785:
3617:
3605:
3569:
3533:
3521:
3364:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3166:
2950:
2948:
2933:
2862:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2397:
2108:
2106:
1990:
1988:
7916:
5579:"Heliopolis and the solar cult in the third millenium BC"
5455:. Vol. I. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4184:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3451:
3449:
3417:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3301:
3190:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3001:
2999:
2880:
2834:
2832:
2754:
2573:
2571:
2433:
1712:
Of particular importance is an unusual title of Khentkaus
1180:
9137:
6196:. Boreas. Vol. 14. Uppsala: Upsaliensis Academiae.
6126:
5818:
Bemerkungen zur Ăgyptischen Baukunst des Alten Reichs II
5013:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
3867:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3581:
3349:
3331:
3313:
3277:
3142:
3120:
3118:
3026:
2984:
2972:
2916:
2819:
2817:
2766:
2583:
2535:
2183:
2171:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2000:
876:
I whose tomb is located near Bunefer's so that Khentkaus
769:
The relationship between Shepseskaf and his predecessor
5857:
5157:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
4725:
Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
4391:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4304:
4196:
4148:
4112:
4088:
4076:
3773:
3749:
3641:
3241:
3214:
3016:
3014:
2945:
2790:
2682:
2639:
2253:
2103:
1985:
1683:
1535:, the firstborn son of Menkaure and queen Khamerernebty
1376:
1235:
offering brought for the king of Upper and Lower Egypt
743:
4244:
4026:
4014:
3942:
3879:
3545:
3485:
3461:
3446:
3405:
3388:
3202:
3130:
3098:
3074:
2996:
2829:
2718:
2617:
2615:
2568:
2486:
2484:
2457:
2295:
2283:
2235:
2137:
2135:
2133:
1367:, the first king of the third dynasty, was the son of
6350:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585â591.
6112:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 593â597.
5735:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 336â337.
5316:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 351â356.
4680:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 176â179.
4379:
3918:
3836:
3115:
2814:
2706:
2421:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2055:
2021:
1167:
to surround the perimeter of the part of the Saqqara
930:
referring to dates in the modern Western calendar is
891:
Princess Khamaat married to the high priest of Ptah,
773:
is not entirely certain. The dominant view in modern
4220:
4208:
4002:
3855:
3725:
3689:
3665:
3050:
3011:
2892:
2844:
2742:
2730:
2445:
2118:
2076:
1195:
of Shepseskaf, from his Giza tomb G5230, now in the
918:
I has been conjectured to be Shepseskaf's daughter.
6331:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87â95.
5780:(220). Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: 29â35.
5756:
Mycerinus: The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza
3086:
2612:
2556:
2481:
2271:
2207:
2159:
2147:
2130:
1740:
She may have participated in his burial ceremonies.
6348:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
6329:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
6110:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
5733:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
5524:(in Italian). Rapallo: Officine Grafiche Canessa.
5517:
5314:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
4678:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3
4070:
2868:
2529:
2307:
1842:Also called Aseskaf or Asychis -- áŒÏÏ
ÏÎčÏ in Greek.
1658:
1656:
1291:rulers, garbled references to legends regarding a
5884:(in German). DĂŒsseldorf: Patmos Albatros Verlag.
4648:The wives of the Egyptian kings: dynasties IâXVII
1725:Buried in Giza tomb G8408, she bore the title of
10137:
5731:(2001). "Manetho". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).
5377:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
4937:
3984:
5992:. 2022 Giza Project at Harvard University. 2022
5972:. 2022 Giza Project at Harvard University. 2022
5952:. 2022 Giza Project at Harvard University. 2022
5932:. 2022 Giza Project at Harvard University. 2022
5577:Nuzzolo, Massimiliano; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (2017).
5338:. 2022 Giza Project at Harvard University. 2022
4918:
4575:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: 125â148.
4460:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt
2049:
1653:
1431:. This mastaba was first recognised as such by
966:is not entirely certain. The near contemporary
587:Possibly Bunefer (â), conjecturally Userkaf (â)
5138:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
5132:Herodotus (1963). Godley, Alfred Denis (ed.).
4893:. In BĂĄrta, Miroslav; KrejÄĂ, JaromĂr (eds.).
4625:
3659:
1491:
1413:Shepseskaf's tomb is a great mastaba at South
722:and the construction of his own tomb at South
6603:
6478:
6459:
6437:
6418:
5984:
5964:
5944:
5924:
5673:
5576:
5330:
5186:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
5047:
4529:(1). San Diego: The University of California.
4286:
4274:
4262:
4238:
3575:
3295:
3068:
3044:
2784:
2700:
2676:
2664:
2606:
2362:
2347:
2265:
2201:
2097:
6267:
5759:. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
5657:The Cult of Ra. Sun-Worship in Ancient Egypt
5518:Maragioglio, Vito; Rinaldi, Celeste (1967).
5383:. American Research Center in Egypt: 27â74.
5245:
4800:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
4797:
4759:David, Ann Rosalie; David, Antony E (2001).
4613:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
4423:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
4413:
4058:
3996:
3972:
3912:
3897:
3683:
3503:
2886:
2505:
2475:
2403:
2332:
2225:
1870:His mastaba is now known as Giza tomb G8740.
1694:
1692:
5353:The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art
5180:How, Walter Wybergh; Wells, Joseph (1991).
4919:El-Shahawy, Abeer; Atiya, Farid S. (2005).
4462:. New York: Routledge. pp. xliiiâlii.
1239:priestly duty with respect to it for ever.
707:highest positions of power such as that of
671:, the sixth and probably last ruler of the
6610:
6596:
6240:
6107:
6077:
5633:
5612:
5586:Ăgypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
4888:"The royal family of Sahure. New evidence"
4761:A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
4758:
4569:Ăgypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
3791:
3623:
3611:
2927:
2910:
2760:
2439:
2415:
2391:
2015:
1748:
1746:
40:
6423:(in French). Paris: NoĂȘsis. p. 220.
6271:Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir
6218:
6170:
6146:
6056:
5879:
5450:
4644:
3719:
3382:
3358:
3319:
3307:
3271:
3148:
3080:
2990:
2966:
2954:
2688:
2652:
2633:
2589:
2550:
2517:
2289:
2112:
1994:
1689:
1682:The word "his" here may refer to the god
682:Shepseskaf's relation to his predecessor
10020:
6268:Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994).
5621:(3). Gregorian Biblical Press: 197â208.
5179:
4986:
4957:
4885:
4777:
4603:
4562:
4504:. Czech Institute of Egyptology: 15â27.
3960:
3806:
3767:
3707:
3563:
3479:
3283:
2724:
2374:
1698:Direct father-son relationships between
1547:
1454:
1439:of pyramids. First excavated in 1858 by
1435:who listed it as structure XLIII in his
1179:
1069:) and UsercherĂȘs are believed to be the
955:believed to depict either Shepseskaf or
946:
850:
730:. Shepseskaf's decisions to abandon the
16:Last Egyptian pharaoh of the 4th dynasty
10151:Pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
6533:
6516:
6497:
6345:
6326:
6298:
5771:
5749:
5727:
5555:
5536:
5424:
5350:
5283:
5150:
5048:Hassan, Selim; Habashi, Banoub (1941).
4982:(PhD). Lyon: Université LumiÚre Lyon 2.
4977:
4865:(2). Sage Publications, Inc.: 147â151.
4715:
4694:
4675:
4420:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4298:
4250:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4082:
3885:
3830:
3818:
3647:
3599:
3515:
3423:
3399:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3163:, p. 383, footnotes 182 & 183.
3160:
3136:
3109:
3032:
3005:
2838:
2796:
2577:
2463:
2427:
2301:
2241:
2124:
2070:
2032:
1743:
1678:
1676:
1674:
176:
10138:
9167:
8532:
7634:
6660:
6419:Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (1996).
6397:
6364:
6224:Ă la dĂ©couverte des pyramides d'Ăgypte
6035:
5833:
5654:
5403:
5371:
5311:
5264:
5131:
5066:
5027:
5005:
4856:
4816:
4533:
4385:
4373:
4043:
4020:
3948:
3936:
3924:
3873:
3695:
3587:
3551:
3491:
3467:
3455:
3440:
3411:
3124:
3056:
2978:
2898:
2823:
2808:
2736:
2712:
2451:
2213:
2165:
2082:
1833:under the temporary number 26.2.21.18.
942:
846:
10019:
9136:
8501:
7603:
6629:
6591:
6004:
5898:
5811:
5564:. Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH: 217â247.
5488:
5469:
5085:
4516:
4495:
4476:
4435:
4397:
4226:
4214:
4094:
4008:
3861:
3849:
3779:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3671:
3635:
3539:
3527:
3370:
3172:
3092:
3020:
2939:
2874:
2850:
2748:
2562:
2490:
2320:
2277:
2189:
2141:
1045:. According to the Byzantine scholar
987:. Similarly, in his Giza tomb prince
382:No name readable, four years of reign
9672:
6481:Handbuch der Àgyptischen Königsnamen
6191:
5792:
5499:. Oxford University Press. pp.
5217:. Sage Publications, Inc.: 269â283.
4798:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).
4454:
2772:
2621:
2177:
2153:
1671:
1427:, meaning "bench of the pharaoh" in
979:â Menkaure â Shepseskaf â Userkaf â
827:I has been inferred by Egyptologist
636:Completion of the temple complex of
6083:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000
5774:Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts
5496:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
5491:"The Old Kingdom (c. 2160â2055 BC)"
5428:DenkmĂ€ler aus Ăgypten und Ăthiopien
5410:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
5248:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2010
5211:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
5208:
5113:"Head of King Menkaura (Mycerinus)"
4989:Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2000
4895:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005
4859:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
3343:
1278:Further activities are reported in
765:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree
13:
5054:. Cairo: Government Press, Bulaq.
5051:Excavations at GĂźza III, 1931-1932
4945:. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. 1936
1243:in the course of his duty for ever
1008:1292â1279 BC), where Shepseskaf's
14:
10177:
6059:Studien zur AltÀgyptischen Kultur
6005:Smith, William Stevenson (1971).
5558:Studien zur AltÀgyptischen Kultur
5033:Excavations at GĂźza II, 1930-1931
4701:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
3710:, pp. 192â198 & 208â213.
1613:
1344:
1082:, a king list written during the
6498:Waddell, William Gillan (1971).
4519:"Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty"
4440:. London: Stacey International.
1966:
1957:
1948:
1935:
1925:
1912:) or possibly the 12th dynasty (
1892:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1836:
1823:
1803:
1793:
221:
6277:. Praha: Academia Ć kodaexport.
5797:. London; New York: Routledge.
5659:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
5425:Lepsius, Carl Richard (1897) .
4939:"False door of Nikauhor's tomb"
4822:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
4802:. London: Thames & Hudson.
4523:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
4406:
4376:, pp. 147â148, footnote 1.
2863:Museum of Fine Arts Boston 2022
1913:
1903:
1773:
1764:
1734:
1719:
1706:
1543:
268:The noble one of the two Ladies
6479:von Beckerath, JĂŒrgen (1999).
6460:von Beckerath, JĂŒrgen (1997).
5908:(in German). wikipedia entry:
5070:Excavations at Giza. Volume IV
4965:. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
4071:Maragioglio & Rinaldi 1967
3566:, pp. 115â118, § 254â262.
2530:Maragioglio & Rinaldi 1967
1630:
1622:periods, JĂ©quier discovered a
1592:
970:royal annals now known as the
1:
9630:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
6132:Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien
3332:Kunsthistorisches Museum 2022
1979:
1916:
1906:
1322:
1156:
1100:
1005:
1000:written during the reigns of
456:
249:
118:
6617:
6171:Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005).
4923:. Cairo: Farid Atiya Press.
4498:Prague Egyptological Studies
2254:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 2022
1816:
1810:
1727:
1419:
1351:
1251:. My majesty does not permit
1231:
1217:
1173:
1136:
1051:
1017:
468:
305:
261:
130:
7:
9563:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
5795:Who is who in Ancient Egypt
5154:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
5073:. Cairo: Government Press.
3809:, p. 129, footnote 45.
2050:El-Shahawy & Atiya 2005
1686:rather than to the pharaoh.
1492:Decision to build a mastaba
1450:
1121:
1049:, Africanus wrote that the
10:
10182:
8462:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
7846:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
7610:Second Intermediate Period
6517:Wildung, Dietrich (1969).
6299:Verner, Miroslav (2001a).
6174:Texts from the Pyramid Age
5912:. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
5880:Schneider, Thomas (2002).
5451:Lichtheim, Miriam (2006).
5223:10.1177/030751331209800115
5117:Museum of Fine Arts Boston
5097:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5011:A History of Ancient Egypt
4834:10.1177/030751330208800107
3638:, p. 57, footnote 26.
1582:Neferirkare Kakai's temple
1406:
1225:in the pyramid of Menkaure
1065:
1055:mentioned the succession "
1025:
953:Boston Museum of Fine Arts
932:estimated by Egyptologists
762:
758:
483:
385:
316:
272:
212:
188:
182:
158:
31:
29:Shepseskhaf, SebercherĂȘs,
10124:
10026:
10015:
9913:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
9657:
9603:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
9498:
9470:
9455:
9418:
9390:
9350:
9332:
9282:
9215:
9200:
9158:
9154:
9132:
9082:
9059:
8992:
8915:
8853:
8805:
8790:
8723:
8670:
8582:
8567:
8523:
8519:
8508:Third Intermediate Period
8497:
8420:
8379:
8287:
8219:
8067:
7835:
7820:
7756:
7730:
7682:
7667:
7625:
7621:
7599:
7554:
7514:
7389:
7374:
7308:
7250:
7193:
7134:
7119:
7009:
6938:
6923:
6824:
6708:
6693:
6651:
6647:
6636:First Intermediate Period
6625:
6576:
6564:
6556:
6421:Dictionnaire des Pharaons
6365:Verner, Miroslav (2007).
6241:Vercoutter, Jean (1992).
6147:Strudwick, Nigel (1985).
6128:"Standfigur des Ba-ba-ef"
6036:Sowada, Karin N. (2009).
5986:"Shepseskafankh (G 6040)"
5966:"Shepseskafankh (G 1008)"
5946:"Shepseskafankh (G 8983)"
5926:"Shepseskafankh (G 8492)"
5910:Urkunden des Alten Reichs
5905:Urkunden des Alten Reichs
5183:A commentary on Herodotus
4698:Chronicle of the Pharaohs
4536:Revue des Ătudes Grecques
3346:, pp. 270 & 273.
3296:Nuzzolo & KrejÄĂ 2017
3274:, p. 79, footnote 9.
3262:, pp. 384 & 416.
3187:, pp. 383 & 416.
2701:Hassan & Habashi 1941
2677:Hassan & Habashi 1941
2665:Hassan & Habashi 1941
2607:Hassan & Habashi 1941
2266:Vernus & Yoyotte 1996
1587:
1402:
753:
644:
632:
622:
599:
591:
583:
568:
455:
448:
248:
241:
186:
117:
110:
99:
85:
75:
65:
58:
39:
28:
23:
10156:3rd-millennium BC births
10146:26th-century BC pharaohs
9625:Cleopatra VII Philopator
7882:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
6640: (<3150â2040 BC)
5858:Etheredge, Laura (ed.).
5655:Quirke, Stephen (2001).
4978:Gourdon, Yannis (2007).
4963:The Royal Canon of Turin
4886:El Awady, Tarek (2006).
4517:BĂĄrta, Miroslav (2017).
4059:Verner & Zemina 1994
3999:, pp. 50 & 118.
3997:Verner & Zemina 1994
3963:, p. 67, § 150â152.
3913:Verner & Zemina 1994
3898:Verner & Zemina 1994
3684:Verner & Zemina 1994
3504:Dodson & Hilton 2004
3071:, pp. 24 & 216.
2865:, catalog number 09.203.
2811:, pp. 95 & 101.
2506:Verner & Zemina 1994
2476:Verner & Zemina 1994
2404:Dodson & Hilton 2004
2333:Dodson & Hilton 2004
1814:shrine, transliteration
1646:
1556:'s subterranean chambers
1197:Kunsthistorisches Museum
921:
9598:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
9513:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
7807:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
6536:Lexikon der Ăgyptologie
6443:Lexikon der Ăgyptologie
6371:Archaeogate Egittologia
5865:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5697:10.1126/science.1189395
5489:MĂĄlek, Jaromir (2000).
5305:10.3406/crai.1925.75168
4737:10.3406/bifao.1916.1736
4695:Clayton, Peter (1994).
4563:Bogdanov, Ivan (2020).
4436:Baker, Darrell (2008).
3939:, pp. 34 & 61.
3686:, pp. 68 & 85.
2520:, pp. 87 & 91.
2377:, p. 16, table II.
1945:of pharaoh Shepseskaf".
1898:This tale dates to the
1247:the pyramid of Menkaure
1039:Sextus Julius Africanus
777:was first expounded by
10161:26th-century BC deaths
9640:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
9619:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
9613:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
9568:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
9538:Arsinoe III Philopator
8452:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
7922:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
7862:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
7453:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
5793:Rice, Michael (1999).
5493:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.).
5265:JĂĄnosi, Peter (2005).
5067:Hassan, Selim (1943).
3792:David & David 2001
2969:, p. 136, n. 125.
1920: 19th century BC
1910: 16th century BC
1557:
1463:
1264:
1200:
1127:found in tombs of the
959:
863:Inscriptions in queen
860:
9588:Ptolemy X Alexander I
9553:Ptolemy VI Philometor
9533:Ptolemy IV Philopator
9528:Berenice II Euergetes
9523:Ptolemy III Euergetes
9485:Philip III Arrhidaeus
7994:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
7989:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
7343:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
6439:von Beckerath, JĂŒrgen
5882:Lexikon der Pharaonen
5407:The Complete Pyramids
5404:Lehner, Mark (2008).
4605:Breasted, James Henry
4548:10.3406/reg.1937.2823
3985:The Giza Archive 2022
3746:, pp. 52, 70â71.
3542:, p. 166, § 107.
3530:, p. 166, § 106.
3373:, p. 160, § 101.
2775:, p. 154, #4.20.
1551:
1458:
1295:king as lawgiver and
1206:
1183:
950:
854:
779:George Andrew Reisner
748:Middle Kingdom period
640:, mastabat al-Fir'aun
10021:Dynastic genealogies
9645:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
8941:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
8855:High Priests of Amun
8357:Merankhre Mentuhotep
8059:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
8054:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
7907:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
7614: (2040â1550 BC)
7333:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
5900:Sethe, Kurt Heinrich
5598:10.1553/AEundL27s357
4581:10.1553/AEundL29s125
4542:(236/237): 289â292.
3518:, p. 109, § 89.
3480:How & Wells 1991
2180:, pp. xlivâxlv.
1150:JĂŒrgen von Beckerath
595:Menkaure (uncertain)
9543:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
9480:Alexander the Great
8512: (1550â664 BC)
8034:Mershepsesre Ini II
8029:Merkawre Sobekhotep
7423:Neferkare IV Khendu
6294:on 1 February 2011.
6192:Troy, Lana (1986).
5751:Reisner, Georges A.
5689:2010Sci...328.1554R
5636:Göttinger Miszellen
5332:"Kaunisut (G 8960)"
4914:on 1 February 2011.
4364:, pp. 260â261.
4301:, pp. 257â258.
4181:, pp. 156â158.
4169:, pp. 226â227.
4145:, pp. 213â214.
4133:, pp. 152â156.
4109:, pp. 254â255.
3833:, pp. 251â261.
3821:, pp. 199â201.
3770:, pp. 405â406.
3722:, pp. 215â220.
3660:Burkard et al. 2003
3602:, pp. 336â337.
2913:, pp. 207â208.
2609:, pp. 176â199.
2418:, pp. 529â530.
2394:, pp. 535â536.
2192:, pp. 425â426.
1665:Radiocarbon studies
1602:until the reign of
1460:Mastabat al-Firâaun
1425:Mastabat al-Fir'aun
1409:Mastabat al-Fir'aun
1229:With regard to the
1104: 1303â1213 BC
951:Statue head at the
943:Relative chronology
928:absolute chronology
847:Queens and children
728:Mastabat al-Fir'aun
726:, now known as the
716:Pyramid of Menkaure
627:Mastabat al-Fir'aun
92:(most probably) or
9880:Trebonianus Gallus
8467:Senakhtenre Ahmose
8085:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
8039:Sewahenre Senebmiu
8014:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
7443:Neferkare V Tereru
7413:Neferkare III Neby
7081:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
6079:Stadelmann, Reiner
5729:Redford, Donald B.
4779:de Rougé, Emmanuel
4731:. Cairo: 161â214.
4287:Digital Giza 2022c
4275:Digital Giza 2022b
4263:Digital Giza 2022a
4239:Digital Giza 2022d
3576:Digital Giza 2022e
3443:, Book II.136.1â4.
3069:von Beckerath 1997
3045:von Beckerath 1997
2981:, pp. 95â110.
2785:von Beckerath 1984
2363:Ramsey et al. 2010
2348:Ramsey et al. 2010
2202:von Beckerath 1999
2098:von Beckerath 1997
1620:First Intermediate
1606:. This includes a
1558:
1464:
1299:brick pyramids of
1201:
960:
861:
638:Menkaure's pyramid
10133:
10132:
10120:
10119:
10011:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10003:
10002:
9927:Claudius Gothicus
9821:Severus Alexander
9788:Septimius Severus
9653:
9652:
9451:
9450:
9196:
9195:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9120:
9119:
8835:Osorkon the Elder
8786:
8785:
8563:
8562:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8457:Nubkheperre Intef
8337:Sekhemre Shedwast
7959:Sehetepkare Intef
7887:Semenkare Nebnuni
7816:
7815:
7663:
7662:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7370:
7369:
7348:Netjerkare Siptah
7270:Neferirkare Kakai
7115:
7114:
6919:
6918:
6689:
6688:
6586:
6585:
6577:Succeeded by
6490:978-3-8053-2591-2
6471:978-3-8053-2310-9
6357:978-0-19-510234-5
6338:978-0-19-510234-5
6308:Archiv OrientĂĄlnĂ
6284:978-80-200-0022-4
6233:978-2-268-05326-4
6184:978-1-58983-680-8
6163:978-0-7103-0107-9
6119:978-0-19-510234-5
6092:978-8-08-542539-0
6049:978-3-7278-1649-9
5891:978-3-49-196053-4
5850:978-87-7289-421-8
5804:978-0-203-44328-6
5742:978-0-19-510234-5
5548:978-80-7308-116-4
5510:978-0-19-815034-3
5462:978-0-52-024842-7
5417:978-0-500-05084-2
5323:978-0-19-510234-5
5257:978-8-07-308385-4
5193:978-0-19-814384-0
5164:978-90-04-11385-5
5020:978-0-631-19396-8
4998:978-8-08-542539-0
4930:978-9-77-171983-0
4904:978-80-7308-116-4
4809:978-0-500-05128-3
4770:978-1-85-264032-3
4763:. London: Seaby.
4708:978-0-500-05074-3
4687:978-0-19-510234-5
4637:978-3-82-580987-4
4488:978-9-15-549169-7
4469:978-0-203-98283-9
4447:978-1-905299-37-9
4400:, pp. 57â76.
4097:, pp. 75â78.
3987:, photo A7394_NS.
3973:JanĂĄk et al. 2011
3876:, pp. 63â67.
3782:, pp. 98â99.
3758:, pp. 70â71.
3590:, pp. 75â85.
3426:, pp. 30â31.
3385:, pp. 97â98.
3199:, pp. 46â47.
3035:, pp. 46â51.
2887:Allen et al. 1999
2636:, pp. 85â86.
1728:njswt sA.t n Xt f
1639:, a son of Ramses
1393:Egyptian pantheon
937:radiocarbon dates
897:Emmanuel de Rougé
784:Rainer Stadelmann
663:is noble") was a
654:
653:
562:
561:
558:
557:
550:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
531:
530:
444:
443:
436:
435:
432:
431:
372:
371:
368:
367:
361:
360:
353:
352:
291:
290:
287:
286:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
216:
215:
207:
206:
203:
202:
174:
173:
170:
169:
10173:
10127:List of pharaohs
10017:
10016:
9782:Pescennius Niger
9670:
9669:
9666:
9665:
9578:Ptolemy IX Soter
9548:Cleopatra I Syra
9468:
9467:
9464:
9463:
9213:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9165:
9164:
9156:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9134:
9133:
8885:Djedkhonsuefankh
8803:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8580:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8550:
8545:
8530:
8529:
8521:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8499:
8498:
8092:Qareh Khawoserre
8078:Yakbim Sekhaenre
8019:Mersekhemre Ined
7833:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7632:
7631:
7623:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7601:
7600:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6658:
6657:
6649:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6627:
6626:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6589:
6588:
6567:Pharaoh of Egypt
6557:Preceded by
6554:
6553:
6549:
6530:
6513:
6494:
6475:
6456:
6434:
6415:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6381:. Archived from
6361:
6342:
6323:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6287:. Archived from
6276:
6264:
6237:
6220:Tyldesley, Joyce
6215:
6188:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6123:
6104:
6074:
6053:
6032:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5921:
5895:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5854:
5830:
5808:
5789:
5768:
5746:
5724:
5670:
5651:
5630:
5609:
5583:
5573:
5552:
5533:
5514:
5485:
5466:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5421:
5400:
5389:10.2307/40001149
5368:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5327:
5308:
5285:JĂ©quier, Gustave
5280:
5261:
5242:
5205:
5176:
5147:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5108:
5082:
5063:
5044:
5024:
5002:
4983:
4974:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4943:The Giza Archive
4934:
4915:
4913:
4907:. Archived from
4892:
4882:
4853:
4813:
4794:
4774:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4717:Daressy, Georges
4712:
4691:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4663:on 27 April 2022
4659:. Archived from
4641:
4622:
4600:
4559:
4530:
4513:
4492:
4473:
4456:Bard, Kathryn A.
4451:
4432:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4193:, p. 148.2.
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3444:
3438:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2019:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1750:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1696:
1687:
1680:
1669:
1660:
1642:
1552:Entrance to the
1538:
1530:
1516:
1441:Auguste Mariette
1422:
1354:
1339:
1313:Diodorus Siculus
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1176:
1139:
1105:
1102:
1095:, written under
1068:
1067:
1054:
1047:George Syncellus
1033:(283â246 BC) by
1028:
1027:
1022:
1007:
998:Abydos king list
995:
917:
913:
879:
875:
839:, a daughter of
834:
826:
818:
809:Khamerernebty II
798:William C. Hayes
794:Ludwig Borchardt
614:
605:Khamerernebty II
513:
512:
505:
504:
488:
487:
484:
471:
457:
390:
389:
386:
336:
335:
328:
327:
321:
320:
317:
308:
296:Abydos King List
277:
276:
273:
264:
250:
225:
224:
193:
192:
189:
180:
163:
162:
159:
155:
151:
150:
133:
119:
108:
107:
52:Abydos King List
44:
34:
33:
21:
20:
10181:
10180:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10129:
10116:
10022:
9999:
9899:Macrianus Minor
9828:Maximinus Thrax
9764:Marcus Aurelius
9663:
9662:
9661:
9649:
9508:Ptolemy I Soter
9494:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9447:
9414:
9386:
9346:
9328:
9308:Psammetichus IV
9278:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9192:
9170:
9161:
9150:
9147:(664 BCâ313 AD)
9146:
9145:
9116:
9078:
9055:
9051:Menkheperre Ini
8988:
8911:
8849:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8782:
8719:
8666:
8647:Neferneferuaten
8573:
8572:
8571:
8559:
8558:
8548:
8543:
8542:Pharaohs
8535:
8526:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8481:
8416:
8375:
8302:Sobekhotep VIII
8283:
8215:
8063:
8024:Sewadjkare Hori
7826:
7825:
7824:
7812:
7752:
7726:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7659:
7637:
7628:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7583:
7550:
7510:
7418:Djedkare Shemai
7380:
7379:
7378:
7366:
7304:
7246:
7189:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7111:
7005:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6915:
6820:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6685:
6663:
6654:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6621:
6616:
6582:
6570:
6562:
6552:
6546:
6491:
6472:
6453:
6431:
6388:
6386:
6385:on 16 July 2011
6358:
6339:
6303:
6291:
6285:
6274:
6253:
6234:
6204:
6185:
6164:
6153:
6137:
6135:
6120:
6093:
6050:
6021:
5995:
5993:
5975:
5973:
5955:
5953:
5935:
5933:
5892:
5870:
5868:
5851:
5805:
5743:
5667:
5617:. Nova Series.
5581:
5549:
5511:
5482:
5463:
5441:
5439:
5418:
5341:
5339:
5324:
5277:
5258:
5194:
5165:
5122:
5120:
5021:
5007:Grimal, Nicolas
4999:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4911:
4905:
4890:
4871:10.2307/3854707
4810:
4771:
4749:
4747:
4709:
4688:
4666:
4664:
4638:
4489:
4470:
4448:
4409:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3624:Stadelmann 2000
3622:
3618:
3612:Stadelmann 2000
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3447:
3439:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:, p. 1257.
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2761:Vercoutter 1992
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2440:Stadelmann 2000
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2416:Stadelmann 2000
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2392:Stadelmann 2000
2390:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:, p. 1554.
2361:
2354:
2350:, p. 1556.
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2031:
2022:
2016:Stadelmann 2001
2014:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1831:Egyptian Museum
1828:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1616:
1608:royal physician
1595:
1590:
1546:
1536:
1528:
1520:Joyce Tyldesley
1514:
1494:
1453:
1445:Gustave JĂ©quier
1437:pioneering list
1433:Richard Lepsius
1429:Egyptian Arabic
1411:
1405:
1385:Westcar Papyrus
1361:Ptolemaic Egypt
1347:
1337:
1325:
1268:Turah limestone
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1159:
1142:Georges Daressy
1129:Giza necropolis
1124:
1103:
993:
945:
924:
915:
911:
901:Peter F. Dorman
877:
873:
849:
832:
824:
816:
789:Miroslav Verner
767:
761:
756:
734:and to build a
732:Giza necropolis
612:
564:
563:
554:
553:
526:
497:
492:
440:
439:
415:
377:Turin King List
348:
343:
312:His Ka is noble
222:
208:
145:
144:
140:, noble of body
105:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10179:
10169:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10131:
10130:
10125:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10036:
10033:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10013:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10005:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9998:
9997:
9995:Maximinus Daza
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9956:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9890:
9883:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9859:
9852:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9778:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9754:Antoninus Pius
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9678:
9676:
9667:
9664:(30 BCâ313 AD)
9655:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9504:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9476:
9474:
9465:
9453:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9428:Artaxerxes III
9424:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9384:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9356:
9354:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9338:
9336:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9304:
9299:
9297:Petubastis III
9294:
9288:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9234:
9229:
9221:
9219:
9210:
9198:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9162:
9159:
9152:
9151:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9088:
9086:
9080:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9065:
9063:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8998:
8996:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8921:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8865:
8859:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8811:
8809:
8800:
8792:3 Intermediate
8788:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8676:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8588:
8586:
8577:
8574:(1550â1070 BC)
8565:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8527:
8524:
8517:
8516:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8385:
8383:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8307:Neferhotep III
8304:
8299:
8293:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8225:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8206:
8199:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8137:Sewadjkare III
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8106:Maaibre Sheshi
8102:
8099:'Ammu Ahotepre
8095:
8088:
8081:
8073:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8009:Merhotepre Ini
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7969:Sobekhotep III
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7841:
7839:
7830:
7827:(1802â1550 BC)
7822:2 Intermediate
7818:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7717:Mentuhotep III
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7674:(2040â1802 BC)
7669:Middle Kingdom
7665:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7626:
7619:
7618:
7606:Middle Kingdom
7597:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7569:Neferkare VIII
7566:
7560:
7558:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7541:
7536:
7534:Nebkaure Khety
7531:
7526:
7524:Meryibre Khety
7520:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7458:Neferkamin Anu
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7384:
7381:(2181â2040 BC)
7376:1 Intermediate
7372:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7295:Djedkare Isesi
7292:
7290:Menkauhor Kaiu
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7256:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7163:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7126:(2686â2181 BC)
7117:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6944:
6942:
6933:
6930:(3150â2686 BC)
6925:Early Dynastic
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6714:
6712:
6703:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6673:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6645:
6644:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6575:
6573:Fourth Dynasty
6563:
6558:
6551:
6550:
6544:
6531:
6514:
6495:
6489:
6476:
6470:
6457:
6451:
6435:
6429:
6416:
6395:
6362:
6356:
6343:
6337:
6324:
6314:(3): 363â418.
6296:
6283:
6265:
6251:
6238:
6232:
6216:
6202:
6189:
6183:
6168:
6162:
6144:
6124:
6118:
6105:
6091:
6075:
6054:
6048:
6033:
6020:978-0521077910
6019:
6002:
5982:
5962:
5942:
5922:
5896:
5890:
5877:
5855:
5849:
5831:
5813:Ricke, Herbert
5809:
5803:
5790:
5769:
5747:
5741:
5725:
5679:. New Series.
5671:
5666:978-0500051078
5665:
5652:
5631:
5610:
5574:
5553:
5547:
5534:
5515:
5509:
5486:
5480:
5467:
5461:
5448:
5422:
5416:
5401:
5369:
5359:(7): 211â223.
5348:
5328:
5322:
5309:
5299:(4): 251â261.
5281:
5275:
5262:
5256:
5243:
5206:
5192:
5177:
5163:
5148:
5129:
5109:
5087:Hayes, William
5083:
5064:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5003:
4997:
4984:
4975:
4959:Gardiner, Alan
4955:
4935:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4883:
4854:
4814:
4808:
4795:
4775:
4769:
4756:
4713:
4707:
4692:
4686:
4673:
4642:
4636:
4623:
4601:
4560:
4531:
4514:
4493:
4487:
4474:
4468:
4452:
4446:
4433:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4352:, p. 260.
4342:
4340:, p. 228.
4330:
4328:, p. 259.
4318:
4316:, p. 254.
4303:
4291:
4289:, tomb G 1008.
4279:
4277:, tomb G 8983.
4267:
4265:, tomb G 8492.
4255:
4243:
4241:, tomb G 6040.
4231:
4219:
4207:
4205:, p. 390.
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4157:, p. 313.
4147:
4135:
4123:
4121:, p. 225.
4111:
4099:
4087:
4085:, p. 235.
4075:
4073:, p. 144.
4063:
4048:
4046:, p. 139.
4025:
4023:, p. 120.
4013:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3975:, p. 432.
3965:
3953:
3951:, p. 126.
3941:
3929:
3917:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3852:, p. 426.
3835:
3823:
3811:
3796:
3794:, p. 164.
3784:
3772:
3760:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3720:Lichtheim 2006
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3662:, p. 178.
3652:
3650:, p. 256.
3640:
3628:
3626:, p. 530.
3616:
3614:, p. 529.
3604:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3554:, p. 101.
3544:
3532:
3520:
3508:
3496:
3494:, p. 292.
3484:
3472:
3470:, p. 291.
3460:
3458:, p. 289.
3445:
3428:
3416:
3414:, p. 136.
3404:
3387:
3383:Strudwick 2005
3375:
3363:
3359:Strudwick 2005
3348:
3336:
3324:
3320:Strudwick 2005
3312:
3310:, p. 508.
3308:Strudwick 2005
3300:
3298:, p. 372.
3288:
3286:, p. 132.
3276:
3272:Strudwick 2005
3264:
3252:
3250:, p. 484.
3240:
3238:, p. 384.
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3151:, p. 297.
3149:Spalinger 1994
3141:
3139:, p. 391.
3129:
3127:, p. 352.
3114:
3112:, p. 383.
3097:
3085:
3081:Strudwick 2005
3073:
3061:
3049:
3047:, p. 158.
3037:
3025:
3023:, p. 425.
3010:
3008:, p. 205.
2995:
2993:, p. 304.
2991:Strudwick 2005
2983:
2971:
2967:Strudwick 1985
2959:
2955:Strudwick 2005
2944:
2932:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2853:, p. 108.
2843:
2841:, p. 216.
2828:
2826:, p. 140.
2813:
2801:
2789:
2787:, p. 584.
2777:
2765:
2763:, p. 295.
2753:
2751:, p. 184.
2741:
2729:
2717:
2715:, p. 107.
2705:
2693:
2689:Callender 1994
2681:
2669:
2667:, p. 181.
2657:
2653:Callender 1994
2638:
2634:Callender 1994
2626:
2624:, p. 154.
2611:
2594:
2592:, p. 101.
2590:Callender 1994
2582:
2580:, p. 220.
2567:
2555:
2553:, p. 222.
2551:Tyldesley 2005
2534:
2532:, p. 170.
2522:
2518:Callender 1994
2510:
2508:, p. 118.
2495:
2480:
2478:, p. 119.
2468:
2466:, p. 588.
2456:
2444:
2442:, p. 532.
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2379:
2367:
2352:
2337:
2335:, p. 288.
2325:
2306:
2304:, p. 491.
2294:
2290:Strudwick 1985
2282:
2270:
2268:, p. 219.
2258:
2246:
2244:, p. 214.
2234:
2218:
2206:
2204:, p. 283.
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2156:, p. 190.
2146:
2129:
2117:
2115:, p. xxx.
2113:Strudwick 2005
2102:
2100:, p. 188.
2087:
2085:, p. 390.
2075:
2073:, p. 588.
2054:
2037:
2035:, p. 176.
2020:
2018:, p. 597.
1999:
1997:, p. 248.
1995:Schneider 2002
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1934:
1924:
1891:
1882:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1822:
1802:
1792:
1772:
1763:
1742:
1733:
1718:
1705:
1688:
1670:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1629:
1624:Middle Kingdom
1615:
1614:Middle Kingdom
1612:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1545:
1542:
1493:
1490:
1452:
1449:
1407:Main article:
1404:
1401:
1346:
1345:End of dynasty
1343:
1324:
1321:
1293:second dynasty
1158:
1155:
1123:
1120:
1093:Saqqara Tablet
964:fourth dynasty
944:
941:
923:
920:
848:
845:
760:
757:
755:
752:
673:fourth dynasty
659:(meaning "His
652:
651:
649:fourth dynasty
646:
642:
641:
634:
630:
629:
624:
620:
619:
601:
597:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
581:
580:
570:
566:
565:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
520:
517:
509:
508:
502:
499:
494:
481:
472:
465:
461:
460:
453:
452:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
383:
380:
373:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
340:
332:
331:
325:
314:
309:
302:
299:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
270:
265:
258:
254:
253:
246:
245:
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
187:
184:
183:
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
147:
146:
143:
142:
134:
127:
126:Hor-Shepsekhet
123:
122:
115:
114:
106:
103:Royal titulary
101:
100:
97:
96:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
63:
62:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10178:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10128:
10123:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10025:
10018:
10014:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9975:
9971:
9969:
9968:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9949:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9938:
9936:
9935:
9931:
9929:
9928:
9924:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9903:
9901:
9900:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9846:
9844:
9843:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9832:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9816:
9815:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9719:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9675:
9671:
9668:
9660:
9656:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9573:Cleopatra III
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9469:
9466:
9458:
9454:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9417:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9389:
9383:
9382:
9378:
9376:
9375:Nepherites II
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9349:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9239:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9214:
9211:
9203:
9199:
9189:
9186:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9174:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9144:
9140:
9135:
9131:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8906:Psusennes III
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8804:
8801:
8797:(1069â664 BC)
8793:
8789:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8763:Ramesses VIII
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8632:Amenhotep III
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8581:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8555:
8552:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8531:
8528:
8522:
8518:
8509:
8505:
8500:
8496:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8472:Seqenenre Tao
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8447:Sobekemsaf II
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8397:Wepwawetemsaf
8394:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8103:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8004:Merneferre Ay
8002:
8000:
7999:Wahibre Ibiau
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7984:Sobekhotep IV
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7791:Amenemhat III
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7722:Mentuhotep IV
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7712:Mentuhotep II
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7670:
7666:
7656:
7653:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7630:
7624:
7620:
7611:
7607:
7602:
7598:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7574:Wahkare Khety
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7529:Neferkare VII
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7385:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7076:Seth-Peribsen
7074:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7019:Hotepsekhemwy
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6809:Double Falcon
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6700:(pre-3150 BC)
6696:
6695:Protodynastic
6692:
6682:
6679:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6650:
6646:
6637:
6633:
6632:Protodynastic
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6601:
6599:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6581:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6561:
6555:
6547:
6545:3-447-01876-3
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6496:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6454:
6452:3-447-02489-5
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6430:2-911606-08-6
6426:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6400:Anthropologie
6396:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6273:
6272:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6252:9782130441571
6248:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6203:9789155419196
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6151:
6145:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5883:
5878:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5481:0-85698-120-6
5477:
5473:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:(in French).
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5276:3-7001-3244-1
5272:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5130:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5029:Hassan, Selim
5026:
5022:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:Dorman, Peter
4815:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4727:(in French).
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4674:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4538:(in French).
4537:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4399:
4394:
4388:, p. 38.
4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4358:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4253:, p. 29.
4252:
4247:
4240:
4235:
4229:, p. 27.
4228:
4223:
4217:, p. 24.
4216:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4192:
4187:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4144:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4061:, p. 50.
4060:
4055:
4053:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4011:, p. 60.
4010:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3961:Breasted 1906
3957:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3927:, p. 91.
3926:
3921:
3915:, p. 26.
3914:
3909:
3907:
3900:, p. 24.
3899:
3894:
3888:, p. 89.
3887:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3864:, p. 59.
3863:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3808:
3807:Bogdanov 2020
3803:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3768:Goedicke 2000
3764:
3757:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3734:, p. 70.
3733:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3708:El Awady 2006
3704:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3674:, p. 98.
3673:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3565:
3564:Breasted 1906
3560:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3506:, p. 56.
3505:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3482:, II.136.1â4.
3481:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3402:, p. 30.
3401:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3361:, p. 97.
3360:
3355:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3322:, p. 69.
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3285:
3284:Bogdanov 2020
3280:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3211:, p. 26.
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3095:, p. 58.
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3059:, p. 17.
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2957:, p. 78.
2956:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2930:, p. 51.
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2901:, p. 46.
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2739:, p. 75.
2738:
2733:
2727:, p. 67.
2726:
2725:de Rougé 1865
2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2691:, p. 87.
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2655:, p. 86.
2654:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2565:, p. 65.
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2493:, p. 57.
2492:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2454:, p. 66.
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2430:, p. 59.
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2406:, p. 55.
2405:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:Gardiner 1959
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2280:, p. 51.
2279:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2232:, p. xx.
2231:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2144:, p. 91.
2143:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2127:, p. 56.
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2052:, p. 33.
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1938:
1928:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1848:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1782:cattle counts
1776:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1503:determinative
1498:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:Qbáž„-Ć pss-k3.f
1416:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Amenemhat III
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:statuette of
1186:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
972:Palermo stone
969:
968:fifth dynasty
965:
958:
954:
949:
940:
938:
933:
929:
919:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
885:
883:
870:
866:
859:from her tomb
858:
853:
844:
842:
838:
830:
822:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
790:
785:
780:
776:
772:
766:
751:
749:
745:
741:
740:Egyptologists
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:ancient Egypt
666:
662:
658:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
541:
535:
534:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
495:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
480:
478:
473:
470:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
454:
451:
447:
427:
424:
421:
418:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
379:
378:
374:
363:
357:
356:
346:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
298:
297:
293:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
269:
266:
263:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
240:
220:
218:
211:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
141:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
109:
104:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:Shepseskaf's
43:
38:
27:
22:
19:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9911:
9904:
9897:
9885:
9878:
9861:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9780:
9773:
9759:Lucius Verus
9716:
9617:
9593:Berenice III
9583:Cleopatra IV
9558:Cleopatra II
9490:Alexander IV
9410:Nectanebo II
9379:
9360:Nepherites I
9319:Artaxerxes I
9306:
9236:
9224:
9207:(664â332 BC)
9187:
9143:Roman Period
9045:Shoshenq VII
9043:
9016:
8976:
8957:Shoshenq III
8939:
8904:
8867:
8845:Psusennes II
8758:Ramesses VII
8738:Ramesses III
8622:Amenhotep II
8617:Thutmose III
8553:
8442:Sobekemsaf I
8434:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8368:
8361:
8266:
8249:
8244:'Aper-'Anati
8242:
8235:
8228:
8208:
8201:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8166:
8152:Sekheperenre
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
7974:Neferhotep I
7964:Seth Meribre
7941:
7927:Djedkheperew
7844:
7805:
7796:Amenemhat IV
7786:Senusret III
7776:Amenemhat II
7692:Mentuhotep I
7654:
7543:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7482:
7408:Neferkare II
7359:
7352:
7285:Nyuserre Ini
7239:
7234:
7222:
7177:
7170:
7158:
7099:
7094:Neferkasokar
7092:
7085:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7033:
6998:
6991:
6899:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6842:Finger Snail
6840:
6833:
6813:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6680:
6565:
6535:
6518:
6500:
6480:
6461:
6442:
6420:
6406:(2): 91â96.
6403:
6399:
6387:. Retrieved
6383:the original
6370:
6347:
6328:
6311:
6307:
6289:the original
6270:
6242:
6223:
6193:
6173:
6149:
6136:. Retrieved
6131:
6109:
6082:
6062:
6058:
6038:
6010:
5994:. Retrieved
5990:Digital Giza
5989:
5974:. Retrieved
5970:Digital Giza
5969:
5954:. Retrieved
5950:Digital Giza
5949:
5934:. Retrieved
5930:Digital Giza
5929:
5904:
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5863:
5839:
5817:
5794:
5777:
5773:
5755:
5732:
5680:
5676:
5656:
5639:
5635:
5618:
5614:
5589:
5585:
5561:
5557:
5538:
5520:
5495:
5471:
5452:
5440:. Retrieved
5427:
5406:
5380:
5376:
5373:Lehner, Mark
5356:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5336:Digital Giza
5335:
5313:
5296:
5292:
5266:
5247:
5214:
5210:
5182:
5153:
5134:
5121:. Retrieved
5116:
5095:. New York:
5091:
5069:
5050:
5032:
5010:
4988:
4979:
4962:
4947:. Retrieved
4942:
4920:
4909:the original
4894:
4862:
4858:
4825:
4821:
4799:
4782:
4760:
4748:. Retrieved
4728:
4724:
4697:
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4661:the original
4647:
4627:
4609:
4572:
4568:
4539:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4501:
4497:
4478:
4459:
4437:
4419:
4415:Allen, James
4407:Bibliography
4393:
4381:
4369:
4362:JĂ©quier 1925
4357:
4350:JĂ©quier 1925
4345:
4338:Wildung 1969
4333:
4326:JĂ©quier 1925
4321:
4314:JĂ©quier 1925
4299:JĂ©quier 1925
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4251:Reisner 1939
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4203:Gourdon 2007
4198:
4191:Gourdon 2007
4186:
4179:Wildung 1969
4174:
4167:Wildung 1969
4162:
4155:Morales 2006
4150:
4143:Wildung 1969
4138:
4131:Wildung 1969
4126:
4119:Wildung 1969
4114:
4107:JĂ©quier 1925
4102:
4090:
4083:Nuzzolo 2007
4078:
4066:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3932:
3920:
3893:
3886:Verner 2001b
3881:
3869:
3857:
3831:JĂ©quier 1925
3826:
3819:Lepsius 1859
3814:
3787:
3775:
3763:
3751:
3739:
3727:
3715:
3703:
3698:, p. 9.
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3648:JĂ©quier 1925
3643:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3600:Redford 2001
3595:
3583:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3516:Lepsius 1859
3511:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3424:Reisner 1931
3419:
3407:
3400:Reisner 1931
3378:
3366:
3339:
3334:, Inv. 7785.
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3260:Verner 2001a
3255:
3248:Hornung 2012
3243:
3236:Verner 2001a
3209:Daressy 1912
3204:
3197:Waddell 1971
3192:
3185:Verner 2001a
3180:
3175:, entry 160.
3168:
3161:Verner 2001a
3156:
3144:
3137:Verner 2001a
3132:
3110:Verner 2001a
3088:
3083:, p. 8.
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3033:Waddell 1971
3028:
3006:Daressy 1912
2986:
2974:
2962:
2942:, entry 166.
2935:
2906:
2894:
2889:, p. 3.
2882:
2877:, p. 2.
2870:
2858:
2846:
2839:Kozloff 1982
2804:
2797:Wildung 1977
2792:
2780:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2629:
2585:
2578:Kozloff 1982
2558:
2525:
2513:
2471:
2464:Verner 2001b
2459:
2447:
2435:
2428:Clayton 1994
2423:
2411:
2399:
2370:
2328:
2323:, p. 5.
2302:Hornung 2012
2297:
2292:, p. 3.
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2242:Kozloff 1982
2237:
2227:
2221:
2216:, p. 8.
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2168:, p. 3.
2161:
2149:
2125:Clayton 1994
2120:
2078:
2071:Verner 2001c
2033:Chauvet 2001
1968:
1959:
1950:
1937:
1927:
1894:
1885:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1847:
1838:
1825:
1805:
1795:
1775:
1766:
1754:25th dynasty
1736:
1721:
1708:
1634:
1617:
1604:Nyuserre Ini
1600:
1596:
1575:
1571:portcullises
1563:
1559:
1544:Architecture
1525:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1481:
1465:
1412:
1389:
1382:
1357:Greek rulers
1348:
1326:
1297:12th dynasty
1289:24th dynasty
1277:
1272:crude bricks
1265:
1207:
1202:
1160:
1133:
1125:
1116:
1084:19th dynasty
1014:
961:
925:
905:
890:
886:
862:
855:Portrait of
837:Neferhetepes
829:Selim Hassan
806:
768:
713:
692:Neferhetepes
681:
656:
655:
617:Neferhetepes
474:
375:
311:
294:
267:
257:Shepse-Nebty
136:
35:, Severkeris
18:
9863:Gordian III
9808:Diadumenian
9608:Cleopatra V
9462:(332â30 BC)
9457:Hellenistic
9400:Nectanebo I
9292:Cambyses II
9274:Psamtik III
9232:Tefnakht II
9034:Takelot III
9029:Osorkon III
9024:Shoshenq VI
8978:Pedubast II
8962:Shoshenq IV
8935:Shoshenq II
8900:Pinedjem II
8890:Menkheperre
8825:Psusennes I
8778:Ramesses XI
8768:Ramesses IX
8753:Ramesses VI
8743:Ramesses IV
8690:Ramesses II
8652:Tutankhamun
8627:Thutmose IV
8607:Thutmose II
8597:Amenhotep I
8569:New Kingdom
8504:New Kingdom
8363:Senusret IV
8347:Dedumose II
8322:Nebiriau II
8317:Nebiryraw I
8312:Mentuhotepi
8117:Khakherewre
8044:Merkheperre
7954:Imyremeshaw
7937:Sedjefakare
7892:Sehetepibre
7867:Ameny Qemau
7801:Sobekneferu
7781:Senusret II
7766:Amenemhat I
7748:Iyibkhentre
7478:Neferirkare
7473:Neferkauhor
7280:Shepseskare
7121:Old Kingdom
7107:Khasekhemwy
7087:Neferkara I
7056:Weneg-Nebty
6901:Scorpion II
6065:: 275â319.
5835:Ryholt, Kim
5592:: 357â380.
4386:Lehner 2008
4374:Dunham 1935
4044:Lehner 2008
4021:Lehner 2008
3949:Quirke 2001
3937:Lehner 2002
3925:Verner 2010
3874:Hassan 1943
3696:Verner 2007
3588:Hassan 1936
3552:Dorman 2002
3492:BĂ©rard 1937
3468:BĂ©rard 1937
3456:BĂ©rard 1937
3441:Godley 1963
3412:Lehner 2008
3125:Katary 2001
3057:Ryholt 1997
2979:Dorman 2002
2928:O'Mara 1997
2911:O'Mara 1996
2899:Grimal 1992
2824:Lehner 2008
2809:Dorman 2002
2737:Grimal 1992
2713:Dorman 2002
2452:JĂĄnosi 2005
2214:Lehner 2008
2166:Sowada 2009
2083:Grimal 1992
1700:Old Kingdom
1631:New Kingdom
1593:Old Kingdom
1566:sarcophagus
1485:Adolf Erman
1369:Khasekhemwy
1080:Turin canon
985:Neferirkare
908:Mark Lehner
893:Ptahshepses
857:Khentkaus I
802:Khentkaus I
688:Khentkaus I
677:Old Kingdom
675:during the
611:, Khentkaus
603:Uncertain;
574:Khentkaus I
572:Uncertain;
76:Predecessor
10140:Categories
9980:Diocletian
9934:Quintillus
9887:Aemilianus
9842:Gordian II
9814:Elagabalus
9635:Arsinoe IV
9518:Arsinoe II
9443:Darius III
9370:Psammuthes
9259:Psamtik II
9074:Bakenranef
9012:Pedubast I
9007:Takelot II
9002:Harsiese A
8984:Osorkon IV
8972:Shoshenq V
8952:Osorkon II
8925:Shoshenq I
8895:Smendes II
8875:Pinedjem I
8820:Amenemnisu
8773:Ramesses X
8748:Ramesses V
8700:Amenmesses
8680:Ramesses I
8642:Smenkhkare
8612:Hatshepsut
8602:Thutmose I
8352:Montuemsaf
8342:Dedumose I
8142:Nebdjefare
8132:Merdjefare
7902:Nedjemibre
7897:Sewadjkare
7771:Senusret I
7743:Qakare Ini
7564:Meryhathor
7468:Neferkaure
7463:Qakare Iby
7448:Neferkahor
7433:Neferkamin
7241:Thamphthis
7235:Shepseskaf
7149:Sekhemkhet
7000:Horus Bird
6877:Scorpion I
6527:1151084273
5860:"Saqqarah"
5827:1128384201
5615:Orientalia
5530:1044725030
5079:1181487436
5041:1242410271
4828:: 95â110.
4791:1026731127
4398:MĂĄlek 1992
4227:BĂĄrta 2015
4215:BĂĄrta 2015
4095:Ricke 1950
4009:BĂĄrta 2016
3862:BĂĄrta 2016
3850:Baker 2008
3780:MĂĄlek 2000
3756:BĂĄrta 2016
3744:BĂĄrta 2016
3732:BĂĄrta 2016
3672:MĂĄlek 2000
3636:BĂĄrta 2016
3540:Sethe 1903
3528:Sethe 1903
3371:Sethe 1903
3173:Sethe 1903
3093:Hayes 1978
3021:Baker 2008
2940:Sethe 1903
2875:BĂĄrta 2017
2851:Hayes 1978
2749:Smith 1971
2703:, pl. LVI.
2563:Hayes 1978
2491:BĂĄrta 2016
2321:BĂĄrta 2017
2278:BĂĄrta 2016
2190:Baker 2008
2142:MĂĄlek 2000
1980:References
1637:Khaemwaset
1578:false door
1511:theophoric
1352:Aegyptiaca
1323:Court life
1303:, such as
1169:necropolis
1157:Activities
1137:Aegyptiaca
1071:Hellenised
1066:ΣΔÎČΔÏÏÎÏηÏ
1052:Aegyptiaca
1031:Ptolemy II
1026:ÎáŒ°ÎłÏ
ÏÏÎčαÎșÎŹ
1019:Aegyptiaca
989:Sekhemkare
882:Thamphthis
775:Egyptology
763:See also:
657:Shepseskaf
464:Shepseskaf
301:Shepseskaf
243:Nebty name
112:Horus name
94:Thamphthis
32:ΣΔÎČΔÏÏÎÏηÏ
24:Shepseskaf
10112:Ptolemaic
9920:Gallienus
9835:Gordian I
9798:Caracalla
9724:Vespasian
9718:Vitellius
9500:Ptolemaic
9342:Amyrtaeus
9324:Darius II
9269:Ahmose II
9249:Psamtik I
9188:uncertain
9176:Pharaohs
9112:Tanutamun
8947:Takelot I
8930:Osorkon I
8880:Masaharta
8830:Amenemope
8733:Setnakhte
8695:Merneptah
8637:Akhenaten
8554:uncertain
8436:Nebmaatre
8257:Sakir-Har
8210:Yaqub-Har
8122:Nebefawre
7872:Hotepibre
7738:Segerseni
7707:Intef III
7655:uncertain
7643:Pharaohs
7275:Neferefre
7101:Hudjefa I
6982:Semerkhet
6719:Hedju Hor
6681:uncertain
6669:Pharaohs
6412:0323-1119
6389:11 August
6379:1973-2953
6320:0044-8699
6261:611721854
6212:963431998
5918:846318602
5765:248947316
5721:206526496
5648:0344-385X
5642:: 49â61.
5437:458103866
5239:190032178
5202:489656669
5173:0169-9423
5144:936469061
5060:660023462
4850:193353936
4750:11 August
4745:0255-0962
4657:862671624
4619:491147601
4597:243567455
4510:1801-3899
2773:Troy 1986
2622:Troy 1986
2178:Bard 1999
2154:Rice 1999
1703:evidence.
1527:Khentkaus
1462:, Saqqara
1417:. Called
1397:state-god
1330:Babaef II
1280:Herodotus
1189:Babaef II
1185:Alabaster
1097:Ramses II
1010:cartouche
906:Finally,
720:mudbricks
704:Thampthis
633:Monuments
469:ĆĄpáčŁáčŁ-k3.f
306:ĆĄpáčŁáčŁ-k3.f
262:Nbt.j-ĆĄpáčŁ
131:áżr-ĆĄpáčŁ-áž«t
86:Successor
48:cartouche
10166:Pharaohs
10072:21 to 23
9990:Galerius
9985:Maximian
9974:Numerian
9941:Aurelian
9893:Valerian
9856:Balbinus
9849:Pupienus
9803:Macrinus
9775:Pertinax
9769:Commodus
9734:Domitian
9697:Claudius
9692:Caligula
9687:Tiberius
9682:Augustus
9302:Darius I
9254:Necho II
9097:Shebitku
9069:Tefnakht
8662:Horemheb
8592:Ahmose I
8404:Pantjeny
8390:Senebkay
8370:Pepi III
8332:Bebiankh
8189:Shenshek
8147:Nebsenre
7979:Sihathor
7949:Khendjer
7912:Renseneb
7857:Nerikare
7702:Intef II
7579:Merykare
7484:Wadjkare
7428:Merenhor
7323:Userkare
7230:Menkaure
7224:Bikheris
7213:Djedefre
7179:Qahedjet
7063:Wadjenes
7049:Horus Sa
7042:Nubnefer
7029:Nynetjer
6993:Sneferka
6733:Ni-Neith
6619:Pharaohs
6560:Menkaure
6222:(2005).
6101:48015047
6071:25152700
6029:33234410
5902:(1903).
5837:(1997).
5815:(1950).
5753:(1931).
5713:20558717
5705:40656429
5627:43078130
5606:26524908
5570:25157803
5397:40001149
5365:25159780
5287:(1925).
5231:24645014
5089:(1978).
5031:(1936).
5009:(1992).
4971:21484338
4961:(1959).
4781:(1865).
4719:(1912).
4607:(1906).
4589:26926564
4556:44271513
4429:41431623
3344:Hsu 2012
1932:another.
1787:biennial
1451:Location
1255:servants
1221:offering
1177:shrine.
1164:Wepwawet
1122:Duration
1057:Bicheris
1043:Eusebius
957:Menkaure
841:Djedefre
813:Rekhetre
771:Menkaure
684:Menkaure
609:Rekhetre
584:Children
479:is noble
80:Menkaure
9967:Carinus
9948:Tacitus
9906:Quietus
9749:Hadrian
9433:Khabash
9264:Wahibre
9244:Necho I
9238:Nekauba
9226:Ammeris
9169:Dynasty
9107:Taharqa
9102:Shabaka
9039:Rudamun
9018:Iuput I
8863:Herihor
8815:Smendes
8715:Twosret
8705:Seti II
8549:female)
8534:Dynasty
8430:Rahotep
8327:Semenre
8297:Djehuti
8279:Khamudi
8268:Yanassi
8251:Salitis
8203:Yakareb
8196:Khamure
8127:Sehebre
8049:Merkare
7697:Intef I
7636:Dynasty
7545:Imhotep
7505:Iytjenu
7491:Khuiqer
7403:Menkare
7354:Neferka
7338:Pepi II
7260:Userkaf
7154:Sanakht
6977:Anedjib
6957:Hor-Aha
6890:Iry-Hor
6884:Shendjw
6856:Pen-Abu
6740:Hat-Hor
6662:Dynasty
6580:Userkaf
6571:End of
6510:6246102
6501:Manetho
5786:4170711
5685:Bibcode
5677:Science
5105:7427345
4879:3854707
4842:3822338
1554:mastaba
1533:Khuenre
1415:Saqqara
1301:Dahshur
1284:account
1259:priests
1146:mastaba
1108:Sneferu
1088:lacunae
1035:Manetho
865:Bunefer
821:Userkaf
759:Parents
736:mastaba
724:Saqqara
696:Userkaf
665:pharaoh
645:Dynasty
578:Bunefer
569:Consort
90:Userkaf
60:Pharaoh
50:on the
10107:Argead
9954:Probus
9874:Decius
9869:Philip
9744:Trajan
9472:Argead
9381:Muthis
9334:XXVIII
9314:Xerxes
9182:female
9160:Period
8869:Piankh
8840:Siamun
8710:Siptah
8685:Seti I
8525:Period
8477:Kamose
8411:Snaaib
8381:Abydos
8237:Semqen
8230:Sharek
8182:Sheneh
8162:'Apepi
8157:Bebnum
8112:Nehesy
7932:Sebkay
7852:Sonbef
7649:female
7627:Period
7438:Nikare
7328:Pepi I
7265:Sahure
7218:Khafre
7203:Snefru
7172:Sedjes
7144:Djoser
7070:Senedj
6948:Narmer
6907:Narmer
6789:Wazner
6754:Hsekiu
6726:Ny-Hor
6675:female
6653:Period
6542:
6525:
6508:
6487:
6468:
6449:
6427:
6410:
6404:XLVIII
6377:
6354:
6335:
6318:
6281:
6259:
6249:
6230:
6210:
6200:
6181:
6160:
6138:7 June
6134:. 1914
6116:
6099:
6089:
6069:
6046:
6027:
6017:
5996:3 June
5976:30 May
5956:30 May
5936:30 May
5916:
5888:
5871:5 June
5847:
5825:
5801:
5784:
5763:
5739:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5663:
5646:
5625:
5604:
5568:
5545:
5528:
5507:
5501:83â107
5478:
5459:
5435:
5414:
5395:
5363:
5342:6 June
5320:
5273:
5254:
5237:
5229:
5200:
5190:
5171:
5161:
5142:
5123:7 June
5119:. 1908
5103:
5077:
5058:
5039:
5017:
4995:
4969:
4949:3 June
4927:
4901:
4877:
4848:
4840:
4806:
4789:
4767:
4743:
4705:
4684:
4667:29 May
4655:
4634:
4617:
4595:
4587:
4554:
4508:
4485:
4466:
4444:
4427:
2228:et al.
2226:Allen
1943:
1811:Senuti
1714:
1641:
1588:Legacy
1537:
1529:
1515:
1477:Abusir
1403:Burial
1365:Djoser
1338:
1334:vizier
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:pekher
1227:
1223:
1218:pekher
1213:
1199:, Wien
1193:vizier
1174:senuti
1002:Seti I
994:
981:Sahure
977:Khafre
916:
912:
878:
874:
833:
825:
817:
754:Family
718:using
709:vizier
623:Burial
613:
600:Mother
592:Father
9960:Carus
9739:Nerva
9729:Titus
9707:Galba
9674:XXXIV
9659:Roman
9438:Arses
9365:Hakor
9284:XXVII
8994:XXIII
8584:XVIII
8544:(male
8274:Apepi
8262:Khyan
8175:Wazad
7943:Wegaf
7877:Iufni
7731:Nubia
7539:Setut
7361:Nefer
7208:Khufu
7166:Khaba
7160:Nebka
7024:Nebra
6952:Menes
6911:Menes
6863:Stork
6826:Upper
6782:Neheb
6775:Thesh
6761:Khayu
6710:Lower
6304:(PDF)
6292:(PDF)
6275:(PDF)
6154:(PDF)
6067:JSTOR
5782:JSTOR
5717:S2CID
5701:JSTOR
5623:JSTOR
5602:JSTOR
5582:(PDF)
5566:JSTOR
5442:8 May
5393:JSTOR
5361:JSTOR
5235:S2CID
5227:JSTOR
4912:(PDF)
4891:(PDF)
4875:JSTOR
4846:S2CID
4838:JSTOR
4593:S2CID
4585:JSTOR
4552:JSTOR
1790:year.
1647:Notes
1311:. As
1209:Horus
1112:Khufu
1061:Greek
922:Reign
700:fifth
615:I or
450:Nomen
138:Horus
67:Reign
9793:Geta
9712:Otho
9702:Nero
9420:XXXI
9405:Teos
9352:XXIX
9217:XXVI
9202:Late
9179:male
9139:Late
9092:Piye
9061:XXIV
8967:Pami
8917:XXII
8506:and
8422:XVII
8168:Nuya
7837:XIII
7646:male
7608:and
7498:Khui
7395:VIII
7318:Teti
7300:Unas
7185:Huni
6987:Qa'a
6967:Djet
6962:Djer
6870:Bull
6849:Fish
6815:Wash
6796:Mekh
6672:male
6540:ISBN
6523:OCLC
6506:OCLC
6485:ISBN
6466:ISBN
6447:ISBN
6425:ISBN
6408:ISSN
6391:2018
6375:ISSN
6352:ISBN
6333:ISBN
6316:ISSN
6279:ISBN
6257:OCLC
6247:ISBN
6228:ISBN
6208:OCLC
6198:ISBN
6179:ISBN
6158:ISBN
6140:2022
6114:ISBN
6097:OCLC
6087:ISBN
6044:ISBN
6025:OCLC
6015:ISBN
5998:2022
5978:2022
5958:2022
5938:2022
5914:OCLC
5886:ISBN
5873:2022
5845:ISBN
5823:OCLC
5799:ISBN
5761:OCLC
5737:ISBN
5709:PMID
5661:ISBN
5644:ISSN
5543:ISBN
5526:OCLC
5505:ISBN
5476:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5444:2016
5433:OCLC
5412:ISBN
5344:2022
5318:ISBN
5271:ISBN
5252:ISBN
5198:OCLC
5188:ISBN
5169:ISSN
5159:ISBN
5140:OCLC
5125:2022
5101:OCLC
5075:OCLC
5056:OCLC
5037:OCLC
5015:ISBN
4993:ISBN
4967:OCLC
4951:2022
4925:ISBN
4899:ISBN
4804:ISBN
4787:OCLC
4765:ISBN
4752:2018
4741:ISSN
4703:ISBN
4682:ISBN
4669:2022
4653:OCLC
4632:ISBN
4615:OCLC
4506:ISSN
4483:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4442:ISBN
4425:OCLC
2230:1999
1900:17th
1817:snwt
1473:bent
1471:and
1317:20th
1305:that
1191:, a
1075:Baka
1041:and
869:Giza
796:and
475:His
9392:XXX
9141:to
9084:XXV
8807:XXI
8672:XIX
8289:XVI
8069:XIV
7917:Hor
7758:XII
7391:VII
7136:III
6972:Den
6768:Tiu
6634:to
5693:doi
5681:328
5640:158
5594:doi
5385:doi
5301:doi
5219:doi
4867:doi
4830:doi
4733:doi
4577:doi
4544:doi
1914:fl.
1904:fl.
1758:fl.
1469:red
1359:of
1307:of
867:'s
690:or
667:of
576:or
10142::
10102:31
10097:30
10092:27
10087:26
10082:25
10077:24
10067:20
10062:19
10057:18
10052:12
10047:11
8725:XX
8657:Ay
8221:XV
7684:XI
7516:IX
7310:VI
7195:IV
7035:Ba
7011:II
6950:/
6909:/
6895:Ka
6747:Pu
6402:.
6373:.
6369:.
6312:69
6310:.
6306:.
6255:.
6206:.
6130:.
6095:.
6063:21
6061:.
6023:.
5988:.
5968:.
5948:.
5928:.
5862:.
5778:37
5776:.
5715:.
5707:.
5699:.
5691:.
5638:.
5619:65
5600:.
5590:27
5588:.
5584:.
5562:36
5560:.
5503:.
5391:.
5381:39
5379:.
5357:69
5355:.
5334:.
5297:69
5291:.
5233:.
5225:.
5215:98
5213:.
5196:.
5167:.
5115:.
5099:.
4941:.
4873:.
4863:21
4861:.
4844:.
4836:.
4826:88
4824:.
4739:.
4729:12
4723:.
4591:.
4583:.
4573:29
4571:.
4567:.
4550:.
4540:50
4525:.
4521:.
4502:XV
4500:.
4306:^
4051:^
4028:^
3905:^
3838:^
3799:^
3448:^
3431:^
3390:^
3351:^
3216:^
3117:^
3100:^
3013:^
2998:^
2947:^
2918:^
2831:^
2816:^
2641:^
2614:^
2597:^
2570:^
2537:^
2498:^
2483:^
2382:^
2355:^
2340:^
2309:^
2132:^
2105:^
2090:^
2057:^
2040:^
2023:^
2002:^
1987:^
1922:).
1917:c.
1907:c.
1745:^
1691:^
1684:Ra
1673:^
1655:^
1447:.
1377:Ra
1373:Ka
1332:,
1282:'
1110:,
1101:c.
1063:,
1006:c.
983:â
811:,
804:.
744:Ra
661:Ka
607:,
477:Ka
10042:4
10038:3
10035:2
10031:1
7556:X
7393:/
7252:V
6940:I
6835:A
6803:A
6611:e
6604:t
6597:v
6548:.
6529:.
6512:.
6493:.
6474:.
6455:.
6433:.
6414:.
6393:.
6360:.
6341:.
6322:.
6263:.
6236:.
6214:.
6187:.
6166:.
6142:.
6122:.
6103:.
6073:.
6052:.
6031:.
6000:.
5980:.
5960:.
5940:.
5920:.
5894:.
5875:.
5853:.
5829:.
5807:.
5788:.
5767:.
5745:.
5723:.
5695::
5687::
5669:.
5650:.
5629:.
5608:.
5596::
5572:.
5551:.
5532:.
5513:.
5484:.
5465:.
5446:.
5420:.
5399:.
5387::
5367:.
5346:.
5326:.
5307:.
5303::
5279:.
5260:.
5241:.
5221::
5204:.
5175:.
5146:.
5127:.
5107:.
5081:.
5062:.
5043:.
5023:.
5001:.
4973:.
4953:.
4933:.
4881:.
4869::
4852:.
4832::
4812:.
4793:.
4773:.
4754:.
4735::
4711:.
4690:.
4671:.
4640:.
4621:.
4599:.
4579::
4558:.
4546::
4527:1
4512:.
4491:.
4472:.
4450:.
4431:.
3578:.
2256:.
1902:(
1756:(
1099:(
1023:(
1004:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
