365:
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29:
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524:
285:
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498:, each accompanied by a temple and substructure. The easternmost is the largest and a true pyramid. Its casing is partly of granite, like the main pyramid, and is believed to have been completed due to the limestone pyramidion found close by. Neither of the other two progressed beyond the construction of the inner core.
514:
pyramid, which would have housed a statue of the king rather than a body. The fact that the structure once contained a pink granite sarcophagus, has led scholars to speculate that it may have been reused as a queen's burial tomb, or that it served as a chapel where the body of
Menkaure was mummified.
424:
In the mortuary temple, the foundations and the inner core were made of limestone. The floors were begun with granite and granite facings were added to some of the walls. The foundations of the valley temple were made of stone. Both temples were finished with crude bricks. Reisner estimated that some
570:
In
January 2024 a project to study and document the outer granite blocks which had fallen off of the facade began, with the goal to reinstall them. The project was planned to take three years to complete. Weeks after the announcement, the project was cancelled following backlash by researchers and a
410:
inscribed with
Menkaure's name and containing the remains of a mummy were found in the upper burial chamber and later transferred safely to the British Museum. The coffin was radiocarbon dated to 1212–846 BC, from the late New Kingdom to the Third Intermediate Period. The male body and its shroud
553:
When a stone fell, it would bury itself in the sand, requiring extraordinary efforts to free it. Wedges were used to split the stones into several pieces, and a cart was used to carry it to the foot of the escarpment, where it was left. Despite their efforts, workmen were only able to damage the
546:, attempted to demolish the pyramids, starting with that of Menkaure. Workmen recruited to demolish the pyramid stayed at their job for eight months, but the task was expensive and slow. Workers were only able to remove one or two stones each day at most. Some used
316:
The descending passage to lower burial chamber is in the 'large apartment' floor, probably original hidden by floor blocks. It is theorised that originally the pyramid was planned to be smaller. The blind alley being the originally planned entrance passage.
312:
limestone. The construction of the outer casing of the pyramid was halted at sixteen to eighteen layers of granite following
Menkaure's death, only seven of which remain today due to vandalism and erosion. Part of the granite was left in the rough.
1188:
Comparison of approximate profiles of the
Pyramid of Menkaure with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In
432:
completed the temple construction. An inscription was found in the mortuary temple that said he "made it (the temple) as his monument for his father, the king of upper and lower Egypt."
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932:
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of the blocks of local stone in the walls of the mortuary temple weighed as much as 220 tons. The heaviest granite ashlars imported from Aswan weighed more than 30 tons.
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2420:
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speculated that the structures were likely tombs for the queens of
Menkaure, and that the individuals buried there may have been his half-sisters. The archaeologist
575:, Egypt’s former minister of antiquities which “unanimously objected to the re-installation of the granite casing blocks scattered around the base of the pyramid”.
300:. It now stands at 61 m (200 ft) tall with a base of 108.5 m (356 ft). Its angle of incline is approximately 51°20′25″. It was constructed of
2207:
566:
Granite casing blocks of
Menkaure's Pyramid next to the entrance. Many are visibly unfinished, probably halted in mid-work due to the death of the pharaoh.
2445:
1818:
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454:. He found a large number of statues, mostly of Menkaure alone, and as a member of a group. These were all carved in the naturalistic style of the
48:
336:
The pyramid's date of construction is unknown, because
Menkaure's reign has not been accurately defined, but it was probably completed in the
1085:
439:
from the Sixth
Dynasty suggest that a cult for the Pharaoh was maintained, or was periodically renewed, for two centuries after his death.
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had an original height of 65.5 meters (215 ft), and was the smallest of the three major pyramids at the
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8:
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660:
656:"Rebuilding granite blocks around pyramid 'as absurd as straightening the Tower of Pisa'"
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341:
1059:["Project of the Century" - What is Egypt planning for the third pyramid?].
387:
of
Menkaure, described as beautiful black and rich in detail with a bold projecting
2713:
2698:
2597:
1985:
1780:
1760:
1434:
820:
Towards a New History for the Egyptian Old Kingdom: Perspectives on the Pyramid Age
324:
was painted on the pyramid limestone which may be indicative of a boat pit where a
787:
Strouhal, Eugen; Vyhnánek; Gaballah; Saunders; Woelfli; Bonani; Němečková (2001).
2093:
2015:
1997:
1459:
1444:
1086:"Tourism Ministry Begins Project To Install Granite Coverage On Menkaure Pyramid"
543:
337:
297:
2769:
2078:
1979:
1697:
1474:
1429:
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1246:
915:
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528:
226:
102.2 by 104.6 metres (335 ft × 343 ft) or 200 cubits (original)
2791:
2549:
2520:
2373:
2177:
1704:
1353:
554:
pyramid to the extent of leaving a large vertical gash at its northern face.
63:
50:
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1972:
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1302:
1030:"In a first, outer casing of Menkaure's pyramid to be studied, reassembled"
495:
491:
487:
479:
475:
471:
447:
The Menkaure Valley temple was excavated between 1908 and 1910 by American
325:
309:
257:
908:
The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments
550:
and levers to move the stones, while others used ropes to pull them down.
391:, which contained the bones of a young woman. It was loaded onto the ship
284:
2644:
1801:
1497:
1145:
The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments
572:
505:
448:
384:
1202:
486:
South of the pyramid of Menkaure are three smaller pyramids, designated
2525:
2290:
1279:
1061:
571:
report by a team of experts called in by Egyptian officials and led by
429:
353:
321:
2360:
1903:
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301:
204:
192:
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340:. It is a few hundred meters southwest of its larger neighbors, the
1517:
969:
853:
273:
36:
888:(Note: This is the second unpublished follow-up to Reisner's work
2278:
1484:
1416:
789:"Identification of royal skeletal remains from Egyptian pyramids"
632:
539:
395:, but wrecked off the Spanish coast on the way to Great Britain.
388:
305:
293:
200:
182:
786:
2639:
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2201:
1787:
1368:
1208:
NOVA Online – Pyramids: Menkaure's Inside Story
436:
407:
381:
2776:
1192:, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
683:"Chapter 8: Menkaure and the Colonel – The Analog Antiquarian"
2634:
2515:
1112:"Egypt Halts Controversial Plans to Renovate Ancient Pyramid"
349:
265:
261:
470:
The pyramid of Menkaure in the background with the pyramids
2572:
1245:
817:
Manuelian, Peter Der; Schneider, Thomas (30 October 2015).
269:
704:"NOVA Online/Pyramids/Cross-Section of Menkaure's Pyramid"
2798:
Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC
308:. The upper portion was cased in the normal manner with
2541:
877:
2729:
991:
989:
842:
840:
1166:
The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries
628:"Egypt aborts controversial pyramid renovation plan"
607:
268:. It is thought to have been built to serve as the
837:
816:
252:is the smallest of the three main pyramids of the
1203:Guardian's Ancient Egypt: The Pyramid of Menkaure
2789:
905:
508:argues that pyramid G3-a has a layout akin to a
234:235,183 cubic metres (8,305,409 cu ft)
218:65 metres (213 ft) or 125 cubits (original)
411:were carbon dated to the early Islamic Period.
1819:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
1359:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
2557:
1578:
1231:
1057:""مشروع القرن".. ماذا تخطط مصر للهرم الثالث؟"
756:
754:
402:A coffin lid found in the pyramid of Menakure
811:
809:
763:"The Pyramids at Giza: Khafre and Menkaure"
435:Subsequent architectural additions and two
2564:
2550:
1585:
1571:
1238:
1224:
957:
955:
751:
806:
359:
1547:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
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585:Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
561:
522:
465:
428:It is assumed that Menkaure's successor
397:
363:
283:
279:
2808:Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
1247:Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex
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518:
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16:Smallest main pyramid of Giza in Egypt
2545:
1632:
1592:
1566:
1219:
1110:Anderson, Sonja (February 20, 2024).
1027:
862:"Das Pyramidion der Pyramide G III-a"
1615:
625:
2406:
1084:Khaled, Raghad (January 26, 2024).
626:Werr, Patrick (February 16, 2024).
461:
331:
13:
1135:
859:
760:
414:
14:
2834:
1196:
1028:Samir, Salwa (January 25, 2024).
962:Stewart, Desmond (June 1, 1971).
654:Samaan, Magdy (29 January 2024).
527:Damage to the pyramid, by Sultan
419:
260:in the southwestern outskirts of
2818:Buildings and structures in Giza
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2719:Green Land International Schools
2709:Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule
1614:
1269:
890:A History of the Giza Necropolis
880:A History of the Giza Necropolis
458:, with a high degree of detail.
442:
27:
1169:. London: Thames & Hudson.
1103:
1077:
1049:
1021:
899:
878:Reisner, George Andrew (1942).
871:
274:Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh Menkaure
1470:Southern South Saqqara pyramid
780:
720:
696:
675:
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619:
1:
1065:(in Arabic). January 26, 2024
600:
167:
1402:Unfinished Pyramid of Abusir
730:The Boat Beneath the Pyramid
7:
578:
368:The sarcophagus of Menkaure
10:
2839:
2593:2011 Imbaba church attacks
84:
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2006:
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1628:
1605:List of Egyptian pyramids
1600:
1539:
1531:Northern Mazghuna pyramid
1526:Southern Mazghuna pyramid
1516:
1483:
1415:
1367:
1344:
1301:
1278:
1267:
1253:
1148:. New York: Grove Press.
1142:Verner, Miroslav (2001).
968:. Wonders of Man Series.
906:Verner, Miroslav (2007).
590:List of Egyptian pyramids
482:in front (right to left).
288:A diagram of the pyramid.
238:
230:
222:
214:
188:
178:
163:
79:
42:
35:
26:
21:
2571:
1552:Lepsius list of pyramids
894:Harvard University Press
595:List of megalithic sites
2511:Construction techniques
965:The Pyramids and Sphinx
727:Jenkins, Nancy (1980).
2587:Battle of the Pyramids
2426:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
2272:Southern South Saqqara
1508:Pyramid of Ameny Qemau
1392:Pyramid of Neferirkare
1336:Pyramid of Khentkaus I
1193:
1190:its SVG file
850:1986/1947 pp. 147–163
567:
531:
483:
403:
369:
360:Sarcophagus and coffin
289:
2704:Cairo Japanese School
2050:1 Intermediate Period
1430:Pyramid of Sekhemkhet
1316:Great Pyramid of Giza
1187:
1163:Lehner, Mark (1997).
892:Vol. I, published by
848:The Pyramids of Egypt
737:. pp. 157, 159.
565:
526:
469:
452:George Andrew Reisner
401:
367:
287:
280:Size and construction
64:29.97250°N 31.12833°E
2803:Giza pyramid complex
1397:Pyramid of Neferefre
1311:Giza pyramid complex
1117:Smithsonian magazine
1035:The Egyptian Gazette
519:Attempted demolition
406:A wooden anthropoid
254:Giza pyramid complex
2823:Iconoclasm in Egypt
2676:Pyramid of Menkaure
2393:Second Intermediate
1841:Mastabet el-Fara'un
1465:Pyramid of Khendjer
1450:Mastabet el-Fara'un
1440:Pyramid of Djedkare
1407:Pyramid of Nyuserre
1326:Pyramid of Menkaure
1288:Pyramid of Djedefre
886:. pp. 186–187.
846:Edwards, I. E. S.:
661:The Daily Telegraph
558:Restoration attempt
250:pyramid of Menkaure
60: /
22:Pyramid of Menkaure
2436:Senakhtenre Ahmose
1754:Zawyet el-Maiyitin
1382:Pyramid of Userkaf
1194:
884:Harvard University
568:
532:
484:
404:
370:
290:
158:Menkaure is Divine
69:29.97250; 31.12833
2727:
2726:
2671:Pyramid of Khafre
2539:
2538:
2497:
2496:
2457:
2456:
2431:Nubkheperre Intef
2387:
2386:
2120:
2119:
2044:
2043:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1594:Egyptian pyramids
1560:
1559:
1387:Pyramid of Sahure
1321:Pyramid of Khafre
1293:Lepsius I Pyramid
1155:978-0-8021-1703-8
912:New York City, NY
882:. Vol. III.
815:Lehner, Mark in:
735:Thames and Hudson
378:John Shae Perring
342:pyramid of Khafre
328:would be buried.
256:, located on the
246:
245:
148:
147:
144:
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128:
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119:
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2779:
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2743:
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2735:
2714:El Alsson School
2699:Cairo University
2598:2022 church fire
2566:
2559:
2552:
2543:
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1936:
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1573:
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1563:
1435:Headless Pyramid
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851:
844:
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765:. Archived from
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679:
673:
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645:
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611:
462:Queens' pyramids
332:Age and location
169:
155:Netjeri Menkaure
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18:
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2764:
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2723:
2687:
2661:Pyramid complex
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2575:
2570:
2540:
2535:
2493:
2491:
2467:
2466:
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2453:
2451:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2358:
2316:
2314:South Dahshur B
2302:
2300:South Dahshur A
2288:
2247:
2223:
2221:Central Dahshur
2210:
2153:
2149:Reherishefnakht
2130:
2129:
2128:
2116:
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2072:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2002:
1930:
1909:
1766:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1655:
1624:
1596:
1591:
1561:
1556:
1535:
1512:
1479:
1460:Pyramid of Teti
1445:Pyramid of Unas
1411:
1363:
1346:Zawyet el'Aryan
1340:
1297:
1274:
1265:
1249:
1244:
1213:
1199:
1177:
1156:
1138:
1136:Further reading
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994:
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980:
972:. p. 101.
960:
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937:
933:
926:
918:. p. 252.
904:
900:
876:
872:
864:
860:Janosi, Peter.
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544:Sultan of Egypt
542:'s son and the
521:
464:
445:
422:
417:
415:Pyramid complex
380:discovered the
362:
338:26th century BC
334:
298:Giza Necropolis
282:
205:white limestone
199:
159:
157:
153:
151:Nṯr.j Mn-kꜣw-Rꜥ
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59:
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5:
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2468:(1570–1070 BC)
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796:Anthropologie
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769:on 2007-09-27
768:
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2782:Architecture
2683:Great Sphinx
2675:
2614:Giza Plateau
2531:Pyramidology
2506:Step pyramid
2490:
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2416:Sobekemsaf I
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2176:
1986:
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1973:Lepsius XXIV
1971:
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1950:Khentkaus II
1928:Neferhetepes
1902:
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1493:Bent Pyramid
1425:Step Pyramid
1325:
1212:
1165:
1144:
1121:. Retrieved
1115:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1033:
1023:
1007:
964:
934:
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901:
889:
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873:
855:
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819:
799:
795:
782:
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
729:
722:
711:. Retrieved
707:
698:
687:. Retrieved
685:. 2019-04-26
677:
665:. Retrieved
659:
649:
637:. Retrieved
631:
621:
609:
569:
552:
534:In AD 1196,
533:
509:
500:
485:
446:
434:
427:
423:
405:
392:
371:
352:in the Giza
335:
319:
315:
291:
258:Giza Plateau
249:
247:
208:
196:
183:True Pyramid
154:
150:
80:Ancient name
2645:Mohandessin
2463:New Kingdom
2359: [
2317: [
2303: [
2289: [
2261:Ameny Qemau
2224: [
2211: [
2184:Senusret II
2167:Amenemhat I
1945:Neferirkare
1931: [
1835:Khentkaus I
1726:Elephantine
1669:Old Kingdom
1498:Red Pyramid
1090:lovin cairo
1012:Lehner 1997
996:Lehner 1997
941:, pp.
939:Lehner 1997
802:(1): 18–19.
708:www.pbs.org
614:Verner 2001
573:Zahi Hawass
506:Mark Lehner
456:Old Kingdom
385:sarcophagus
374:Howard Vyse
292:Menkaure's
201:red granite
172:4th dynasty
164:Constructed
67: /
43:Coordinates
2792:Categories
2526:Pyramidion
2208:Neferuptah
2172:Senusret I
1961:Unfinished
1733:Edfu South
1280:Abu Rawash
1123:August 14,
1095:August 14,
1069:August 14,
1062:Al Arabiya
1041:August 14,
1014:, p.
998:, p.
773:2007-09-26
733:. London:
713:2024-03-17
689:2024-03-17
667:August 11,
639:August 11,
601:References
430:Shepseskaf
354:necropolis
322:hieroglyph
304:and Aswan
242:51°20'25''
55:31°07′42″E
52:29°58′21″N
2692:Education
2654:Landmarks
2623:Districts
2607:Geography
2036:Sesheshet
1955:Neferefre
1904:Lepsius L
1712:Lepsius I
1377:Abu Gorab
302:limestone
193:limestone
170:2510 BC (
2813:Menkaure
2266:Khendjer
2112:Merikare
1987:Headless
1967:Nyuserre
1830:Menkaure
1813:Djedefre
1719:Athribis
1651:Pyramids
1540:See also
1518:Mazghuna
1455:Serapeum
970:Newsweek
579:See also
393:Beatrice
372:In 1837
344:and the
326:sun boat
189:Material
37:Menkaure
2770:History
2732:Portals
2580:History
2286:SAK S 7
2279:SAK S 3
2031:Pepi II
2026:Merenre
1923:Userkaf
1740:el-Kula
1643:Dynasty
1620:Commons
1609:Lepsius
1607: (
1485:Dahshur
1417:Saqqara
1261:Memphis
633:Reuters
540:Saladin
502:Reisner
389:cornice
320:A boat
306:granite
294:pyramid
272:of the
2640:Imbaba
2630:Agouza
2589:(1798)
2486:Ahmose
2446:Kamose
2356:DAS 53
2349:DAS 51
2342:DAS 50
2335:DAS 49
2328:DAS 46
2202:Hawara
2021:Pepi I
1980:Double
1940:Sahure
1825:Khafre
1788:Meidum
1747:Naqada
1698:Buried
1692:Djoser
1634:Period
1369:Abusir
1331:Sphinx
1173:
1152:
976:
922:
827:
741:
548:wedges
494:, and
478:, and
437:stelae
408:coffin
382:basalt
231:Volume
215:Height
209:casing
2746:Egypt
2635:Dokki
2521:Texts
2516:Seked
2478:XVIII
2363:]
2321:]
2307:]
2293:]
2228:]
2215:]
2195:Black
2178:White
1935:]
1808:Khufu
1781:Seila
1761:Sinki
1705:Layer
865:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
350:Khufu
266:Egypt
262:Cairo
239:Slope
2573:Giza
2408:XVII
2374:S 10
2253:XIII
2094:Khui
2068:VIII
2016:Teti
1998:Unas
1897:G3-c
1890:G3-b
1883:G3-a
1876:G2-a
1869:G1-d
1862:G1-c
1855:G1-b
1848:G1-a
1795:Bent
1303:Giza
1254:City
1171:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1125:2024
1097:2024
1071:2024
1043:2024
974:ISBN
920:ISBN
825:ISBN
739:ISBN
669:2024
641:2024
496:G3-c
492:G3-b
488:G3-a
480:G3-c
476:G3-b
472:G3-a
376:and
310:Tura
270:tomb
248:The
223:Base
197:core
179:Type
2369:S 9
2159:XII
2089:Ibi
2079:Ity
1802:Red
1684:III
1016:221
947:136
943:134
348:of
2794::
2361:de
2319:de
2305:de
2291:de
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