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those lying in the cis-Hindukush region are known to have been partly
Iranian and partly under Indian culture. Thus, whereas the Kunar (Choaspes = river of good horses) section of the Ashvaka branch is known in classical writings as "Aspasioi" (from Iranian Aspa = horse), those living in the Swat (Suastos) valley were known as Assakenoi i.e. Ashvakas (from Sanskrit Asva = horse). The dividing line between Iran and India was approximately Panjkora (or Guraeus) river (See: The Pathans, 1958, p 55/56, Olaf Caroe). According to Paul Goukowsky, Iranian language was spoken on the north of Kunar whereas Pracrit on its south (Essai sur les origines du mythe d'Alexandre: 336-270 av. J. C., 1978, p 152, n 12, Paul Goukowsky). Thus, there should be no objection if Arrian calls the Assakenoi people as well as Sisicottos & Meroes, all as Indians (See: Arrain Anabasis, Book 4b, Ch xxx; Book 5b, Ch xviii, Book 5b, Ch xx).
663:
Shashigupta originally a native of the Swat/Kunar valleys west of Indus. Other scholars like Dr B. M. Barua, Dr H. C. Seth etc. also identify
Shashigupta with Chandragupta. As noted above, Dr J. W. McCrindle calls Chandragupta a native of Panjab. American archaeologist David B. Spooner thinks that Chandragupta was an Iranian who had established a dynasty in Magadha. Based on the classical evidence, Dr H. R. Gupta thinks that Chandragupta as well as Shashigupta both belonged to northwest frontiers and both, perhaps belonged to two different sections of the Ashvaka Kshatriyas. Dr Chandra Chakravarti also relates Shashigupta and Chandragupta to northwest frontiers and states that Shashigupta belonged to Malkand whereas Chandragupta Maurya was a ruler of Ujjanaka or Uddyana (
73:
135:
438:(or Poros). Arrian further attests that he was finally chosen by Alexander to bring the fleeing Porus back for concluding peace treaty with Macedonian invader. It is notable that at the time of Porus's war with Alexander, Shashigupta, the satrap of the eastern Ashvakas had very cordial relations with Porus. In fact, he was on good terms both with Porus as well as Alexander and was finally chosen by Alexander to effect peace negotiations between him (Alexander) and Porus when
604:. Scholars say that it is not an uncommon practice in India to substitute one's given name with a synonym. Thus, it appears very likely, as many scholars believe, that Chandragupta may have been an alternative name for Shashigupta and both names essentially refer to same individual. This view is further reinforced if we compare the early lives of Shashigupta and Chandragupta. Both men are equally remarkable, both are military adventurers
32:
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annoyed at this development and pursued
Shashigupta who appears to have fled with his followers to lower Indus. He probably appears there as Moeres of Curtius, a chief of Patala. It is but natural that after joining the band of insurgents, Shashigupta alias Meroes or Moeres became a leader of the group of rebels and started his struggle for realizing his bigger goals for bigger regal power.\
188:
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military general, Shashigupta had sensed the pulse of time and therefore, after deserting
Alexander’ camp, he had thrown his lot with the emerging powerful group of insurgents. Thence afterward, Shashigupta seems to appear under an alternative name----Moeres or Moeris of the classical chroniclers. It is notable that
654:
to eastern Punjab at the time of
Alexander's invasion. With Mauryan conquest of other parts of India, these Ashvakas settled in other parts of India as well. From Buddhist literature, we also read of southern Ashvakas (or Assakas or Asmakas) on the bank of river Godavary in Trans-Vindhya country. The
413:
valleys. He appears to have done this in an understanding with
Alexander that after the reduction of this territory, he would be made the lord of the country. And Arrian definitively confirms that after the reduction of the fort of Aornos in Swat where the Ashvakas had put up a terrible resistance,
745:
IMPORTANT NOTE: Shashigupta is called an Indian by Arrian. Arrian also calls the
Ashvakas as an Indian. Arrian further calls Meroes also as an Indian and an old friend of Porus. In this context, it is worth remembering that while the Kamboja sections in Trans-Hindukush region were purely Iranians,
735:
Annals of the
Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1936, p 164, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute - Indo-Aryan philology, Dr H. C. Seth; The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 673, India; Punjab History Conference, Second Session, 28–30 October 1966, Punjabi University Patiala, pp
891:
The
Cambridge History of India, 1962, p 424, Edward James Rapson, Wolseley Haig, Richard Burn, Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler, Henry Dodwell; The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, 1910, p 839, Edited by Hugh Chisholm; A History of Asia, 1964, p 149, Woodbridge
496:
are all equivalent terms. Arrian writes Meroes while
Curtius spells it as Moeres or Moeris. Chieftain Moeris of lower Indus delta (Patala) referenced by Curtius seems precisely to be the same person as Meroes of north-west, attested to be old friend of Porus by Arrian. Alexander was apparently
491:
valley and also issued a threat to kill Shashigupta if he continued to cooperate with the invaders. While Phillipos was appointed to Nicanor's place, no further reference to Shashigupta by this name exists in classical sources. It appears likely that as a shrewd politician & statesman cum
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against the Greek rule in north-west had first started probably in lower Indus. If this is true, then Moeris of Patala may indeed have been the pioneer in this revolution and he may be assumed to be the same person as Meroes of north-west i.e. Chandragupta Maurya, alternatively known also as
854:
Did Candragupta Maurya belong to North-Western India?, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1936, p 163, Dr S. C. Seth; Was Chandragupta Maurya a Punjabi?, Punjab History Conference, Second Session, 28-30 October 1966, Punjabi University Patiala, p 32, Dr H. R.
755:
Age of Nandas, and Mauryas, 1967, p 427, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri; Maurajya Samarajya Samsakrik Itihasa, 1972, B. P. Panthar; Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahminabad, 1975, p 26, Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont; Indological Studies, 1977, p 100,
523:. Many scholars suggest that Shashigupta was a ruler of some frontier hill state south of Hindukush, it is however, more appropriate to call him a military adventurer or a corporation leader coming from the warlike background of the fierce
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in Prakrit, perhaps Mt Meru of Sanskrit texts). Another possibility is that name Meroes (Maurya?) may have been derived from "Mer" (hill or mountain) or "Mera" (hillman) as Sisicottos or Shashigupta was obviously a hilllman or mountaineer.
608:, both are rebellious and opportunists, both are equally ambitious, both are far-sighted and shrewd statesmen, and lastly but more importantly, both emerge in history precisely at the same time and at the same place in north-west India.
549:, while others say that Chandragupta Maurya was a separate figure with origins in Eastern India and a third school sees Shashigupta and Chandragupta as separate Paropamisadaen figures, both of whom had ties to separate branches of the
725:
Arrian Anabasis, 1893, Book 5b, Ch xviii,, E. J. Chinnock; The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, pp 108, 109, Dr John Watson M'Crindle; Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab, 1964, p 172, Dr Buddha
655:
Ashvakas are said to have belonged the great Lunar dynasty..... In the region lying between Hindukush and Indus, Alexander received terrible resistance from the Kshatriya tribe called Ashvakas".
333:
sources. Both names mean "moon-protected". However, there is no consensus amongst modern scholars as to which of the historical Chadraguptas, if any, may be identified with Shashigupta.
446:
had failed in this endeavour. It is more than likely, as several scholars have speculated, that Shashigupta may have alternatively been known also as Meroes (equivalent to the
1088:
Note on Saśigupta and Candragupta, The Indian Historical Quarterly/edited by Narendra Nath Law, Vol. XIII. Articles:, Miscellany,. Reprint. Delhi, Caxton, 1998, 39 Volumes
538:(Pir-Sir) or some other adjacent territory of the Ashvakas. No ancient evidence is available which attests Shashigupta's royal background prior to his appointment by
712:
Arrian's Anabasis, 1893, Book 4b, Ch xxx, and Book 5b, ch xx, E. J. Chinnock; The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, p 112, Dr John Watson M'Crindle;
1032:
The Zoroastrian period of Indian history, (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1915, 1915, (Pt. II), pp 406, 416-17, D.B. Spooner
845:
Chandragupta Maurya, 1969, p 8, Lallanji Gopal; The Indian Historical Quarterly, v.13, 1937, p 361; The Indian Review, 1937, p 814, edited by G.A. Natesan.
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Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona,1936, Vol xviii, part 2, pp 161, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Dr H. C. Seth.
369:), threw his lot with the invaders and thereafter, rendered a great help to Alexander during latter's campaigns of Sogdiana and later also of the
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which took place in 305 BCE and the defeat of the latter that Chandragupta appears to have shifted his capital and residence from north-west to
716:, 1969, p 49, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti; Historiae Alexandri Magni, Book 8, Ch XI, Curtius.
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Studies in Indian History and Civilization, 1962, p 133, D Buddha Prakash; Studies in Alexander's Campaigns, 1973, p 40, Binod Chandra Sinha.
713:
612:'s classic statement that Andrakottos had met Alexander in his youth days probably alludes to the years when Sisikottos had gone to help
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Dr Seth concludes: "If Chandragupta is identical to Shashigupta, then we find no difficulty in assuming that he indeed belonged to the
970:
Punjab revisited: an anthology of 70 research documents on the history and culture of undivided Punjab, 1995, Ahmad Saleem - History.
824:
Punjab revisited: an anthology of 70 research documents on the history and culture of undivided Punjab,1995, Ahmad Saleem - History.
154:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
1127:
545:
There are at least four schools of thought regarding any connection to one of the Chandraguptas. Some scholars identify him with
1132:
1018:
864:
Plutarch's Life of Alexander, Chapter LXII; The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, p 311, John Watson M'Crindle.
626:"And having crossed Indus, Seleucus warred with Androkottos, the king of the Indians, who dwelt about that river (the Indus)"
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in 329 BCE. J. W. McCrindle concludes from Plutarch's statement that Chandragupta was native of Punjab rather than Magadha.
1106:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahminabad, 1975, p 26, Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont
815:
Punjab past and present: essays in honour of Dr. Ganda Singh, 1976, p 28, Harbans Singh, Norman Gerald Barrier - History.
961:, Punjab History Conference, Second Session, October 28-30, 1966, Punjabi University Patiala, p 32-35, Dr H. R. Gupta.
1070:, Punjab History Conference, Second Session, October 28-30, 1966, Punjabi University Patiala, p 32-35, Dr H. R. Gupta
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clearly shows that Chandragupta was initially a ruler of Indus country. It was only after Chandragupta's war with
904:, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1936, Vol xviii, part 2, pp 158-164, Dr S. C. Seth.
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In all probability, Shashigupta was a professional soldier and led a corporation of mercenary soldier to help
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Alexander entrusted the command of this extremely strategic fort of Aornos to Shashigupta and made him the
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1915, Part I, p 406, Part II, pp 416-17.
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Nothing is known about early life of Shashigupta. He was presumably a military adventurer, a leader of
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325:("moon") in Indian languages. Consequently, Shashigupta is often linked to various figures known as
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Proceedings, Volume 1, Punjabi University. Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, 1968, p - Page 33.
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Punjab past and present: essays in honour of Dr. Ganda Singh, 1976, p 28, Ganda Singh - History.
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They Taught Lessons to Kings, Gur Rattan Pal Singh; Article in Sunday Tribune, January 10, 1999
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Scholars like Dr H. C. Seth and Dr H. R. Gupta theorize that Shashigupta was another name for
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Bingham - Asia History; Chronology of World History, 1975, p 69, G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville.
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during the 4th century BCE. The name Shashigupta is a reconstruction of a hypothetical
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32-35, Dr H. R. Gupta; The Indian Review, 1937, p 814, edited by G.A. Natesan - India.
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Poisoning of Alexander ( Part 2 ), Newsfinder, 2008, History Section, Dr Ratanjit Pal
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The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, p 405, John Watson M'Crindle .
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The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, p 405, John Watson M'Crindle
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Poisoning of Alexander ( part 2 ), Newsfinder, History section, Dr Ratanjit Pal.
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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Indological Studies, 1977, p 100, University of Sindh, Institute of Sindology
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Seth, H. C. (1937). "Did Candragupta Maurya belong to North-Western India?".
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Ashoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 51, Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa
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Paradise of Gods, 1966, p 312, Qamarud Din Ahmed - West Pakistan (Pakistan)
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Invasion India by Alexander the Great, 1896, p 112, 405/408 J. W. McCrindle
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Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 236, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury.
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The Racial History of Ancient India, 1944, p 814, Chandra Chakraberty.
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According to these scholars, it is very conspicuous that Shashigupta (
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but once his case was lost, Shashigupta, along with band of warriors (
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on the west of Indus, Shashigupta had rendered great service to the
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This article is about the 4th century ruler. For the cricketer, see
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Age of Nandas, and Mauryas, 1967, p 427, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
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Indian Culture, 1934, p 305, Indian Research Institute- India
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Cambridge History of Ancient India, ed . E.J. Rapson, p.314.
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Maurajya Samarajya Samsakrik Itihasa, 1972, B. P. Panthar
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354:) whose main goals were economic and military pursuits.
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Indian Historical Quarterly, vol.8 (1932), B. M. Barua
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Did Candragupta Maurya belong to North-Western India?
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and attests him to be an Indian and an old friend of
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In May 327 BCE, when Alexander the Great invaded the
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Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
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of the surrounding country of the eastern Ashvakas.
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The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 361, India
409:chiefs of the Ashvakas of the Alishang/Kunar and
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542:as ruler of the Ashvakas of the Aornos country.
1029:Indian Culture, vol. X, p. 34, B. M. Barua
467:A few months later when Alexander was still in
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501:Identification with figures in Indian sources
714:The History and Culture of the Indian People
471:and was engaged in war with the Glausais of
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1076:The Indian Review, 1937, p 814, edited by
422:Shashigupta vs Meroes, the friend of Porus
361:especially Bessus, the Iranian Satrap of
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450:Maurya) after his native-land Meros (
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430:(Jhelum), Arrian mentions a certain
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788:Historiae Alexandri Magni, ix,8,29.
16:4th century BCE ruler in South Asia
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1068:Was Chandragupta Maurya a Punjabi?
959:Was Chandragupta Maurya a Punjabi?
776:Arrian's Anabasis, Book 5b, Ch xx.
650:whose influence extended from the
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86:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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288:name, based on a figure named in
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660:insurgency
598:"the moon"
574:Sisikottos
403:Macedonian
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342:Early life
306:Sisocostus
298:Sisikottos
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210:footnoting
82:references
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315:The root
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671:See also
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359:Persians
206:citation
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469:Punjab
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399:Aornos
317:shashi
302:Arrian
84:, but
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688:Notes
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