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period of time when the fighting was taking place near their home. As the fighting stretched further from Mecca, many soldiers from around Mecca decided that they had done their part and returned home. The constant flow of
British gold and weaponry into the hands of the Sharifian Army was the main driving force behind the Revolt. Many tribes would fight for whoever offered them the most money. Some tribal leaders would agree to fight for the British and accept their payment and weapons and soon afterwards begin fighting for the Ottomans because they offered to pay the tribes more. This fickleness showed that many of the tribes were not interested in Arab unity, the ultimate goal of Sharif Husayn, but rather just wanted to be paid. While this made things more difficult for the Sharifian Army, Faysal's strong negotiating skills won many tribal chieftains over, giving the Hashemites the support they needed to challenge the Ottomans.
384:
regard to Medina. Rather than attack the well-protected
Ottoman army and suffer large casualties, the Arabs surrounded the city and cut it off from access to other Ottoman forces. For much of the war the Ottomans managed to keep the Hijaz Railway open to Medina and, through this, were able to continue to supply their men with weapons, ammunition, and other equipment until near the end of the war. The constant need for supplies in Medina played into the Sharifian strategy which was designed to have the Ottomans station troops along the railway and in Medina, wasting troops and supplies, while the Arabs continued up the coast of the Red Sea.
437:
of Husayn's sons who each now had at least 6,000 irregular forces under their control. The
Sharifian Army consisted of about 4,000 regular forces by the beginning of 1917. The majority of these regular soldiers served under Husayn or ‘Ali. As the revolt continued, Faysal emerged as the most successful of the four brothers and most of the forces fell under his control. The fact that Faysal worked alongside Lawrence of Arabia gave him access to more British intelligence, which is a large part of the reason he was the most successful.
411:. Upon arrival in Aqaba on July 6, 1917, the Sharifian forces brutally massacred about three hundred Ottomans before their superiors could get them under control. Another 150 Ottoman troops were taken prisoner and after a few subsequent small scale attacks by Ottomans, the Arab and British forces solidified control in Aqaba. From this point onwards, the Sharifian Army fought at the side of the British armed forces that were coming from British-occupied Egypt. The well executed
71:
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relations with the
Ottomans would end. Rather than wait for a reply, the Arab Revolt was started with an attack on the Hijaz Railway by forces that consisted of members of local Arab tribes and Ottoman defectors. The following day the first shots of the revolt were fired in Mecca and within two days, the Sharifian Army was in control of Mecca. By June 16, the Sharifian Army, with the assistance of the British
286:(governor) of the region, who was responsible for ensuring Ottoman sovereignty over the region. A power struggle existed between the sharif and the vali; the authority to make decisions switched back and forth between the two over time. Overall, this political climate left a large amount of influence in the hands of the sharif, who in the early years of the 20th century was
31:
424:
The
Sharifian Army consisted of about 5,000 regular forces and many thousands of irregular forces. Many of the regular forces were former Arab members of the Ottoman military who defected and joined the Arab Revolt. Irregular forces refer to largely untrained Arabs who joined the revolt for a short
363:
At the beginning of the revolt, the
Sharifian Army consisted of these forces that had been assembled by Husayn and his sons under the guise that they were to fight with the Ottoman forces. After escaping, Faysal wrote a letter stating that if Husayn's demands for greater autonomy were not met their
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and rose to become leaders within the
Sharifian Army. The first few months of the revolt were led by ‘Ali and his forces which consisted of about 30,000 men, most of whom were irregular forces who only fought for a short period of time. By September 1916 these 30,000 were divided amongst all four
317:
caused Husayn to emerge from these talks with a strengthened belief in his right to claim both the caliphate and sovereignty over Arab lands in the area. Furthermore, and more importantly, the promises made by the
British to Husayn in the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence of 1915 and 1916 led Husayn to
383:
The
Ottomans decisively won a battle for the first time when the Sharifian Army attacked Medina in October 1916. The Ottoman forces were entrenched in Medina with artillery that the poorly equipped Sharifian Army lacked. The Sharifian forces retreated and were forced to develop a new strategy in
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included a small amount of
Sharifian forces who marched into Damascus on October 1, 1918, with their revolt almost complete. The only city still under Ottoman control in the Hijaz was the city of Medina. Although they were cut off from the rest of the Ottoman world, forces inside of Medina
282:, there were few competing political influences among the urban elite. The tribal chieftains served as intermediaries between their tribes and the sharif but rarely challenged his authority. The sharif's lone political rival was the Ottoman
525:, played a prominent role in King Faysal's Iraq. Nuri al-Said and Ja’far al-Askari both served terms as prime minister. Officers from the Sharifian Army continued to play an important role in Iraqi politics until the
326:. Although the British could not promise a few districts that they had already pledged to give the French, the pieces seemed to be falling into place for Sharif Husayn, and he prepared to launch the
505:. The British left Husayn in control of the Hijaz and, since Faysal was deposed by the French from his Kingdom of Syria in 1920, helped Faysal come to power in Iraq, becoming
403:(commonly referred to as “Lawrence of Arabia”) to help Faysal lead his forces. Lawrence's plan was to make the Ottomans think that the Arabs were planning on attacking
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and his brother-in-law Ja’far al-Askari, who had previously been a Colonel in the Ottoman Army, joined the Sharifian Army because of their strong belief in
352:. In exchange for the troops, Husayn wanted greater autonomy, but the Ottoman authorities would not concede it. Ottoman officials were holding Husayn's son
497:
to create a Jewish state in the region. While the question of Palestine was never resolved, in Cairo, in 1921, the British decided to name Husayn's son
318:
think that if he were to lead a successful revolt against the Ottomans, the British would help him establish an Arab Caliphate encompassing most of the
465:. The country that received the mandate was responsible for guiding the new state formed by the mandate to its independence. The British received the
864:
344:
In early June 1916, the Ottoman government was putting pressure on Sharif Husayn to supply Hijazi troops and to issue a call for jihad from
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in 1931. Many other officers from the Sharifian Army, including Nuri al-Said, Jafar al-Askari, Jamil al-Midfai, Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi, and
216:
204:
372:. By the end of the summer, the Arab forces under the control of Sharif Husayn had managed to overtake coastal cities as far north as
874:
869:
789:
R. H. Lieshout. “'Keeping Better Educated Moslems Busy': Sir Reginald Wingate and the Origins of the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence.”
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Goldstein, E. “British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: the Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918.”
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and told Husayn that if he ever wanted to see his son again, he must send the troops. On June 9, 1916, the Ottomans sent Faysal to
796:
Teitelbaum, Joshua. “Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite vision of the post-Ottoman order: from chieftaincy to suzerainty.”
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Martin, Thomas. “Anglo–French Imperial Relations in the Arab World: Intelligence Liaison and Nationalist Disorder, 1920–1939.”
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to get the armed forces that Husayn had been organizing, but when he arrived, he escaped with his brother ‘Ali.
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continued to resist Sharifian forces until their lack of supplies forced them to surrender in January 1919.
220:
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Dissatisfied with his limited power, Sharif Husayn began discussions with tribal leaders in the region,
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The army was divided into four groups led by Sharif Husayn's sons, ‘Ali, ‘Abdullah, Faysal, and Zayd.
353:
195:, who was proclaimed "Sultan of the Arabs" in 1916, led the Sharifian Army in a rebellion against the
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complicated things in the region because rather than including Palestine within the land promised to
462:
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412:
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309:. Husayn knew that many Muslims believed that the Sharif of Mecca was the rightful claimant to the
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Eldar, D. “France in Syria: the abolition of the Sharifian government, April–July 1920.”
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482:
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477:. These mandates and their maps closely followed the divisions presented in the secret
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ousted Husayn from the Hijaz and he lived the remainder of his life in exile, dying in
230:. Once there, members of the Sharifian Army set up a short-lived monarchy known as the
611:
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: the McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations
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Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz Under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908
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509:. Sharif Husayn continued to rule the Hijaz and on March 23, 1924, declared himself
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As the British and Sharifian forces sought a way to overtake the Ottoman forces at
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decided that the lands of the Ottoman Empire would be divided by a newly created
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by creating a few diversions, including the destruction of a railroad bridge in
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are located), power was strongly centralized in the hands of the family of the
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under an independent government. Aided both financially and militarily by the
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Johnson, Maxwell. “The Arab Bureau and the Arab Revolt: Yanbu' to Aqaba.”
613:, 1914–1939. Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1976.
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Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 The Sharifian Solution.
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McKale, D. M. “Germany and the Arab question in the First World War.”
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Karsh, E., et al. “Myth in the Desert, or Not the Great Arab Revolt.”
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Parnell, Charles L., CDR USN "Lawrence of Arabia's Debt to Seapower"
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Leach, H. “Lawrence's Strategy and Tactics in the Arab Revolt.”
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on July 24, 1920, and ousted him from the country. In 1920, the
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Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T.E. Lawrence
751:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
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36:
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Eldar, D. “French policy towards Husayn, Sharif of Mecca.”
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600:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
841:
677:Lawrence, T.E. “The Howeitat and their Chiefs”.
571:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. Pp. 255.
584:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. Pp. 255
449:at the end of the Arab Revolt, Faysal set up a
756:Society for Military History. Military Affairs
855:Military units and formations of World War I
473:(Iraq) mandates and the French received the
270:. Members of this family, as descendants of
211:'s forces gradually moved north through the
489:as part of the Arab kingdom because of the
348:in support of the Ottoman participation in
35:Soldiers of the Sharifian Army in northern
624:Memories of a Turkish Statesman- 1913–1919
501:as the emir in the newly created state of
793:, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), p 453–463.
772:(London) v. 37 no. 3 (Nov 2006) p 337–41.
758:, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Dec., 1982), p 194–201.
637:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
453:and ruled there until the French won the
744:, Vol. 12, No. 3 (May, 1933), p 425–426.
779:, Dec 2006, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p 771–798.
322:stretching as far north as present-day
865:Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
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199:with the ultimate goal of uniting the
278:in English. Unlike many areas of the
185:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
800:v. 34 no. 1 (January 1998) p 103–22.
179:) was the military force behind the
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666:The Arab Movements in World War I.
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891:
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368:, captured the important port of
875:Military history of Saudi Arabia
870:Arab nationalist militant groups
582:History of World War I, Volume 1
580:Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
569:History of World War I, Volume 1
567:Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
258:where the Muslim holy cities of
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655:Doubleday, Doran, and Co. 1935.
737:v. 23 (October 1987) p 419–36.
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315:Husayn-McMahon Correspondence
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835:Campaigns: Arabian Peninsula
814:Gorgias Press. London, 1933.
786:v. 29 (April 1993) p 236–53.
711:v. 29 (July 1993) p 487–504.
475:Mandate of Syria and Lebanon
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221:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
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718:v. 26 (July 1990) p 329–50.
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825:History of the Arab Revolt
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215:and, fought alongside the
880:Pan-Arabist organizations
694:London: Frank Cass, 2003.
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727:A Peace to End All Peace
513:. In that same year the
183:which was a part of the
651:Seven Pillars of Wisdom
626:. New York: Arno, 1973.
254:(the western region of
133:Saudi Conquest of Hejaz
798:Middle Eastern Studies
791:The Historical Journal
784:Middle Eastern Studies
763:Middle Eastern Studies
735:Middle Eastern Studies
716:Middle Eastern Studies
709:Middle Eastern Studies
189:Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali
812:The Independent Arab.
742:International Affairs
479:Sykes-Picot Agreement
250:For centuries in the
232:Arab Kingdom of Syria
155:), also known as the
376:and as far south as
730:. Avon Books. 1989.
668:London: Cass, 1993.
594:Ochsenwald, William
531:Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr
483:Balfour Declaration
447:capture of Damascus
664:Tauber, Eliezer.
493:, the British had
297:, and the British
807:. Atheneum. 1990.
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320:Arabian Peninsula
299:High Commissioner
295:Arab nationalists
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