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261:(25-220), however, the Chinese people cast two Nio to safeguard the mount gate. This is to satisfy the Chinese custom of deities being in pairs. The Nio wear crowns, ethereal clothes (exposing the well-developed muscles of their upper bodies), and knee-length skirts. The Nio have wide-open eyes and protruding noses. They hold weapons in their hands and angrily glare at the ground, projecting an awesome persona. The Nio on the right has its mouth open to pronounce the sound "a", while the one on the left has its mouth closed in order to utter the sound "hong". The generic name for those statues with an open mouth is
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128:" takes its literal meaning of "Mountain Gate", because temples were traditionally built in forested mountain areas where Chan monks could seclude away from secular life. Another suggests that during various episodes of suppression of Buddhism in Chinese history, monks moved their monasteries deep into the mountains, and later built gates at the foot of the mountain to guide pilgrims to the temples. A further theory is that "Shanmen" is a corruption of "Sanmen", or "Three Gates", referring to the "three gateways" to liberations.(
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style, or a more substantial building, typically with three archways. When a more substantial temple building is built, the two side gateways might be simplified to arched or circular windows, leaving only the middle gate for access. The gate building may be called the "Hall of Three
Liberations" or
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temples. Some Chan temples combine both the
Maitreya Hall and the Hall of the Four Heavenly Kings with the Shanmen, so that the entrance building also features the statue of the Maitreya Buddha at the centre, as well as the Four Heavenly Kings on the sides. Such an arrangement is found at the
191:, so that the Four Heavenly Kings serve as guardians of the gateway to the monastery. In other Chan temples, the Shanmen building is combined with the Maitreya Hall, with a statue of the Maitreya Buddha erected in the centre of the hall. This is the arrangement seen at
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Traditionally, if the
Shanmen takes the form of a gate building, the statues of two figures from Buddhist lore are erected in that hall to guard the entrance, identified as "
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temples follow the hall style but have three main gates incorporated into their construction. After successive wars and cultural discontinuity, most
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temples have changed the middle gate into a hall entrance, called "Hall of
Shanmen". The Shanmen is the most important gate of a
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Originally, there was one Nio incorporated into a temple. After the introduction of
Buddhism from India to China during the
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had a single
Shanmen gate leading into a large hall for the temple. Today, it is observed that most of the surviving
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In niches positioned on both sides of a
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guarding the
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In some Chan temples, the
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The Hall of
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who protects Buddhism with the ever present Vajra in his hand.
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682:(in Chinese). Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House.
530:. Beijing: Time Publishing and Media Co., Ltd. p. 25.
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663:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.
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Historic Shanmens in China are either a gateway of the
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630:. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
555:. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
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Important entrance gate at a Chinese Buddhist temple
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314:General Heng (哼將軍) inside the Shanmen Hall of the
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605:. Shanghai: The Eastern Publishing Co. Ltd.
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661:The History of Chinese Buddhist Temples
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302:Hover over pictures to view captions
657:《中国汉传佛教建筑史——佛寺的建造、分布与寺院格局、建筑类型及其变迁》
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655:Wang Guixiang (2016-06-17).
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937:Hall of Four Heavenly Kings
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68:Hall of the Shanmen
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791: [
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1576:Categories
1492:Wa Sau Toi
1037:Arhat Hall
967:Drum tower
957:Bell tower
612:7506024772
587:7506024772
460:References
389:General Ha
263:General Ha
252:Dharmapala
172:" or the "
70:or simply
1120:Pure Land
920:Buildings
879:金剛力士/哼哈二將
374:province.
362:, in the
324:Guangdong
212:, China.
120:Etymology
815:Denglong
446:Sanskrit
398:See also
320:Shenzhen
206:Hangzhou
116:temple.
1147:schools
1110:Tiantai
927:Shanmen
906:Paifang
896:Shanmen
825:Terrace
788:Huilang
778:Dougong
326:, China
297:Gallery
197:Longhua
193:Shaolin
162:paifang
126:Shanmen
72:Shanmen
50:Luoyang
1135:Tangmi
1130:Sanlun
1125:Weishi
1115:Huayan
845:Pagoda
758:Chiwen
686:
667:
634:
609:
584:
559:
534:
450:Dharma
94::
92:pinyin
86::
78::
855:Stupa
795:]
659:[
412:Notes
372:Hunan
366:, of
244:Indra
228:Vajra
204:, in
48:, in
1145:Chan
1105:Chan
951:大雄寶殿
684:ISBN
665:ISBN
632:ISBN
607:ISBN
582:ISBN
557:ISBN
532:ISBN
426:Hall
195:and
174:A-un
131:三解脫門
62:The
1071:放生池
1061:藏經閣
1041:羅漢堂
1031:觀音殿
1021:藥師殿
1011:地藏殿
1001:祖師殿
991:伽藍殿
941:天王殿
931:山門殿
869:石狮子
859:舍利塔
819:石燈籠
772:歇山頂
428:or
293:).
284:哼將軍
268:哈將軍
246:in
240:執金剛
236:夜叉神
232:Nio
178:Nio
149:無愿門
143:無相門
88:山門殿
80:山门殿
66:or
1578::
1051:方丈
981:法堂
971:鼓樓
961:鐘樓
910:牌門
900:山門
809:影壁
799:回廊
793:zh
782:斗拱
762:鴟吻
468:^
370:,
322:,
318:,
290:阿形
274:阿吽
208:,
176:"
137:空門
90:;
82:;
52:,
1073:)
1069:(
1063:)
1059:(
1053:)
1049:(
1043:)
1039:(
1033:)
1029:(
1023:)
1019:(
1013:)
1009:(
1003:)
999:(
993:)
989:(
983:)
979:(
973:)
969:(
963:)
959:(
953:)
949:(
943:)
939:(
933:)
912:)
908:(
902:)
881:)
877:(
871:)
867:(
861:)
857:(
851:)
849:塔
847:(
841:)
839:亭
837:(
831:)
829:台
827:(
821:)
817:(
811:)
807:(
801:)
797:(
784:)
780:(
774:)
770:(
764:)
760:(
725:e
718:t
711:v
692:.
673:.
640:.
615:.
590:.
565:.
540:.
452:.
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