1182:
1128:
1107:. According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, the population of Shanghai was estimated to be 24.28 million in 2019, of whom 14.5 million are permanent residents and 9.77 million are migrant residents. To have better communication with foreign residents and develop a top-level financial center among the world, the promotion of the official language, Standard Mandarin, became very important. Therefore, the Shanghai Municipal Government banned the use of Shanghainese in public places, schools, and work. Around half of the city's population is unaware of these policies.
821:
1111:
to study
Mandarin, but only 10.2% of the students are more willing to study Shanghainese. A survey in 2021 has shown that 15.22% of respondents under 18 would never use Shanghainese. The study also found that the percentage of people that would use Shanghainese with older family members has halved. The study also shows that around one third of people under the age of 30 can only understand Shanghainese, and 8.7% of respondents under 18 cannot even understand it. The number of people that are able to speak Shanghainese has also consistently decreased.
15346:
14459:
1003:, is working on efforts to save the language. In response to criticism, Qian reminds people that Shanghainese was once fashionable, saying, "the popularization of Mandarin doesn't equal the ban of dialects. It doesn't make Mandarin a more civilized language either. Promoting dialects is not a narrow-minded localism, as it has been labeled by some netizens". Qian has also urged for Shanghainese to be taught in other sectors of education, due to kindergarten and university courses being insufficient.
8083:
13058:
8230:
4993:
15109:
5874:(also sometimes known as "counters" or "measure words"). Most classifiers in Shanghainese are used with nouns, although a small number are used with verbs. Some classifiers are based on standard measurements or containers. Classifiers can be paired with a preceding determiner (often a numeral) to form a compound that further specifies the meaning of the noun it modifies.
1165:), due to them sharing many phonological, lexical, and grammatical similarities. Newer varieties of Shanghainese, however, have been influenced by standard Chinese as well as Cantonese and other varieties, making the Shanghainese idiolects spoken by young people in the city different from that spoken by the older population. Also, the practice of
938:
native
Shanghainese people. Some also believe that native residents intentionally speak Shanghainese in some places to discriminate against the immigrant population to transfer their anger to migrant workers, who take over their homeland and take advantage of housing, education, medical, and job resources.
917:. In fact, "speakers of other Wu dialects traditionally treat the Shanghai vernacular somewhat contemptuously as a mixture of Suzhou and Ningbo dialects." This has led to Shanghainese becoming one of the fastest-developing languages of the Wu Chinese subgroup, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing
7385:
Most basic
Shanghainese adjectives are monosyllabic. Like other parts of speech, adjectives do not change to indicate number, gender or case. Adjectives can take semantic prefixes, which themselves can be reduplicated or repositioned as suffixes according to a complex system of derivation, to express
5581:
Shanghainese adheres generally to SVO word order. The placement of objects in Wu dialects is somewhat variable, with
Southern Wu varieties positioning the direct object before the indirect object, and Northern varieties (especially in the speech of younger people) favoring the indirect object before
3105:
Word tone sandhi in
Shanghainese can be described as left-prominent and is characterized by a dominance of the first syllable over the contour of the entire tone domain. As a result, the underlying tones of syllables other than the leftmost syllable, have no effect on the tone contour of the domain.
978:
accusations. From 1992 onward, Shanghainese use was discouraged in schools, and many children native to
Shanghai can no longer speak Shanghainese. In addition, Shanghai's emergence as a cosmopolitan global city consolidated the status of Mandarin as the standard language of business and services, at
6836:
in
Shanghainese, and Zhu (2006) goes so far as to suggest that the concept of grammatical mood does not exist in the language. There are, however, several modal auxiliaries (many of which have multiple variants) that collectively express concepts of desire, conditionality, potentiality and ability.
5414:
Affixation, generally (but not always) taking the form of suffixes, occurs rather frequently in
Shanghainese, enough so that this feature contrasts even with other Wu varieties, although the line between suffix and particle is somewhat nebulous. Most affixation applies to adjectives. In the example
1118:
However, the same study from 2021 has shown that more than 90% of all age groups except 18–29 want to preserve
Shanghainese. A total of 87.06% of people have noted that the culture of Shanghai cannot live without its language as it is used as a mechanism to bring people together and create a sense
1110:
A survey of students from the primary school in 2010 indicated that 52.3% of students believed
Mandarin is easier than Shanghainese for communication, and 47.6% of the students choose to speak Mandarin because it is a mandatory language at school. Furthermore, 68.3% of the students are more willing
5399:
that lacks marking for tense, person, case, number or gender. Similarly, there is no distinction for tense or person in verbs, with word order and particles generally expressing these grammatical characteristics. There are, however, three important derivational processes in Shanghainese. However,
937:
are still able to speak Shanghainese. Shanghainese is sometimes viewed as a tool to discriminate against immigrants. Migrants who move from other Chinese cities to Shanghai have little ability to speak Shanghainese. Among the migrant people, some believe Shanghainese represents the superiority of
6003:
Some disagreement exists as to how many formal aspect categories exist in Shanghainese, and a variety of different particles can express the same aspect, with individual usage often reflecting generational divisions. Some linguists identify as few as four or six, and others up to twelve specific
8109:
for use by native Shanghainese, or English–Shanghainese dictionaries, some of which also contained characters, for foreign missionaries to learn Shanghainese. A system of phonetic symbols similar to Chinese characters called "New Phonetic Character" were also developed by in the 19th century by
5763:
or indefiniteness of nouns. Certain determiners (a demonstrative pronoun or numeral classifier, for instance) can imply definite or indefinite qualities, as can word order. A noun absent any sort of determiner in the subject position is definite, whereas it is indefinite in the object position.
1114:
Much of the youth can no longer speak Shanghainese fluently because they had no chance to practice it at school. Also, they were unwilling to communicate with their parents in Shanghainese, which has accelerated its decline. The survey in 2010 indicated that 62.6% of primary school students use
1169:
into Shanghainese conversations is very common, at least for young people. Like most subdivisions of Chinese, it is easier for a local speaker to understand Mandarin than it is for a Mandarin speaker to understand the local language. It is also of note that Shanghainese, like other Northern Wu
953:
of 1978, Shanghainese has once again took in a large number of migrants. Due to the prominence of Standard Mandarin, learning Shanghainese was no longer necessary for migrants. However, Shanghainese remained a vital part of the city's culture and retained its prestige status within the local
1092:, efforts to establish a common language have been attempted many times. Therefore, the language issue has always been an important part of Beijing's rule. Other than the government language-management efforts, the rate of rural-to-urban migration in China has also accelerated the shift to
3321:
Phrasal tone sandhi in Shanghainese can be described as right-prominent and is characterized by a right syllable retaining its underlying tone and a left syllable receiving a mid-level tone based on the underlying tone's register. The table below indicates possible left syllable tones in
8131:
In the last decade or so, China has been highlighting Shanghai's TV landscape, experiencing a surge of new shows featuring famous Shanghainese actors, incorporating Shanghainese in the TV show dialogues, and simply offering the TV show in the Shanghainese dialect. Though the number of
5572:
Word compounding is also very common in Shanghainese, a fact observed as far back as Edkins (1868), and is the most productive method of creating new words. Many recent borrowings in Shanghainese originating from European languages are di- or polysyllabic.
7604:
are often used to write Shanghainese. Though there is no formal standardisations, there are characters recommended for use, mostly based on dictionaries. However, Shanghainese is often informally written using Shanghainese or even Standard Mandarin
3474:
Nouns and adjectives attached to nouns tend to start right-prominent sandhi chains, whereas left-prominent chains are triggered by verbs and adverbs. Grammatical particles cannot start chains of their own, but instead can be realised as a null tone
3744:
Shanghainese also has a multitude of loan words from European languages, due to Shanghai's status as a major port in China. Most of these terms come from English, though there are some from other languages such as French. Some terms, such as
991:, a native Shanghainese himself, reportedly supported her proposal. Shanghainese has been reintegrated into pre-kindergarten education, with education of native folk songs and rhymes, as well as a Shanghainese-only day on Fridays in the
986:
actress Ma Lili moved to "protect" the language, stating that she was one of the few remaining Shanghai opera actresses who still retained authentic classic Shanghainese pronunciation in their performances. Shanghai's former party boss
1119:
of community and warmth. Moreover, around half of the respondents stated that a Shanghainese citizen should be able to speak Shanghainese. More than 85% of all participants also believe that they help Shanghainese revitalization.
3101:
is a process whereby adjacent tones undergo dramatic alteration in connected speech. Similar to other Northern Wu dialects, Shanghainese is characterized by two forms of tone sandhi: a word tone sandhi and a phrasal tone sandhi.
3669:
Due to the large number of migrants into Shanghai, its lexicon is less noticeably Wu, though it still retains many defining features. However, many of these now lost features can be found in lects spoken in suburban Shanghai.
8114:. Since the 21st century, online dictionaries such as the Wu MiniDict and Wugniu have introduced their own Romanization schemes. Nowadays, the MiniDict and Wugniu Romanizations are the most commonly used standardized ones.
5608:) ("he says") can appear at the end of a sentence. This construction, which appears to be unique to Shanghainese, is commonly employed to project the speaker's differing expectation relative to the content of the phrase.
2953:, the dark tone category has three tones (dark rising and dark departing tones have merged into one tone), while the light category has two tones (the light level, rising and departing tones have merged into one tone).
3106:
The pattern is generally described as tone spreading (1, 5, 6, 7) or tone shifting (8, except for 4-syllable compounds, which can undergo spreading or shifting). The table below illustrates possible tone combinations.
5679:
Except for the limited derivational processes described above, Shanghainese nouns are isolating. There is no inflection for case or number, nor is there any overt gender marking. Although Shanghainese does lack overt
1079:
Today, around half the population of Shanghai can converse in Shanghainese, and a further quarter can understand it. Though the number of speakers has been declining, a large number of people want to preserve it.
2028:
Voiced stops are phonetically voiceless with slack voice phonation in stressed, word initial position. This phonation (often referred to as murmur) also occurs in zero onset syllables, syllables beginning with
2045:
Being a Wu language, Shanghainese has a large array of vowel sounds. The following is a list of all possible finals in Middle Period Shanghainese, as well as the Wugniu romanisation and example characters.
3063:(light-dark) split still exist in Shanghainese, as they do in most other Wu lects: light tones are only found with voiced initials, namely , while the dark tones are only found with voiceless initials.
933:, when migrants arrived in Shanghai and immersed themselves in the local tongue. Migrants from Shanghai also brought Shanghainese to many overseas Chinese communities. As of 2016, 83,400 people in
5533:
forms; adjectives so as to intensify or emphasize the associated description; and verbs to soften the degree of action. Below is an example of noun reduplication resulting in semantic alteration.
5411:
that Zhu (2006) identifies as a form of inflection since it forms new words out of pre-existing phrases. This type of inflection is a distinguishing characteristic of all Northern Wu dialects.
8612:
1020:"), the first ever Shanghainese novel. In June 2012, a new television program airing in Shanghainese was created. In 2013, buses in Shanghai started using Shanghainese broadcasts. In 2017,
3082:
rising, and then only in open syllables with voiceless initials. Therefore, many romanisations of Shanghainese opt to only mark the dark level tone, usually with a diacritic such as an
1386:
and finals. The initial occupies the first part of the syllable. The final occupies the second part of the syllable and can be divided further into an optional medial and an obligatory
11712:
15758:
15749:
11706:
8696:
13337:
10546:
8132:
Shanghainese/Shanghai based TV shows are still limited, progress is being made through the latest TV series that was just released. Below are a list of a few popular ones:
13882:
5585:
Older speakers of Shanghainese tend to place adverbs after the verb, but younger people, again under heavy influence from Mandarin, favor pre-verbal placement of adverbs.
3314:). However, the syllables in combination exhibit the light checked shifting pattern where the first-syllable light checked tone shifts to the last syllable in the domain:
1394:). Tone is also a feature of the syllable in Shanghainese. Syllabic tone, which is typical to the other Sinitic languages, has largely become verbal tone in Shanghainese.
1032:
in Shanghainese, being only the third Sinitic language to be supported, after Standard Mandarin and Cantonese. In 2018, the Japanese-Chinese animated anthology drama film
12923:
8634:
619:
504:
8117:
Protestant missionaries in the 1800s created the Shanghainese Phonetic Symbols to write Shanghainese phonetically. The symbols are a syllabary similar to the Japanese
13844:
10639:
11980:
14584:
13366:
8958:
11966:
14391:
14381:
12933:
5045:
Like other Sinitic languages, Shanghainese exhibits a difference between expected vernacular pronunciations, and literary pronunciations taken from the
762:
subgroup. With nearly 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is also the largest single form of Wu Chinese. Since the late 19th century it has served as the
12898:
8673:
14386:
14145:
13693:
12983:
8575:
7241:
There is some degree of flexibility concerning pronoun usage in Shanghainese. Older varieties of Shanghainese featured a different 1st person plural
974:, "Old Uncle") was broadcast from 1995 to 2007 and was popular among Shanghainese residents. Shanghainese programming has since slowly declined amid
10366:
Complete Shanghai syllabary with an index to Davis and Silsby's Shanghai vernacular dictionary and with the Mandarin pronunciation of each character
8963:
8839:
14300:
12968:
10352:
9623:
9443:
9293:
8408:
1148:
954:
population. In the 1990s, it was still common for local radio and television broadcasts to be in Shanghainese. For example, in 1995, the TV series
8795:
8602:
15143:
12852:
7449:) is used to transform ordinary declarative statements into yes/no questions. This is the most common way of forming questions in Shanghainese.
2037:. These consonants are true voiced in intervocalic position. Sonorants are also suggested to be glottalised in dark tones (i.e. tones 1, 5, 7).
11740:
12827:
11669:
8893:
1064:) was released. Its box office revenue was ¥260 million, and response was generally positive. Similarly, in December 2023, the TV show
12928:
12857:
12629:
10773:
9423:
7671:
Some of the time, nonstandard characters are used even when trying to use etymologically correct characters, due to compatibility (such as
8875:
8514:
14467:
13705:
12908:
1099:
As more people moved into Shanghai, the economic center of China, Shanghainese has been threatened despite it originally being a strong
13094:
13024:
11767:
11720:
2945:
Shanghainese has five phonetically distinguishable tones for single syllables said in isolation. These tones are illustrated below in
12867:
12692:
11730:
11639:
9636:
Richard VanNess Simmons 1999. Chinese Dialect Classification: A comparative approach to Harngjou, Old Jintarn, and Common Northern Wu
8704:
8547:
13669:
13657:
12813:
12697:
10427:
10255:
1402:
The following is a list of all initials in Middle Period Shanghainese, as well as the Wugniu romanisation and example characters.
16018:
13681:
13173:
12535:
12357:
3867:
14765:
11961:
11779:
11649:
11634:
9374:
8642:
6515:
aspect expresses the completion of an action before a specifically referenced timeframe, marked post-verbally by the particle
6122:
aspect expresses the result of an action which was begun before a specifically referenced timeframe, and is also indicated by
14004:
12903:
12540:
11725:
11604:
9667:
9408:
9162:
8773:
770:
region, but in recent decades its status has declined relative to Mandarin, which most Shanghainese speakers can also speak.
10236:
1345:) – spoken in the rest of the peripheral areas of the city center, namely southern Jiading and Baoshan, as well as northern
14815:
13029:
11940:
15136:
14657:
12112:
11557:
10953:
10576:滬語開路 = Conversational exercises in the Shanghai dialect / Hu yu kai lu = Conversational exercises in the Shanghai dialect
9424:
Zhu Yeyi; Wu Junjie; Lou Qiming; Zheng Xiaojun; Guo Yemin; Zhang Yaozu; Liu Zhenbing; He Yong; Jin Guoqiang (July 2006).
9107:
8463:
1969:
1861:
1725:
331:
10635:
10053:
Shen, Alice. "A Tough Construction of the Shanghainese 'Passive.'" PhD qualifying paper, University of Berkeley, pp.1–3.
960:
featured extensive Shanghainese dialogue; when it was broadcast outside Shanghai (mainly in adjacent Wu-speaking areas)
12107:
10716:
3078:(dependent on syllabic structure). With this analysis, Shanghainese has only a two-way phonemic tone contrast, falling
8821:
2825:
The transcriptions used above are broad and the following points are of note when pertaining to actual pronunciation:
12585:
12117:
11735:
11112:
10299:
10280:
9383:
5032:
901:
During the 1850s, the port of Shanghai was opened, and a large number of migrants entered the city. This led to many
861:
15345:
13008:
13003:
12381:
12167:
12102:
1929:
1800:
1202:) – what "Shanghainese" tends to refer to. Occupies the city centre of Shanghai, generally on the west bank of the
1115:
Mandarin as the first language at home, but only 17.3% of them use Shanghainese to communicate with their parents.
975:
17:
8857:
16013:
15870:
14737:
12963:
12362:
12194:
11624:
11619:
8106:
1833:
982:
Since 2005, movements have emerged to protect Shanghainese. At municipal legislative discussions in 2005, former
321:
9690:
initial of the more conservative Vernacular reading. This reading appears in the Shanghainese word 麻鳥 'sparrow'.
280:
15129:
13444:
13087:
12943:
12666:
12580:
12520:
12393:
12352:
12316:
9349:
9215:
8742:
5014:
3476:
2950:
579:
464:
360:
311:
11132:
9216:"Error bars for lexicostatistical estimates, with a case study comparing the diversity of Chinese and Romance"
9147:
Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2020)
15053:
14507:
12913:
12877:
12485:
12219:
12092:
11840:
11521:
10667:: Resources on Shanghai dialect including a Web site (in Japanese) that gives common phrases with sound files
5010:
3628:
In the previous example sentence we see an adjective, noun and pronoun starting sandhi chains, the particles
3435:
Sometimes meaning can change based on whether left-prominent or right-prominent sandhi is used. For example,
942:
595:
480:
376:
35:
12148:
8989:
8665:
5529:
to express various differences in meaning. Nouns, for example, can be reduplicated to express collective or
16023:
16008:
15998:
15928:
15875:
15531:
15112:
15023:
14547:
13034:
12988:
12938:
12847:
12138:
11654:
11577:
11541:
11455:
11055:
9030:
8275:
1901:
1847:
1711:
1206:. This can also be further divided into Old, Middle, and New Periods, as well as an emerging Newest Period.
8579:
7279:
in the usage of plural pronoun forms, as well as differences of pronunciation in the 1st person singular.
3468:
3464:
3460:
3446:
3429:
3425:
3411:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3277:
3263:
3259:
3067:
2934:
2930:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2705:
2693:
2675:
2659:
2637:
2632:
2616:
2602:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2522:
2510:
2505:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2425:
2411:
2399:
2382:
2370:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2327:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2137:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
16003:
15921:
15576:
15498:
15214:
15028:
14900:
14825:
14482:
12918:
12780:
12133:
11830:
10407:
Syllabary of the Shanghai vernacular: Prepared and published by the Shanghai Christian vernacular society
10307:
Language and Development of City: The Linguistic Triangle of English, Mandarin, and the Shanghai Dialect,
8953:
8843:
8466:[A Summary of the Study on Language Life and Attitude of Shanghai Residents]. Study in Language.
3653:
Note: Chinese characters for Shanghainese are not standardized and those chosen are those recommended in
2871:
is pronounced as after labials and alveolars, whereas it is after glottal and alveolo-palatal initials.
1878:
800:
2898:
Lips are not significantly rounded in rounded vowels, and not significantly unrounded in unrounded ones.
15070:
15043:
14920:
14832:
14579:
14559:
12973:
12948:
12242:
12143:
11956:
11855:
11664:
11644:
11552:
11107:
8799:
7596:
1538:
1524:
1248:
1089:
961:
11206:
8308:
6819:
6740:
6352:
6225:
1006:
During the 2010s, many achievements have been made to preserve Shanghainese. In 2011, Hu Baotan wrote
16028:
15821:
15268:
15189:
14622:
13320:
13080:
12953:
12555:
12071:
12054:
12029:
11897:
11835:
10584:
10566:
10552:
9726:
2022:
1915:
1181:
3900:
3895:
487:
471:
15902:
15505:
15318:
14996:
14981:
14971:
14685:
12998:
12958:
12872:
12575:
12550:
12415:
12311:
12301:
12257:
12039:
12019:
11760:
11659:
11526:
11511:
11359:
11349:
11034:
10982:
10948:
10846:
10531:
Introduction Lessons in the Shanghai dialect: in romanized and character, with key to pronunciation
8747:
7513:
5871:
1946:
305:
10411:
10389:
8897:
15896:
15682:
15566:
15008:
13247:
12993:
12803:
12398:
12347:
12306:
12066:
11920:
11790:
11681:
11614:
11470:
10963:
9142:
8111:
5988:
5407:
is very rare in all varieties of Chinese, there does exist in Shanghainese a morpho-phonological
5003:
1662:
1648:
1554:
950:
744:
15001:
14850:
12076:
11252:
1382:
Following conventions of Chinese syllable structure, Shanghainese syllables can be divided into
15942:
15935:
15715:
15649:
15152:
14942:
14785:
13383:
12775:
12267:
12204:
11825:
11691:
11506:
11501:
11440:
11364:
10709:
10570:
10284:
8879:
8522:
8098:
7053:
5582:
the direct object. Owing to Mandarin influence, Shanghainese usually follows the latter model.
1996:
1745:
1585:
1189:
Shanghainese as a branch of Northern Wu can be further subdivided. The details are as follows:
1038:
had a section set in Shanghai, with significant Shanghainese dialogue. In January 2019, singer
740:
177:
12012:
11159:
15988:
15885:
15835:
15391:
14937:
14860:
14574:
14552:
13307:
13140:
12639:
12624:
12475:
11686:
11496:
11460:
11435:
11404:
11321:
10930:
10746:
10346:
9880:
Han, Weifeng and Dingxu Shi (2014). "The Evolution of ɦi23kã34 ('he says') in Shanghainese."
9287:
5995:
system, expressed using various particles. This system has been argued to be a tense system.
2904:
are similar in pronunciation, differing slightly in lip rounding and height ( respectively).
1465:
1451:
804:
792:
732:
10475:
15697:
15543:
15489:
14705:
14673:
14502:
13627:
13122:
12252:
12184:
11930:
11795:
11696:
11629:
11609:
11562:
11465:
11445:
11379:
10805:
10763:
10756:
10658:
10588:
2895:
are often simply realised with a shortened vowel nucleus when they are not utterance-final.
2000:
1678:
1479:
1307:) – spoken in all other parts of Shanghai, which can be further divided into the following:
1127:
949:
as the official language of all of China, Shanghainese had started its decline. During the
748:
5338:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4372:
4341:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4279:
4270:
4071:
4066:
3830:
3809:
3791:
3778:
3725:
2946:
895:
383:
367:
8:
15993:
15880:
15470:
15297:
15228:
14949:
14915:
14750:
14717:
14564:
14492:
14409:
14250:
14245:
13999:
13809:
13315:
12978:
11935:
11582:
11567:
11491:
11232:
11102:
11050:
10977:
10874:
10859:
10800:
10751:
10741:
10736:
10214:
8561:
8280:
8243:
3752:
1826:
1820:
1768:
1754:
1696:
1622:
1606:
1592:
1000:
926:
767:
696:
627:
560:
512:
150:
104:
98:
10579:. Conversational exercises in the Shanghai dialect. Shanghai: Shanghai mei hua shu guan.
10433:
10405:
10383:
10251:
1052:, "Shanghai Ballad"). In December 2021, the Shanghainese-language romantic comedy movie
30:
This article is about the language of Shanghai. For related languages and dialects, see
15721:
15330:
15196:
15065:
14932:
14895:
14780:
14678:
14612:
14607:
14497:
14487:
14113:
14091:
13984:
13792:
13787:
13710:
13698:
13686:
13674:
13662:
13186:
12842:
12480:
12444:
12034:
12024:
11997:
11805:
11284:
11117:
10869:
9617:
9437:
9168:
9085:
9036:[2019 Shanghai Municipal Economics and Social Development Statistical Report].
9012:
8392:
8360:
8352:
7126:
6748:
In some cases, it is possible to combine two aspect markers into a larger verb phrase.
6004:
aspects. Zhu (2006) identifies six relatively uncontroversial aspects in Shanghainese.
5992:
5681:
5396:
1493:
1423:
1368:
1156:
234:
2908:
are also similar in pronunciation, differing slightly in vowel height ( respectively).
843:
799:
varieties. Shanghainese also has a low number of tones compared to other languages in
296:
15829:
15789:
15767:
15732:
15726:
15691:
15629:
15623:
15603:
15397:
15385:
15368:
15276:
15222:
15202:
14976:
14966:
14845:
14810:
14665:
14617:
14569:
14336:
14189:
14123:
13979:
13964:
13635:
13612:
13566:
13491:
13417:
13297:
13265:
13219:
13158:
13148:
13113:
13061:
12882:
12656:
12432:
12049:
12002:
11925:
11850:
11294:
11154:
11149:
10854:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10815:
10790:
10702:
10295:
10276:
9663:
9404:
9379:
9345:
9237:
9172:
9158:
9089:
8474:
8437:
8423:
8402:
8364:
8344:
7601:
7134:
5984:
5392:
5292:
These readings must be distinguished in vocabulary. Take for instance the following.
1961:
1511:
1438:
1428:
1323:) – spoken in all parts of the east bank of the Huangpu River, taking up most of the
1066:
930:
887:
182:
9016:
8303:
3066:
The checked tones are shorter, and describe those rimes which end in a glottal stop
327:
15850:
15810:
15780:
15754:
15704:
15662:
15571:
15548:
15441:
15421:
15378:
15303:
15166:
15082:
14602:
14477:
14341:
14331:
14316:
14262:
14184:
14135:
14096:
14045:
13959:
13911:
13895:
13775:
13735:
13730:
13617:
13571:
13517:
13512:
13502:
13496:
13325:
13270:
13255:
13131:
13103:
13039:
12862:
12808:
12770:
12601:
12337:
12296:
12153:
12097:
11531:
11516:
11419:
11339:
11070:
10938:
10905:
10890:
10864:
10840:
10820:
10622:(2 ed.). Printed at the American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1913. p. 593
10333:
9227:
9150:
9108:"Study of Attitudes to Shanghai Dialect and Mandarin in Shanghai Elementary School"
9075:
9004:
8394:
8334:
8263:
7130:
6833:
5057:
5046:
1992:
1702:
1517:
1418:
1413:
1288:
1264:
1093:
1034:
946:
922:
914:
752:
656:
413:
187:
15428:
10469:
8769:
2832:
is enunciated with any part of the tongue, and is therefore in free variation as .
929:
region. It underwent sustained growth that reached a peak in the 1930s during the
15842:
15796:
15655:
15537:
15476:
15310:
15257:
15248:
15234:
15033:
15013:
14910:
14870:
14855:
14594:
14444:
14434:
14414:
14371:
14366:
14232:
14196:
14179:
14169:
14108:
13926:
13862:
13804:
13752:
13747:
13649:
13545:
13540:
13449:
13396:
13391:
13371:
13356:
13351:
13292:
13287:
13277:
13260:
13232:
13204:
13181:
12746:
12687:
12644:
12504:
12342:
12262:
11820:
11599:
11369:
10920:
10915:
10895:
10810:
10795:
10617:
10607:
10574:
10556:
10529:
10510:
10491:
10450:
10364:
10228:
9365:
8235:
8123:
system. The system has not been used and is only seen in a few historical books.
7052:). This construction is superficially similar to by-phrases in English, and only
5061:
5053:
3741:), which according to some linguists, is sufficient ground to classify it as Wu.
2923:
1433:
1175:
1171:
169:
9824:
Han, Weifeng and Dingxu Shi (2016). "Topic and Left Periphery in Shanghainese."
9154:
7616:
5368:
5357:
5350:
5331:
5319:
5312:
4932:
4923:
4910:
4905:
4892:
4887:
4874:
4869:
4856:
4840:
4832:
4816:
4811:
4791:
4773:
4750:
4738:
4709:
4688:
4671:
4659:
4627:
4609:
4592:
4580:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4514:
4509:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4468:
4464:
4451:
4447:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4385:
4359:
4354:
4337:
4276:
4267:
4250:
4241:
4228:
4189:
4184:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4053:
4048:
4035:
4030:
4017:
4012:
3968:
3942:
3913:
3848:
3843:
3817:
3814:
3796:
3720:
3710:
3695:
3690:
602:
586:
15912:
15890:
15804:
15773:
15709:
15669:
15643:
15617:
15594:
15517:
15463:
15435:
15404:
15282:
15208:
15087:
15077:
15048:
15038:
14755:
14727:
14439:
14424:
14326:
14277:
14272:
14257:
14201:
14140:
14022:
13994:
13974:
13921:
13890:
13867:
13857:
13852:
13814:
13797:
13742:
13607:
13589:
13507:
13481:
13422:
13342:
13330:
13282:
13237:
13227:
13153:
12709:
12704:
12661:
12649:
12634:
12403:
12321:
12237:
12199:
12044:
12007:
11755:
11414:
11384:
11311:
11306:
11060:
11029:
10565:
9756:
Quian, Nairon and Zhongwei Shen (1991). "The Changes in the Shanghai Dialect."
8607:
8268:
8258:
7373:). This pronunciation is a glottalised lenition of the expected pronunciation,
7262:
5991:
to express tense or person. However, the language does have a richly developed
3290:, "foolish") have the following underlying phonemic and tonal representations:
2920:
1383:
1166:
1152:
983:
918:
906:
879:
831:
227:
14458:
11211:
10689:
10685:
10676:
IAPSD | International Association for Preservation of the Shanghainese Dialect
10664:
10338:
10321:
9080:
9063:
8339:
8322:
5694:), when suffixed to a human denoting noun, can indicate a collective meaning.
15982:
15636:
15558:
15324:
15289:
15241:
14888:
14700:
14695:
14267:
14211:
14206:
14174:
14161:
14037:
13989:
13916:
13872:
13762:
13599:
13522:
13361:
13209:
13196:
12756:
12741:
12721:
12716:
12682:
12606:
12189:
11885:
11316:
11191:
10958:
10452:
Useful phrases in the Shanghai dialect: With index-vocabulary and other helps
9369:
9241:
8478:
8441:
8348:
8102:
7039:
5526:
5049:
3618:/ŋu˩˩˧ {ɦoŋ˩˩˧꜖ ŋe˩˩˦꜓ səʔ˦꜕} ɦəʔ꜖ {di˩˩˧꜖ ɦo˩˩˧꜓} ʑin˩˩˧꜖ vəʔ˩˨꜓ tɔ˧˧˦꜖ ləʔ/
2926:
1387:
1203:
1039:
796:
763:
273:
15971:
indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
11169:
8082:
15610:
15526:
15482:
15411:
14760:
14710:
14086:
13969:
13942:
13486:
12736:
12731:
12214:
12209:
12061:
11810:
11800:
11745:
11475:
11409:
11269:
11264:
11247:
11164:
10681:
9655:
8825:
8090:
5760:
5400:
some analyses do suggest that one can analyse Shanghainese to have tenses.
4961:) tone marked with acute accent, with dashes showing left prominent sandhi.
3087:
3083:
3059:
1569:
1096:
and the disappearance of native languages and dialects in the urban areas.
1054:
996:
988:
883:
663:
420:
9533:
9143:"Effects of Ways of Communication on the Preservation of Shanghai Dialect"
9008:
8911:
6493:
6420:
5846:
5797:
5506:
4935:
4926:
4721:
4700:
4639:
4621:
3467:(i.e., with left-prominent sandhi) means "fried noodles". When pronounced
15956:
15171:
14905:
14879:
14775:
14745:
14722:
14690:
14429:
14419:
14223:
14118:
14103:
14066:
14014:
13835:
13826:
13722:
13561:
13436:
13163:
12798:
12765:
12751:
12726:
12427:
11915:
11892:
11870:
11815:
11572:
11450:
11394:
11242:
11237:
11144:
9742:
Tenses and Aspects? Old Shanghainese as Found in the Book Huyu Bian Shang
9686:
gives the Middle Chinese reading of 鳥 as 都了切, readily accounting for the
9232:
5408:
3098:
1140:
1021:
956:
835:
15121:
10432:(2 ed.). The London Missionary Society. p. 113. Archived from
8356:
3054:
Numbers in this table are those used by the Wugniu romanisation scheme.
1170:
languages, is not mutually intelligible with Southern Wu languages like
1135:
Shanghainese macroscopically is spoken in Shanghai and parts of eastern
14321:
14295:
14061:
14027:
13532:
13459:
11845:
11587:
11354:
11344:
11289:
11181:
10294:. LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics 66, LINCOM Europa, Munich, 2006.
10273:
Shanghai dialect: an introduction to speaking the contemporary language
10169:
Sentence final particles in Shanghainese: Navigating the left periphery
9031:"2019 nián Shànghǎi Shì guómín jīngjì hé shèhuì fāzhǎn tǒngjì gōngbào"
8939:
8861:
8253:
8094:
6010:
aspect expresses a continuous action. It is indicated by the particles
5530:
5404:
5017: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2030:
1445:
1144:
1104:
874:
The speech of Shanghai had long been influenced by those spoken around
728:
677:
541:
192:
31:
9267:
8105:. Usage of this romanization system was mainly confined to translated
7665:
7651:
7623:
7620:
7133:. Owing to its isolating grammatical structure, Shanghainese is not a
4853:
4837:
4829:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4706:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4685:
4668:
4665:
4656:
4653:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4472:
4460:
4455:
4443:
4430:
4324:
4319:
4254:
4245:
4215:
4202:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4115:
4110:
3999:
3986:
3981:
3955:
3929:
3916:
3734:
3705:
15949:
15590:
15355:
15162:
14770:
14521:
14512:
14240:
14130:
13782:
13770:
13581:
13412:
11880:
11875:
11389:
11374:
11274:
10661:: Audio lessons with accompanying dialogue and vocabulary study tools
10403:
10385:
A grammar of colloquial Chinese: as exhibited in the Shanghai dialect
7606:
7276:
7266:
3659:. IPA transcription is for the Middle Period of modern Shanghainese (
3075:
2034:
2018:
2011:
2007:
1284:
934:
910:
789:
778:
434:
289:
259:
247:
10319:
9064:"A Survey of Shanghainese Dialect: Its Current Situation and Future"
8925:
4992:
3751:, have even entered mainstream and other Sinitic languages, such as
15060:
14646:
14287:
13468:
13072:
12247:
11399:
11279:
11196:
11122:
11005:
10998:
10943:
10725:
8229:
7269:
1st person plural pronoun, Hashimoto (1971) disagrees, identifying
1147:. Some linguists group Shanghainese with nearby varieties, such as
1100:
1017:
902:
759:
736:
441:
339:
197:
136:
15092:
10362:
3266:. However, when pronounced in combination, the dark level tone of
15451:
14959:
14639:
14526:
14355:
13951:
9789:
Chao, Yuen Ren (1967). "Contrastive Aspects of the Wu Dialects."
5926:
Classifiers can be reduplicated to mean "all" or "every", as in:
2003:
1346:
1292:
1280:
1244:
1136:
1131:
Map of Wu subgroups. The Shanghainese branch shown in blue-green.
875:
782:
781:, with around twenty unique vowel qualities, twelve of which are
335:
140:
10593:(revised ed.). Printed at the Commercial Press. p. 174
9846:
Pan, Wuyun, et al (1991). "An Introduction to the Wu Dialects."
9258:. Hong Kong Baptist University. Dialectologia 3, 2009, p. 53-72.
8393:
Bacon-Shone, J., K. Bolton, S.L. Lee and G. Bacon-Shone (2021).
5759:
There are no articles in Shanghainese, and thus, no marking for
3471:(i.e., with right-prominent sandhi), it means "to fry noodles".
15364:
15179:
15018:
14820:
12176:
11023:
10910:
10900:
10561:. Shanghai: Printed at the American Presbyterian mission press.
10258:
from the original on May 13, 2016 – via Internet Archive.
8697:"Word Wizard: The Man Bringing Shanghainese Back to the People"
8429:[Should Education Reform Listen to "Layman's" Advice].
8248:
3276:) spreads over the compound resulting in the following pattern
2015:
1894:
1789:
1641:
1324:
1025:
786:
10455:(2 ed.). American Presbyterian mission press. p. 113
7282:
Reflexive pronouns are formed by the addition of the particle
3640:
being incorporated into other sandhi chains, and the particle
15360:
15175:
14531:
11186:
11127:
10547:
Pott, F. L. Hawks (Francis Lister Hawks), 1864–1947 | The ...
3326:
Possible Left Syllable Tone Values in Right-Prominent Sandhi
891:
774:
115:
6185:
12229:
10694:
9499:
Lund University, Department of Linguistics, Working Papers,
8119:
6801:
6722:
6334:
4975:
Commonly substituted with 伐 due to computer support issues.
3240:
As an example, in isolation, the two syllables of the word
1029:
743:. Shanghainese, like the rest of the Wu language group, is
739:
and its surrounding areas. It is classified as part of the
126:
10079:
10077:
10075:
338:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10670:
10644:
10605:
10583:
10551:
9981:
Hashimoto, Mantaro J. "A Guide to the Shanghai Dialect."
9858:
9856:
7353:
Possessive pronouns are formed via the pronominal suffix
4982:
446:
10675:
7532:
7386:
degree of comparison or other changes in meaning. Thus:
1159:
with Standard Mandarin, into a branch known as Suhujia (
691:
555:
85:
65:
10072:
9603:
8990:"Language Management in the People's Republic of China"
4955:
Based on wugniu.com online lookup service. Dark level (
3615:
ngu {ghon- nge- seq-} gheq {di- gho} zhin- veq- tau leq
10489:
9853:
9746:. Shanghai: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
8515:"Is Shanghai's Local Dialect, and Culture, in Crisis?"
8380:
The Chinese Mosaic: The Peoples and Provinces of China
3665:), pronunciation of those between 20 and 60 years old.
3280:. Similarly, the syllables in a common expression for
1076:) aired with the primary language being Shanghainese.
10619:
An English-Chinese vocabulary of the Shanghai dialect
9214:
Maxwell, Alexander; McMillan, Louise (May 23, 2024).
7125:
Personal pronouns in Shanghainese do not distinguish
668:
425:
10512:
Introduction to the study of the Shanghai vernacular
10091:
10089:
8225:
6594:
5367:
Some terms mix the two pronunciation types, such as
1367:) – spoken in the rest of Shanghai. Named after the
10388:(2 ed.). Presbyterian mission press. pp.
10508:
10369:. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 150
10065:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10040:
10038:
10028:
10026:
10024:
10014:
10012:
9993:
9991:
9956:
9954:
9952:
9915:
9913:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9713:
9711:
9709:
9364:
9256:Loan words vs. code mixing in the Shanghai Dialect
8422:
7038:Shen (2016) argues for the existence of a type of
6816:The homework will have been completed before long.
6288:, likely through lenition and Mandarin influence.
10680:Recordings of Shanghainese are available through
10515:. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 53
10493:Shanghai dialect in 4 weeks: with map of Shanghai
10425:
10326:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
10086:
9804:A Grammar of Colloquial Chinese, Shanghai Dialect
8635:"Shanghai Struggles to Save Disappearing Dialect"
8327:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6222:Acquire the skill and take advantage of it later.
2818:only have this final in colloquial pronunciation.
999:, linguist and head of the Chinese Department at
905:from both the West and the East, especially from
773:Like other Wu varieties, Shanghainese is rich in
15980:
10636:Shanghai steps up efforts to save local language
10448:
10410:. American Presbyterian mission press. pp.
9268:Hu Baohua; Tang Zhenzhu; Chen Zhongmin (1993). "
8542:
8540:
7527:
7517:
7440:
7420:
7412:
7403:
7392:
7364:
7354:
7283:
7270:
7252:
7242:
7043:
7019:
7009:
6992:
6975:
6965:
6948:
6931:
6914:
6897:
6887:
6870:
6860:
6850:
6629:
6516:
6444:
6365:
6283:
6282:is seen as dated and younger speakers often use
6277:
6267:
6257:
6247:
6237:
6143:
6133:
6123:
6031:
6021:
6011:
5685:
5599:
5589:
5425:) can be used to change an adjective to a noun.
5416:
5378:
5372:
3746:
3660:
3450:
3436:
3415:
3401:
3281:
3267:
3241:
3034:
3008:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2813:
2807:
2798:only has this final in colloquial pronunciation.
2793:
2787:
2778:only has this final in colloquial pronunciation.
2773:
2764:only has this final in colloquial pronunciation.
2759:
2745:
2731:
2710:
2698:
2680:
2664:
2642:
2621:
2607:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2527:
2515:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2430:
2416:
2404:
2387:
2375:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
1975:
1952:
1935:
1921:
1907:
1884:
1867:
1853:
1839:
1806:
1774:
1760:
1731:
1717:
1684:
1668:
1654:
1628:
1612:
1598:
1575:
1560:
1544:
1530:
1499:
1485:
1471:
1457:
1221:
758:Shanghainese belongs to a separate group of the
10056:
10035:
10021:
10009:
9988:
9949:
9910:
9896:
9848:Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series
9763:
9758:Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series
9706:
9213:
8983:
8981:
8320:
7460:
6649:
2929:are all merged in Shanghainese. Middle Chinese
1139:, and constitutes the Shanghai subranch of the
15820:
15267:
10404:Shanghai Christian vernacular society (1891).
8603:"Stopping the Local Dialect Becoming Derelict"
8560:(in Chinese). October 17, 2005. Archived from
8473:(in Simplified Chinese) (24). Wuhan: 105–106.
7234:Younger speakers tend to pronounce this as wu.
6684:
6536:
6051:
5619:
3497:
2750:only has this final in literary pronunciation.
2736:only has this final in literary pronunciation.
1210:The following are often collectively known as
15137:
13088:
10710:
10467:
10429:Collection Of Phrases In The Shanghai Dialect
10381:
10320:Chen, Yiya & Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015).
9735:
9728:
9648:
9606:
9587:
9426:
9276:
9269:
9197:
8537:
7692:
7678:
7672:
7655:
7627:
7610:
4956:
3654:
1362:
1340:
1318:
1302:
1274:
1258:
1238:
1215:
1197:
1160:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1011:
969:
600:
584:
485:
469:
381:
365:
78:
72:
58:
52:
15681:
14887:
10527:
10351:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9622:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9584:
9442:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9292:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8978:
8743:"Shanghainese Welcome Bid to Revive Dialect"
8407:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7265:. While Zhu (2006) asserts that there is no
6617:1S to sea-inside go swim swim-EXP five-times
10363:John A. Silsby, Darrell Haug Davis (1907).
9806:. Presbyterian Mission Press, 1868, pp.114.
9342:Tone Sandhi Patters Across Chinese Dialects
8842:. Unwire.hk. March 11, 2017. Archived from
8500:Chinese Knowledge page of Lao Niang Jiu 老娘舅
7500:
3859:
2025:initials are also present in Shanghainese.
1042:released the first Shanghainese pop record
803:and has a system of tone sandhi similar to
15144:
15130:
15108:
14878:
13095:
13081:
10717:
10703:
10171:. Master thesis, Purdue University, pp.15.
9484:
9482:
9480:
7277:generational and geographical distinctions
7042:in Shanghainese, governed by the particle
6152:), except that these occur post-verbally.
6064:
3057:The conditioning factors which led to the
15151:
10337:
9968:
9966:
9534:"Shanghai Dialect Tones and Pitch Accent"
9497:Svantesson, Jan-Olof. "Shanghai Vowels,"
9231:
9079:
8725:
8666:"That Ain't Shanghainese You're Speaking"
8338:
7559:
7056:verbs can occur in this form of passive.
6781:
6614:ngu tau he-li chi yeu-yon yeu-ku ng-thaon
6321:
5729:
5654:
5482:
5033:Learn how and when to remove this message
3572:
3527:
3250:) are pronounced with a dark level tone (
862:Learn how and when to remove this message
125:Shanghainese proper traditionally in the
12814:Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge
9512:Studies in Dialects in the Shanghai Area
8798:. 东广新闻台. August 16, 2017. Archived from
8382:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. p. 149.
8321:Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015).
8081:
7251:), whereas younger speakers tend to use
6620:I have swum the sea five times (so far).
3232:22 (˨˨) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3210:33 (˧˧) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3190:22 (˨˨) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3170:33 (˧˧) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3150:55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
1180:
1126:
14803:
10474:. Presbyterian mission press. pp.
10287:. (An introductory course in 29 units).
10249:
10239:from the original on December 20, 2014.
9477:
9194:
9061:
8987:
8512:
8436:(in Simplified Chinese) (4): 16. 2008.
8093:of Shanghainese was first developed by
6708:
6219:skill learn RES future {take advantage}
5987:and as such do not undergo any sort of
5518:this CL disgusting deu-sy NEG mention P
1263:) – spoken in the southwestern ends of
964:were added. The Shanghainese TV series
332:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
15981:
10357:, with supplementary sound recordings.
10198:
9963:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9101:
9099:
8776:from the original on November 23, 2020
8615:from the original on February 12, 2017
6731:non zhieu gnian yi tsu gho-chi hau-leq
6638:), and expresses a continuous action.
6216:pen-sy ghoq laq-he cián-le pha-yon-zan
4983:Literary and vernacular pronunciations
3621:1SG red POS phone find -NEG -POT -PRES
3589:
3074:distinction and the checked tones are
695:
626:
559:
511:
103:
97:
27:Wu Chinese language spoken in Shanghai
15125:
13076:
10698:
10496:. Chi Ming Book Co.press. p. 125
10250:Lodwick, Kathleen L. (May 10, 1868).
8377:
7664:) rather than the standard character
7484:
6099:
5716:
4971:
4969:
4967:
3606:
2915:is pronounced before rounded vowels.
13102:
12924:International Business and Economics
10471:A vocabulary of the Shanghai dialect
9654:
9339:
8896:. 新浪科技. June 6, 2017. Archived from
7686:
7619:in Standard Chinese, may be written
6798:
6490:
6396:
5598:) (he/she/it) or the derived phrase
5015:adding citations to reliable sources
4986:
2959:with Middle Chinese Classifications
814:
9398:
9378:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 64–66.
9375:The Sounds of the World's Languages
9324:
9309:
9140:
9096:
8740:
8694:
8676:from the original on March 28, 2012
8641:. November 22, 2010. Archived from
8600:
7116:The biscuits were eaten by someone.
5515:geq -tson áon-sé deu-sy veq- de leq
4569:tau aq-la oq-li-shian le beq-shian
2853:are often lowered to , whereas the
979:the expense of the local language.
945:'s government imposed and promoted
898:all influenced early Shanghainese.
785:. Similarly, Shanghainese also has
130:
24:
10606:Francis Lister Hawks Pott (1924).
10313:
9149:. Atlantis Press. pp. 56–59.
8663:
8461:
7677:) or pronunciation shift (such as
7656:
7628:
7611:
6818:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6739:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6628:aspect is marked post-verbally by
6439:Qian (1997) identifies a separate
6364:aspect, indicated by the particle
6351:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
6224:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
5896:
5588:The third person singular pronoun
5447:
4964:
3110:Left-Prominent Sandhi Tone Values
1291:, as well as the eastern parts of
795:, which is rare outside of Wu and
25:
16040:
11846:Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve
11670:Waterworks Science and Technology
10944:Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone
10652:
9662:. Shanghai: 上海人民出版社. p. 70.
8966:from the original on May 19, 2023
8664:Ap, Tiffany (November 18, 2010).
7691:Correct orthography according to
7636:) in Shanghainese; and "yellow" (
7434:
7110:pin-kóe peq gnin-ká chiq-theq-leq
6827:
6794:
6737:Please let him continue to do it.
6486:
2957:Five Shanghainese Citation Tones
2933:rimes have become glottal stops,
1968:
1945:
1928:
1914:
1900:
1877:
1860:
1846:
1832:
1799:
1767:
1753:
1724:
1710:
1677:
1661:
1647:
1621:
1605:
1591:
1568:
1553:
1537:
1523:
1492:
1478:
1464:
1450:
1122:
15344:
15107:
14585:Literary and colloquial readings
14457:
13057:
13056:
10659:Shanghainese audio lesson series
10243:
10221:
10207:
10192:
10183:
10174:
10161:
10152:
10143:
10134:
10125:
10116:
10107:
10098:
9604:Xu Baohua; Tang Zhenzhu (1988).
9141:Zuo, Xinyi (December 16, 2020).
9105:
8228:
7866:Mandarin-influenced orthography
7228:
6443:aspect, marked post-verbally by
4991:
3229:22 (˨˨) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3207:33 (˧˧) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3187:22 (˨˨) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3167:33 (˧˧) 55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3147:55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
2951:Middle Chinese tone designations
819:
12195:Shanghai World Financial Center
11713:Party's First National Congress
10609:Lessons in the Shanghai dialect
10590:Lessons in the Shanghai dialect
10558:Lessons in the Shanghai dialect
10490:Charles Ho, George Foe (1940).
10201:Grammar of the Shanghai Dialect
10047:
10000:
9975:
9940:
9931:
9922:
9887:
9874:
9865:
9840:
9831:
9818:
9809:
9796:
9783:
9750:
9720:
9693:
9676:
9639:
9630:
9597:
9578:
9569:
9560:
9551:
9526:
9517:
9504:
9491:
9468:
9459:
9450:
9417:
9392:
9358:
9333:
9300:
9261:
9248:
9207:
9188:
9179:
9134:
9125:
9062:Gui, Tianao; Zhou, Yan (2021).
9055:
9023:
8946:
8932:
8918:
8904:
8886:
8868:
8850:
8832:
8814:
8788:
8762:
8734:
8719:
8688:
8657:
8627:
8594:
8568:
8548:"Shān'ào zhōng de Shànghǎihuà"
8101:in the 19th century, including
7101:
5379:
5373:
5002:needs additional citations for
4949:
3747:
3661:
3483:) or be part of another chain.
3451:
3437:
3416:
3402:
3282:
3268:
3242:
3227:11 (˩˩) 22 (˨˨) 22 (˨˨) 23 (˨˧)
3035:
3009:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2711:
2699:
2681:
2665:
2643:
2622:
2608:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2528:
2516:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2431:
2417:
2405:
2388:
2376:
2362:
2350:
2338:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2033:, and syllables beginning with
1976:
1953:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1885:
1868:
1854:
1840:
1807:
1775:
1761:
1732:
1718:
1685:
1669:
1655:
1629:
1613:
1599:
1576:
1561:
1545:
1531:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1222:
844:check for citation inaccuracies
692:
556:
447:
16019:Languages of the United States
12899:East Political Science and Law
12667:Shanghai Public Transport Card
11768:People's Heroes Memorial Tower
10309:Trinity College, 2011-present.
9826:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
9427:
9344:. Cambridge University Press.
9277:
9270:
9198:
8601:Jia, Feishang (May 13, 2011).
8506:
8492:
8455:
8415:
8386:
8371:
8314:
8297:
7858:sa-gnin laq-he kaon ghe-gho {}
7693:
7679:
7673:
7642:
7275:as being inclusive. There are
6832:There is no overt marking for
5865:
3480:
3093:
2888:, resulting in one fewer rime.
1363:
1341:
1319:
1303:
1275:
1259:
1239:
1216:
1198:
1161:
1060:
1048:
1012:
970:
669:
601:
585:
486:
470:
426:
382:
366:
79:
73:
59:
53:
13:
1:
11841:Dongping National Forest Park
10959:Yangshan Free Trade Port Area
10233:oldchinesebooks.wordpress.com
9514:. Lincom Europa, 2003, p. 74.
9403:. Lincom Europa. p. 12.
8997:Linguistic Society of America
8286:
8204:Once Upon a Time in Shanghai
8068:sā níng la hài gāng hài wū {}
7380:
6734:2S even let 3S do DUR good-PF
6349:The clothes have been bought.
6040:), which occur pre-verbally.
5870:Shanghainese boasts numerous
5576:
5521:Forget that disgusting thing!
4601:da-seu-ké laq-laq gha-li-taq
3647:
3624:"I cannot find my red phone."
3400:For instance, when combined,
1279:) – spoken in the islands of
36:Shanghainese (disambiguation)
15113:List of varieties of Chinese
11056:List of people from Shanghai
10724:
10324:. Illustrations of the IPA.
9837:Quian and Shen 1991, pp.416.
8291:
8276:List of varieties of Chinese
7533:
6813:homework do PFV {IMM.FUT PF}
6508:The movie is soon to finish.
6435:It's going to rain tomorrow.
4524:Come to our house and play.
3463:, "noodle") when pronounced
1959:
1891:
1818:
1786:
1742:
1694:
1638:
1582:
1509:
1443:
1377:
741:Sino-Tibetan language family
135:varieties spoken throughout
86:
66:
7:
12853:East Science and Technology
10509:John Alfred Silsby (1911).
9523:Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 15-23
9399:Zhu, Xiaonong Sean (1999).
9155:10.2991/assehr.k.201214.465
9068:Journal of Student Research
8741:Yan, Alice (July 8, 2012).
8695:You, Tracy (June 3, 2010).
8513:Zat Liu (August 20, 2010).
8221:
8126:
8062:Characters: 撒 寧 啦 嗨 剛 嗨 烏 ？
7507:
7120:
7113:biscuit by someone eat-PERF
5812:The old lady is coming out.
3322:right-prominent compounds.
1397:
1088:Due to the large number of
10:
16045:
15071:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
12243:Shimao International Plaza
11133:Jinshanzui Fishing Village
10954:Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone
10684:, including talking about
10426:Rev.John Macgowan (1868).
10265:
10229:"December – 2012 – SERICA"
9983:Princeton University Press
9465:Chen and Gussenhoven 2015.
8796:"上海将加大沪语报站覆盖率 站距超300米三语报站"
8772:. 车讯网. September 6, 2013.
8576:"幼儿园小孩要学上海话 "乡土文化"正式被纳入课程"
8462:Li, Hanfei (August 2016).
7597:Romanization of Wu Chinese
7594:
7590:
7528:
7526:), "to not have", whereas
7518:
7441:
7421:
7413:
7404:
7393:
7365:
7355:
7349:He can only blame himself.
7284:
7271:
7253:
7243:
7044:
7020:
7010:
6993:
6976:
6966:
6949:
6932:
6915:
6898:
6888:
6871:
6861:
6851:
6630:
6517:
6445:
6366:
6284:
6278:
6268:
6258:
6248:
6238:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6032:
6022:
6012:
5686:
5600:
5590:
5417:
5386:
4803:ngu lau huóe-shi non gheq
4727:non ín-ven kaon-teq le va
3612:我 {紅 顏 色} 個 {電 話} 尋 勿 到 了。
2054:
1991:Shanghainese has a set of
1243:) – spoken in the most of
943:People's Republic of China
810:
29:
15966:
15911:
15863:
15748:
15589:
15557:
15515:
15450:
15353:
15342:
15160:
15105:
14989:
14958:
14869:
14794:
14736:
14656:
14631:
14593:
14540:
14466:
14455:
14402:
14354:
14309:
14286:
14231:
14222:
14160:
14079:
14054:
14036:
14013:
13950:
13941:
13904:
13881:
13843:
13834:
13825:
13761:
13721:
13648:
13626:
13598:
13580:
13554:
13531:
13467:
13458:
13435:
13405:
13382:
13306:
13246:
13218:
13195:
13172:
13139:
13130:
13121:
13110:
13052:
13017:
12969:Political Science and Law
12891:
12835:
12826:
12791:
12675:
12617:
12594:
12566:
12528:
12519:
12494:
12468:
12459:
12371:
12330:
12289:
12280:
12228:
12175:
12166:
12126:
12085:
11990:
11979:
11949:
11908:
11778:
11540:
11484:
11428:
11390:Longemont Shopping Centre
11332:
11222:
11092:
11083:
11043:
11015:
10990:
10976:
10929:
10883:
10783:
10772:
10732:
10585:Francis Lister Hawks Pott
10567:Francis Lister Hawks Pott
10553:Francis Lister Hawks Pott
10449:Gilbert McIntosh (1908).
10339:10.1017/S0025100315000043
10104:Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 418
9893:Han and Shi 2014, pp.480.
9736:
9729:
9607:
9588:
9340:Chen, Matthew Y. (2000).
9081:10.47611/jsrhs.v10i2.1505
8988:Spolsky, Bernard (2014).
8395:"Hong Kong Language Maps"
8340:10.1017/S0025100315000043
7637:
7261:), which originates from
7210:
7202:
7199:
7191:
7177:
7167:
7159:
7156:
7148:
6114:Is he doing his homework?
5998:
5967:
5960:
5670:Unexpectedly, he says no.
5667:3S {he says} say NEG-good
5664:yi {yi kaon} kaon veq-hau
4957:
4852:
4429:
4422:ci-di, tú-sau tsau-phiau
4384:
4371:
4336:
4311:gha-li-taq, sa(-)di-faon
4227:
4214:
4201:
4144:
4127:
3998:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3912:
3868:Shanghainese Swadesh list
3829:
3777:
3655:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3254:) and dark checked tone (
3044:
3024:
2051:
2040:
1960:
1819:
1695:
1510:
1444:
1410:
1083:
1072:
886:. Suzhounese literature,
709:
683:
676:
662:
655:
650:
646:
638:
634:
614:
610:
594:
578:
573:
547:
540:
535:
531:
523:
519:
499:
495:
479:
463:
458:
440:
433:
419:
412:
407:
403:
395:
391:
375:
359:
355:
350:
318:
304:
287:
271:
257:
245:
240:
224:
166:
156:
146:
121:
111:
93:
50:
45:
12416:Tour of Chongming Island
12258:Shanghai Wheelock Square
12149:Jiading Confucian Temple
11867:Ancient Chinese gardens
11141:European-style boroughs
11113:International Settlement
10949:Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
10847:Shanghai Free-Trade Zone
10575:
10292:A Grammar of Shanghai Wu
10275:. Dunwoody Press, 1993.
10215:"New Phonetic Character"
10167:Myers, Ethan C. (2015).
9882:Language and Linguistics
9871:Han and Shi 2016, pp.51.
9701:A Grammar of Shanghai Wu
9566:Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 25
9557:Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 24
9474:Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 8.
9327:A Grammar of Shanghai Wu
9185:Gui and Zhou 2021, p. 7.
9040:
9032:
8912:"《肆式青春》今日公映 五大看点谱写中国式青春"
8824:. 蘋果管放網頁. Archived from
8748:South China Morning Post
8557:
8549:
8470:
8433:
8424:
7852:Characters: 啥人 辣海 講 閒話 ？
7609:. For instance "lemon" (
7346:he {can only} blame self
6810:kón-khu tsu hau khua-leq
6505:movie finish {IMM.FUT P}
6429:min-tsáu iau loq-yu gheq
6360:Zhu (2006) identifies a
6236:aspect can be marked by
5978:
5674:
3892:Shanghainese (language)
3860:Common words and phrases
3224:11 (˩˩) 22 (˨˨) 23 (˨˧)
3204:33 (˧˧) 55 (˥˥) 21 (˨˩)
3184:22 (˨˨) 55 (˥˥) 21 (˨˩)
3164:33 (˧˧) 55 (˥˥) 21 (˨˩)
3144:55 (˥˥) 33 (˧˧) 21 (˨˩)
3015:voiceless initials only
2940:
2874:High vowels in front of
993:Modern Baby Kindergarten
580:Traditional Chinese
465:Traditional Chinese
361:Traditional Chinese
127:urban center of Shanghai
12804:Bund Sightseeing Tunnel
12067:Songjiang Square Pagoda
11707:Historical and Cultural
10964:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
10534:. Shanghai. p. 265
10199:Edkins, Joseph (1853).
10180:Hashimoto 1971, pp.253.
10140:Pan et al 1991, pp.286.
10083:Hashimoto 1971, pp.249.
9862:Pan et al 1991, pp.271.
9456:Xu and Tang 1988, pp. 8
8878:. 中時電子報. Archived from
8860:. 聯合新聞網. Archived from
8840:"學好外語！Apple Siri 聽懂上海話"
8555:Zhōngguó xīnwén zhōukān
8309:Encyclopædia Britannica
8148:繁花 (Blossoms Shanghai)
8112:Tarleton Perry Crawford
7975:Characters: 儂 飯 切 咕 伐 ？
7789:Characters: 儂 飯 吃過 𠲎 ？
7654:(meaning king; Pinyin:
7512:Nouns and verbs can be
5983:Shanghainese verbs are
4606:Have you eaten dinner?
4477:m, veq-zy, m-meq, viau
3644:having a neutral tone.
2838:is often rounded into .
1185:Map of the subdivisions
951:Chinese economic reform
745:mutually unintelligible
596:Simplified Chinese
481:Simplified Chinese
377:Simplified Chinese
16014:Languages of Hong Kong
12984:Science and Technology
12268:Grand Gateway Shanghai
12205:Bocom Financial Towers
11635:Science and Technology
11502:Shanghai Grand Theatre
11355:Xujiahui Shopping City
10686:entertainment and food
10571:Frank Joseph Rawlinson
10468:Joseph Edkins (1869).
10382:Joseph Edkins (1868).
10252:"The Chinese recorder"
9703:. LINCOM, 2006, pp.53.
9325:Zhu, Xiaonong (2006).
9038:Shànghǎi Shì tǒngjì jú
8894:"苹果Siri能听懂上海话 支持点对点支付"
8378:Moser, Leo J. (1985).
8099:Christian missionaries
8087:
7626:(person-door; Pinyin:
7537:is the basic negator.
6108:yi laq tsu kón-khu vaq
5962:(classifier for books)
5806:lau-tha-bu tseq-le leq
5383:is colloquial (ghoq).
5371:("university"), where
4682:Do you speak English?
4574:Where's the restroom?
3910:Shanghainese (people)
2865:are often lowered to .
2010:, as well as a set of
1186:
1155:, which has about 73%
1132:
1090:ethnic groups of China
642:Hu (Shanghai) language
561:[zɑ̃̀hɛ́ɦɛ̀ɦò]
513:[zɑ̃̀hɛ́ɦɛ̀ɦò]
320:This article contains
162:14 million (2013)
99:[zɑ̃̀hɛ́ɦɛ̀ɦó]
34:. For other uses, see
15871:Central Tibeto-Burman
12868:International Studies
12858:Finance and Economics
12625:Shanghai rail transit
12103:St Ignatius Cathedral
11717:Former Residence of:
11605:Aerospace Enthusiasts
11066:Shanghainese language
10528:R. A. Parker (1923).
9585:Qian Nairong (2007).
9220:Linguistica Brunensia
9033:2019年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报
9009:10.1353/lan.2014.0075
8900:on November 23, 2020.
8882:on November 30, 2020.
8864:on November 30, 2020.
8846:on November 30, 2020.
8828:on November 27, 2020.
8770:"7条公交线路已有沪语报站 引来网友争议"
8097:English and American
8086:Rev. Silsby's symbols
8085:
7981:nóng fàn qiē gu fá {}
7795:non ve chiq-ku vaq {}
7343:yi tseq-hau kua zy-ka
6502:di-in se-zan khua-leq
6111:3S PROG do homework Q
5809:{old lady} come.out P
5395:, Shanghainese is an
5377:is literary (da) and
4645:ya-ve chiq-ku-leq-va
3733:Its basic negator is
3041:voiced initials only
2878:can undergo breaking.
1184:
1130:
805:Japanese pitch accent
717:Shanghainese language
12909:Engineering Sciences
12253:White Magnolia Plaza
12185:Oriental Pearl Tower
12144:Mazu Cultural Palace
11801:Park of the Old City
11796:Gongqing Forest Park
11466:Jinjiang Action Park
11380:Jing An Kerry Centre
11071:Shanghainese cuisine
10254:. Shanghai T. Chu
10217:. December 10, 2012.
9233:10.5817/LB2024-37185
8802:on November 23, 2020
8645:on November 25, 2010
8582:on November 20, 2011
8525:on September 3, 2011
8110:American missionary
7586:This is not a table.
7411:("ice-cold"), where
5861:Here comes a friend.
5752:student PL POSS book
5749:ghoq-sán -la gheq sý
5684:, the plural marker
5011:improve this article
3866:For more terms, see
3510:ɦoŋ˩˩˧꜖ ŋe˩˩˦꜓ səʔ˦꜕
3070:. That is, both the
976:regionalist-localist
749:varieties of Chinese
719:, also known as the
312:> 79-AAA-dbb >
202:Su–Hu–Jia / Shanghai
139:and parts of nearby
16024:Languages of Canada
16009:Languages of Taiwan
15999:Culture in Shanghai
15929:Proto-Tibeto-Burman
12390:Motorsport circuit
12113:St Nicholas' Church
12093:Holy Trinity Church
11856:Jinshan Binhai Park
11645:C. Y. Tung Maritime
11456:Haichang Ocean Park
11253:Zhouqiao Old Street
11051:Shanghainese people
10690:words and sentences
10612:. Commercial Press.
8858:"儂好！蘋果手機Siri 會說上海話"
8281:Chinatown, Flushing
8244:Shanghainese people
8180:If You Are the One
8156:Nothing But Thirty
8136:
7583:this {NEG be} table
6432:tomorrow FUT rain P
5052:of the time, be it
4346:sa-gnin, gha-li-we
4058:zhia-ya, zhia-zhia
3327:
3111:
2960:
2884:can be merged into
1407:
1406:Initial Consonants
1390:(sometimes spelled
1001:Shanghai University
927:Yangtze River Delta
768:Yangtze River Delta
557:Zaon6 he5 ghe6 gho6
509:Zaon6 he5 ghe6 gho6
300: Shanghainese
16004:Languages of China
15922:Proto-Sino-Tibetan
15864:Proposed groupings
15066:Cantonese Bopomofo
14933:Chinese characters
14861:Written Sichuanese
13445:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
12445:Shanghai Race Club
12108:St Joseph's Church
12035:Chenxiang Pavilion
12025:Yuanming Jiangtang
11998:Jade Buddha Temple
11615:Revolution History
11285:North Sichuan Road
10322:"Shanghai Chinese"
10122:Zhu 2006, pp.65–6.
10006:Zhu 2006, pp.81–2.
9737:《從〈滬語便商〉所見的老上海話時態》
9306:Qian 2003, p. 395.
8962:. March 17, 2019.
8876:"蘋果手機更新 Siri學說上海話"
8726:Hu Baotan (2011).
8564:on March 14, 2008.
8468:Changjiang Congkan
8431:Tianjing Education
8323:"Shanghai Chinese"
8172:Women in Shanghai
8135:
8088:
7602:Chinese characters
6611:我 到 海裡 去 游泳 游過 五趟。
6346:clothes buy PFV PF
5682:grammatical number
5397:isolating language
4677:ngu veq-shiáu-teq
3682:Shanghainese term
3325:
3109:
3021:marked with acute
2956:
1405:
1187:
1167:inserting Mandarin
1157:lexical similarity
1133:
962:Mandarin subtitles
727:, is a variety of
448:soeng5 hoi2 waa6-2
235:Chinese characters
15976:
15975:
15859:
15858:
15744:
15743:
15585:
15584:
15340:
15339:
15119:
15118:
15101:
15100:
14928:
14927:
14846:Written Cantonese
14841:
14840:
14623:Classical grammar
14618:Cantonese grammar
14453:
14452:
14350:
14349:
14156:
14155:
14075:
14074:
13937:
13936:
13644:
13643:
13431:
13430:
13321:Chengdu–Chongqing
13114:Sinitic languages
13070:
13069:
13048:
13047:
12878:Shanghai Jiaotong
12822:
12821:
12657:Buses in Shanghai
12586:Shanghai Hongqiao
12515:
12514:
12455:
12454:
12433:Sheshan Golf Club
12276:
12275:
12162:
12161:
12118:St Peter's Church
12050:Xilin Chan Temple
11975:
11974:
11921:Shanghai Jinjiang
11851:Shanghai Greenway
11108:French Concession
11079:
11078:
10972:
10971:
10648:. March 31, 2011.
10436:on April 15, 2010
10302:. 201+iv pp.
10095:Chao 1967, pp.99.
9669:978-7-208-04554-5
9410:978-3-89586-584-8
9401:Shanghai Tonetics
9372:(February 1996).
9164:978-94-6239-301-1
9131:Gui and Zhou 2021
8928:. Starsing Music.
8707:on August 8, 2010
8464:"上海居民语言生活及态度研究综述"
8304:Chinese languages
8219:
8218:
8079:
8078:
7904:Characters: 上 海 寧
7650:) may be written
7580:geq veq-zy de-tsy
7363:), for instance,
7220:
7219:
7135:pro-drop language
7032:
7031:
5972:
5971:
5916:geq -tsaq bi-jieu
5393:Sinitic languages
5365:
5364:
5290:
5289:
5043:
5042:
5035:
4945:
4944:
4764:I like you a lot
4501:di-gho(-)hau-deu
4482:telephone number
4285:yi-ze ci-ti-tsón
4264:what time is it?
3857:
3856:
3767:Standard Mandarin
3731:
3730:
3432:("to buy wine").
3428:, "wine") become
3396:
3395:
3337:Neutralized Tone
3236:
3235:
3052:
3051:
3001:(only with coda)
2891:Rimes with final
2721:
2720:
1989:
1988:
1897:
1829:
1792:
1748:
1705:
1644:
1588:
1520:
1067:Blossoms Shanghai
872:
871:
864:
733:central districts
713:
712:
705:
704:
657:Standard Mandarin
569:
568:
454:
453:
414:Standard Mandarin
399:Shanghai language
346:
345:
328:rendering support
324:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
16036:
16029:City colloquials
15818:
15817:
15679:
15678:
15513:
15512:
15348:
15265:
15264:
15146:
15139:
15132:
15123:
15122:
15111:
15110:
15083:Taiwanese Hangul
14972:Mainland Chinese
14885:
14884:
14876:
14875:
14801:
14800:
14478:Standard Chinese
14461:
14229:
14228:
13948:
13947:
13841:
13840:
13832:
13831:
13714:
13702:
13690:
13678:
13666:
13465:
13464:
13137:
13136:
13128:
13127:
13104:Chinese language
13097:
13090:
13083:
13074:
13073:
13060:
13059:
12833:
12832:
12809:Dapu Road Tunnel
12602:Port of Shanghai
12526:
12525:
12466:
12465:
12287:
12286:
12220:Bank of Shanghai
12173:
12172:
12154:Songjiang Mosque
12098:Sheshan Basilica
11988:
11987:
11941:InterContinental
11898:Botanical Garden
11741:Soong Ching-ling
11558:Contemporary Art
11420:Super Brand Mall
11340:1933 Old Millfun
11295:M50 Art district
11090:
11089:
10988:
10987:
10849:
10781:
10780:
10719:
10712:
10705:
10696:
10695:
10665:Shanghai Dialect
10631:
10629:
10627:
10613:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10580:
10562:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10505:
10503:
10501:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10464:
10462:
10460:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10400:
10398:
10396:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10356:
10350:
10342:
10341:
10283:. 230 pp +
10260:
10259:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10211:
10205:
10204:
10196:
10190:
10189:Zhu 2006, pp.60.
10187:
10181:
10178:
10172:
10165:
10159:
10158:Zhu 2006, pp.93.
10156:
10150:
10149:Zhu 2006, pp.95.
10147:
10141:
10138:
10132:
10131:Zhu 2006, pp.91.
10129:
10123:
10120:
10114:
10113:Zhu 2006, pp.65.
10111:
10105:
10102:
10096:
10093:
10084:
10081:
10070:
10069:Zhu 2006, pp.64.
10067:
10054:
10051:
10045:
10044:Zhu 2006, pp.89.
10042:
10033:
10032:Zhu 2006, pp.84.
10030:
10019:
10018:Zhu 2006, pp.83.
10016:
10007:
10004:
9998:
9997:Zhu 2006, pp.81.
9995:
9986:
9985:, 1971, pp. 521.
9979:
9973:
9970:
9961:
9960:Zhu 2006, pp.82.
9958:
9947:
9946:Zhu 2006, pp.76.
9944:
9938:
9937:Zhu 2006, pp.74.
9935:
9929:
9928:Zhu 2006, pp.75.
9926:
9920:
9919:Zhu 2006, pp.71.
9917:
9908:
9907:Zhu 2006, pp.59.
9905:
9894:
9891:
9885:
9878:
9872:
9869:
9863:
9860:
9851:
9844:
9838:
9835:
9829:
9822:
9816:
9815:Zhu 2006, pp.56.
9813:
9807:
9802:Edkins, Joseph.
9800:
9794:
9787:
9781:
9780:Zhu 2006, pp.54.
9778:
9761:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9739:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9724:
9718:
9717:Zhu 2006, pp.53.
9715:
9704:
9697:
9691:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9652:
9646:
9643:
9637:
9634:
9628:
9627:
9621:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9582:
9576:
9573:
9567:
9564:
9558:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9530:
9524:
9521:
9515:
9510:Chen, Zhongmin.
9508:
9502:
9495:
9489:
9486:
9475:
9472:
9466:
9463:
9457:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9441:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9366:Ladefoged, Peter
9362:
9356:
9355:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9322:
9307:
9304:
9298:
9297:
9291:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9265:
9259:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9235:
9211:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9195:Li Rong (2012).
9192:
9186:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9138:
9132:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9103:
9094:
9093:
9083:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9003:(4): e165–e179.
8994:
8985:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8922:
8916:
8915:
8908:
8902:
8901:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8872:
8866:
8865:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8792:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8703:. Archived from
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8661:
8655:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8578:. Archived from
8572:
8566:
8565:
8544:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8521:. Archived from
8510:
8504:
8503:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8428:
8425:教育改革该不该听听“外行人”的话
8419:
8413:
8412:
8406:
8398:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8342:
8318:
8312:
8301:
8238:
8233:
8232:
8164:All Out of Love
8137:
8134:
8067:
7994:
7980:
7923:
7909:
7876:
7857:
7808:
7794:
7745:
7731:
7726:Characters: 上海 人
7706:
7696:
7695:
7687:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7659:
7644:
7639:
7631:
7614:
7561:
7536:
7531:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7503:"Are you good?")
7502:
7486:
7462:
7444:
7443:
7424:
7423:
7416:
7415:
7407:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7368:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7287:
7286:
7274:
7273:
7256:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7232:
7144:
7143:
7103:
7047:
7046:
7023:
7022:
7013:
7012:
6996:
6995:
6979:
6978:
6969:
6968:
6952:
6951:
6935:
6934:
6918:
6917:
6901:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6874:
6873:
6864:
6863:
6854:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6823:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6783:
6744:
6728:儂 就 讓 伊 做 下去 好了。
6724:
6710:
6686:
6651:
6633:
6632:
6596:
6538:
6520:
6519:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6448:
6447:
6441:immediate future
6422:
6398:
6369:
6368:
6356:
6343:í-zaon ma le leq
6336:
6323:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6271:
6270:
6261:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6229:
6187:
6147:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6101:
6066:
6053:
6035:
6034:
6025:
6024:
6015:
6014:
5933:
5932:
5898:
5848:
5799:
5731:
5718:
5689:
5688:
5656:
5621:
5603:
5602:
5593:
5592:
5512:搿 種 骯三 頭勢 勿 談 了！
5508:
5484:
5449:
5420:
5419:
5415:below, the term
5403:Although formal
5382:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5295:
5294:
5067:
5066:
5038:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5018:
4995:
4987:
4976:
4973:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4953:
3905:zaon-he ghe-gho
3875:
3874:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3608:
3591:
3574:
3529:
3499:
3482:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3449:, "to fry") and
3448:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3414:, "to buy") and
3413:
3405:
3404:
3334:Underlying Tone
3328:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3245:
3244:
3221:11 (˩˩) 23 (˨˧)
3201:33 (˧˧) 44 (˦˦)
3181:22 (˨˨) 44 (˦˦)
3161:33 (˧˧) 44 (˦˦)
3141:55 (˥˥) 21 (˨˩)
3124:Three syllables
3112:
3108:
3069:
3038:
3037:
3012:
3011:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2961:
2955:
2936:
2932:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2049:
2048:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1408:
1404:
1366:
1365:
1344:
1343:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1278:
1277:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1241:
1225:
1224:
1220:, Shanghainese:
1219:
1218:
1201:
1200:
1164:
1163:
1094:Standard Chinese
1075:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1035:Flavors of Youth
1015:
1014:
973:
972:
947:Standard Chinese
923:prestige dialect
867:
860:
856:
853:
847:
823:
822:
815:
721:Shanghai dialect
701:
700:
699:
672:
671:
648:
647:
630:
606:
605:
590:
589:
565:
564:
563:
533:
532:
515:
491:
490:
475:
474:
450:
449:
429:
428:
405:
404:
387:
386:
371:
370:
348:
347:
314:
299:
283:
267:
262:
250:
230:
172:
107:
101:
89:
83:
82:
81:
76:
75:
69:
63:
62:
61:
56:
55:
43:
42:
21:
18:Shanghai dialect
16044:
16043:
16039:
16038:
16037:
16035:
16034:
16033:
15979:
15978:
15977:
15972:
15962:
15913:Proto-languages
15907:
15855:
15822:Greater Siangic
15816:
15753:
15740:
15677:
15581:
15553:
15511:
15455:
15446:
15358:
15349:
15336:
15269:Greater Magaric
15263:
15190:West Himalayish
15170:
15156:
15150:
15120:
15115:
15097:
15034:Tongyong Pinyin
15014:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
15002:Dungan Cyrillic
14985:
14954:
14924:
14865:
14856:Written Hokkien
14837:
14796:
14790:
14766:Middle Mandarin
14732:
14652:
14627:
14589:
14536:
14469:
14462:
14449:
14398:
14346:
14305:
14282:
14218:
14152:
14071:
14050:
14032:
14009:
13933:
13900:
13877:
13821:
13757:
13717:
13708:
13696:
13684:
13672:
13660:
13640:
13622:
13594:
13576:
13550:
13527:
13454:
13427:
13401:
13378:
13302:
13242:
13214:
13191:
13168:
13117:
13106:
13101:
13071:
13066:
13044:
13025:Europe Business
13013:
12887:
12818:
12787:
12671:
12645:Zhangjiang Tram
12613:
12590:
12568:
12562:
12511:
12490:
12486:Jiading Huilong
12461:
12451:
12367:
12348:Shanghai Indoor
12326:
12282:
12272:
12263:Tomorrow Square
12224:
12158:
12134:City God Temple
12122:
12081:
12055:Yuanying Pagoda
11982:
11971:
11945:
11904:
11774:
11660:Madame Tussauds
11625:Natural History
11620:Jewish Refugees
11536:
11512:Yue Opera House
11480:
11424:
11370:HKRI Taikoo Hui
11328:
11218:
11150:Holland Village
11118:People's Square
11085:
11075:
11061:Shanghailanders
11039:
11011:
10981:
10968:
10925:
10921:Shanghai County
10916:Chuansha County
10879:
10845:
10775:
10768:
10728:
10723:
10655:
10625:
10623:
10616:
10596:
10594:
10577:
10537:
10535:
10518:
10516:
10499:
10497:
10480:
10478:
10458:
10456:
10439:
10437:
10416:
10414:
10394:
10392:
10372:
10370:
10344:
10343:
10316:
10314:Further reading
10268:
10263:
10248:
10244:
10227:
10226:
10222:
10213:
10212:
10208:
10197:
10193:
10188:
10184:
10179:
10175:
10166:
10162:
10157:
10153:
10148:
10144:
10139:
10135:
10130:
10126:
10121:
10117:
10112:
10108:
10103:
10099:
10094:
10087:
10082:
10073:
10068:
10057:
10052:
10048:
10043:
10036:
10031:
10022:
10017:
10010:
10005:
10001:
9996:
9989:
9980:
9976:
9971:
9964:
9959:
9950:
9945:
9941:
9936:
9932:
9927:
9923:
9918:
9911:
9906:
9897:
9892:
9888:
9879:
9875:
9870:
9866:
9861:
9854:
9850:No. 3, pp. 270.
9845:
9841:
9836:
9832:
9823:
9819:
9814:
9810:
9801:
9797:
9788:
9784:
9779:
9764:
9760:No. 3, pp. 405.
9755:
9751:
9727:Qian, Nairong (
9725:
9721:
9716:
9707:
9699:Zhu, Xiaonong.
9698:
9694:
9681:
9677:
9670:
9653:
9649:
9644:
9640:
9635:
9631:
9615:
9614:
9602:
9598:
9583:
9579:
9574:
9570:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9540:
9532:
9531:
9527:
9522:
9518:
9509:
9505:
9496:
9492:
9487:
9478:
9473:
9469:
9464:
9460:
9455:
9451:
9435:
9434:
9422:
9418:
9411:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9338:
9334:
9323:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9285:
9284:
9266:
9262:
9253:
9249:
9212:
9208:
9193:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9165:
9139:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9116:
9114:
9112:www.ixueshu.com
9104:
9097:
9060:
9056:
9046:
9044:
9043:. March 9, 2020
9042:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9024:
8992:
8986:
8979:
8969:
8967:
8952:
8951:
8947:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8910:
8909:
8905:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8874:
8873:
8869:
8856:
8855:
8851:
8838:
8837:
8833:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8794:
8793:
8789:
8779:
8777:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8753:
8751:
8739:
8735:
8724:
8720:
8710:
8708:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8662:
8658:
8648:
8646:
8633:
8632:
8628:
8618:
8616:
8599:
8595:
8585:
8583:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8559:
8551:
8546:
8545:
8538:
8528:
8526:
8511:
8507:
8498:
8497:
8493:
8483:
8481:
8472:
8460:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8435:
8426:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8400:
8399:
8391:
8387:
8376:
8372:
8319:
8315:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8236:Language portal
8234:
8227:
8224:
8196:Home with Kids
8129:
8080:
8072:
8065:
8060:
8052:
8044:
8036:
8028:
8020:
8012:
8004:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7965:
7957:
7949:
7941:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7902:
7894:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7842:
7834:
7826:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7787:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7599:
7593:
7588:
7575:
7564:
7550:
7510:
7505:
7488:
7475:
7464:
7437:
7428:("cold as ice")
7383:
7351:
7338:
7327:
7316:
7305:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7215:
7172:
7123:
7118:
7105:
7091:
7080:
7069:
6830:
6825:
6817:
6805:
6785:
6772:
6761:
6746:
6738:
6726:
6712:
6699:
6688:
6675:
6664:
6653:
6622:
6609:
6598:
6584:
6573:
6562:
6551:
6540:
6510:
6497:
6477:
6466:
6437:
6424:
6411:
6400:
6387:
6358:
6350:
6338:
6325:
6312:
6301:
6231:
6223:
6213:本事 學 辣海 將來 派用場。
6211:
6200:
6189:
6176:
6165:
6116:
6103:
6090:
6079:
6068:
6055:
6001:
5981:
5924:
5911:
5900:
5887:
5868:
5863:
5855:le ban-yieu leq
5850:
5837:
5826:
5814:
5801:
5788:
5777:
5757:
5755:students' books
5744:
5733:
5720:
5707:
5677:
5672:
5659:
5645:
5634:
5623:
5579:
5570:
5557:
5546:
5523:
5510:
5497:
5486:
5473:
5462:
5451:
5438:
5389:
5360:
5353:
5341:
5334:
5322:
5315:
5039:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5008:
4996:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4965:
4954:
4950:
4884:inside, within
3862:
3650:
3626:
3610:
3593:
3576:
3559:
3545:
3531:
3515:
3507:ghon- nge- seq-
3501:
3316:/zəʔ¹¹sɛ²²ti²³/
3228:
3130:Five syllables
3127:Four syllables
3096:
2958:
2943:
2823:
2822:
2806:
2802:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2726:
2709:
2697:
2679:
2663:
2641:
2620:
2606:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2526:
2514:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2429:
2415:
2403:
2386:
2374:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2043:
2023:Alveolo-palatal
1974:
1951:
1934:
1920:
1906:
1883:
1866:
1852:
1838:
1805:
1773:
1759:
1730:
1716:
1683:
1667:
1653:
1627:
1611:
1597:
1574:
1559:
1543:
1529:
1498:
1484:
1470:
1456:
1422:
1400:
1380:
1125:
1086:
868:
857:
851:
848:
841:
824:
820:
813:
735:of the city of
694:
687:
639:Literal meaning
625:
618:
558:
551:
527:Shanghai speech
524:Literal meaning
510:
503:
396:Literal meaning
326:Without proper
310:
295:
279:
276:
265:
258:
246:
231:
226:
220:
173:
170:Language family
168:
159:
158:Native speakers
71:
70:
67:zaon-he ghe-gho
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16042:
16032:
16031:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15974:
15973:
15967:
15964:
15963:
15961:
15960:
15953:
15946:
15939:
15932:
15925:
15917:
15915:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15905:
15903:Tibeto-Kanauri
15900:
15893:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15876:Kuki-Chin–Naga
15873:
15867:
15865:
15861:
15860:
15857:
15856:
15854:
15853:
15848:
15847:
15846:
15839:
15826:
15824:
15815:
15814:
15807:
15802:
15801:
15800:
15786:
15785:
15784:
15777:
15764:
15762:
15746:
15745:
15742:
15741:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15736:
15729:
15724:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15701:
15700:
15687:
15685:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15673:
15666:
15659:
15647:
15640:
15633:
15626:
15621:
15614:
15607:
15599:
15597:
15595:Southeast Asia
15587:
15586:
15583:
15582:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15563:
15561:
15555:
15554:
15552:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15534:
15532:Angami–Pochuri
15529:
15523:
15521:
15510:
15509:
15502:
15495:
15494:
15493:
15486:
15474:
15467:
15459:
15457:
15456:Burmese border
15448:
15447:
15445:
15444:
15439:
15432:
15425:
15418:
15417:
15416:
15408:
15401:
15394:
15389:
15374:
15372:
15351:
15350:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15337:
15335:
15334:
15321:
15316:
15315:
15314:
15307:
15295:
15294:
15293:
15286:
15273:
15271:
15262:
15261:
15254:
15253:
15252:
15245:
15238:
15226:
15219:
15218:
15217:
15212:
15200:
15193:
15185:
15183:
15158:
15157:
15149:
15148:
15141:
15134:
15126:
15117:
15116:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15078:Taiwanese kana
15075:
15074:
15073:
15068:
15058:
15057:
15056:
15051:
15049:Lessing-Othmer
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15006:
15005:
15004:
14993:
14991:
14987:
14986:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14962:
14956:
14955:
14953:
14952:
14947:
14946:
14945:
14940:
14929:
14926:
14925:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14891:
14882:
14873:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14851:Written Dungan
14848:
14842:
14839:
14838:
14836:
14835:
14830:
14829:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14807:
14805:
14798:
14792:
14791:
14789:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14756:Middle Chinese
14753:
14748:
14742:
14740:
14734:
14733:
14731:
14730:
14725:
14723:Wubi (Wang Ma)
14720:
14715:
14714:
14713:
14708:
14703:
14693:
14688:
14683:
14682:
14681:
14671:
14668:
14662:
14660:
14654:
14653:
14651:
14650:
14643:
14635:
14633:
14629:
14628:
14626:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14599:
14597:
14591:
14590:
14588:
14587:
14582:
14577:
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14450:
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14442:
14440:Xiangnan Tuhua
14437:
14432:
14427:
14425:Shaozhou Tuhua
14422:
14417:
14412:
14406:
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14400:
14399:
14397:
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13374:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13349:
13348:
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13346:
13345:
13338:Renshou–Fushun
13335:
13334:
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13323:
13312:
13310:
13304:
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13301:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13280:
13275:
13274:
13273:
13263:
13258:
13252:
13250:
13248:Central Plains
13244:
13243:
13241:
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13235:
13230:
13224:
13222:
13216:
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13213:
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13207:
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12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12904:Electric Power
12901:
12895:
12893:
12889:
12888:
12886:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
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12845:
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12760:
12759:
12754:
12749:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12705:East China Sea
12702:
12701:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12679:
12677:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12669:
12664:
12662:Shanghai Ferry
12659:
12654:
12653:
12652:
12650:Songjiang Tram
12647:
12642:
12637:
12635:Shanghai Metro
12632:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12611:
12610:
12609:
12598:
12596:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12588:
12583:
12581:Shanghai South
12578:
12572:
12570:
12564:
12563:
12561:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12553:
12544:
12543:
12538:
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12345:
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12232:
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12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12200:Shanghai Tower
12197:
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12179:
12170:
12164:
12163:
12160:
12159:
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12156:
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12124:
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12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12089:
12087:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12079:
12074:
12072:Donglin Temple
12069:
12064:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12047:
12045:Yuanjin Temple
12042:
12037:
12032:
12030:Baoshan Temple
12027:
12022:
12017:
12016:
12015:
12013:Longhua Pagoda
12008:Longhua Temple
12005:
12003:Jing'an Temple
12000:
11994:
11992:
11985:
11977:
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11883:
11878:
11873:
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11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11836:Zhongshan Park
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11784:
11782:
11776:
11775:
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11723:
11715:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11675:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11655:Bamboo Carving
11652:
11647:
11642:
11640:Urban Planning
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11590:
11585:
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11555:
11546:
11544:
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11535:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11488:
11486:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11478:
11473:
11471:Ocean Aquarium
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11432:
11430:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11422:
11417:
11415:The River Mall
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11350:Union Building
11347:
11342:
11336:
11334:
11330:
11329:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11312:Century Avenue
11309:
11300:
11299:
11298:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11258:
11257:
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11157:
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10985:
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10924:
10923:
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10887:
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10877:
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10867:
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10857:
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10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10778:
10774:Administrative
10770:
10769:
10767:
10766:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10722:
10721:
10714:
10707:
10699:
10693:
10692:
10678:
10673:
10671:Wu Association
10668:
10662:
10654:
10653:External links
10651:
10650:
10649:
10632:
10614:
10603:
10581:
10563:
10549:
10544:
10525:
10506:
10487:
10465:
10446:
10423:
10401:
10379:
10359:
10358:
10332:(3): 321–327.
10315:
10312:
10311:
10310:
10303:
10290:Xiaonong Zhu,
10288:
10271:Lance Eccles,
10267:
10264:
10262:
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10242:
10220:
10206:
10191:
10182:
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10151:
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9999:
9987:
9974:
9962:
9948:
9939:
9930:
9921:
9909:
9895:
9886:
9884:15:4, pp. 479.
9873:
9864:
9852:
9839:
9830:
9817:
9808:
9795:
9793:43: 1, pp. 98.
9782:
9762:
9749:
9719:
9705:
9692:
9675:
9668:
9647:
9638:
9629:
9596:
9577:
9568:
9559:
9550:
9538:wu-chinese.com
9525:
9516:
9503:
9490:
9476:
9467:
9458:
9449:
9416:
9409:
9391:
9384:
9370:Maddieson, Ian
9357:
9350:
9332:
9308:
9299:
9260:
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9187:
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9133:
9124:
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9022:
8977:
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8931:
8917:
8903:
8885:
8867:
8849:
8831:
8822:"關於 iOS 11 更新"
8813:
8787:
8761:
8733:
8718:
8687:
8656:
8626:
8608:Shanghai Daily
8593:
8567:
8536:
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8414:
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8313:
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8213:
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8189:
8188:Shanghai Bund
8185:
8184:
8181:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8143:Year Released
8141:
8128:
8125:
8077:
8076:
8053:
8045:
8037:
8029:
8021:
8013:
8005:
7997:
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7966:
7958:
7950:
7942:
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7926:
7916:
7915:
7910:shàng hǎi níng
7895:
7887:
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7869:
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7835:
7827:
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7699:
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7551:
7540:
7539:
7509:
7506:
7499:How are you? (
7476:
7465:
7452:
7451:
7436:
7435:Interrogatives
7433:
7432:
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7418:
7401:
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6929:
6925:
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6912:
6908:
6907:
6885:
6881:
6880:
6848:
6829:
6828:Mood and Voice
6826:
6786:
6773:
6762:
6751:
6750:
6713:
6700:
6689:
6676:
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6313:
6302:
6291:
6290:
6209:take advantage
6201:
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4977:
4963:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4930:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4783:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4745:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4704:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4625:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4546:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4458:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4165:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4102:de-zy, piq-ku
4100:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3973:yi-la, yi-laq
3971:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3947:aq-la, aq-laq
3945:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3878:English gloss
3873:
3872:
3870:on Wiktionary.
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:Common Wu term
3677:
3649:
3646:
3594:
3577:
3560:
3546:
3532:
3516:
3502:
3486:
3485:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:Two syllables
3119:
3116:
3095:
3092:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2949:. In terms of
2942:
2939:
2921:Middle Chinese
2917:
2916:
2909:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2839:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2780:
2766:
2752:
2738:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2703:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2614:
2612:
2600:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2423:
2409:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2368:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2042:
2039:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1950:⟨gh⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨w⟩
1943:
1940:
1926:
1912:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1872:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1765:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1722:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1675:
1673:
1659:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1619:
1617:
1603:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1565:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1396:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1268:
1252:
1228:pen-di ghe-gho
1208:
1207:
1124:
1123:Classification
1121:
1085:
1082:
984:Shanghai opera
931:Republican era
913:in Hong Kong,
870:
869:
827:
825:
818:
812:
809:
801:Southern China
766:of the entire
731:spoken in the
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
697:[ɦùȵỳ]
689:
681:
680:
674:
673:
666:
660:
659:
653:
652:
651:Transcriptions
644:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:[ɦùȵỳ]
622:
612:
611:
608:
607:
598:
592:
591:
582:
576:
575:
571:
570:
567:
566:
553:
545:
544:
538:
537:
536:Transcriptions
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
516:
507:
497:
496:
493:
492:
483:
477:
476:
467:
461:
460:
456:
455:
452:
451:
444:
438:
437:
435:Yue: Cantonese
431:
430:
423:
417:
416:
410:
409:
408:Transcriptions
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
388:
379:
373:
372:
363:
357:
356:
353:
352:
344:
343:
330:, you may see
316:
315:
308:
302:
301:
293:
285:
284:
277:
272:
269:
268:
263:
255:
254:
251:
243:
242:
241:Language codes
238:
237:
232:
228:Writing system
225:
222:
221:
219:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
198:Taihu/Northern
176:
174:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
123:
119:
118:
113:
112:Native to
109:
108:
105:[ɦùɲý]
95:
91:
90:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16041:
16030:
16027:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15970:
15965:
15959:
15958:
15954:
15952:
15951:
15947:
15945:
15944:
15943:Proto-Karenic
15940:
15938:
15937:
15936:Proto-Loloish
15933:
15931:
15930:
15926:
15924:
15923:
15919:
15918:
15916:
15914:
15910:
15904:
15901:
15899:
15898:
15897:Tibeto-Burman
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15868:
15866:
15862:
15852:
15849:
15845:
15844:
15840:
15838:
15837:
15833:
15832:
15831:
15828:
15827:
15825:
15823:
15819:
15813:
15812:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15799:
15798:
15794:
15793:
15792:
15791:
15787:
15783:
15782:
15778:
15776:
15775:
15771:
15770:
15769:
15766:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15751:
15747:
15735:
15734:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15719:
15718:
15717:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15699:
15696:
15695:
15694:
15693:
15689:
15688:
15686:
15684:
15683:Burmo-Qiangic
15680:
15672:
15671:
15667:
15665:
15664:
15660:
15658:
15657:
15653:
15652:
15651:
15648:
15646:
15645:
15641:
15639:
15638:
15634:
15632:
15631:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15619:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15608:
15606:
15605:
15601:
15600:
15598:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15578:
15577:Jingpho–Luish
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15564:
15562:
15560:
15556:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15539:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15525:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15514:
15508:
15507:
15503:
15501:
15500:
15496:
15492:
15491:
15487:
15485:
15484:
15480:
15479:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15472:
15468:
15466:
15465:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15453:
15449:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15437:
15433:
15431:
15430:
15426:
15424:
15423:
15419:
15414:
15413:
15409:
15407:
15406:
15402:
15400:
15399:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15387:
15383:
15382:
15381:
15380:
15376:
15375:
15373:
15370:
15366:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15333:
15332:
15327:
15326:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15313:
15312:
15308:
15306:
15305:
15301:
15300:
15299:
15296:
15292:
15291:
15287:
15285:
15284:
15280:
15279:
15278:
15275:
15274:
15272:
15270:
15266:
15260:
15259:
15255:
15251:
15250:
15246:
15244:
15243:
15239:
15237:
15236:
15232:
15231:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15224:
15220:
15216:
15215:Baram–Thangmi
15213:
15211:
15210:
15206:
15205:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15198:
15194:
15192:
15191:
15187:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15177:
15173:
15168:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15147:
15142:
15140:
15135:
15133:
15128:
15127:
15124:
15114:
15104:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15063:
15062:
15059:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15010:
15007:
15003:
15000:
14999:
14998:
14997:Cyrillization
14995:
14994:
14992:
14988:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14961:
14957:
14951:
14948:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14935:
14934:
14931:
14930:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14890:
14889:Script styles
14886:
14883:
14881:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14868:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14843:
14834:
14831:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14813:
14812:
14809:
14808:
14806:
14802:
14799:
14793:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14743:
14741:
14739:
14735:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14698:
14697:
14694:
14692:
14689:
14687:
14684:
14680:
14677:
14676:
14675:
14672:
14669:
14667:
14664:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14655:
14649:
14648:
14644:
14642:
14641:
14637:
14636:
14634:
14630:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14600:
14598:
14596:
14592:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14554:
14551:
14550:
14549:
14546:
14545:
14543:
14539:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14505:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14480:
14479:
14476:
14475:
14473:
14471:
14465:
14460:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14401:
14393:
14390:
14388:
14385:
14383:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14364:
14362:
14361:
14359:
14357:
14353:
14343:
14340:
14338:
14335:
14333:
14330:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14314:
14312:
14308:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14289:
14285:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14243:
14242:
14239:
14238:
14236:
14234:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14221:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14199:
14198:
14195:
14191:
14188:
14187:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14167:
14165:
14163:
14159:
14147:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14133:
14132:
14129:
14125:
14122:
14121:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14102:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14089:
14088:
14085:
14084:
14082:
14078:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14059:
14057:
14053:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14041:
14039:
14035:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14016:
14012:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13949:
13946:
13944:
13940:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13919:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13884:
13880:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13833:
13830:
13828:
13824:
13816:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13785:
13784:
13781:
13777:
13774:
13773:
13772:
13769:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13760:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13741:
13737:
13734:
13733:
13732:
13729:
13728:
13726:
13724:
13720:
13712:
13707:
13704:
13700:
13695:
13692:
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12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12894:
12890:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12873:Naval Medical
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12840:
12838:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12825:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
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12794:
12790:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12768:
12767:
12764:
12763:
12758:
12755:
12753:
12750:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12719:
12718:
12717:Huangpu River
12715:
12711:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12703:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12684:
12683:Yangtze River
12681:
12680:
12678:
12674:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12630:Suburban Rail
12628:
12627:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12608:
12605:
12604:
12603:
12600:
12599:
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12506:
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12499:
12497:
12493:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12467:
12464:
12458:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12441:Horse racing
12440:
12439:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12425:
12423:
12422:
12417:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12410:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12394:International
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12383:
12380:
12379:
12377:
12376:
12374:
12370:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12353:Mercedes-Benz
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12329:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12288:
12285:
12279:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12259:
12256:
12254:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12227:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12190:Jin Mao Tower
12188:
12186:
12183:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12165:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12131:
12129:
12125:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12090:
12088:
12084:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12040:Hongfu Temple
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12020:Zhenru Temple
12018:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11978:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11952:
11948:
11942:
11939:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11911:
11907:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11887:
11886:Qiuxia Garden
11884:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11866:
11865:
11863:
11862:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11831:People's Park
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11785:
11783:
11781:
11777:
11769:
11766:
11762:
11759:
11757:
11754:
11753:
11751:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11736:Zhang Wentian
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11708:
11704:
11703:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11679:
11677:
11676:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11595:
11594:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11563:Power Station
11561:
11559:
11556:
11554:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11543:
11539:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11527:Grand Theatre
11525:
11523:
11522:Dramatic Arts
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11507:Opera Theater
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11483:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11441:Disney Resort
11439:
11437:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11427:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11365:Grand Gateway
11363:
11361:
11360:Global Harbor
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11331:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11317:Hengshan Road
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11304:
11303:Thoroughfare
11302:
11301:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11221:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11207:Jinshan Beach
11205:
11204:
11202:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11192:Dianshan Lake
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11176:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11091:
11088:
11082:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11048:
11046:
11042:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11021:
11020:
11018:
11014:
11008:
11007:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10979:
10975:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10934:
10932:
10928:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10882:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10848:
10844:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10771:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10734:
10731:
10727:
10720:
10715:
10713:
10708:
10706:
10701:
10700:
10697:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10666:
10663:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10647:
10646:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10611:
10610:
10604:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10559:
10554:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10533:
10532:
10526:
10514:
10513:
10507:
10495:
10494:
10488:
10477:
10473:
10472:
10466:
10454:
10453:
10447:
10435:
10431:
10430:
10424:
10413:
10409:
10408:
10402:
10391:
10387:
10386:
10380:
10368:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10354:
10348:
10340:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10318:
10317:
10308:
10304:
10301:
10300:3-89586-900-7
10297:
10293:
10289:
10286:
10282:
10281:1-881265-11-0
10278:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10257:
10253:
10246:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10216:
10210:
10202:
10195:
10186:
10177:
10170:
10164:
10155:
10146:
10137:
10128:
10119:
10110:
10101:
10092:
10090:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10050:
10041:
10039:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10015:
10013:
10003:
9994:
9992:
9984:
9978:
9969:
9967:
9957:
9955:
9953:
9943:
9934:
9925:
9916:
9914:
9904:
9902:
9900:
9890:
9883:
9877:
9868:
9859:
9857:
9849:
9843:
9834:
9828:44:1, pp. 51.
9827:
9821:
9812:
9805:
9799:
9792:
9786:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9759:
9753:
9745:
9741:
9723:
9714:
9712:
9710:
9702:
9696:
9689:
9685:
9679:
9671:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9656:Qian, Nairong
9651:
9642:
9633:
9625:
9619:
9611:
9600:
9592:
9581:
9572:
9563:
9554:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9520:
9513:
9507:
9500:
9494:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9471:
9462:
9453:
9445:
9439:
9431:
9420:
9412:
9406:
9402:
9395:
9387:
9385:0-631-19814-8
9381:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9353:
9347:
9343:
9336:
9328:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9303:
9295:
9289:
9281:
9264:
9257:
9251:
9243:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9210:
9203:. p. 28.
9202:
9191:
9182:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9148:
9144:
9137:
9128:
9113:
9109:
9102:
9100:
9091:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9058:
9039:
9035:
9026:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8991:
8984:
8982:
8965:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8949:
8941:
8935:
8927:
8921:
8913:
8907:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8871:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8845:
8841:
8835:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8801:
8797:
8791:
8775:
8771:
8765:
8750:
8749:
8744:
8737:
8729:
8722:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8691:
8680:September 30,
8675:
8671:
8667:
8660:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8630:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8597:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8563:
8556:
8552:
8543:
8541:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8509:
8501:
8495:
8484:September 18,
8480:
8476:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8447:September 18,
8443:
8439:
8432:
8427:
8418:
8410:
8404:
8396:
8389:
8381:
8374:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8296:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8226:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8186:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8115:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8103:Joseph Edkins
8100:
8096:
8092:
8084:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8051:
8048:
8043:
8040:
8035:
8032:
8027:
8024:
8019:
8016:
8011:
8008:
8003:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7964:
7961:
7956:
7953:
7948:
7945:
7940:
7937:
7932:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7893:
7890:
7885:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7841:
7838:
7833:
7830:
7825:
7822:
7817:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7798:
7796:
7790:
7786:
7783:
7778:
7775:
7770:
7767:
7762:
7759:
7754:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7715:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7563:
7557:
7554:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7538:
7535:
7525:
7515:
7504:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7482:
7479:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7455:
7450:
7448:
7439:The particle
7427:
7419:
7410:
7402:
7399:
7391:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7362:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7280:
7278:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7250:
7231:
7227:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7098:
7097:chiq-theq-leq
7095:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7041:
7040:passive voice
7027:
7017:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6973:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6868:
6858:
6849:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6824:
6821:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6792:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6771:
6768:
6765:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6742:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6679:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6644:
6639:
6637:
6627:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6531:
6526:
6524:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6484:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6452:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6423:
6418:
6415:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6391:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6373:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6316:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6289:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6245:
6235:
6230:
6227:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6180:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6153:
6151:
6141:
6131:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6094:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6029:
6019:
6009:
6005:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5875:
5873:
5862:
5859:
5858:come friend P
5856:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5683:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5614:
5609:
5607:
5597:
5586:
5583:
5574:
5569:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5525:Words can be
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5477:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5424:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5370:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5050:lingua franca
5048:
5037:
5034:
5026:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5000:This section
4998:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4920:How are you?
4919:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4845:shi-theq-leq
4844:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4759:ngu é-mu non
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4650:I don't know
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4377:sa-zen-kuáon
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:now, current
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4176:é-taq, í-taq
4175:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:but, however
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3996:you (plural)
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3921:zaon-he-gnin
3920:
3918:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3887:Romanisation
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3645:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3540:di˩˩˧꜖ ɦo˩˩˧꜓
3538:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3469:/tsʰɔ⁴⁴mi¹¹³/
3458:
3444:
3433:
3430:/ma³³tɕiɤ³³⁴/
3423:
3409:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3278:/tsoŋ⁵⁵koʔ²¹/
3275:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3118:One syllable
3117:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2890:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2804:
2784:
2770:
2756:
2742:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2704:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2615:
2613:
2601:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2369:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1213:
1205:
1204:Huangpu River
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
977:
967:
966:Lao Niang Jiu
963:
959:
958:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
866:
863:
855:
845:
839:
837:
833:
828:This section
826:
817:
816:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
764:lingua franca
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
708:
698:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
667:
665:
661:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
599:
597:
593:
588:
583:
581:
577:
572:
562:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
473:
468:
466:
462:
457:
445:
443:
439:
436:
432:
424:
422:
418:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
378:
374:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
323:
317:
313:
309:
307:
303:
298:
294:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
275:
274:Linguist List
270:
264:
261:
256:
252:
249:
244:
239:
236:
233:
229:
223:
207:
204:
203:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
179:
175:
171:
165:
161:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
94:Pronunciation
92:
88:
68:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
15989:Shanghainese
15968:
15955:
15948:
15941:
15934:
15927:
15920:
15895:
15841:
15834:
15809:
15795:
15788:
15779:
15772:
15731:
15716:Lolo-Burmese
15714:
15690:
15668:
15661:
15654:
15642:
15635:
15628:
15616:
15609:
15602:
15536:
15504:
15497:
15488:
15481:
15469:
15462:
15434:
15427:
15420:
15410:
15403:
15396:
15384:
15377:
15329:
15323:
15309:
15302:
15288:
15281:
15256:
15247:
15240:
15233:
15221:
15207:
15195:
15188:
15153:Sino-Tibetan
15019:Hanyu Pinyin
15009:Romanization
14916:Semi-cursive
14761:Old Mandarin
14718:Stroke count
14645:
14638:
14560:Old National
14403:Unclassified
13476:
13308:Southwestern
13141:Northeastern
13123:Major groups
13112:
12828:Universities
12640:Maglev Train
12215:One Lujiazui
12210:Shanghai IFC
12077:Fahua Pagoda
12062:Huzhu Pagoda
11821:Jing'an Park
11811:Huangpu Park
11791:Century Park
11746:Moller Villa
11568:Rockbund Art
11497:Concert Hall
11492:Oriental Art
11461:Happy Valley
11436:Circus World
11405:Raffles City
11270:Huaihai Road
11265:Nanjing Road
11248:Dongmen Road
11155:Scandinavian
11065:
11035:LGBT culture
11022:
11004:
10997:
10983:demographics
10682:Kaipuleohone
10643:
10624:. Retrieved
10618:
10608:
10595:. Retrieved
10589:
10557:
10536:. Retrieved
10530:
10517:. Retrieved
10511:
10498:. Retrieved
10492:
10479:. Retrieved
10470:
10457:. Retrieved
10451:
10438:. Retrieved
10434:the original
10428:
10415:. Retrieved
10406:
10393:. Retrieved
10384:
10371:. Retrieved
10365:
10347:cite journal
10329:
10325:
10306:
10291:
10272:
10245:
10232:
10223:
10209:
10200:
10194:
10185:
10176:
10168:
10163:
10154:
10145:
10136:
10127:
10118:
10109:
10100:
10049:
10002:
9982:
9977:
9942:
9933:
9924:
9889:
9881:
9876:
9867:
9847:
9842:
9833:
9825:
9820:
9811:
9803:
9798:
9790:
9785:
9757:
9752:
9743:
9734:
9722:
9700:
9695:
9687:
9683:
9678:
9659:
9650:
9641:
9632:
9605:
9599:
9586:
9580:
9571:
9562:
9553:
9541:. Retrieved
9537:
9528:
9519:
9511:
9506:
9498:
9493:
9470:
9461:
9452:
9432:. p. 9.
9425:
9419:
9400:
9394:
9373:
9360:
9341:
9335:
9326:
9302:
9288:cite journal
9275:
9263:
9255:
9250:
9223:
9219:
9209:
9196:
9190:
9181:
9146:
9136:
9127:
9117:February 27,
9115:. Retrieved
9111:
9071:
9067:
9057:
9047:February 27,
9045:. Retrieved
9037:
9025:
9000:
8996:
8968:. Retrieved
8957:
8954:"王家衛：我拍戲有劇本"
8948:
8934:
8920:
8906:
8898:the original
8888:
8880:the original
8870:
8862:the original
8852:
8844:the original
8834:
8826:the original
8816:
8804:. Retrieved
8800:the original
8790:
8780:February 10,
8778:. Retrieved
8764:
8752:. Retrieved
8746:
8736:
8727:
8721:
8709:. Retrieved
8705:the original
8700:
8690:
8678:. Retrieved
8669:
8659:
8647:. Retrieved
8643:the original
8638:
8629:
8619:February 11,
8617:. Retrieved
8606:
8596:
8584:. Retrieved
8580:the original
8570:
8562:the original
8554:
8527:. Retrieved
8523:the original
8518:
8508:
8499:
8494:
8482:. Retrieved
8467:
8457:
8445:. Retrieved
8430:
8417:
8388:
8379:
8373:
8330:
8326:
8316:
8307:
8299:
8264:Hangzhounese
8212:Sinful Debt
8130:
8118:
8116:
8091:Romanization
8089:
8073:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8046:
8041:
8038:
8033:
8030:
8025:
8022:
8017:
8014:
8009:
8006:
8001:
7998:
7991:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7970:
7967:
7962:
7959:
7954:
7951:
7946:
7943:
7938:
7935:
7930:
7927:
7920:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7903:
7899:
7896:
7891:
7888:
7883:
7880:
7873:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7839:
7836:
7831:
7828:
7823:
7820:
7815:
7812:
7805:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7776:
7773:
7768:
7765:
7760:
7757:
7752:
7749:
7742:
7739:
7734:
7732:zaon-he gnin
7728:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7713:
7710:
7703:
7700:
7690:
7670:
7668:for yellow.
7661:
7647:
7641:
7633:
7600:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7547:
7544:
7541:
7523:
7516:by the verb
7511:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7425:
7408:
7397:
7384:
7374:
7370:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7289:
7281:
7258:
7248:
7240:
7230:
7124:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7107:餅乾 撥 人家 吃脫了。
7106:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7049:
7037:
7025:
7015:
6998:
6981:
6971:
6962:"willing to"
6954:
6937:
6928:"would like"
6920:
6903:
6893:
6876:
6866:
6856:
6831:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6747:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6522:
6513:Experiential
6512:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6450:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6273:
6263:
6253:
6243:
6233:
6232:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6105:伊 辣 做 功課 𠲎？
6104:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6037:
6027:
6017:
6007:
6006:
6002:
5982:
5961:
5954:
5946:
5925:
5921:
5919:this CL ball
5918:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5869:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5761:definiteness
5758:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5691:
5678:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5605:
5595:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5527:reduplicated
5524:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5402:
5390:
5366:
5342:gnin-le-fon
5291:
5215:male phoenix
5147:filial piety
5058:Hangzhounese
5044:
5029:
5020:
5009:Please help
5004:verification
5001:
4951:
4732:I adore you
3978:you (sing.)
3881:Traditional
3865:
3764:Shanghainese
3743:
3738:
3732:
3668:
3652:
3651:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3473:
3465:/tsʰɔ³³mi⁴⁴/
3456:
3442:
3434:
3421:
3407:
3399:
3397:
3320:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3273:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3104:
3097:
3088:grave accent
3084:acute accent
3079:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3000:
2947:tone numbers
2944:
2918:
2824:
2803:
2783:
2769:
2755:
2741:
2727:
2713:
2495:
2433:
2418:
2390:
2318:
2130:
2044:
2027:
1990:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1358:
1336:
1314:
1298:
1270:
1254:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1209:
1193:
1188:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1087:
1078:
1065:
1055:Myth of Love
1053:
1044:Shanghai Yao
1043:
1033:
1007:
1005:
997:Qian Nairong
995:. Professor
992:
989:Chen Liangyu
981:
965:
955:
940:
900:
884:Qing dynasty
873:
858:
849:
834:that do not
830:may contain
829:
772:
757:
724:
720:
716:
714:
688:Romanization
685:Shanghainese
684:
664:Hanyu Pinyin
620:Romanization
616:Shanghainese
615:
552:Romanization
549:Shanghainese
548:
505:Romanization
501:Shanghainese
500:
459:Shanghainese
421:Hanyu Pinyin
351:Shanghainese
319:
306:Linguasphere
288:
206:Shanghainese
205:
178:Sino-Tibetan
151:Shanghainese
131:
46:Shanghainese
40:
15957:Proto-Hakka
15886:Mahakiranti
15392:East Bodish
15172:Uttarakhand
15088:Xiao'erjing
14950:Punctuation
14943:Traditional
14896:Oracle bone
14880:Logographic
14776:Proto-Hakka
14751:Eastern Han
14746:Old Chinese
14608:Classifiers
14575:Northern Wu
14503:Singaporean
13709: [
13697: [
13685: [
13673: [
13661: [
12848:East Normal
12799:Bund Tunnel
12501:Basketball
12428:BMW Masters
12168:Skyscrapers
11950:Expo center
11931:Grand Hyatt
11893:Guilin Park
11871:Guyi Garden
11826:Lu Xun Park
11816:Fuxing Park
11780:Urban parks
11721:Sun Yat-Sen
11705:Protected
11630:Planetarium
11451:Great World
11446:Film Studio
11395:Ciros Plaza
11307:Yan'an Road
11243:Duolun Road
11238:Wukang Road
11178:Water Town
11165:German Town
11160:Venice Town
11145:Thames Town
11086:attractions
10305:Yuwei Xie,
9543:December 2,
9282:(1): 14–30.
9226:(1): 5–21.
8970:February 9,
8806:January 13,
8754:December 2,
8711:January 18,
8670:Shanghaiist
8649:January 18,
8502:, Knowledge
7989:Characters:
7918:Characters:
7871:Characters:
7803:Characters:
7740:Characters:
7701:Characters:
7615:), written
7493:non hau vaq
7426:pín-pín-lan
7200:3rd person
7178:2nd person
7157:1st person
6206:pha-yon-zan
6120:resultative
6008:Progressive
5989:conjugation
5872:classifiers
5866:Classifiers
5661:伊 伊講， 講 勿好。
5568:take a walk
5409:tone sandhi
5391:Like other
5304:Colloquial
5062:Beijingnese
5054:Nanjingnese
5023:August 2016
4941:non hau va
4861:weq-laq-he
4076:te-veq-chi
3884:Simplified
3099:Tone sandhi
3094:Tone sandhi
2984:Departing (
1361:subbranch (
1339:subbranch (
1317:subbranch (
1176:Wenzhounese
1172:Taizhounese
1141:Northern Wu
1028:introduced
957:Sinful Debt
909:, and like
882:during the
747:with other
725:Hu language
574:Hu language
427:Shànghǎihuà
334:instead of
15994:Wu Chinese
15983:Categories
15851:Idu–Taraon
15805:Miju–Meyor
15698:Gyalrongic
15544:Tangkhulic
15319:Raji–Raute
15039:Wade–Giles
14938:Simplified
14833:Vernacular
14826:in Vietnam
14679:Simplified
14666:Biaoxingma
14613:Honorifics
14548:Historical
14493:Philippine
14483:Sichuanese
14410:Badong Yao
14114:Shao–Jiang
13985:Philippine
13793:Xiangxiang
13788:Shuangfeng
13533:Taizhou Wu
13316:Sichuanese
13009:Visual Art
13004:Technology
12929:Leadership
12766:Stone arch
11864:Admission
11761:Xu Guangqi
11731:Zhou Enlai
11678:Transport
11665:Open House
11578:Poster Art
11345:Tianzifang
11322:Henan Road
11290:Tianzifang
11212:Bund Beach
11182:Zhujiajiao
9972:Qian 2010.
9733:) (2010).
9501:35:191–202
9488:Qian 2007.
9351:0521652723
9106:Fang, Na.
8333:(3): 321.
8287:References
8269:Ningbonese
8259:Suzhounese
8254:Wu Chinese
8095:Protestant
7660:, Wugniu:
7646:, Wugniu:
7632:, Wugniu:
7607:homophones
7595:See also:
7381:Adjectives
7340:伊 只好 怪 自家。
7292:), as in:
7263:Ningbonese
7054:transitive
6989:"happy to"
6972:zhin-gnioe
6807:功課 做 好 快了。
6607:five-times
6560:sea-inside
6426:明朝 要 落雨 個。
6234:Perfective
5772:lau-tha-bu
5577:Word order
5531:diminutive
5460:disgusting
5405:inflection
5076:Vernacular
5047:Mandarinic
4395:how much?
4259:yi-ze, ne
4045:thank you
3827:microphone
3806:à la carte
3753:Sichuanese
3648:Vocabulary
3178:113 (˩˩˧)
3158:334 (˧˧˦)
3076:allophonic
2031:fricatives
2019:fricatives
2008:affricates
1226:, Wugniu:
1153:Suzhounese
1149:Huzhounese
1145:Wu Chinese
1143:family of
1105:Wu Chinese
941:After the
919:Suzhounese
907:Ningbonese
896:folk songs
779:consonants
751:, such as
729:Wu Chinese
32:Wu Chinese
15950:Proto-Min
15881:Macro-Bai
15759:Arunachal
15752:(possible
15567:Boro–Garo
15471:Kuki-Chin
15454:and Indo-
15369:Arunachal
15356:Himalayas
15331:Tandrange
15298:Chepangic
15229:Dhimalish
15163:Himalayas
14977:Taiwanese
14967:Cantonese
14811:Classical
14771:Proto-Min
14706:Microsoft
14565:Cantonese
14541:Phonology
14522:Cantonese
14513:Singdarin
14498:Malaysian
14488:Taiwanese
14392:Rongjiang
14382:Yongjiang
14378:Southern
14363:Northern
14337:Luo–Guang
14246:Hong Kong
14241:Guangzhou
14197:Taiwanese
14190:Changting
14124:Zhanjiang
14038:Zhongshan
14005:Malaysian
14000:Singapore
13965:Zhangzhou
13917:Zhongshan
13810:Yong–Quan
13706:Jing-Zhan
13636:Xuancheng
13613:Jiangshan
13492:Changzhou
13413:Junjiahua
13266:Guanzhong
13149:Changchun
12914:Fisheries
12892:Municipal
12771:Fangsheng
12521:Transport
12358:Int'l Gym
12086:Christian
11981:Places of
11881:Zuibaichi
11876:Yu Garden
11806:Expo Park
11429:Amusement
11375:IAPM Mall
11275:Xintiandi
11261:Shopping
11229:Historic
11099:Historic
10991:Architect
10875:Chongming
10860:Songjiang
10801:Changning
10776:divisions
10747:Geography
9645:Qian 2007
9618:cite book
9575:Qian 2007
9438:cite book
9329:. Lincom.
9271:上海地区方言的分片
9254:Lu, Dan.
9242:2336-4440
9173:234515573
9090:238224165
8479:2095-7483
8442:0493-2099
8365:232347404
8349:0025-1003
8292:Citations
8140:TV Shows
7496:2S good Q
7417:means ice
7267:inclusive
7006:"want to"
6884:"be able"
6499:電影 散場 快了。
6340:衣裳 買 來 了。
5922:this ball
5803:老太婆 出來 了。
5565:walk walk
5562:tseu tseu
5323:sán-tshe
5298:Sinograph
5082:Mandarin
5070:Sinograph
4897:li-shian
4879:ciáu-kue
4821:shín-ven
4225:to be at
4027:good-bye
3447:/tsʰɔ³³⁴/
3426:/tɕiɤ³³⁴/
3288:zeq-sé-ti
2993:Checked (
2035:sonorants
2012:voiceless
1827:voiceless
1821:Fricative
1746:aspirated
1697:Affricate
1586:aspirated
1378:Phonology
1371:district.
1369:Songjiang
1359:Songjiang
1327:district.
1299:Songjiang
1289:Chongming
1285:Changxing
1271:Chongming
935:Hong Kong
911:Cantonese
903:loanwords
852:July 2011
832:citations
790:obstruent
693:Wu6 gniu6
624:Wu6 gniu6
290:Glottolog
260:ISO 639-6
248:ISO 639-3
147:Ethnicity
15755:isolates
15722:Mondzish
15650:Cai–Long
15398:Tshangla
15354:Eastern
15197:Tamangic
15167:Himachal
15161:Western
15155:branches
15061:Bopomofo
14990:Phonetic
14982:Two-cell
14911:Clerical
14821:in Japan
14816:Adoption
14804:Official
14795:Literary
14670:Boshiamy
14647:Xiehouyu
14603:Numerals
14580:Mandarin
14508:Standard
14468:Standard
14342:Qin–Lian
14332:Yong–Xun
14317:Gao–Yang
14263:Jiujiang
14251:Malaysia
14185:Tingzhou
14136:Wenchang
14097:Jianyang
14087:Northern
14046:Sanxiang
13960:Quanzhou
13943:Southern
13912:Manjiang
13776:Changsha
13736:Nanchang
13731:Chang–Du
13628:Xuanzhou
13618:Qingtian
13572:Wencheng
13518:Jiangyin
13513:Jinxiang
13503:Shaoxing
13497:Hangzhou
13477:Shanghai
13418:Qinjiang
13326:Minjiang
13298:Xinjiang
13256:Dongping
13220:Jiaoliao
13159:Shenyang
13132:Mandarin
13062:Category
13035:New York
12979:Shanghai
12939:Maritime
12836:National
12747:Waibaidu
12688:Chonghai
12607:Yangshan
12576:Shanghai
12556:Jiangwan
12536:Hongqiao
12529:Airports
12469:Football
12412:Cycling
12363:Oriental
12338:Jiangwan
12317:Yuanshen
12297:Shanghai
12290:Football
12248:Plaza 66
12139:Wen Miao
11991:Buddhist
11967:National
11957:Shanghai
11926:Broadway
11752:Tomb of
11600:Shanghai
11517:Tianchan
11485:Cultural
11410:IFC Mall
11400:Plaza 66
11280:Xujiahui
11233:The Bund
11197:Fengjing
11123:Xujiahui
11103:Old City
11006:Longtang
10999:Shikumen
10870:Fengxian
10764:Politics
10757:Timeline
10726:Shanghai
10587:(1924).
10573:(1915).
10555:(1907).
10285:cassette
10256:Archived
10237:Archived
9791:Language
9658:(2003).
9017:73632643
8964:Archived
8774:Archived
8674:Archived
8613:Archived
8403:cite web
8357:26352263
8222:See also
8127:TV shows
7634:gnin-men
7612:níngméng
7577:搿 勿是 檯子。
7508:Negation
7400:("cold")
7371:ngu gheq
7314:can only
7311:tseq-hau
7149:Singular
7121:Pronouns
6999:káu-shin
6945:"should"
6791:khua-leq
6759:homework
6626:durative
6604:ng-thaon
6483:khua-leq
6385:tomorrow
6382:min-tsáu
6088:homework
5985:analytic
5832:ban-yieu
5786:come.out
5775:old lady
5746:學生 拉 個 書
5702:ghoq-sán
5301:Literary
5164:learning
5073:Literary
4915:nga-deu
4902:outside
4199:to have
4194:geq-taq
4022:non hau
3939:we or I
3853:English
3835:English
3801:English
3783:English
3775:vaseline
3260:/tsoŋ⁵³/
3218:12 (˩˨)
3198:55 (˥˥)
3138:53 (˥˧)
3072:yin–yang
3060:yin–yang
3048:12ʔ (8)
3045:113 (6)
3028:55ʔ (7)
3025:334 (5)
2975:Rising (
2931:/-p-t-k/
2055:Nucleus
2004:plosives
1424:Alveolar
1398:Initials
1384:initials
1337:Shanghai
1301:branch (
1273:branch (
1257:branch (
1255:Liantang
1237:branch (
1212:Bendihua
1196:branch (
1101:topolect
1018:Longtang
1008:Longtang
838:the text
793:initials
783:phonemic
760:Taihu Wu
753:Mandarin
737:Shanghai
442:Jyutping
340:Help:IPA
297:shan1293
137:Shanghai
132:Bendihua
15969:Italics
15830:Siangic
15811:Songlin
15790:Kho-Bwa
15768:Hrusish
15750:Dubious
15733:Loloish
15727:Burmish
15692:Qiangic
15663:Longjia
15630:Karenic
15624:Nungish
15604:Sinitic
15490:Hkongso
15452:Myanmar
15422:Gongduk
15386:Tibetic
15304:Chepang
15277:Magaric
15223:Kiranti
15203:Newaric
14960:Braille
14921:Cursive
14871:Scripts
14738:History
14728:ZhengMa
14674:Cangjie
14640:Chengyu
14595:Grammar
14570:Hokkien
14527:Hokkien
14435:Waxiang
14415:Danzhou
14387:Guandao
14372:Younian
14367:Tongdao
14356:Pinghua
14296:Taishan
14212:Raoping
14180:Huizhou
14170:Meixian
14146:Banqiao
14119:Leizhou
14109:Pu–Xian
14104:Central
14092:Jian'ou
14067:Longyan
14015:Teochew
13952:Hokkien
13927:Nanlang
13883:Fu–Ning
13863:Changle
13845:Houguan
13836:Eastern
13783:Loushao
13771:Changyi
13753:Da–Tong
13748:Ying–Yi
13694:Yanzhou
13562:Wenzhou
13555:Oujiang
13546:Tiantai
13541:Taizhou
13450:Zhi–Yan
13397:Nantong
13392:Nanjing
13367:Gui–Liu
13357:Nanping
13352:Kunming
13278:Luoyang
13233:Qingdao
13205:Tianjin
13182:Beijing
13174:Beijing
13018:Private
12999:Theatre
12919:Finance
12843:Donghua
12792:Tunnels
12710:Donghai
12698:Yangtze
12693:Chongqi
12676:Bridges
12569:station
12567:Railway
12551:Longhua
12547:Closed
12476:Shenhua
12382:Qizhong
12378:Tennis
12312:Jinshan
12302:Hongkou
11983:worship
11787:Public
11682:Railway
11596:Museum
11542:Museums
11532:Library
11223:Streets
11084:Tourist
11016:Culture
10978:Culture
10884:Defunct
10855:Jinshan
10836:Jiading
10831:Baoshan
10826:Minhang
10816:Hongkou
10806:Jing'an
10791:Huangpu
10784:Current
10752:History
10742:Economy
10737:Culture
10640:Archive
10626:May 15,
10597:May 15,
10538:May 15,
10519:May 15,
10500:May 15,
10481:May 15,
10459:May 15,
10440:May 15,
10417:May 15,
10395:May 15,
10373:May 15,
10266:Sources
9684:Tangyun
9660:上海語言發展史
9608:上海市区方言志
9199:中国语言地图集
8942:. 貓眼電影.
8586:May 18,
8550:山坳中的上海话
8529:June 5,
8306:at the
8066:Pinyin:
7993:Pinyin:
7979:Pinyin:
7922:Pinyin:
7908:Pinyin:
7875:Pinyin:
7856:Wugniu:
7840:ghe-gho
7816:sa-gnin
7807:Wugniu:
7793:Wugniu:
7769:chiq-ku
7744:Wugniu:
7730:Wugniu:
7714:zaon-he
7705:Wugniu:
7591:Writing
7514:negated
7490:儂 好 𠲎？
7409:pín-lan
7249:ngu-gni
7216:yi-laq
7173:aq-laq
7152:Plural
7089:someone
7086:gnin-ká
7067:biscuit
7064:pin-kóe
6982:gnioe-i
6867:nen-keu
6756:kón-khu
6718:hau-leq
6705:gho-chi
6636:gho-chi
6579:yeu-yon
6299:clothes
6195:cián-le
6140:laq-laq
6085:kón-khu
6028:laq-laq
5968:every
5906:bi-jieu
5852:來 朋友 了。
5783:tseq-le
5705:student
5651:veq-hau
5632:he says
5629:yi kaon
5606:yi kaon
5495:mention
5387:Grammar
5361:ká-tsy
5354:ciá-din
5335:zen-min
5316:sén-veq
4390:na-nen
4233:laq-he
4107:please
4040:tsé-we
3952:he/she
3822:French
3770:Origin
3702:rainbow
3554:ʑin˩˩˧꜖
3537:di- gho
3477:Chinese
3461:/mi¹¹³/
3412:/ma¹¹³/
3308:/ti³³⁴/
3306:), and
3292:/zəʔ¹²/
3264:/koʔ⁵⁵/
3033:Light (
3019:53 (1)
2966:Level (
2911:Medial
1962:Lateral
1942:
1874:
1815:
1783:
1691:
1635:
1512:Plosive
1506:
1439:Glottal
1429:Palatal
1347:Minhang
1293:Nantong
1281:Hengsha
1249:Baoshan
1245:Jiading
1235:Jiading
1137:Nantong
1040:Lin Bao
925:of the
921:as the
915:English
888:Chuanqi
878:, then
876:Jiaxing
842:Please
811:History
336:Unicode
281:wuu-sha
188:Chinese
183:Sinitic
141:Nantong
87:wu-gniu
15843:Milang
15797:Puroik
15781:Mijiic
15705:Ersuic
15656:Caijia
15572:Konyak
15538:Meitei
15442:Chamdo
15379:Bodish
15365:Bhutan
15311:Bhujel
15258:Lepcha
15249:Lhokpu
15235:Dhimal
15180:Sikkim
15029:Postal
15024:MPS II
14901:Bronze
14781:Ba–Shu
14701:Google
14696:Pinyin
14632:Idioms
14445:Yeheni
14327:Wu–Hua
14322:Goulou
14301:Xinhui
14278:Dapeng
14273:Weitou
14258:Xiguan
14233:Yuehai
14202:Sixian
14141:Haikou
14131:Hainan
14062:Zhenan
14028:Haklau
14023:Swatow
13995:Penang
13980:Taiwan
13975:Chawan
13922:Longdu
13891:Ningde
13868:Gutian
13858:Fuqing
13853:Fuzhou
13815:Qiyang
13798:Wugang
13743:Yi–Liu
13670:Xiu-Yi
13658:Ji-She
13608:Quzhou
13600:Chu–Qu
13590:Jinhua
13582:Wuzhou
13567:Rui'an
13508:Ningbo
13482:Suzhou
13372:Wuming
13343:Zigong
13331:Leshan
13293:Lanyin
13288:Dungan
13283:Xuzhou
13261:Gangou
13238:Weihai
13228:Dalian
13187:Taiwan
13154:Harbin
13030:German
12974:Dianji
12949:Normal
12883:Tongji
12781:Wan'an
12757:Yangpu
12742:Songpu
12722:Fengpu
12541:Pudong
12505:Sharks
12460:Sports
12404:Tianma
12399:Street
12331:Indoor
12322:Zhabei
12307:Pudong
12283:venues
12281:Sports
12177:Pudong
11909:Hotels
11756:Lu Xun
11726:Lu Xun
11692:Maglev
11650:Postal
11203:Beach
11170:Canada
11024:Haipai
10939:Pudong
10911:Zhabei
10906:Nanhui
10901:Wusong
10891:Nanshi
10865:Qingpu
10841:Pudong
10821:Yangpu
10688:, and
10298:
10279:
9666:
9589:上海话大词典
9428:上海吴语手册
9407:
9382:
9348:
9240:
9171:
9161:
9088:
9041:上海市统计局
9015:
8940:"愛情神話"
8558:中国新闻周刊
8477:
8440:
8363:
8355:
8347:
8249:Haipai
8107:Bibles
8074:
8058:
7971:
7848:
7824:laq-he
7785:
7694:上海話大詞典
7629:rénmén
7570:de-tsy
7556:veq-zy
7259:aq-laq
7127:gender
6904:ue-teq
6590:yeu-ku
6475:finish
6472:se-zan
6406:loq-yu
6362:future
6296:í-zaon
6198:future
6182:laq-he
6160:pen-sy
6150:laq-he
6038:laq-he
5999:Aspect
5993:aspect
5913:搿 隻 皮球
5835:friend
5471:deu-sy
5468:deu-sy
5457:áon-sé
5423:deu-sy
5266:person
5130:cherry
4866:a lot
4850:alive
4519:oq-li
4364:we-sa
4290:where
4212:to be
4155:there
4063:sorry
4009:hello
3840:butter
3788:cement
3656:上海话大词典
3585:tɔ˧˧˦꜖
3568:vəʔ˩˨꜓
3494:/ŋu˩˩˧
3479::
3300:/sɛ⁵³/
3007:Dark (
2906:/i,jɛ/
2579:⟨uaon⟩
2414:⟨iaon⟩
2131:liquid
2052:Medial
2041:Finals
2016:voiced
2001:fortis
1993:tenuis
1895:voiced
1790:voiced
1642:voiced
1419:Dental
1414:Labial
1325:Pudong
1315:Pudong
1265:Qingpu
1084:Status
1026:iOS 11
894:, and
880:Suzhou
836:verify
787:voiced
775:vowels
122:Region
15774:Hruso
15670:Luren
15644:Kathu
15618:Tujia
15506:Taman
15477:Mruic
15464:Karbi
15405:Basum
15361:Tibet
15283:Magar
15209:Newar
15176:Nepal
15093:Nüshu
14797:forms
14711:Sogou
14658:Input
14532:Hakka
14470:forms
14310:Other
14268:Shiqi
14207:Hailu
14175:Wuhua
14162:Hakka
14080:Other
14055:Other
13990:Pedan
13905:Other
13896:Fu'an
13873:Matsu
13805:Ji–Xu
13763:Xiang
13713:]
13701:]
13689:]
13682:Qi-De
13677:]
13665:]
13523:Shadi
13469:Taihu
13423:Gyami
13406:Other
13362:Wuhan
13271:Xi'an
13210:Jinan
13040:Sanda
12989:Sport
12954:Ocean
12944:Music
12934:Lixin
12863:Fudan
12737:Nanpu
12732:Minpu
12618:Modes
12595:Ports
12495:Other
12462:teams
12424:Golf
12372:Other
12343:Luwan
12127:Other
11916:Peace
11709:Site
11687:Metro
11187:Jinze
11128:Qibao
11093:Areas
11044:Other
11030:Opera
10896:Luwan
10811:Putuo
10796:Xuhui
9169:S2CID
9086:S2CID
9074:(2).
9013:S2CID
8993:(PDF)
8926:"上海谣"
8914:. 搜狐.
8701:CNNGO
8639:CNNGO
8519:CNNGo
8361:S2CID
8353:JSTOR
8215:1995
8207:1996
8199:2005
8191:2007
8183:2010
8175:2018
8167:2018
8159:2020
8151:2023
7884:shàng
7643:huáng
7605:near-
7573:table
7524:m-meq
7333:zy-ka
7325:blame
7290:zy-ka
7214:yi-la
7171:aq-la
7016:shian
6955:ín-ké
6921:khu-i
6911:"may"
6847:"can"
6721:good-
6670:gnian
6659:zhieu
6593:swim-
6557:he-li
6464:movie
6461:di-in
6266:) or
6174:learn
6163:skill
6142:) or
6030:) or
5979:Verbs
5893:-tsaq
5675:Nouns
5657:-good
5444:-tson
5286:niǎo
5277:gniau
5218:fèng
5201:wǎng
5181:thing
5150:xiào
5141:shiau
5133:yīng
5096:house
5079:Gloss
5060:, or
4826:dead
4808:news
4506:home
4369:when
4316:what
4181:here
4142:this
4137:é, í
4125:that
4120:chin
3965:they
3761:Gloss
3687:place
3676:Gloss
3662:中派上海话
3551:zhin-
3543:phone
3504:紅 顏 色
3443:tshau
3331:Tone
3248:China
3115:Tone
2941:Tones
2927:rimes
2924:nasal
2902:/u,o/
2886:/ioʔ/
2882:/yɪʔ/
2869:/iɪʔ/
2863:/ioʔ/
2696:⟨iuq⟩
2678:⟨iun⟩
2662:⟨ioe⟩
2619:⟨ueq⟩
2605:⟨uaq⟩
2591:⟨uen⟩
2567:⟨uan⟩
2555:⟨uoe⟩
2467:⟨ioq⟩
2455:⟨iaq⟩
2443:⟨ion⟩
2402:⟨ian⟩
2373:⟨ieu⟩
2359:⟨iau⟩
2241:⟨aon⟩
1997:lenis
1758:⟨tsh⟩
1703:plain
1518:plain
1446:Nasal
1434:Velar
1392:rhyme
1194:Urban
1162:蘇滬嘉小片
1022:Apple
892:Tanci
797:Xiang
723:, or
116:China
15891:Rung
15836:Koro
15710:Naic
15637:Gong
15593:and
15591:East
15549:Zeme
15518:Naga
15436:Tani
15429:ʼOle
15325:Dura
15290:Kham
15242:Toto
15054:Yale
15044:EFEO
14906:Seal
14691:Dayi
14288:Siyi
13970:Amoy
13487:Wuxi
13384:Huai
13197:Jilu
12994:Tech
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