375:, red facial coloration is attractive to females to the point of influencing the reproductive success of high-ranking males. To be deemed a sexually selected trait said trait must be heritable and confer a reproductive advantage. In this example, facial redness is heritable, but only increases a male's reproductive success if he is also high-ranking, and rank is not determined by facial redness (dominance in rhesus macaques is not competition-based but rather queue-based). While this trait is believed to be the result of intersexual selection, such examples demonstrate the complex nature of determining evolutionary explanations for sexually dimorphic characteristics.
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gestation, lactation, and infant care are all highly energetically costly processes for females, so these energy and time constraints would lead them to choose—when possible—mates with higher quality genes leading to higher quality offspring with a better chance of survival and reproductive success. Importantly, what is deemed “high quality” by the female in this instance need not confer a survival advantage to the male, but must be perceived by females as a sign of attractiveness if not health. A common example of this is sexually dimorphic coloration.
305:), one of the African guenon species, have shown that call rates in adult females (24 call.hr-1) are more than seven times higher than in adult males (2.5call.hr-1). A usage of different call types also differs between sexes, in that females mostly utter contact(-food) calls, whereas males produce a great number of threat calls. Such difference in vocal usage is associated with social roles, with females being involved in more social tasks within the group and males being responsible for territory defense.
336:. Male baboons are known to violently fight and threaten each other over females and show high levels of sexual dimorphism in body and canine size, both of which are assumed to aid in combat. The “winners” of such interactions mate with the desired female and produce offspring, passing their traits to the next generation, while unsuccessful males are excluded from mating. As a result, traits beneficial to fighting are selected for in the population over time.
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262:), males display extensive red and blue coloration on their face, rump and genitalia as compared to females. Male mandrills also possess a yellow beard, nuchal crest of hair, and pronounced boney paranasal ridges, all of which are absent or vestigial in females. Studies have shown that male color in mandrills serves as a badge of social status in the species.
416:) reducing dimorphism. One study offers a challenge to the argument that environmental constraints are the main factor driving monomorphism on Madagascar but fails to isolate specific factors to substitute this theory; simply put, there is no consensus on why strepsirrhines do not follow similar patterns to haplorhines.
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mean that even if a male “wins” the opportunity to mate with a female, the father of her infant is not necessarily determined by the outcome of male–male competition, thus limiting the reproductive benefits associated with such competition and dampening the pressure for sexually selected dimorphic traits.
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through group size regulation (by evicting other females). Instances of female–female competition such as this could potentially select for greater body and/or canine size in females, as well as reduce the pressure for those same traits in males by limiting the occurrence of male–male competition (as
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as a group consistently exhibit a low level of sexual size dimorphism for unclear reasons. Gibbons, on the other hand, are an example of monogamous primates that can be described as “monomorphic,” meaning males and females appear the same with little to no sexual dimorphism. The correlation between
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systems among haplorhines show elevated levels of dimorphism. This is expected because polygynous groups, i.e. single-male multi-female, imply males can monopolize females, suggesting male–male competition plays an important role in ensuring any opportunity to reproduce. Without somewhat guaranteed
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Paternity confusion is another component of female choice. By actively seeking out matings with newly immigrated males, females produce offspring whose fathers are unknown. This is beneficial to females because it allows them to sire offspring without the risk of infanticide. These “sneaky matings”
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Primates also exhibit sexual dimorphism in skeletal structures. In general, skeletal dimorphism in primates is primarily known as a product of body mass dimorphism. Hence, males have proportionally larger skeletons compared to females due to their larger body masses. Larger and more robust skeletal
484:
divergence between the sexes attributes to the evolution of size dimorphism in primates. Males and females are known to have different preferences for ecological habitat due to different reproductive activities, which could possibly lead to dietary differences, followed by dimorphic morphological
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as defined by Darwin and refers to competition within a sex for access to mates. For species where such competition determines their reproductive success, selection pressures for increased strength/size and weaponry/canines are heightened, resulting in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. The most
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can manifest itself in many different forms. In male and female primates there are obvious physical difference such as body size or canine size. Dimorphism can also be seen in skeletal features such as the shape of the pelvis or the robustness of the skeleton. There are two mating systems in the
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primates. It has been hypothesized that larger sizes of body mass and canine tooth are favored among males of terrestrial primates due to the likelihood of higher vulnerability to predators. Another hypothesis suggests that arboreal primates have limitations on their upper body size, given that
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and gibbons the sex differences is on a general average about 4 to 5 percent. In orangutans, males and females share similarities in facial dimensions and growth in terms of orbits, nasal width, and facial width. They tend to have some significant differences, however, in various facial heights
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of females by males. Sexual dimorphism arises via intersexual selection most often through female preference for certain male secondary sexual characteristics, but can also arise as a result of males' selective pressure to physically overpower females he wishes to mate with. Gamete production,
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are sexually dimorphic for different biological characteristics, such as body size, canine tooth size, craniofacial structure, skeletal dimensions, pelage color and markings, and vocalization. However, such sex differences are primarily limited to the anthropoid primates; most of the
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mating system and dimorphism in haplorhines likely indicates sexual selection is the driving force behind dimorphism in species of this suborder. Another more general trend observed in haplorhines is a correlation between body mass dimorphism with overall body size.
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In many adult primates, dimorphism in the vocal repertoire can appear in both call production (e.g., calls with a particular set of acoustic traits) and usage (e.g., call frequency and context-specificity) between the sexes. Sex-specific calls are commonly found in
299:, in which males produce loud calls for intergroup spacing and females produce copulation calls for sexual activity. Forest guenons also tend to display strong vocal divergences between sexes, with mostly sex-specific call types. Studies on De Brazza's monkeys (
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structures in males is also attributable to better developed muscle scarring, and more intense cresting of bones compared to those of females. Male gorillas, for example, possess large sagittal and nuchal crests, which correspond to their large
1358:
Larsen, C. S. "Equality for the Sexes in Human
Evolution? Early Hominid Sexual Dimorphism and Implications for Mating Systems and Social Behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 16, 2003, pp. 9103–9104.,
121:. Patterns of size dimorphism exhibited in primates may correspond to the intensity of competition between members of the same sex for access to mates–intrasexual competition, counteracted by fecundity selection on the other sex. Some
432:. Such correlation between phylogenetic relatedness and sexual dimorphism across different groups reflects similarities in their behaviors and ecological conditions, but not in independent adaptations. This idea is referred to as “
278:), males can gain fat as much as 25 percent of the body mass only during the breeding season, specifically in their upper torso, arms, and shoulders. This seasonal phenomenon, known as “male fattening,” is associated with both
153:, the size of male canines is more than twice as large as that of female canines. It is rare, yet females in some species are known to have larger canines than males, such as the eastern brown mouse lemur (
1320:. Short, R. V. (Roger Valentine), 1930-, Balaban, E. (Evan), International Conference on Comparative Physiology (11th : 1992 : Crans, Switzerland). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994.
676:. Short, R. V. (Roger Valentine), 1930-, Balaban, E. (Evan), International Conference on Comparative Physiology (11th : 1992 : Crans, Switzerland). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994.
391:, the degree to which intrasexual and intersexual selection drive sexual dimorphism is dependent on the social organization and mating system of a particular species. Phylogenetic studies reveal
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in which males' body sizes are larger than females' body sizes. In extreme cases, males have body sizes that are almost twice as large as those of females, as in some species including
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Dubuc, Constance; Winters, Sandra; Allen, William L.; Brent, Lauren J. N.; Cascio, Julie; Maestripieri, Dario; Ruiz-Lambides, Angelina V.; Widdig, Anja; Higham, James P. (2014-11-07).
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Leigh, Steven R. “Socioecology and the
Ontogeny of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Anthropoid Primates.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 97, no. 4, 1995, pp. 339–356.,
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primates—a male's lifetime reproductive output is dependent on his ability to outcompete other males and lead a group of females. As an exception, among polygynous primates,
758:
Dixson, A.; Dixson, B.; Anderson, M. (2005). "Sexual selection and the evolution of visually conspicuous sexually dimorphic traits in male monkeys, apes, and human beings".
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remains a mystery, with some explanations ranging from ecological constraints to selection for speed and agility to unique instances of female social dominance (such as in
887:
Berge, C.; Penin, X. (2004). "Ontogenetic allometry, heterochrony, and interspecific differences in the skull of
African apes, using tridimensional procrustes analysis".
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common illustration of intrasexual selection is male–male competition, in which males of a species fight or threaten each other for preferential access to females.
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than females. Within primates, the male and female canine tooth size varies among different taxonomic subgroups, yet canine dimorphism is most extensively found in
343:, for example, experience frequent agonistic encounters both within and between coalitions. One possible evolutionary explanation for female–female competition in
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Sex differences in pelage, such as capes of hair, beards, or crests, and skin can be found in several species among adult primates. Several species (e.g.,
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is often represented by female choice, but more generally refers to differential preferences one sex has for individuals of the opposite sex, including
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Extant primates exhibit a broad range of variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD), or sexual divergence in body size. It ranges from species such as
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Similar magnitudes of body weight dimorphism have been observed in all species within several taxonomic groups such as callitrichids, hylobatids,
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Among different types of teeth constituting the dentition of primates, canines exhibit the greatest degree of variation in tooth size, whereas
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for larger males. Orangutan males tend to gain weight and develop large cheek flanges, when they achieve dominance over other group members.
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have shown that, in general, males tend to have a greater increase of facial volume than of neurocranial volume, a more obliquely oriented
157:). Sexual dimorphism in canine tooth size is relatively weak or absent in extant strepsirrhine primates. The South American titi monkeys (
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and strepsirrhine primates are, however, characterized by the reverse dimorphism, a phenomenon in which females are larger than males.
1040:"Reproductive success increases with degree of kinship in cooperative coalitions of female red howler monkeys ( Alouatta seniculus )"
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Ultimate mechanisms explain the evolutionary history and functional significance of the sexual dimorphism expressed among primates.
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and strepsirrhines (including
Madagascar's lemurs) in which males and females have almost the same body sizes to species such as
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Sex differences in the vocal repertoire of adult red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus): A multi-level acoustic analysis
1381:
Scaglion, Richard. "On
Australopithecine Sexual Dimorphism". Current Anthropology, vol. 19, no. 1, 1978, pp. 153–154.,
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describes the morphological, physiological, and behavioral differences between males and females of the same species. Most
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Craniofacial sex differentiation among anthropoid primates varies in a wide range and is known to arise primarily through
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traits. This niche divergence hypothesis, however, has never been strongly supported due to the lack of compelling data.
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larger body size could disrupt their usage of terminal branches for locomotion. However, among some species of guenons (
206:, orangutans and gorillas are about nine percent larger than the neurocranial dimensions in adult females, whereas in
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Cardini A, Elton S. 2008. Variation in guenon skulls (II): sexual dimorphism. Journal of Human
Evolution 54:638-647.
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group size regulation reduces the likelihood of threats/takeovers by immigrant males), overall reducing dimorphism.
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1149:"Male morphological traits are heritable but do not predict reproductive success in a sexually-dimorphic primate"
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have the least. A canine dimorphism is also more widely seen in maxillary canines than in mandibular canines.
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Canine sexual dimorphism is one particular type of sexual dimorphism, in which males of a species have larger
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Sexual size dimorphism, canine dimorphism, and male–male competition in primates: where do humans fit in?
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724:"Body size and sexual size dimorphism in primates: influence of climate and net primary productivity"
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Flores, D.; Casinos, A. (2011). "Cranial ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in two New World monkeys:
198:, and a more pronounced rearrangement of the nuchal region. The breadth, length and height of the
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Age- and sex-specific patterns of vocal behavior in De Brazza's monkeys (Cercopithecus neglectus)
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161:), for instance, do not exhibit any differences in the size of canine teeth between the sexes.
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The lack of a clear relationship between mating system and intensity of sexual dimorphism in
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321:
1092:"Sexually selected skin colour is heritable and related to fecundity in a non-human primate"
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Kimock, Clare M.; Dubuc, Constance; Brent, Lauren J. N.; Higham, James P. (December 2019).
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258:) show an extensive dimorphism in pelage colors or patterning. For example, in mandrills (
8:
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1585:
1392:"Sexual Dimorphism". The American Naturalist, vol. 37, no. 437, 1903, pp. 349–349.,
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Proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism in the
Iguanian lizard Microlophus occipitalis
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Dunham, A. E.; Maitner, B. S.; Razafindratsima, O.H.; Simmons, M. C; Roy, C. L. (2013).
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and nuchal musculature. Also, an unusual skeletal dimorphism includes enlarged, hollow
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Some sexual dimorphic traits in primates are known to appear on a temporary basis. In
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Is fatter sexier? Reproductive strategies of male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
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Schultz, A. H. (1962). "Metric age changes and sex differences in primate skulls".
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Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a review of the evidence
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Hens, S. M. (2005). "Ontogeny of craniofacial sexual dimorphism in the orangutan (
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Dominance, status signals, and coloration in male mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
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Intrasexual selection also operates through female–female competition. Female
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Intrasexual competition and body weight dimorphism in anthropoid primates
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Plavcan, J. Michael (2001). "Sexual dimorphism in primate evolution".
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The nature and basis of sexual dimorphism in the primate skeleton
829:"Patterns of tooth size variability in the dentition of primates"
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211:(e.g., height of the anterior face, premaxilla, and nose).
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primates tend to show a greater degree of dimorphism than
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A prime example of intrasexual selection can be found in
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1011:
Bouchet H, Pellier A, Blois-Heulin C, Lemasson A. 2010.
464:) appear to be more sexually dimorphic than terrestrial
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Proceedings of the Royal
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232:, which contribute to the resonation of their voices.
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1002:. American Journal of Primatology 74:12-28.
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347:is its role as a counter-strategy to
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396:access to females—as is the case in
1522:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
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1273:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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944:. Journal of Zoology 180(1):15-34.
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1318:The Differences between the sexes
1216:Plavcan JM, Van Schaik CP. 1997.
674:The differences between the sexes
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1596:Evolution of sexual reproduction
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953:Setchell JM, Wickings EJ. 2005.
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862:American Journal of Primatology
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434:phylogenetic niche conservatism
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145:primates. For example, in many
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800:: lack of sexual dimorphism".
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480:It has been hypothesized that
228:found in males of gibbons and
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37:female (left) and male (right)
26:female (left) and male (right)
16:Sexual differences in primates
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760:Annual Review of Sex Research
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1714:Penile-vaginal intercourse
1554:Sequential hermaphroditism
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1038:Pope, T. R. (2000-09-12).
1028:. Ecology 77(5):1473-1482.
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1544:Testis-determining factor
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495:Sex differences in humans
236:Pelage color and markings
1485:Sex-determination system
860:). I: Face and palate".
202:in adult male macaques,
168:have less variation and
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1376:10.1002/ajpa.1330970402
1365:10.1073/pnas.1633678100
1288:more precise citations.
616:Plavcan, J. M. (2001).
302:Cercopithecus neglectus
1468:Sexual differentiation
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973:Human Nature 23:45-67.
704:: CS1 maint: others (
190:processes. Studies on
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1510:Temperature-dependent
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957:. Ethology 111:25-50.
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361:Intersexual selection
356:Intersexual selection
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317:Intrasexual selection
280:male–male competition
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1618:Reproductive system
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309:Ultimate mechanisms
35:Black howler monkey
1731:Human reproduction
1709:Sexual intercourse
1694:Plant reproduction
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1250:Academic resources
1153:Scientific Reports
1102:(1794): 20141602.
1024:Watkins GG. 1996.
969:Plavcan JM. 2012.
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901:10.1002/ajpa.10334
814:10.1007/BF01793656
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244:
238:
217:
184:
178:
131:
87:
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1527:Sex chromosome
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:10.1086/278295
1390:
1387:10.1086/202026
1379:
1368:
1356:
1343:(S33): 25–53.
1333:
1312:
1311:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1231:
1222:
1204:
1139:
1077:
1050:(4): 253–267.
1030:
1017:
1004:
988:
975:
959:
946:
933:
922:(3): 239–255.
906:
879:
858:Pongo pygmaeus
845:
819:
808:(4): 365–369.
788:
769:
747:
711:
682:
665:
628:(S33): 25–53.
551:
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
490:
487:
477:
474:
466:vervet monkeys
441:
440:Terrestriality
438:
421:
418:
410:strepsirrhines
384:
383:Mating systems
381:
357:
354:
341:howler monkeys
318:
315:
310:
307:
291:
288:
267:
264:
240:Main article:
237:
234:
230:howler monkeys
216:
213:
208:spider monkeys
196:foramen magnum
177:
174:
130:
127:
86:
83:
81:
78:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1741:Pelvic thrust
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:Fertilization
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:Gametogenesis
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:parasexuality
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:Hermaphrodite
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1515:Haplodiploidy
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:0-521-44411-X
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1294:February 2023
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
993:
985:
979:
972:
966:
964:
956:
950:
943:
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
850:
842:(3): 457–465.
841:
837:
830:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
784:
780:
773:
765:
761:
754:
752:
742:
737:
734:: 2312–2320.
733:
729:
725:
718:
716:
707:
701:
693:
689:
685:
683:0-521-44411-X
679:
675:
669:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:(Cebidae)]".
521:
517:
510:
506:
496:
493:
492:
486:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:Cercopithecus
450:
446:
437:
435:
431:
427:
426:Cercopithecus
417:
415:
411:
406:
403:
399:
394:
390:
380:
376:
374:
369:
366:
362:
353:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
330:
327:
323:
314:
306:
304:
303:
298:
287:
285:
284:female choice
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
173:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
124:
123:callitrichine
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
77:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:strepsirrhine
47:
43:
36:
32:
25:
21:
1660:spermatozoon
1588:reproduction
1537:Y chromosome
1532:X chromosome
1478:Virilization
1473:Feminization
1340:
1336:
1317:
1300:
1291:
1272:
1234:
1225:
1159:(1): 19794.
1156:
1152:
1142:
1099:
1095:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1020:
1007:
978:
949:
936:
919:
915:
909:
892:
888:
882:
865:
861:
857:
839:
835:
822:
805:
801:
797:
791:
785:(1): 63–105.
782:
778:
772:
763:
759:
731:
727:
673:
668:
625:
621:
527:
523:
520:Cebus apella
519:
515:
509:
479:
469:
461:
458:blue monkeys
456:), arboreal
453:
443:
429:
425:
423:
407:
386:
377:
370:
359:
338:
331:
320:
312:
300:
293:
290:Vocalization
275:
269:
259:
255:
251:
248:Lemur macaco
247:
245:
218:
200:neurocranium
185:
163:
132:
88:
71:
40:
1286:introducing
895:: 124–138.
868:: 149–166.
545:11336/69038
530:: 744–757.
470:C. aethiops
445:Terrestrial
389:haplorhines
349:infanticide
226:hyoid bones
188:ontogenetic
170:cheek teeth
139:catarrhines
95:chimpanzees
67:monomorphic
1823:Categories
1721:Copulation
1442:Biological
1269:references
501:References
398:monogamous
393:polygynous
180:See also:
143:haplorhine
129:Tooth size
107:orangutans
53:primates (
1776:Mechanics
1753:Sexuality
1648:Oogenesis
1623:Sex organ
1613:Germ cell
1601:Anisogamy
1181:2045-2322
1116:0962-8452
1064:0340-5443
700:cite book
644:0002-9483
420:Phylogeny
402:colobines
182:Allometry
111:mandrills
85:Body size
1808:Category
1786:Activity
1682:Internal
1677:External
1566:Intersex
1199:31874959
1134:25253459
802:Primates
692:28708379
660:31722173
652:11786990
489:See also
462:C. mitis
449:arboreal
192:hominids
166:incisors
151:macaques
103:gorillas
63:tarsiers
46:primates
1633:Meiosis
1606:Isogamy
1282:improve
1190:6930303
1161:Bibcode
1125:4211451
1072:2144926
766:: 1–19.
334:baboons
204:guenons
147:baboons
135:canines
99:bonobos
91:gibbons
59:lorises
1655:Gamete
1628:Mating
1586:Sexual
1461:Female
1324:
1271:, but
1197:
1187:
1179:
1132:
1122:
1114:
1070:
1062:
690:
680:
658:
650:
642:
430:Macaca
428:, and
414:lemurs
141:among
117:, and
61:) and
55:lemurs
1444:terms
1068:S2CID
832:(PDF)
656:S2CID
482:niche
80:Types
1665:ovum
1456:Male
1353:ISSN
1330:OCLC
1322:ISBN
1195:PMID
1177:ISSN
1130:PMID
1112:ISSN
1060:ISSN
706:link
688:OCLC
678:ISBN
648:PMID
640:ISSN
282:and
149:and
97:and
65:are
57:and
1435:Sex
1394:doi
1383:doi
1372:doi
1361:doi
1345:doi
1341:116
1185:PMC
1169:doi
1120:PMC
1104:doi
1100:281
1052:doi
924:doi
897:doi
893:124
870:doi
810:doi
736:doi
630:doi
626:116
540:hdl
532:doi
528:272
472:).
436:."
387:In
371:In
242:Fur
1825::
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1500:XO
1495:ZW
1490:XY
1351:.
1339:.
1328:.
1207:^
1193:.
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1167:.
1155:.
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1080:^
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840:51
838:.
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806:13
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1301:(
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1171::
1163::
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1106::
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1054::
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926::
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872::
816:.
812::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
