489:. The males limit the movements of the females, herding them with visual threats and grabbing or biting any that wander too far away. Males sometimes raid harems for females, resulting in aggressive fights. Many males succeed in taking a female from another's harem, called a "takeover". Visual threats are usually accompanied by these aggressive fights. This would include a quick flashing of the eyelids accompanied by a yawn to show off the teeth. As in many species, infant baboons are taken by the males as hostages during fights. However, males within the same clan tend to be related and respect the social bonds of their kin. In addition, females demonstrate definite preferences for certain males, and rival males heed these preferences. The less a female favors her harem males, the more likely she will be successfully taken by a rival. Young males, often "follower" males, may start their own harems by maneuvering immature females into following them. The male may also abduct a young female by force. Either way, the male will
519:
that is not hers. Like all baboons, hamadryas baboons are intrigued by infants and give much attention to them. Dominant male baboons prevent other males from coming into close contact with their infants. They also protect the young from predators. The dominant male tolerates the young and will carry and play with them. When a new male takes over a female, she develops sexual swellings which may be an adaptation that functions to prevent the new male from killing the offspring of the previous male. When males reach puberty, they show a playful interest in young infants. They will kidnap the infants by luring them away from their harems and inviting them to ride on their backs. This is more often done by "follower" males. This kidnapping can lead to dehydration or starvation for the infant. The harem leader would retrieve the infants from their kidnappers, which is mostly an act to protect their offspring.
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hierarchy. Bands are the next level. Two to four clans form bands of up to 400 individuals which usually travel and sleep as a group. Males rarely leave their bands, and females are occasionally transferred or traded between bands by males. Bands may fight with one another over food or territory, and the adult male leaders of the units are the usual combatants. Bands also contain solitary males that are not harem leaders or followers and move freely within the band. Several bands may come together to form a troop, usually at sleeping cliffs.
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361:(males are nearly twice as large as females, which is common to most baboons) this species also shows differences in coloration among adults. Adult males have a pronounced cape (mane and mantle), silver-white in color, which they develop around the age of ten, while the females are capeless and brown all over. Their faces range in color from reddish to tan to a dark brown.
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females as they do with the harem males, and some females will even interact with each other outside of their harems. In addition, it is not uncommon for females of the same natal group to end up in the same harem. Females can still associate and help their extended families despite their interactions being controlled by the harem males.
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Females within a harem do not display any dominance relationships as seen in many other baboon and macaque species. The harem males suppress aggression between the females and prevent any dominance hierarchies from arising. Despite this, some social differences between the females occur. Some females
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Hamadryas baboons have traditionally been thought of having a female transfer society with females being moved away from their relatives of the same sex. However, later studies show female baboons retain close associations with at least some female kin. Females can spend about as much time with other
535:. Using implanted data loggers and simulated desert conditions, researchers found baboon internal temperatures increased significantly with water deprivation. When water was given to baboons, their internal temperatures dropped quickly. Therefore, it seems that access to water helps baboons maintain
518:
Like other baboons, the hamadryas baboon breeds aseasonally. The dominant male of a one-male unit does most of the mating, though other males may occasionally sneak in copulations, as well. Females do most of the parenting. They nurse and groom the infant and one female in a unit may groom an infant
447:
The baboon's drinking activities also depend on the season. During the wet seasons, the baboon do not have to go far to find pools of water. During the dry seasons, they frequent up to three permanent waterholes. Baboons rest at the waterholes during midafternoon and also dig drinking holes only a
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containing one male and up to 10 females, which the males lead and guard. A harem often includes a younger "follower" male that may be related to the leader. Two or more harems unite repeatedly to form clans. Within clans, males are close relatives of one another and have an age-related dominance
364:
Males may have a body measurement of up to 80 cm (31 in) and weigh 20–30 kg (44–66 lb); females weigh 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) and have a body length of 40–45 cm (16–18 in). The tail adds a further 40–60 cm (16–24 in) to the length, and ends in a small
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with the female when she matures. Aging males often lose their females to followers and soon lose weight and their hair color changes to brown like a female. While males in most other baboon species are transferred away from their male relatives and into different troops, male hamadryas baboons
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are more socially active and have a stronger social bond with the harem male. These females, known as the "central females", stay in closer proximity to the harem male than the other females. Females that spend most of their time farther from the harem male are called "peripheral females".
597:, or "Bull of the Baboons", a bloodthirsty god said to eat the entrails of the unrighteous dead. Babi was also said to give the righteous dead continued virility, and to use his penis as the mast of a boat to convey them to the Egyptian paradise.
429:
and is adapted to its relatively dry habitat. During the wet seasons, the baboon feeds on a variety of foods, including blossoms, seeds, grasses, wild roots, bark and leaves from acacia trees. During the dry season, the baboons eat leaves of the
1596:
Städele, Veronika; Pines, Mathew; Swedell, Larissa; Vigilant, Linda (2016). "The ties that bind: Maternal kin bias in a multilevel primate society despite natal dispersal by both sexes: Maternal Kin Bias in
Hamadryas Baboons".
612:
that guarded the organs of the deceased in ancient
Egyptian religion, is also represented as hamadryas-headed; Hapi protected the lungs, hence the common sculpting of a stone or clay hamadryas head as the lid of the
365:
tuft. Infants are very dark brown or black in coloration and lighten after about one year. Hamadryas baboons reach sexual maturity at about four years for females and between five and seven years for males.
341:. These regions provide habitats with the advantage for this species of fewer natural predators than central or southern Africa where other baboons reside. The hamadryas baboon was a sacred animal to the
1776:
Swedell, Larissa; Saunders, Julian; Schreier, Amy; Davis, Brittany; Tesfaye, Teklu; Pines, Mathew (2011). "Female "dispersal" in
Hamadryas baboons: Transfer among social units in a multilevel society".
1237:
Amann, Alexis L.; Pines, Mathew; Swedell, Larissa (2017). "Contexts and consequences of takeovers in
Hamadryas baboons: Female parity, reproductive state, and observational evidence of pregnancy loss".
1439:
Pines, Mathew; Saunders, Julian; Swedell, Larissa (2011). "Alternative routes to the leader male role in a multilevel society: follower vs. solitary male strategies and outcomes in
Hamadryas baboons".
1567:
Städele, Veronika; Van Doren, Vanessa; Pines, Mathew; Swedell, Larissa; Vigilant, Linda (2015). "Fine-scale genetic assessment of sex-specific dispersal patterns in a multilevel primate society".
581:, a major and powerful deity with many roles that included being the scribe of the gods. Astennu, attendant to Thoth, is represented as a hamadryas in his roles as recorder of the result of the
1880:
Zinner, D; Deschner, T (2000). "Sexual swellings in female hamadryas baboons after male take-overs: 'Deceptive' swellings as a possible female counter-strategy against infanticideticide".
1212:
Forest and woodland vegetation in the highlands of Dogu'a
Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains – The Dogu'a Tembien District
1519:
Sigg, H; Stolba, A; Abegglen, JJ; Dasser, V (1982). "Life history of hamadryas baboons: Physical development, infant mortality, reproductive parameters and family relationships".
617:
that held the lungs and/or represented the protection of the lungs. Hamadryas baboons were revered because certain behaviors that they perform were seen as worshiping the sun.
810:
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and that water restrictions are a major threat to this species. However, baboons can maintain their plasma volume during water deprivation due to an increase in blood
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listed this species as "least concern" in 2008. No major range-wide threats exist at present, although locally it may be at risk through loss of habitat due to major
464:
The hamadryas baboon has an unusual four-level social system called a multilevel society. Most social interaction occurs within small groups called one-male units or
1749:
Swedell, L; Saunders, J (2006). "Infant
Mortality, Paternity Certainty, and Female Reproductive Strategies in Hamadryas Baboons". In Swedell, L; Leigh, SR (eds.).
600:
Sometimes, Thoth himself appears in the form of a hamadryas (often shown carrying the moon on his head), as an alternative to his more common representation as an
425:. The hamadryas baboon lives in arid areas, savannas, and rocky areas, requiring cliffs for sleeping and finding water. Like all baboons, the hamadryas baboon is
1841:
Swedell, L; Schreier, A (2009). "Male aggression towards females in hamadryas baboons: Conditioning, coercion, and control". In Muller, MW; Wrangham, RW (eds.).
3183:
1996:
1135:
3248:
3222:
1548:
Stammbach, E (1987). "Desert, forest, and mountain baboons: Multilevel societies". In Smuts, B; Cheney, D; Seyfarth, R; Wrangham, R (eds.).
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1974:
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is thought to help reduce thermoregulatory stress, research has investigated how baboons deal with water restriction and thermal loads as
3429:
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1400:"Homeothermy and primate bipedalism: Is water shortage or solar radiation the main threat to baboon (Papio hamadryas) homeothermy?"
814:
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Transformation of field and pastureland represents the main threat to the hamadryas baboon; its only natural predators are the
1478:"The Fourth Level of Social Structure in a Multi-Level Society: Ecological and Social Functions of Clans in Hamadryas Baboons"
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1989:
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leaves. Hamadryas baboons also eat insects, spiders, worms, scorpions, reptiles, birds, and small mammals, including
1669:"Ranging Behavior, Group Size and Behavioral Flexibility in Ethiopian Hamadryas Baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas)"
1379:
Kummer, H. (2001). "A Male
Dominated Society: The Hamadryas Baboon of Cone Rock, Ethiopia". In MacDonald, D. (ed.).
1320:
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1982:
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2004:
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The hamadryas baboon eats fruit in captivity, although it is not a regular part of its diet in the wild
1918:
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Sexual
Coercion in Primates and Humans: An Evolutionary Perspective on Male Aggression Against Females
1399:
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346:
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Rowe, Noel. The
Pictorial Guide to Living Primates, Pogonias Press (Charlestown, Rhode Island: 1996)
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79:
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The hamadryas baboon is unusual among baboon and macaque species in that its society is strictly
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synthesis. This helps baboons retain fluids when their bodies are experiencing dehydration.
3214:
3144:
3105:
2989:
2654:
2573:
1753:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. New York: Springer. pp. 19–51.
574:
1751:
Reproduction and Fitness in Baboons: Behavioral, Ecological, and Life History Perspectives
8:
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44:
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684:, and a number of wildlife reserves in the lower Awash valley and in northern Eritrea.
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1965:
1919:"Conservation of blood plasma fluids in hamadryas baboons after thermal dehydration"
1909:
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2006:
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2013:
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remain in their natal clans or bands and have associations with their male kin.
477:
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1337:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 166–167.
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Strategies of Sex and Survival in Hamadryas Baboons: Through a Female Lens
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1634:
Swedell, L (2002). "Affiliation among females in wild hamadryas baboons (
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family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons, being native to the
141:
30:
1725:
1710:"Infant Mortality After Takeovers in Wild Ethiopian Hamadryas Baboons"
1684:
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and as one of the four hamadryas baboons guarding the lake of fire in
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1894:
10.1002/1098-2345(200012)52:4<157::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-L
1398:
Mitchell, Duncan; Fuller, Andrea; Maloney, Shane K. (1 May 2009).
3351:
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2791:
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1969:
1334:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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that can still be found in the same area of distribution. The
3300:
1845:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 244–268.
578:
437:
422:
410:
1775:
1566:
1025:
1023:
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and irrigation projects. The species occurs in the proposed
1917:
Zurovsky, Y.; Shkolnik, A.; Ovadia, M. (1 September 1984).
1595:
1383:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 376–377.
1039:
1037:
1035:
990:
Swedell, Saunders, Schreier, Davis, Tesfaye, and Pines 2011
956:
601:
586:
510:
298:
292:
280:
734:(10th ed.). Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann. p. 27
1020:
813:. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from
274:
1518:
1032:
1362:
Social Organisation of Hamadryas Baboons. A Field Study
1916:
1136:"Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sale / Lot 65"
1397:
1052:
Städele, Van Doren, Pines, Swedell, and Vigilant 2015
301:
268:
1438:
289:
286:
1364:. Basel and Chicago: Karger, and University Press.
283:
277:
271:
949:
947:
945:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
559:Depiction of a hamadryas baboon as the god Thoth (
1552:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 112–120.
1236:
977:
975:
973:
349:, hence its alternative name of 'sacred baboon'.
3371:
886:
884:
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543:(COP). Hamadryas baboons do this by increasing
1879:
1707:
1301:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T16019A17953082.en
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
970:
852:
845:
843:
841:
381:The hamadryas baboon's range extends from the
1990:
1275:
505:
1002:
893:
861:
1161:"Rembrandt Bugatti Babouin Sacré Hamadryas"
1055:
838:
775:
773:
651:
295:
1997:
1983:
953:Städele, Pines, Swedell, and Vigilant 2016
224:
53:
29:
1779:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1547:
1493:
1299:
1666:
1266:
1189:
770:
727:
635:
554:
509:
476:
455:
448:short distance from natural waterholes.
372:
368:
1805:
1633:
3372:
1859:
1378:
1359:
1315:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
3057:
3056:
1978:
1208:
1192:On Socialization in Hamadryas Baboons
1121:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
589:, the ancient Egyptian underworld. A
451:
3357:A828DE68-FC5A-4E6C-9EC6-394233AFB094
1640:International Journal of Primatology
787:
785:
577:, as they were considered sacred to
3380:IUCN Red List least concern species
1860:Teller, Matthew (1 November 2012).
1287:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1125:Zurovsky, Shkolnik, and Ovadia 1984
803:
703:
694:
522:
337:and the southwestern region of the
322:
13:
1476:Schreier, A.; Swedell, L. (2009).
1116:
1113:Mitchell, Fuller, and Maloney 2009
1100:
573:Hamadryas baboons often appear in
14:
3451:
1958:
999:Pines, Saunders, and Swedell 2011
811:"Sacred Baboon (Papio hamadryas)"
782:
472:
3430:Mammals of the Arabian Peninsula
1183:
345:and appears in various roles in
264:
78:
1882:American Journal of Primatology
1714:American Journal of Primatology
1708:Swedell, L; Tesfaye, T (2003).
1599:American Journal of Primatology
1482:American Journal of Primatology
1441:American Journal of Primatology
1271:. Bloomsbury. pp. 221–224.
1240:American Journal of Primatology
1153:
1128:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1046:
993:
984:
933:
633:'s most celebrated sculptures.
627:Grand Babouin sacré "hamadryas"
38:Female (left) and male (right)
1194:. Blackwell University Press.
1097:Zinner, D., T. Deschner, 2000.
1088:Amann, Pines, and Swedell 2017
829:
794:
746:
731:Systema naturæ. Regnum animale
721:
664:, and a diminishing number of
352:
1:
2565:Northern pig-tailed macaque (
2556:Southern pig-tailed macaque (
1923:Journal of Applied Physiology
687:
620:
560:
550:
325:, Al Robah) is a species of
1581:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.019
1416:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.003
7:
3400:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3390:Fauna of the Horn of Africa
2349:Greater spot-nosed monkey (
1935:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.3.768
1381:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
967:Sigg and Stolba et al. 1982
678:Yangudi Rassa National Park
401:. It is also native to the
10:
3456:
3435:Mammals of the Middle East
2421:Lesser spot-nosed monkey (
1569:Journal of Human Evolution
1404:Journal of Human Evolution
506:Reproduction and parenting
3395:Mammals described in 1758
3326:
3065:
3039:
3002:
2963:Golden-bellied mangabey (
2914:
2890:
2813:
2789:
2748:
2637:Celebes crested macaque (
2518:
2509:
2311:
2261:
2175:
2133:
2092:
2068:
2059:
2021:
2005:Extant species of family
1810:. Pearson Prentice Hall.
1759:10.1007/978-0-387-33674-9
1636:Papio hamadryas hamadryas
1079:Swedell and Saunders 2006
1029:Swedell and Schreier 2009
939:Schreier and Swedell 2009
593:precursor to Astennu was
460:Hamadryas harems together
347:ancient Egyptian religion
314:
239:
232:
223:
200:
193:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2777:Black crested mangabey (
2376:Campbell's mona monkey (
2163:Blue Nile patas monkey (
1331:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1190:Abegglen, J. J. (1984).
682:Harar Wildlife Sanctuary
652:Threats and conservation
541:colloid osmotic pressure
357:Apart from the striking
2768:Grey-cheeked mangabey (
2736:White-cheeked macaque (
2673:Formosan rock macaque (
2430:White-throated guenon (
2222:Bale Mountains vervet (
2145:Southern patas monkey (
1966:hamadryas baboon genome
1652:10.1023/A:1021170703006
728:Linnaeus, Carl (1758).
514:Male, female and infant
2990:White-naped mangabey (
2655:Stump-tailed macaque (
2574:Pagai Island macaque (
2080:Allen's swamp monkey (
1276:Gippoliti, S. (2019).
674:agricultural expansion
648:
570:
515:
482:
461:
378:
3288:Paleobiology Database
2972:Tana River mangabey (
2646:Crab-eating macaque (
2547:Lion-tailed macaque (
2394:Crested mona monkey (
2271:(Terrestrial guenons)
2154:Common patas monkey (
1816:10.4324/9781315662671
1294:: e.T16019A17953082.
1269:The Mammals of Africa
1267:Butynski, T. (2013).
759:CollinsDictionary.com
639:
583:Weighing of the Heart
558:
513:
480:
459:
376:
369:Behaviour and ecology
2484:De Brazza's monkey (
2412:Dent's mona monkey (
2403:Wolf's mona monkey (
2385:Lowe's mona monkey (
1667:Swedell, L (2002b).
575:ancient Egyptian art
3415:Mammals of Ethiopia
3405:Mammals of Djibouti
2945:Collared mangabey (
2758:(Crested mangabeys)
2727:Arunachal macaque (
2628:Gorontalo macaque (
2466:Red-tailed monkey (
2457:Moustached guenon (
2299:Sun-tailed monkey (
2009:(Old World monkeys)
1806:Swedell, L (2015).
1360:Kummer, H. (1968).
1209:Aerts, Raf (2019).
1043:Swedell and Tesfaye
642:Tierpark Hellabrunn
245:Linnaeus, 1758
45:Conservation status
3420:Mammals of Somalia
3410:Mammals of Eritrea
2851:Hamadryas baboon (
2682:Japanese macaque (
2448:Red-eared guenon (
2439:Sclater's guenon (
2321:(Arboreal guenons)
2281:L'Hoest's monkey (
2112:Angolan talapoin (
1866:Saudi Aramco World
1791:10.1002/ajpa.21504
1533:10.1007/BF02373959
1215:. SpringerNature.
754:"hamadryas baboon"
649:
610:Four Sons of Horus
571:
516:
483:
462:
452:Group organization
379:
3367:
3366:
3275:Open Tree of Life
3059:Taxon identifiers
3050:
3049:
3035:
3034:
2929:
2826:
2761:
2718:Tibetan macaque (
2610:Tonkean macaque (
2583:Siberut macaque (
2538:Barbary macaque (
2531:
2505:
2504:
2475:Hamlyn's monkey (
2324:
2290:Preuss's monkey (
2274:
2231:Tantalus monkey (
2188:
2105:
2010:
1768:978-0-387-30688-9
1726:10.1002/ajp.10096
1685:10.1159/000064787
1611:10.1002/ajp.22537
1550:Primate societies
1495:10.1002/ajp.20736
1453:10.1002/ajp.20951
1371:978-3-8055-0286-3
1252:10.1002/ajp.22649
1222:978-3-030-04954-6
631:Rembrandt Bugatti
403:Sarawat Mountains
359:sexual dimorphism
343:ancient Egyptians
339:Arabian Peninsula
251:
250:
246:
186:P. hamadryas
68:
24:Hamadryas baboon
16:Species of baboon
3447:
3440:Primates of Asia
3425:Mammals of Sudan
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3217:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3054:
3053:
2981:Sanje mangabey (
2954:Agile mangabey (
2936:Sooty mangabey (
2928:
2927:
2921:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2700:Bonnet macaque (
2664:Rhesus macaque (
2619:Heck's macaque (
2601:Booted macaque (
2530:
2529:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2432:C. erythrogaster
2340:Roloway monkey (
2323:
2322:
2318:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2224:C. djamdjamensis
2187:
2186:
2185:(Vervet monkeys)
2182:
2121:Gabon talapoin (
2104:
2103:
2099:
2066:
2065:
2008:
2007:Cercopithecidae
1999:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1954:
1913:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1862:"The Happy Ones"
1856:
1837:
1802:
1772:
1745:
1704:
1663:
1646:(6): 1205–1226.
1630:
1592:
1563:
1544:
1515:
1497:
1472:
1435:
1394:
1375:
1356:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1272:
1263:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1205:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1000:
997:
991:
988:
982:
979:
968:
965:
954:
951:
940:
937:
931:
928:
907:
904:
891:
888:
859:
856:
850:
847:
836:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
780:
777:
768:
767:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
725:
719:
716:
701:
698:
666:African leopards
640:Captive male at
604:-headed figure.
565:
562:
523:Thermoregulation
405:of southwestern
331:Old World monkey
324:
316:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
255:hamadryas baboon
244:
228:
206:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3328:Simia hamadryas
3322:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3262:Observation.org
3260:
3252:
3247:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3124:papio-hamadryas
3122:
3117:
3111:Papio_hamadryas
3109:
3104:
3097:Papio hamadryas
3095:
3094:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3067:Papio hamadryas
3061:
3051:
3046:
3031:
2998:
2965:C. chrysogaster
2925:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2910:
2886:
2869:Chacma baboon (
2860:Guinea baboon (
2844:P. cynocephalus
2842:Yellow baboon (
2822:
2821:
2819:
2809:
2785:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2709:Assam macaque (
2691:Toque macaque (
2648:M. fascicularis
2527:
2526:
2524:
2501:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2240:Vervet monkey (
2184:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2129:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2082:A. nigroviridis
2055:
2017:
2014:Cercopithecinae
2003:
1961:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1826:
1769:
1679:(2–3): 95–103.
1560:
1391:
1372:
1345:
1323:Papio hamadryas
1306:
1304:
1280:Papio hamadryas
1227:
1225:
1223:
1202:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
971:
966:
957:
952:
943:
938:
934:
930:Stammbach, 1987
929:
910:
905:
894:
889:
862:
857:
853:
848:
839:
834:
830:
820:
818:
817:on 21 July 2015
809:
808:
804:
799:
795:
790:
783:
778:
771:
752:
751:
747:
737:
735:
726:
722:
717:
704:
699:
695:
690:
654:
623:
563:
553:
525:
508:
475:
454:
419:locally extinct
371:
355:
267:
263:
260:Papio hamadryas
242:Simia hamadryas
219:
208:
204:Papio hamadryas
202:
189:
162:Cercopithecidae
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3348:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3297:
3284:
3271:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3219:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3087:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3025:M. leucophaeus
3020:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2878:Kinda baboon (
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2833:Olive baboon (
2829:
2827:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2592:Moor macaque (
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:C. lomamiensis
2490:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2331:Diana monkey (
2327:
2325:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2242:C. pygerythrus
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2204:Green monkey (
2201:
2195:Dryas monkey (
2191:
2189:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:E. poliophaeus
2160:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2071:Allenopithecus
2063:
2061:Cercopithecini
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1959:External links
1957:
1956:
1955:
1929:(3): 768–771.
1914:
1888:(4): 157–168.
1877:
1857:
1852:978-0674033245
1851:
1838:
1824:
1803:
1785:(3): 360–370.
1773:
1767:
1746:
1720:(3): 113–118.
1705:
1673:Folia Primatol
1664:
1631:
1605:(7): 731–744.
1593:
1564:
1558:
1545:
1527:(4): 473–487.
1516:
1473:
1447:(7): 679–691.
1436:
1410:(5): 439–446.
1395:
1389:
1376:
1370:
1357:
1343:
1313:
1273:
1264:
1234:
1221:
1206:
1201:978-0838750179
1200:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1152:
1127:
1115:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1054:
1045:
1031:
1019:
1001:
992:
983:
981:Abegglen, 1984
969:
955:
941:
932:
908:
892:
860:
858:Swedell 2002:b
851:
837:
828:
802:
793:
781:
769:
745:
720:
718:Gippoliti 2019
702:
692:
691:
689:
686:
653:
650:
622:
619:
568:British Museum
564: 1400 BC
552:
549:
524:
521:
507:
504:
474:
473:Group behavior
471:
453:
450:
370:
367:
354:
351:
335:Horn of Africa
249:
248:
237:
236:
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34:
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25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2924:(White-eyelid
2919:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:Theropithecus
2889:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2738:M. leucogenys
2734:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:M. assamensis
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2630:M. nigrescens
2626:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:M. nemestrina
2554:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2450:C. erythrotis
2446:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2423:C. petaurista
2419:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2367:Mona monkey (
2365:
2363:
2361:
2358:Blue monkey (
2356:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2314:Cercopithecus
2310:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2264:Allochrocebus
2260:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2147:E. baumstarki
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
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2011:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
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1825:9781315662671
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1392:
1390:9780816042678
1386:
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1377:
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1354:
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1344:0-801-88221-4
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1329:Wilson, D. E.
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1317:Groves, C. P.
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667:
663:
662:spotted hyena
659:
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2769:
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2657:M. arctoides
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2647:
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1164:
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1139:
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184:
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148:Infraorder:
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3171:iNaturalist
3091:Wikispecies
2792:Rungwecebus
2770:L. albigena
2675:M. cyclopis
2612:M. tonkeana
2603:M. ochreata
2576:M. pagensis
2540:M. sylvanus
2468:C. ascanius
2441:C. sclateri
2396:C. pogonias
2249:Malbrouck (
2233:C. tantalus
2215:C. aethiops
2178:Chlorocebus
2114:M. talapoin
2102:(Talapoins)
2095:Miopithecus
2012:(subfamily
1871:10 December
1575:: 103–113.
1488:(11): 1–8.
1307:19 November
1070:Kummer 2001
849:Teller 2012
738:19 November
700:Groves 2005
615:canopic jar
591:predynastic
537:homeothermy
487:patriarchal
353:Description
329:within the
152:Simiiformes
3374:Categories
3343:Q122189069
3014:Mandrill (
3005:Mandrillus
2926:mangabeys)
2917:Cercocebus
2871:P. ursinus
2803:R. kipunji
2751:Lophocebus
2729:M. munzala
2702:M. radiata
2684:M. fuscata
2666:M. mulatta
2567:M. leonina
2549:M. silenus
2528:(Macaques)
2477:C. hamlyni
2342:C. roloway
2301:A. solatus
2292:A. preussi
2283:A. lhoesti
2206:C. sabaeus
2051:Haplorhini
2049:Suborder:
1559:0226767167
1171:3 November
1145:3 November
779:Aerts 2019
688:References
621:Modern art
566:), in the
551:In culture
533:quadrupeds
529:bipedalism
427:omnivorous
409:, in both
142:Haplorhini
138:Suborder:
3016:M. sphinx
2983:C. sanjei
2956:C. agilis
2904:T. gelada
2880:P. kindae
2835:P. anubis
2823:(Baboons)
2801:Kipunji (
2693:M. sinica
2585:M. siberu
2511:Papionini
2459:C. cephus
2025:Kingdom:
1964:View the
1943:8750-7587
1834:925332690
1512:205329272
1424:0047-2484
1321:"Species
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1140:Sotheby's
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180:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
3337:Wikidata
3301:Species+
3241:12100586
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3076:Wikidata
3043:Category
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2862:P. papio
2639:M. nigra
2621:M. hecki
2594:M. maura
2493:Lesula (
2414:C. denti
2405:C. wolfi
2387:C. lowei
2360:C. mitis
2333:C. diana
2213:Grivet (
2197:C. dryas
2156:E. patas
2045:Primates
2039:Mammalia
2033:Chordata
2031:Phylum:
2027:Animalia
1910:24281749
1902:11132110
1799:21469076
1742:19252971
1734:12874842
1701:46813558
1693:12207056
1619:26890431
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1541:43216549
1521:Primates
1504:19670312
1469:23157894
1461:21433048
1432:19394679
1353:62265494
1319:(2005).
1260:28395395
527:Because
442:antelope
417:. It is
395:Djibouti
391:Ethiopia
317:gawina;
311:Tigrinya
234:Synonyms
212:Linnaeus
158:Family:
132:Primates
122:Mammalia
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
3385:Baboons
3352:ZooBank
3228:1000630
3163:5219586
3082:Q189484
3023:Drill (
2938:C. atys
2369:C. mona
2043:Order:
2037:Class:
1970:Ensembl
1951:6490462
1660:8928750
1627:3809679
1228:18 June
646:Germany
545:albumin
399:Somalia
387:Eritrea
383:Red Sea
168:Genus:
128:Order:
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407:Arabia
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319:Arabic
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2816:Papio
1906:S2CID
1738:S2CID
1697:S2CID
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