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snapshot: the crunchy honey-flavored cereals and the freshly-pressed orange juice in the back of a suburban one-family home) and from what we shall obstain (communism, in a snapshot: lifeless crowds of men and machinery marching towards certain perdition accompanied by the tunes of Soviet
Russian songs). What makes those images so powerful is that it is only of relative minor relevance for the stabilization of such images whether they actually capture and correspond with the multiple layers of reality, or not.
758:, originally painted as a portrait, but much later, with its display as an art object, it developed a "cult" value as an example of artistic beauty. Following years of various reproductions of the painting, the portrait's "cult" status has little to do with its original subject or the artistry. It has become famous for being famous, while at the same time, its recognizability has made it a subject to be copied, manipulated, satirized, or otherwise altered in forms ranging from
1037:
611:," where ordinary human life is compared to being a prisoner in a darkened cave who believes that shadows projected onto the cave's wall comprise actual reality. Since art is itself an imitation, it is a copy of that copy and all the more imperfect. Artistic images, then, not only misdirect human reason away from understanding the higher forms of true reality, but in imitating the bad behaviors of humans in depictions of the gods, they can corrupt individuals and society.
1025:
535:," which lacks direct resemblance or connection to an object but whose association is arbitrarily assigned by the creator or dictated by cultural and historical habit, convention, etc. The color red, for example, may connote rage, beauty, prosperity, political affiliation, or other meanings within a given culture or context; the Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman claimed that his use of the color in his 1972 film
1013:
57:
240:
698:(the destruction of images, especially those with religious meanings or connotations) have broken out from time to time, and some sects and denominations have rejected or severely limited the use of religious imagery. Islam tends to discourage religious depictions, sometimes quite rigorously, and often extends that to other forms of realistic imagery, favoring
418:": a physiological effect of light impressions remaining on the retina of the eye for very brief periods. Even though the term is still sometimes used in popular discussions of movies, it is not a scientifically valid explanation. Other terms emphasize the complex cognitive operations of the brain and the human visual system. "
491:
qualities, rarity, or monetary value. Such reactions can depend on the viewer's context. A religious image in a church may be regarded differently than the same image mounted in a museum. Some might view it simply as an object to be bought or sold. Viewers' reactions will also be guided or shaped by
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Virtually all cultures have produced images and applied different meanings or applications to them. The loss of knowledge about the context and connection of an image to its object is likely to result in different perceptions and interpretations of the image and even of the original object itself.
656:
What makes them so powerful is that they circumvent the faculties of the conscious mind but, instead, directly target the subconscious and affective, thus evading direct inquiry through contemplative reasoning. By doing so such axiomatic images let us know what we shall desire (liberalism, in a
486:
Images of any type may convey different meanings and sensations for individual viewers, regardless of whether the image's creator intended them. An image may be taken simply as a more or less "accurate" copy of a person, place, thing, or event. It may represent an abstract concept, such as the
410:
by a motion picture projector has been 24 frames per second (FPS) since at least the commercial introduction of "talking pictures" in the late 1920s, which necessitated a standard for synchronizing images and sounds. Even in electronic formats such as television and digital image displays, the
322:("black and white") image, which uses the visual system's sensitivity to brightness across all wavelengths without taking into account different colors. A black-and-white visual representation of something is still an image, even though it does not fully use the visual system's capabilities.
261:
volcano. The city of Santa Cruz de
Tenerife is visible as the purple and white area on the lower right edge of the island. Lava flows at the summit crater appear in shades of green and brown, while vegetation zones appear as areas of purple, green, and yellow on the volcano's
521:," which relates to an object by resemblance to some quality of the object. A painted or photographed portrait is an icon by virtue of its resemblance to the painting's or photograph's subject. A more abstract representation, such as a map or diagram, can also be an icon.
747:
Benjamin argues that the mechanical reproduction of images, which had accelerated through photographic processes in the previous one hundred years or so, inevitably degrades the "authenticity" or quasi-religious "aura" of the original object. One example is
706:
instead. Depending on time and place, photographs and broadcast images in
Islamic societies may be less subject to outright prohibition. In any religion, restrictions on image-making are especially targeted to avoid depictions of "false gods" in the form of
406:"Moving" two-dimensional images are actually illusions of movement perceived when still images are displayed in sequence, each image lasting less, and sometimes much less, than a fraction of a second. The traditional standard for the display of individual
672:
Despite, or perhaps because of, the widespread use of religious and spiritual imagery worldwide, the making of images and the depiction of gods or religious subjects has been subject to criticism, censorship, and criminal penalties. The
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The nature of images, whether three-dimensional or two-dimensional, created for a specific purpose or only for aesthetic pleasure, has continued to provoke questions and even condemnation at different times and places. In his dialogue,
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that are objects of worship or that represent some other spiritual state or quality, have a different status as artifacts when copies of such images sever links to the spiritual or supernatural. The German philosopher and essayist
462:—have been found on every inhabited continent. Many of these images seem to have served various purposes: as a form of record-keeping; as an element of spiritual, religious, or magical practice; or even as a form of communication.
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given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai forbids the making of "any graven image, or any likeness that in heaven above, or that in the earth beneath, or that in the water under earth." In
Christian history, periods of
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365:, can create three-dimensional images that are reproducible but intangible to human touch. Some photographic processes can now render the illusion of depth in an otherwise "flat" image, but "3-D photography" (
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political power of a ruler or ruling class, a practical or moral lesson, an object for spiritual or religious veneration, or an object—human or otherwise—to be desired. It may also be regarded for its purely
930:" may be developed through words and phrases to which the senses respond. It involves picturing an image mentally, also called imagining, hence imagery. It can both be figurative and literal.
528:," which relates to an object by some real connection. For example, smoke may be an index of fire, or the temperature recorded on a thermometer may be an index of a patient's illness or health.
231:
entity. For a mental image to be understood outside of an individual's mind, however, there must be a way of conveying that mental image through the words or visual productions of the subject.
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689:) all have had admonitions against the making of images, even though the extent of that proscription has varied with time, place, and sect or denomination of a given religion. In Judaism,
783:" (NFTs) has been touted as an attempt to create "authentic" or "unique" images that have a monetary value, existing only in digital format. This assumption has been widely debated.
637:
questioned the hidden assumptions of power, race, sex, and class encoded in even realistic images, and how those assumptions and how such images may implicate the viewer in the
549:
provides an example. While there have been countless two-dimensional and three-dimensional "reproductions" of the statue (i.e., "icons" themselves), the statue itself exists as
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and the philosophy of art. While such studies inevitably deal with issues of meaning, another approach to signification was suggested by the
American philosopher, logician, and
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325:
On the other hand, some processes can be used to create visual representations of objects that are otherwise inaccessible to the human visual system. These include
1336:"Meaning and Function of a Picture, Published by:Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Mathematical Association of America, DOI: 10.2307/2301228on Jstor.Org"
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exists in an individual's mind as something one remembers or imagines. The subject of an image does not need to be real; it may be an abstract concept such as a
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Echoes of such criticism have persisted across time, accelerating as image-making technologies have developed and expanded immensely since the invention of the
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Aside from sculpture and other physical activities that can create three-dimensional images from solid material, some modern techniques, such as
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have led to considering the possibilities of a sound-image made up of irreducible phonic substance beyond linguistic or musicological analysis.
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Through human history, one dominant form of such images has been in relation to religion and spirituality. Such images, whether in the form of
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and other technologies made it possible to create multiple copies of a 3-dimensional object with less effort; the advent and development of "
185:, the term "image" (or "optical image") refers specifically to the reproduction of an object formed by light waves coming from the object.
509:"Images" are one type of the broad category of "signs" proposed by Peirce. Although his ideas are complex and have changed over time, the
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Images perpetuated in public education, media, and popular culture have a profound impact on the formation of such mental images:
603:. As copies of a higher reality, the things we perceive in the world, tangible or abstract, are inevitably imperfect. Book 7 of
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an "icon" by virtue of its resemblance to a human woman (or, more specifically, previous representations of the Roman goddess
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430:" are among the terms that have replaced "persistence of vision", though no one term seems adequate to describe the process.
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A two-dimensional image does not need to use the entire visual system to be a visual representation. An example of this is a
380:
Copies of 3-dimensional images have traditionally had to be crafted one at a time, usually by an individual or team of
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brought particular attention to this point in his 1935 essay "The Work of Art in the Age of
Mechanical Reproduction."
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a "symbol" as a visualization of the abstract concept of "liberty" or "freedom" or even "opportunity" or "diversity".
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exists or is perceived only for a short period. This may be a reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of a
93:
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is a photograph taken on the set of a movie or television program during production, used for promotional purposes.
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has also studied how apparently "objective" photographs and films still encode assumptions about their subjects.
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apparent "motion" is actually the result of many individual lines giving the impression of continuous movement.
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to emphasize that one is not talking about movies, or in very precise or pedantic technical writing such as a
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The study of emotional sensations and their relationship to the image falls into the categories of
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and other photographic processes in the mid-19th century. By the late 20th century, works like
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that can visually represent the interior structures of the human body (among other objects),
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The broader sense of the word 'image' also encompasses any two-dimensional figure, such as a
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have destroyed centuries-old artifacts, especially those associated with other religions.
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Image-making seems to have been common to virtually all human cultures since at least the
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Chakravorty, Pragnan (September 2018). "What is a Signal? [Lecture Notes]".
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David
Leupold, Image and ideology. Some thoughts on Berger's Another Way of Telling
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that require special devices such as eyeglasses to create that illusion of depth.
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visible to the human eye and converting such signals into recognizable images.
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This article is about visual artifacts or reproductions. For other uses, see
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described our apparent reality as a copy of a higher order of universal
572:, or with "immigration" from its proximity to the immigration center at
291:. In this wider sense, images can also be rendered manually, such as by
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The development of synthetic acoustic technologies and the creation of
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A single image may exist in all three categories at the same time. The
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or the United States of
America in general due to its placement in
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1164:"The Woman Behind the Statue of Liberty: Who Is Lady Liberty?"
307:). Additionally, images can be rendered automatically through
208:, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as
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114:. The display of the mobile phone shows the image being made.
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150:. Images may be displayed through other media, including a
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1251:"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction"
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came from his personal visualization of the human soul.
181:, an image is a distributed amplitude of color(s). In
345:, and others. Such processes often rely on detecting
154:on a surface, activation of electronic signals, or
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823:image. This phrase is used in photography, visual
492:their education, class, race, and other contexts.
27:Visual artifact that depicts or records perception
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250:acquired by the SIR-C/X-SAR radar on board the
70:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
315:technology, or a combination of both methods.
37:"Picture" redirects here. For other uses, see
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414:This phenomenon has often been described as "
333:that can observe objects at great distances,
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122:is a visual representation. An image can be
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1393:. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–.
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641:position of a (usually) male viewer. The
384:. In the modern age, the development of
329:for the magnification of minute objects,
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94:Learn how and when to remove this message
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343:positron emission tomography (PET scans)
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44:For Knowledge image use guidelines, see
1390:The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms
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557:or the female model used by the artist
174:through digital or physical processes.
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892:is a mathematical representation of a
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779:In modern times, the development of "
1357:Forsyth, David; Ponce, Jean (2002).
904:. The function f(x,y) describes the
110:The act of making a 2D image with a
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1360:Computer Vision: A Modern Approach
1324:from the original on Oct 16, 2022.
873:is a still image derived from one
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1279:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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513:that he distinguished stand out:
392:" have expanded that capability.
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877:of a moving one. In contrast, a
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339:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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1069:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
1290:Woodcock, Karen (2011-06-26).
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715:extremist groups such as the
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196:, or a scene displayed on a
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1260:. New York: Schocken Books.
1138:"Cries and Whispers (1972)"
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691:one of the Ten Commandments
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1189:"The Allegory of the Cave"
945:Computer-generated imagery
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559:Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi
442:. Prehistoric examples of
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1249:Benjamin, Walter (1969).
511:three categories of signs
482:Meaning and signification
347:electromagnetic radiation
1298:. Scribd. Archived from
1089:10.1109/MSP.2018.2832195
595:, the Greek philosopher
564:an "index" representing
357:Three-dimensional images
245:synthetic-aperture radar
39:Picture (disambiguation)
1115:Encyclopædia Britannica
434:Cultural and other uses
349:that occurs beyond the
1387:Chris Baldick (2008).
1168:Statue of Liberty Tour
1028:Quotations related to
858:. It could also be an
846:is typically a movie (
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504:Charles Sanders Peirce
474:writing, and even the
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32:Image (disambiguation)
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464:Early writing systems
416:persistence of vision
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170:. Images can also be
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1020:at Wikimedia Commons
960:Fine-art photography
787:Other considerations
609:Allegory of the Cave
584:Critiques of imagery
1426:Digital photography
1196:scholar.harvard.edu
1162:Hammond, Gabriela.
1081:2018ISPM...35e.175C
781:non-fungible tokens
711:. In recent years,
675:Abrahamic religions
668:Religious critiques
112:mobile phone camera
1314:"Still Image File"
1142:Classic Arts Films
926:In literature, a "
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538:Cries and Whispers
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227:or function or an
177:In the context of
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74:You can assist by
1431:Computer graphics
1400:978-0-19-920827-2
1370:978-0-13-085198-7
1363:. Prentice-Hall.
1318:National Archives
1016:Media related to
902:spatial variables
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704:geometric designs
547:Statue of Liberty
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928:mental image
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839:
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683:Christianity
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647:Bill Nichols
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622:
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605:The Republic
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592:The Republic
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456:rock reliefs
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297:graphic arts
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168:photocopying
142:, such as a
126:, such as a
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68:copy editing
66:may require
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1421:Photography
1273:"Mona Lisa"
1173:23 November
1147:23 November
1121:22 November
1000:Visual arts
910:coordinates
896:image as a
871:still frame
815:still image
770:Andy Warhol
700:calligraphy
639:voyeuristic
501:semiotician
472:ideographic
452:petroglyphs
446:—including
367:stereoscopy
301:lithography
202:fixed image
164:printmaking
160:photography
84:August 2023
1415:Categories
1296:Slideshare
1235:2020-09-28
1051:References
985:Photograph
916:Literature
879:film still
827:, and the
727:In culture
696:iconoclasm
497:aesthetics
400:See also:
363:holography
331:telescopes
327:microscopy
257:shows the
152:projection
136:photograph
76:editing it
1202:April 28,
1136:Matthew.
906:intensity
793:sound art
764:L.H.O.O.Q
755:Mona Lisa
489:aesthetic
460:geoglyphs
320:grayscale
299:(such as
281:pie chart
254:Endeavour
229:imaginary
206:hard copy
148:sculpture
18:Pictorial
1322:Archived
1229:Archived
1097:52164353
980:Painting
965:Graphics
934:See also
898:function
864:zoetrope
833:standard
807:2D image
713:militant
660:—
645:scholar
555:Libertas
444:rock art
426:", and "
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386:plastics
382:artisans
371:3-D film
309:printing
285:painting
172:animated
132:painting
1344:2301228
1277:The Met
1077:Bibcode
975:Imaging
955:Drawing
922:Imagery
912:(x,y).
900:of two
717:Taliban
679:Judaism
305:etching
293:drawing
262:flanks.
214:textile
144:carving
128:drawing
1441:Vision
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1225:Medium
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821:static
685:, and
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335:X-rays
289:banner
183:optics
1340:JSTOR
1254:(PDF)
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1093:S2CID
1043:image
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852:video
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737:idols
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