Sex trafficking in China

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organisation, authorities sponsored and participated in trainings on victim identification and assistance for consular officials and law enforcement, regulation of marriage migration, and interagency implementation of the national referral mechanism. The Ministry of Public Security promulgated written instructions to law enforcement officers throughout the country with the aim of clarifying procedures for identifying victims among individuals in prostitution and those who may be subjected to exploitation via forced or fraudulent marriage. The government reported funding training in rural areas for court officials and prosecutors; however, it did not provide detailed information on these efforts. In addition, law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and judges attended trainings on trafficking organized by other countries and international organizations; when authorities participated in these trainings, the PRC sometimes provided speakers and venues, and funded lodging, transportation, and meals for some participants. The office to combat trafficking in persons developed and approved trafficking victim identification procedures and disseminated them to law enforcement officials throughout the country. The government acknowledged that victim identification procedures varied according to local officials' training and understanding of trafficking; this variation increased the risk that unidentified trafficking victims were detained and deported following arrest for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to human trafficking.

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cultural preference for sons, has resulted in a skewed sex ratio in rural China and its impoverished regions” (Stöckl et al. 2). Males were more valued than females so females would be aborted, killed, or abandoned, leaving the country with not enough women to fill the demand of brides for the men. This led to the bride-trafficking industry. There is a demand for women and people decided to make a profit out of it. The one child policy is no longer in place, but the ramifications of it are long-lasting. In 2020 the Chinese government took a census and found that males comprised 51.24% of the population whereas females comprised 47.76% of the population (Zhang 2). The percentages may not make it look like there is much of a gender imbalance, but when you consider the population of China in 2020, 1411.78 million (Zhang 2), this means that as of 2020 there were around 49.13 million more men in China then women. That is a huge gap in the male and female population, creating the demand for women. Bride-trafficking in China is largely caused by China's gender imbalance.

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Persons Report July 2022 found that, “The government decreased efforts to prevent trafficking” (U.S. Department of State 173). China reduced their activities to stop human trafficking from 2021 to 2022. This means China is not taking precautions to decline the trend of bride-trafficking. There is hardly any legal action taken to prevent human trafficking in China, let alone any legal action for those already entrapped in bride-trafficking. China strongly disregards refugees, especially those from North Korea and does not give refugees any legal status (García 61). This hampers bride-trafficking being reported because undocumented refugees are at risk of deportation. Another thing that prevents bride-trafficking being reported is because people know that the government will not do anything about the report. The lack of legal action and absence of concern that China has toward bide-trafficking is unsettling and only perpetuating the issue.

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including the pursuit of economic opportunities in China, flight from civil conflict in Burma or a combination of both. Women migrate to save their families from starvation, pay off debts or afford basic necessities” (Hackney). Women in bad situations go to China to find work and many end up trafficked. They are tricked by being told that they can live a better life in China when they do not in fact understand or are not fully informed that they will be sold as someone's bride. “The victims were lured with payments to the family and promises of a good life in China, but reported abuse, difficult living conditions, forced pregnancy, or forced prostitution once they reached China” (Afzal 1). Women in vulnerable situations are told that they live well in China by traffickers but end up in situations far worse. Vulnerability is a major factor in the business of bride-trafficking.

1485:, the Ministry of Public Security reported using its official microblog to raise awareness of trafficking and receive information from the public regarding suspected trafficking cases. In 2018, the Ministry of Public Security reportedly sent 350,000 police officers to public schools to educate children about the risks of exploitation. Article highlights announcement of rescued children on Weibo, a popular Chinese microblogging platform, accompanied by photos of them. At the end of the article, tips and reminders are provided for readers on what to do if they suspect any instance of child trafficking or abduction. A link is also provided to the National Abduction and Family Search Platform, which acts as a directory for abducted and trafficked children. 1423:

trafficking, including the facilitation of prostitution involving children younger than the age of 18; expand efforts to institute proactive, formal procedures to systematically identify trafficking victims throughout the country; train front-line officers on their implementation; cease penalization of victims for acts committed as a direct result of being subjected to sex trafficking; ensure authorities do not subject trafficking victims to detention, punishment, or forcible repatriation; increase the transparency of government efforts to combat trafficking and provide disaggregated data on investigations and prosecutions, victim identification, and service provision, including by continuing to share relevant data with international partners.

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women. Japanese protsiutes worked in the American west and also as barmaids. The Issei Japanese American Bunshiro Tazuma said "At the age of 18… I started… work as a dishwasher at a hotel in Spokane. Later I became a cook and went to North Dakota, South Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and even as far as to Minnesota and Alaska… To my surprise I found at least two to six Japanese prostitutes in every town where I went between Seattle and St. Paul, a range of two thousand miles. Even when I went to Alaska to… a salmon cannery in 1908, I was surprised to see from two to five or six in such towns as Ketchikan, Juneau, Wrangell, Sitka, and Skagway.”

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well as international and domestic agencies and organisations, do some work to combat sex trafficking patterns, but this has not brought substantive improvements and responses have proved insufficient. The enforcement of sex trafficking laws and investigating and prosecuting of trafficking cases have been immobilized by interagency collaboration and coordination challenges, logistical difficulties, poor border management, language barriers of foreign victims, political dynamics, corruption, and apathy. Some Chinese police and officials, as well as overseas embassies and

1083: 1013:. The majority of North Korean refugees leaving the DPRK are women. The Chinese government's refusal to recognize these women as refugees denies them legal protection and may encourage the trafficking of North Korean women and girls within China. Many children born to Chinese fathers and North Korean mothers remain deprived of basic rights to education and other public services, owing to their lack of legal resident status in China, which constitute violations of the PRC Nationality Law and the convention on the Rights of the Child. 1095:

waitresses, servers, cleaners, and more. Some have been told they could study in universities and educational institutions at low costs only to be sold into prostitution. Some are drugged and abducted. The brothels are often indirect sex establishments, such as beer gardens, massage parlors, salons, karaoke bars, retail spaces, and non-commercial sites. Other locations include construction sites, remote mining and logging camps, and areas with high concentrations of Chinese migrant workers.

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of them are from vulnerable communities. Women and girls from northern Myanmar to China are sold from about $ 3,000 to $ 13,000 to Chinese families struggling to find brides for their sons. Experts relate China's serious sex trafficking with the country's one-child policy. They argue that the imbalance in the ratio of male to female births and the scarcity of women resulting from the policy has greatly contributed to the phenomenon of trafficking in women as brides.

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non-Chinese women escaping conditions of forced marriage, some pregnant are at times not granted access to shelters and their services. Special support services exist for children, including specialized shelters. Emergency shelters, physical and mental health services, education, job training, financial assistance, and family reunification are available for all groups.

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Inter-Ministerial Joint Meeting Mechanism (IMJMM) holds annual and thematic meetings as well as information sharing on a monthly basis. Anti-sex trafficking campaigns have been disseminated through television, print media and online platforms. Numerous documentaries and animations have been produced and broadcast to raise awareness among the general public.

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prostitution. Under the provisions of article 296 of the Criminal Code, a person who enslaves another or places him in a position without freedom, similar to slavery, shall be punished with imprisonment for not less than one and not more than seven years. Article 359 criminalized harboring prostitution or seducing or introducing others into prostitution.

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Many mothers who flee or are rescued will never be able to see their children held by the buying family or sold by the traffickers. Some former trafficking victims are reluctant to report traffickers to the local authorities because they fear reprisal from criminals. Some rescued victims get abducted and sex trafficked again.

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Government websites provide a list of relevant agencies and departments and their hotlines. Several of the most popular apps in China have the additional function of helping locate missing persons through localized push notifications. Scores of specialist apps for registering family members young and

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Sex traffickers in China often abduct or purchase women and girls from families in poverty or facing financial crisis, particularly the rural poor, because the victims often do not have any political power and connections and lack education about sex trafficking laws, which enables the captors to not

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Females are more vulnerable than males because of entrenched misogyny that causes men to view women and girls as inferior and commoditize them. Traditional patriarchal structures reinforce gender inequality, especially in rural areas where females are oftentimes not afforded the same opportunities as

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Surviving victims face ostracisation from their families and communities. Some victims are discouraged by family and friends from seeking justice. Some in extreme poverty or suffering from trauma or forced drug addiction because of their captors reluctantly return to prostitution after being rescued.

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have been sex trafficked to the various provinces of China, as well as other countries and different continents. Illegal organizations often lure Chinese women abroad under the guise of legitimate work in other countries. Once these women arrive in that country, they are forced them into prostitution

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Training for police, teachers, social workers, labor inspectors, immigration officials, shelter managers, marriage registration officials, and other government workers has taken place on basic legal frameworks surrounding sexual slavery and victim identification. In conjunction with an international

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Illicit brokers increasingly facilitate the forced and fraudulent marriage, or bride trafficking, of Chinese women and foreigners to men in China and from abroad. These women are sexually exploited in the illegal marriages. The Chinese government's birth limitation policy and the cultural preference

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prostitutes in the west coast of the United States and provided sexual services to Chinese men, white men and Japanese men in America in the 19th and early 20th centuries since most Chinese immigrants at the time were male so the Chinese men were forced to use Japanese prostitutes for relations with

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Japanese girls were easily trafficked abroad to and via China since Chinese ports did not require Japanese citizens to use passports and the Japanese government realized that money earned by the karayuki-san helped the Japanese economy since it was being remitted, and the Chinese boycott of Japanese

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and preference for sons over daughters have led to a skewed sex ratio in which men outnumber women in China. Consequently, there is an increased demand for trafficked prostitutes and wives in China. For years it was easy for China to ignore the issue of sex trafficking. Now China is running a cruel

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Trafficking survivors may need urgent medical care for problems ranging from injuries due to sexual abuse and torture. They need legal assistance to ensure that the justice system - which too often lets trafficking victims down - is responsive to their needs for accountability and compensation. Many

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The scale of sex trafficking in China is difficult to know because of the lack of primary research and data collection, the clandestine nature of sex trafficking crimes, the fact that only a small minority of cases are reported to the authorities, and other factors. Chinese government ministries, as

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from rapes, abuse and starvation are common. Some women and girls die from the poor conditions in captivity or are tortured or murdered. Foreign women and children mostly from Burma, Mongolia, North Korea, Russia, and Vietnam are trafficked to China for forced labor, marriage, and prostitution. Most

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Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended ·

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The third and biggest problem that leads to bride-trafficking in China is the over population of male citizens. China has been dealing with daughter deficit for decades. The huge gap in the male versus female population stems from China's old one child policy. “The one child policy, paired with the

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Bride-trafficking or forced marriages in China is a serious problem that is caused by three things, lack of legal action, vulnerability, and over-population of male citizens. The first issue that causes bride-trafficking is the lack of legal action in China. The U.S. State Department Trafficking in

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The Chinese government's protection of victims has been criticized: Chinese law enforcement officials have arrested and detained foreign women on suspicion of prostitution crimes without screening them for indicators of sexual exploitation—sometimes for as long as four months, before deporting them

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Some female trafficking victims are raped so they become surrogate mothers and bear children. There are testimonies that women and girls have also been injected with sperm. Their children are kept by the captors, the paying husband, or sold to other families. Some husbands let other men, including

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The Chinese government maintains a wide network of shelters across the country, providing food, accommodation, and other services to Chinese citizens facing various kinds of challenges. The system, however, is inexperienced in supporting foreigners in need of help. Anecdotal evidence suggests that

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Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT) Task Force (2005), with UN-ACT as secretariat. Chinese law enforcement carries out hotspot policing conducted in high-risk areas and joint border operations conducted with law enforcement counterparts in Vietnam and Myanmar. A

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expatriate communities. China's internal migrant population, in the hundreds of millions, is particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking. Sex trafficked victims are abducted or deceived and forced into prostitution, marriages, and or pregnancies. They are threatened, physically and psychologically

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Vulnerability is the second matter that causes bride-trafficking in China. Most, if not all, of the women who are bride-trafficked are of a marginalized people group. They are the poor, the outsiders, the outcast, the refugee, and the trafficked. “Burmese women migrate to China for many reasons,

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Vietnamese women were viewed in China as "inured to hardship, resigned to their fate, and in addition of very gentle character" so they were in demand as concubines and servants. The massive traffick of Tongkinese (North Vietnamese) women to China started in 1875. Southern Chinese ports were the

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Domestic and transnational criminal organizations operating in China are becoming more organized, professional, and diverse. Members of criminal organizations use fraudulent employment offers, threats, direct force, and kidnapping to trafficked victims into sexual exploitation and slavery. Some

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Victims are coerced by perpetrators by imposing large travel fees, confiscating passports, confining victims, or are physically and financially threatened to compel their engagement in commercial sex. Victims are deceived by traffickers and brothel operators by answering ads for jobs as models,

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It is estimated that between 10,000 and 20,000 victims are trafficked within the China each year. Chinese police rescued 88,000 trafficked women from 1991 to 1996; they freed more than 42,000 kidnapped women and children from 2001 to 2003. However, due to the concealment of crime, it is hard to

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to criticize the country's inadequate anti-sex trafficking efforts because of fears of tensions. Chinese civil society's efforts in countering sex trafficking are stymied by threats and coercion from criminal organizations and officials and the government's repression of women and human rights

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Sex trafficking and exploitation have permeated all levels of Chinese society. Male and female perpetrators in China come from a wide range of backgrounds and every social class. A number of traffickers are members of facilitated criminal organizations and gangs. Some government officials and

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criminalized the “abducting and trafficking of women or children.” Article 244 criminalized the forcing of a person “to work by violence, threat or restriction of personal freedom” and recruiting, transporting, or otherwise assisting in forcing others to labor. Article 358 criminalized forced

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Women and girls who are trafficked into brothels are raped by hundreds of men. They are kept under strict surveillance. It is not uncommon for them to be guarded and tied or locked up and never allowed to go outside. Some are beaten and or contract sexually transmitted diseases. Others commit

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Chinese women have been sex trafficked in Chinese owned Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators but they only serve Chinese male clients who visit or work at those Chinese owned offshore gaming operators according to the Philippines National Bureau of Investigation, the pimps and clients of the

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China has a “National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children.” The Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Civil Affairs, Supreme People's Court, and All China Women's Federation have issued various joint policies on prosecution, prevention, and victim protection. The

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China's highest-rated television channel ran broadcasts raising awareness on trafficking. The government disseminates some anti-trafficking messages in train and bus stations and through media such as cell phones, television, and the internet. Through China's social media platforms, such as

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stated, “behind every reported sex abuse case, there might be six hidden cases unreported”. Victims might be fearful and or ashamed to report a sex crime. Children and mentally disabled persons might not be aware that such illegal acts has been committed against them. Some brothels with sex

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migrants, are deceived or abducted and coerced into cybersex slavery. Cybersex organization's operators are ethnic Korean-Chinese and North Korean women's customers are Chinese men and South Korean men. They are habitually subjected to penetrative vaginal and anal rape, groping, and forced

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to guide the Chinese government on providing important human, financial, and material aid for the development of women and children. The NWCCW also works closely with local government leaders to urge them to perform their duties and maintain support for groups that do not usually get much

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The Chinese government maintained insufficient law enforcement efforts of sex trafficking. It has been recommended that China vigorously investigate, prosecute, and impose prison sentences on perpetrators of sex trafficking; update the legal framework concerning the criminalization of sex

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The scope of intra-provincial, inter-provincial, and international sex trafficking of women in China is not well understood because of data scarcity. Data collection of sex trafficking crimes in China have been flawed, which has led to incidents not being reported. A criminologist in the

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is a growing problem in 21st century China. The global spread of high-speed internet and increase in computer, tablet, and smartphone ownership have fueled online or virtual forced prostitution and sex abuse and the creation of illegal pornographic videos purchased by users worldwide.

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Training for first responders of trafficking crimes is not delivered systematically and at regular intervals. Reports suggest that screening procedures exist, but it is unclear if these have been distributed to all first responders or concern both victim screening and identification.

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Females perpetrators are sometimes victims of trafficking themselves and are coerced to abduct more women and girls for their captors. Female traffickers can better conceal their identities to the police and win trust from victims more easily compared with their male counterparts.

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The two Women's Federations and the Publicity Department focus on raising awareness and provide assistance with victim support. They run annual campaigns that focus on school curricula, television ads, and transportation hubs, especially around the time of the Spring Festival.

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prostitutes being both Chinese men residing in the Philippines, not local Filipino men or other foreigners in the Philippines. Women from Vietnam, China and other countries have been sex trafficked to Manila during the Southeast Asian Games hosted in the Philippines in 2019.

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include children, adults, impoverished, migrants, disabled persons, ethnic and religious minorities, foreigners, and overseas Chinese. It is not uncommon for victims of rape to be used additionally as forced laborers in homes, farms, and businesses. They, particularly forced

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There are more males than females in China because of the one-child policy and preference. This may have led to an increase in the demand for prostitution. China's business culture also involves frequenting entertainment venues, some of which have forced prostitutes.

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Disabled persons, including those with mental illness or who are deaf and mute, have been trafficked in and out of China by perpetrators. Traffickers target adults and children with disabilities whose parents have left them with relatives to migrate to the cities.

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Shelters provide interim care to trafficking victims with managers and staff in most provinces having received training (Ministry of Civil Affairs). An operational guide to assist victims of trafficking has been developed and distributed to all shelters.

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rebels were the source of the Vietnamese bandits, while former Taiping rebels were the source of the Chinese rebels. These Vietnamese and Chinese pirates fought against the French colonial military and to gain monetary benefit they started trading women.

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claimed that these Vietnamese women did not want to go back to Vietnam, and they had families in China and were better off in China. Vietnamese women were in demand because of a lower number of Chinese women available in China. Vietnamese women in the

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Chinese government officials and businessmen, facilitated by criminal organizations, have been arrested for participating in forcible commercial sexual exploitation. There are government officials who facilitate or are complicit in sex trafficking.

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their relatives, rape their trafficked wife. Some women and girls have been trafficked to entire families of men who are poor and pool their money together to buy one wife. Some women become pregnant unintentionally while being forced prostitutes.

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household registration system in China has contributed to the vulnerability of internal migrants by limiting employment opportunities and reducing access to social services, particularly for Chinese victims returning from exploitation abroad.

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have all focused on gender equality work. And while each group has their own distinct advantages and disadvantages, they are all united under the same goal of motivating women to participate in the country's social development.

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Some government officials and police have been complicit in sex trafficking. Some police have demanded bribes in order to return victims to their families. Chinese border guards have also been accused of collusion with traffickers.

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masturbation live on camera in 'online rape dens.' Gang rape occurs in these dens as well. Victims have been locked up, deprived of sleep, denied food, been forced to perform while sick, and contracted infectious diseases, such as

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business of selling women and girls from neighboring countries. Trafficked women and girls are often from ethnic or religious minorities, poor communities, violence against women and girls is often a low priority for governments.

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There is a need for greater rehabilitative assistance and protection services, including comprehensive counseling and medical reintegration of the victims. In many cases, detained or imprisoned women were beaten by other inmates.

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during the Meiji and Taisho periods to China, Canada, the United States, Australia, French Indochina, British Malaya, British Borneo, British India and British East Africa where they served western soldiers and Chinese coolies.

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were taken to China by Chinese recruitment agencies, as well as Vietnamese women who were kidnapped from villages which were raided by Vietnamese and Chinese pirates. The Vietnamese women became wives, prostitutes, or slaves.

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Public education about sex crimes in China exists but is insufficient. Many Chinese children receive little information about sexual offences and have a weak awareness or capability to protect themselves from such offences.

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team of interpreters for Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) languages has been established to support cross-border case investigations. Thailand offers bounties for the arrest of Chinese traffickers operating in its territory.

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old or reporting suspected child trafficking have also been appearing in the country's app stores. The free, 24/7 dial 110 nationwide police calling system allows victims or witnesses to obtain assistance from the police.

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Some other outlets that women and other vulnerable groups can go to for self-expression and protection include the National Working Committee on Children and Women (NWCCW), which is an institution that works under the

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workers, as well as foreigners, have profited from sex trafficking in China. Rising incomes in China have spurred increased consumption of many services, both licit and illicit. It has occurred in businesses linked to

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Afzal, Madiha. “Bride Trafficking Along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.” Brookings Institution, Mar. 2022, www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FP_20220317_bride_trafficking_afzal.pdf. Accessed 31 Mar.

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There has not been an increase in public reports of sexual slavery cases in recent years. The Ministry of Public Security has not reported the number of investigations initiated into possible trafficking cases.

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The Chinese government's human rights violations have hampered anti-sex trafficking initiatives. Sustained attacks on organizations and lawyers have resulted in victims not being able to seek justice.

495: 718:. They are raped and physically and psychologically harmed in other ways in homes, brothels, indirect sex establishments, and various business and work sites within these administrative divisions. 1005:

women in China were trafficked and sexually exploited. North Korean women's customers (or "husbands") are Han Chinese men and ethnic Korean-Chinese men. Authorities continue to detain and deport

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Family members, relatives, friends, classmates, colleagues, or acquaintances sometimes sell girls to sex traffickers. The girls' parents or the trafficker may take her to the hospital to get a

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for sons have resulted in an uneven sex ratio, contributing substantially to the demand for brides from rural areas and outside of China. Many brokers are connected to matchmaking businesses.

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have developed rapidly with the country's economic growth. Victims are trafficked into businesses, including restaurants, bars, casinos, and nightclubs, linked to these industries.

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Women and girls from minority groups are at an increased risk of sex trafficking because of population displacements and a lack of political representation, power, and protection.

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Several projects have been initiated by the All China Women's Federation (ACWF) to prevent trafficking among migrant populations in various source and destination provinces.

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marriage brokers, matchmakers, mail-order bride service managers, and loan sharks obtain women for criminal organizations. Traffickers frequently take advantage of

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for immigration violations. The police have treated the women and girls as violators of immigration law but have taken little action against their traffickers.

6671: 2690: 2166: 2089: 8151: 2118: 5904: 5599: 1090:. 'Online rape dens' in more inconspicuous premises are increasingly being used for digital and live pornographic video sharing in the twenty-first century. 6593: 4195: 3784: 3686: 1401: 4231: 4213: 5707: 153: 3269: 1897: 5632: 5518: 3956:, 337308, U.S. Department of State, July 2022, www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/337308-2022-TIP-REPORT-inaccessible.pdf. Accessed 31 Mar. 2023. 2977: 1499: 3802: 3759: 3169: 2043: 774:

males and are forced to submit to male authority. This inequality leaves women and girls increasingly marginalized and vulnerable to sex trafficking.

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whose parents have migrated to the cities and other countries, have been identified as a vulnerable population to sex trafficking. Children who are

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Liu, Weidi; Qiu, Geping; Zhang, Sheldon X. (2020). "Easy Prey: Illicit Enterprising Activities and the Trafficking of Vietnamese Women in China".

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The Korea Future Initiative is a London-based organization that obtains evidence and publicizes violations of human rights, including the sex and

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Victims were legally entitled to request criminal prosecution and claim financial restitution through civil lawsuits against their traffickers.

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Chinese and foreign women and girls sex trafficked and forced into prostitution are raped in brothels and establishments similar to this one in

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Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China has a 'weak response' to modern slavery, including sexual slavery, relative to

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and commercial sexual exploitation. Most of the women trafficked from China to Thailand and Malaysia are from ethnic minorities like the

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was uncovered, it advertised to its Chinese clients via coded messages in a Chinese language newspaper but was uncovered by the police.

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also only served overseas Chinese men there unlike the Japanese Karayuki-san prostitutes who serviced non-Japanese men like the French.

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Zhang, Yanzhe, et al. “Empirical Research on Male Preference in China: A Result of Gender Imbalance in the Seventh Population Census.”

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are global mining sector and other heavy industry operations with large workforces of isolated men. These sites, including the ones in

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Sandakan Brothel No.8: Journey into the History of Lower-class Japanese Women: Journey into the History of Lower-class Japanese Women

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representation. A few non-governmental outlets have also risen to power and play an essential role in developing women's rights.

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Xia, Yiwei; Zhou, Yisu; Du, Li; Cai, Tianji (2020). "Mapping Trafficking of Women in China: Evidence from Court Sentences".

3547: 3131: 3104: 3050: 2271: 2226: 1208:. Women and girls within these administrative regions are also trafficked to other parts of the city or to mainland cities. 7718: 6976: 6940: 6748: 5944: 5677: 5174: 4120: 3379:. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Malaysian Branch (illustrated ed.). The Branch. 1989. p. 57 2713: 1595: 1504: 595: 2585: 8171: 8111: 7482: 7066: 6753: 5672: 5043: 4792: 2777: 2759: 998: 3665: 2247: 1954: 8006: 7911: 6915: 5572: 5407: 4787: 3423: 3358: 8146: 8136: 7001: 5417: 5394: 5358: 5214: 5209: 5006: 2606: 1828: 275: 7403: 7076: 6385: 6380: 6155: 5692: 5348: 4754: 3229: 2126: 111: 3785:"Non-profit group, which helps sex-trafficking victims, seeks tie-ups with ethical business partners in Hong Kong" 3287:

Yoon, Yeosang; Park, Sungchul; Im, Sunhee (2013). "재중탈북자 현황" [Status of North Korean Defectors in China].

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An “Operational Guide for Anti-Trafficking Police” has been established and is currently used by police officers.

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determine how many women are still being enslaved in China. Many sex-trafficked women and girls are never found.

588: 391: 386: 23: 3899: 3867: 2383: 1537:, Chinese law enforcement officers in certain jurisdictions make little effort to save sex trafficking victims. 8156: 7851: 7846: 7741: 7475: 7263: 7111: 6925: 6845: 6722: 6717: 6432: 6072: 3353:. Singapore Series, Singapore: studies in society & history (illustrated ed.). NUS Press. p. 83. 1990: 1585:

There are civil society organizations working to rescue women, but these organizations have limited resources.

634: 7195:

Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others

3474: 302: 8186: 7971: 7946: 7861: 7841: 7791: 7761: 7751: 7081: 7056: 6875: 6870: 6840: 6779: 5555: 5545: 5343: 5338: 3129: 2849: 1737: 1316:

to control their victims. They also threaten families back home to ensure the victims continue to cooperate.

791: 664: 627: 510: 183: 3439: 8131: 8057: 7936: 7931: 7811: 7298: 7166: 6966: 6920: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6743: 6697: 6555: 6550: 5962: 5275: 5221: 5189: 5016: 2522: 1773: 1591: 1260: 1223: 1217: 908: 735:. A number of them are verbally and physically abused and beaten, starved, drugged, and sexually tortured. 684:

have led to an increase in sex trafficking in China. Chinese sex traffickers operate throughout the world.

576: 450: 381: 146: 2408: 1872: 1823: 7951: 7906: 7886: 7876: 7776: 7347: 7277: 7228: 6935: 6900: 6890: 6830: 6712: 6462: 6340: 6325: 5932: 5889: 5825: 5808: 5682: 5204: 4951: 4714: 1272: 900: 3920: 3460: 3270:"Chinese police free more than 1,100 human trafficking victims after targeting Southeast Asian networks" 7976: 7891: 7871: 7756: 7746: 7670: 7151: 7131: 6986: 6945: 6910: 6905: 5977: 5857: 5613: 5567: 5550: 5533: 5280: 5244: 5091: 4666: 4479:"Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Country-specific Report, China" 3565: 3398: 3251: 2934:"Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Country-specific Report, China" 1791: 1030:

products in 1919 led to reliance on revenue from the karayuki-san. Japanese girls and women worked as

925:

in Vietnam. Children and pretty women were taken by the pirates in their raids on Vietnamese villages.

870: 856: 116: 4489: 2944: 8181: 8021: 7956: 7921: 7856: 7836: 7826: 7786: 7771: 7589: 7512: 7319: 7146: 7011: 6930: 6895: 6825: 6809: 6727: 6580: 6172: 5996: 5877: 5830: 5774: 5239: 5184: 4911: 4797: 4724: 1755: 1400:

China has not signed, ratified, acceded to the convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery or

1278: 790:

Children have been targeted by perpetrators. Those from rural areas and migrant students, as well as

747:

need financial assistance as months and years of sexual slavery resulted in no education and income.

435: 328: 106: 2455: 8126: 8062: 7981: 7941: 7916: 7896: 7831: 7806: 7796: 7733: 7711: 7340: 6885: 6865: 6772: 6707: 6702: 6538: 6167: 6113: 5714: 5649: 5491: 5474: 5452: 5285: 5260: 5199: 5101: 4854: 4769: 4522: 1462: 1263:. They are sex slaves in brothels and hotel rooms near the casinos and other entertainment venues. 1254: 677: 430: 75: 4871: 3965:

García, Ana M. “Denouncing Human Trafficking in China: North Korean Women’s Memoirs as Evidence.”

2691:"Oppressed, enslaved and brutalised: The women trafficked from North Korea into China's sex trade" 2090:"Oppressed, enslaved and brutalised: The women trafficked from North Korea into China's sex trade" 8196: 7901: 7866: 7821: 7816: 6880: 6588: 6370: 6086: 5972: 5967: 5872: 5847: 5791: 5625: 5577: 5412: 5333: 5328: 5270: 5194: 5179: 5038: 4819: 3230:"Human traffickers take the route from Africa to Asia | Asia | DW.DE | 07.03.2012" 2669:"A Shortage of Women in China Has Led to the Trafficking of 'Brides' From Myanmar, Says a Report" 2195: 1689: 1436: 1302: 1242: 921:

destination of the children and women who were kidnapped by Chinese pirates from the area around

723: 287: 253: 4993: 4461:"Thailand blocks natural borders following Myanmar coup, bounty for human traffickers increases" 8166: 8141: 7101: 6543: 6350: 6184: 6140: 6118: 5815: 5265: 5169: 4976: 4719: 4232:"Macau's ranking upgraded in US human trafficking report, Gov't dismisses 'untrue' conclusions" 4214:"Hong Kong must lead the fight against human trafficking, rather than just do the bare minimum" 3513: 3489: 3447: 2802: 1809: 1238: 571: 31: 7205:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

1972: 1406:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

654:

province and they are trafficked by men of their own ethnicity. The Dai people are related to

8161: 7569: 7522: 7517: 7498: 7221: 7021: 6533: 6528: 6483: 6419: 6330: 6033: 5982: 5920: 5642: 5479: 5467: 5457: 5226: 4859: 4659: 4279: 3348: 1572: 1061: 445: 297: 265: 2668: 2543: 7639: 7574: 7446: 7424: 7161: 7126: 7086: 6259: 6207: 6067: 5862: 5837: 5764: 5759: 5594: 5486: 5462: 5320: 4802: 4543: 1677: 1602: 1372: 1230: 1112: 1002: 685: 126: 4370:"Washington County charges offer glimpse into the secret world of Chinese sex trafficking" 2874: 8: 8031: 7704: 7036: 7006: 6981: 6560: 6405: 6299: 6294: 6264: 6222: 6145: 6108: 6028: 6013: 5842: 5803: 5510: 5124: 5028: 4779: 4017:

Stöckl, Heidi, et al. “Trafficking of Vietnamese Women and Girls for Marriage in China.”

3868:"These North Korean defectors were sold into China as cybersex slaves. Then they escaped" 2026:"Give Us a Baby and We'll Let You Go: Trafficking of Kachin Brides from Myanmar to China" 1557: 1360: 1077: 841: 694: 280: 248: 218: 208: 121: 4621: 3986:

Hackney, Laura K. “Re-evaluating Palermo: The Case of Burmese Women as Chinese Brides.”

3130:

International Maritime Bureau of the ICC.; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1989).

2297:"Mongolia's prostitution zones, where women trade sex for fuel in sub-zero temperatures" 7389: 6447: 6442: 6427: 6279: 6247: 6242: 6135: 6057: 6045: 5954: 5620: 5540: 5528: 5496: 5151: 5146: 5064: 4764: 4422: 4196:"Fed up with human trafficking, Hong Kong migrant workers hold vigil demanding justice" 3509: 3392: 3329: 1534: 822: 715: 630:. It is a country of origin, destination, and transit for sexually trafficked persons. 541: 361: 270: 65: 4297: 4099: 2351:"7 Thai surrogates, 2 Chinese nationals arrested in illegal surrogacy raid in Bangkok" 2227:"Chained Woman Has Become the Face of Bride Trafficking in China | Human Rights Watch" 1082: 8086: 7451: 7354: 7326: 7249: 6506: 6498: 6212: 6079: 6050: 6008: 5937: 5894: 5852: 5719: 5659: 5431: 5368: 5230: 5011: 4981: 4807: 4426: 3687:"SEA Games: foreign tourist surge to Philippines sees rising risk of sex trafficking" 3609: 3599: 3419: 3354: 3137: 3110: 3083: 3056: 3029: 3002: 2896: 2850:"China Is Among Worst Human Trafficking Offenders, State Dept. Says (Published 2017)" 2199: 1693: 1544:

The reporting mechanisms (websites, hotline, etc.) do operate in multiple languages.

1170: 676:, as well as heavy industries and the mining sector. Some reporters suggest that the 619: 467: 399: 376: 168: 163: 131: 3705:"Trafficking of Vietnamese women for sex and marriage expands across region: expert" 3528: 3505: 3109:. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California. p. 5. 1226:. They are forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city. 7368: 7242: 7235: 7156: 7136: 7041: 7031: 6961: 6624: 6617: 6516: 6511: 6437: 6365: 6284: 6199: 6189: 6160: 6096: 6091: 5925: 5899: 5884: 5769: 5747: 5731: 5637: 5086: 5076: 4916: 4709: 4694: 4686: 4414: 4046: 4022: 3991: 3970: 3501: 3500:(4). University of Illinois Press, Immigration & Ethnic History Society: 5–40. 2891: 2886: 2191: 1685: 1410:

Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

1201: 1181: 1139: 1135: 1060:

with Chinese and Vietnamese prostitutes which served only Chinese male citizens as

1050: 876: 807: 778: 673: 659: 440: 425: 136: 4418: 2828:"Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2019 Annual Report—Executive Summary" 7680: 7333: 7200:

International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children

7171: 7141: 7116: 7016: 6795: 6232: 6227: 6150: 6101: 6062: 5726: 5308: 5114: 5001: 4637: 3974: 1898:"For the women who escape to China from North Korea, a terrible fate awaits them" 913: 561: 515: 462: 420: 410: 333: 292: 233: 203: 173: 80: 3475:"Episode 61 - Dr. Kazuhiro Oharazeki (Setsunan) | the Meiji at 150 Podcast" 3376:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 62, Issue 2

2333:"Abused, raped: heart-wrenching stories of Pakistani brides trafficked to China" 1955:"Vietnamese teen's escape from the China trafficking trade that sold her mother" 7456: 7410: 6649: 6633: 6565: 6488: 6335: 6289: 6274: 6269: 6252: 6237: 6023: 5378: 5373: 5303: 4889: 3844: 1350: 1346: 1328: 1306: 1039: 1009:

sexually trafficked victims who may face severe punishment or death upon their

795: 768: 638: 623: 323: 260: 238: 198: 141: 4026: 3613: 8105: 8080: 7579: 7553: 6598: 6345: 6179: 6018: 5820: 5141: 5129: 4971: 4832: 4316:"Child trafficking in China often starts with parents selling their own kids" 4250:"Human trafficking is still a big problem in Macau, Hong Kong newspaper says" 3657: 3079:

The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force

2900: 1658:

United Nations Action for Cooperation Against Trafficking in Persons (UN-ACT)

875:

Vietnamese women and girls were mass trafficked from Vietnam to China during

681: 55: 45: 2248:"Trafficking Survivors Are Being Failed the World Over | Human Rights Watch" 1277:

Chinese and Mongolian women and girls are sex trafficked to and through the

1126:. They are forced to follow the orders or commands of the paying consumers. 7614: 7584: 7382: 7375: 7312: 7291: 7284: 6638: 6523: 6395: 6360: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4849: 4844: 4050: 1313: 1286: 1123: 1043: 1031: 1022: 1010: 714:

Chinese citizen and foreign victims are sex trafficked into and out of all

371: 345: 338: 213: 7696: 3995: 3724:"Colombia makes arrests in sex trafficking plot that lured women to China" 2565:"Compelled by Love: The Church in China Fights Human Trafficking, Part II" 2384:"After Fleeing North Korea, Women Get Trapped as Cybersex Slaves in China" 1919:"2.9 million trapped in modern-day slavery in China, 30 million worldwide" 8090: 7634: 7624: 7609: 7361: 7305: 6217: 5134: 5119: 4926: 4884: 4879: 4827: 4638:"China: Thousands of North Korean women forced into prostitution: report" 3803:"Sold, raped, enslaved: Human trafficking victims shared stories in 2019" 3760:"Sold, raped, enslaved: Human trafficking victims shared stories in 2019" 3643: 3548:"THE SAD FATE OF PENANG'S PRE-WAR JAPANESE PROSTITUTES, THE KARAYUKI-SAN" 3440:

https://meijiat150.arts.ubc.ca/episode-61-dr-kazuhiro-oharazeki-setsunan/

3170:"Sold, raped, enslaved: Human trafficking victims shared stories in 2019" 2044:"Sold, raped, enslaved: Human trafficking victims shared stories in 2019" 1415: 1334:

Some sex traffickers impersonate police officers to gain victims' trust.

1282: 1118: 1087: 1006: 987: 953: 929: 888: 884: 728: 655: 566: 405: 366: 318: 243: 228: 50: 7467: 3333: 3317: 2978:"China is main destination for Vietnamese trafficking victims: official" 7629: 7543: 7396: 7270: 6390: 5298: 5109: 4837: 4568:"Fleeing from North Korea to be sold in China as brides or prostitutes" 4082:"Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise" 2063:"Sold to China as a bride, Pakistani woman came home on brink of death" 1482: 932:

fleeing South Vietnam after the Vietnam war who were taken by pirates.

710: 643: 85: 4586:"Vietnam's "modern sex slaves" sold in China as prostitutes or brides" 4064:"Trafficked: Three survivors of human trafficking share their stories" 3862: 3860: 3858: 2272:"Colombia to China Sex Trafficking Bust Illustrates Dynamics of Trade" 7654: 7619: 7604: 7256: 7176: 6400: 6355: 5293: 5234: 3952:

U.S. Department of State. “Trafficking in Persons Report July 2022.”

2754: 2752: 2750: 1810:"DAI MARRIAGE, WEDDINGS, COURTING AND WOMEN | Facts and Details" 1511:(ACWF), the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, and the 1234: 991: 193: 178: 90: 70: 4442:"20-year-old rescued from China after being trafficked for marriage" 4352:"80 percent of Vietnamese human trafficking victims end up in China" 1355:

Perpetrators in China use the internet, gaming sites, social media,

7644: 6475: 6468: 5781: 3855: 1937:"Raped, beaten and sold in China: Vietnam's kidnapped young brides" 1738:"UNICEF: Thousands of Chinese Women Annually Trafficked to SE Asia" 979: 975: 971: 949: 922: 60: 6764: 3742:"Vietnamese woman trafficked to China returns home after 22 years" 2747: 7649: 7121: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4651: 4043:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

3598:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 32–53. 3212:"In China, thousands of Myanmar women are forced into childbirth" 1678:"Gendercide and the cultural context of sex trafficking in china" 956: 945: 899:

mountain region who were kidnapped by pirates . The anti-French

415: 4121:"Pacific Links Foundation: The Battle Against Human Trafficking" 3845:"North Korean women 'forced into sex slavery' in China - report" 1289:, have been a focal point for prostitution and sex trafficking. 892: 7599: 7594: 7548: 7538: 7096: 6570: 3192: 2607:"Vietnamese girls smuggled into China and sold as child brides" 1356: 1057: 968: 964: 941: 896: 651: 456: 3596:

Down and Out in Saigon: Stories of the Poor in a Colonial City

2760:"Interview: Why 'Brides' From Myanmar Are Trafficked to China" 2498:"No reply from Chinese Embassy on POGO sex trade — Hontiveros" 2149:"China executes man who kept 6 women in dungeon as sex slaves" 1588:

Christian organizations save sex trafficked victims in China.

4682: 4334:"1,807 human trafficking victims rescued in Thailand in 2019" 4100:"Pakistani police target traffickers selling brides to China" 4021:, vol. 2, no. 1, Springer Science+Business Media, Oct. 2017, 1046:

prostitutes in British Malaya were open to non-Japanese men.

960: 880: 828: 3350:

Ah Ku and Karayuki-san: Prostitution in Singapore, 1870–1940

2646:"Vietnamese Trafficking Victim Reveals Heartbreaking Ordeal" 2538: 2536: 1117:

A number of sexually trafficked victims in China, including

7685: 2737:"Thousands of Myanmar women forced into marriages in China" 1653: 1016: 983: 158: 3627:

Prostitutes from China to Moscow was caught on the verses!

2714:"Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore" 1292: 1195: 7052:

International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children

7047:

Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons

2533: 2167:"Chinese man sentenced to death in sex slave murder case" 1720:"A Village Grows Rich Off Its Main Export: Its Daughters" 732: 4142:"New ways to help Hong Kong's human trafficking victims" 2586:"POVERTY AND CONFLICT IN MYANMAR FUEL HUMAN TRAFFICKING" 4178:"Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight" 4160:"Human trafficking in Hong Kong: hidden in plain sight" 3990:, Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, Apr. 2015, 3824:"From Vietnam, without love: the child brides of China" 3411: 2778:"Trafficking Survivors Are Being Failed the World Over" 2427:"Trafficking survivors are being failed the world over" 2315:"Bride trafficking, a problem on China's belt and road" 1192:

Women and girls are trafficked to mining sector sites.

1175: 3318:"The Making of Prostitutes in Japan: The Karayuki-San" 3106:

Vietnamese Peasants Under French Domination, 1861-1945

2625:"Vietnamese trafficking victims shared their stories" 1566: 3658:"'Probe Chinese group's sex trafficking activities'" 3412:

Yamazaki, Tomoko; Colligan-Taylor, Karen F. (2015).

1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1402:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

633:

Sex trafficking victims in the country are from all

4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4388:"Vietnam wakes up to its human trafficking problem" 3123: 3048: 2266: 2264: 1337:Perpetrators are motivated by monetary incentives. 1129: 154:

Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault

4544:"Gender Equality and Women's Development in China" 4298:"A Grim Trade: Trafficking Palaung Women to China" 4115: 4113: 3818: 3816: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2684: 2682: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2559: 2557: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2492: 2490: 2471: 2469: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2119:"Vietnam-China human trafficking a growing malady" 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1867: 1865: 1426: 864: 850: 4136: 4134: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3052:The Chinese Community in Vietnam Under the French 3021: 2994: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2477:"North Korea women in China trapped in sex trade" 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 1883: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1580: 8103: 7072:Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims 6679: 4605:"Man arrested for selling teenage girl to China" 4506: 2261: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 928:Brothels in Bangkok bought kidnapped Vietnamese 895:were the minority section of women belonging to 879:by Chinese and Vietnamese pirates and agencies. 4110: 3813: 3594:Cherry, Haydon (2019). 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Social Justice/Global Options: 161–84. 3315: 3188:"Trafficking Of North Korean Women In China" 1380:People's Public Security University of China 674:China's entertainment and tourism industries 7726: 6972:Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART) 4533: 4440:Kongkea, Buth Reaksmey (February 1, 2021). 2988: 2835:Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2689:Smith, Nicola; Farmer, Ben (May 20, 2019). 2688: 2635: 2575: 2373: 1913: 1911: 1873:"2018 Trafficking in Persons Report: China" 1824:"2018 Trafficking in Persons Report: China" 7719: 7705: 7490: 7476: 7442:Commercial sexual exploitation of children 6787: 6773: 6672: 6658: 4674: 4660: 3839: 3837: 3286: 3042: 2601: 2599: 2183: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1675: 1605:of North Korean women and girls in China. 1598:save victims of sex trafficking in China. 603: 589: 8152:Society of the People's Republic of China 7497: 3526: 3487: 3069: 2890: 2731: 2729: 2727: 1792:"Sex trade transforming Chinese villages" 1774:"Yunnan women flock to Thai sex industry" 1488: 7062:International Organisation for Migration 7027:Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women 4625:International Organization for Migration 4458: 3722:Moloney, Anastasia (September 8, 2020). 3096: 2196:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.003.009 1908: 1690:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385779.003.009 1505:The All-China Federation of Trade Unions 1435:Chinese police work in cooperation with 1383:trafficked victims operate underground. 1266: 1081: 1017:History of trafficking via or from China 709: 7107:Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons 4439: 3834: 3721: 2596: 2001: 1293:Criminal organizations and perpetrators 1206:special administrative regions of China 1196:Special administrative regions of China 1106: 798:are vulnerable to sexual exploitation. 648:Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 8104: 7418:What Have They Done to Your Daughters? 6992:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 5609:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 4459:Ashworth, Caitlin (February 5, 2021). 4037: 4035: 3633:(08.04.2011). 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(Jan 3, 2005). 1664: 1596:Blue Dragon Children's Foundation 8085: 8076: 8075: 7077:Mongolian Gender Equality Center 6754:Taipei Women's Rescue Foundation 6386:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 6381:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 4630: 4615: 4596: 4578: 4560: 4471: 4452: 4433: 4398: 4380: 4362: 4344: 4326: 4308: 4290: 4272: 4242: 4224: 4206: 4188: 4170: 4152: 4092: 4074: 4056: 4011: 4001: 3980: 3959: 3946: 3200:from the original on 2023-03-31. 2184:Tiefenbrun, Susan (2010-03-17). 1676:Tiefenbrun, Susan (2010-03-17), 1130:Forced marriages and pregnancies 8192:Violence against women in China 6376:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 5573:Political parties and movements 4937:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 4922:Northern and Southern dynasties 4603:Binh, Hai (December 25, 2020). 4486:ECPAT Intercriminalovernational 3931: 3913: 3892: 3878: 3795: 3752: 3734: 3715: 3697: 3679: 3668:from the original on 2019-08-06 3650: 3636: 3620: 3576:from the original on 2022-01-17 3558: 3539: 3520: 3514:10.5406/jamerethnhist.32.4.0005 3506:10.5406/jamerethnhist.32.4.0005 3481: 3467: 3432: 3405: 3367: 3340: 3309: 3295: 3280: 3262: 3244: 3204: 3180: 3162: 3150: 3082:. Skyhorse Pub. pp. 227–. 3015: 2866: 2848:Harris, Gardiner (2017-06-27). 2841: 2770: 2617: 2419: 2343: 2325: 2307: 2240: 2219: 2159: 2141: 2054: 2036: 1983: 1965: 1947: 1929: 1427:Anti-sex trafficking mechanisms 865:History of trafficking to China 851:Ethnic and religious minorities 722:Victims of sex trafficking for 624:sexual exploitation and slavery 8043:British Indian Ocean Territory 7112:Operation Underground Railroad 4280:"Stolen from Mongolia for sex" 3347:Warren, James Francis (2003). 3303:"제3국을 떠도는 탈북자들: 중국에 숨어사는 탈북자들" 2892:10.4000/chinaperspectives.7742 1816: 1802: 1784: 1766: 1748: 1730: 1711: 1581:Anti-trafficking Organizations 1: 8122:Child sexual abuse by country 7057:International Justice Mission 4419:10.1080/10670564.2019.1637564 4407:Journal of Contemporary China 1973:"Myanmar's trafficked brides" 1608: 1551: 1259:Mainland Chinese victims are 1224:sex trafficked into Hong Kong 1164: 1038:While Chinese prostitutes in 940:Foreign women and girls from 935: 665:sexually transmitted diseases 482:International legal framework 8117:Human rights abuses in China 7299:Nefarious: Merchant of Souls 7167:Truckers Against Trafficking 6967:Agape International Missions 6744:Agape International Missions 6680:Sex trafficking in East Asia 5678:Ministry of National Defense 5017:Chinese Communist Revolution 3975:10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0059 3940:Asian Journal of Criminology 3488:Oharazeki, Kazuhiro (2013). 3028:. Routledge. pp. 144–. 2413:Council on Foreign Relations 1744:. Langle, China. 2002-04-23. 1592:Agape International Missions 1529:Government response problems 1519: 1509:All-China Women's Federation 1457:Official and police training 1218:Sex trafficking in Hong Kong 1211: 1204:are sex trafficked into the 577:Violence against LGBT people 451:Online gender-based violence 147:Violence against prostitutes 7: 7278:Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects 6341:Flowers of the Four Seasons 6326:Four Treasures of the Study 5945:Water supply and sanitation 5673:Central Military Commission 5668:Outline of military history 5418:Province-level subdivisions 3418:. Routledge. p. xxiv. 3316:Mihalopoulos, Bill (1994). 3001:. Routledge. pp. 70–. 2544:"China's Trafficked Brides" 2190:. Oxford University Press. 1281:. At the border and in the 1273:Sex trafficking in Mongolia 816: 785: 10: 8213: 8172:Sex trafficking by country 8112:Human trafficking in China 7671:Gai Shanxi and Her Sisters 7152:Stop Child Trafficking Now 7132:Redlight Children Campaign 6987:California Against Slavery 5614:Primary stage of socialism 5556:National People's Congress 5024:People's Republic of China 3888:. 중앙일보. Naver. 2019-09-19. 3529:"Karayuki-san in the West" 2873:Ling, Bonny (2018-06-01). 2187:Decoding International Law 1798:. Jan 4, 2005. p. 16. 1682:Decoding International Law 1570: 1555: 1460: 1390: 1370: 1344: 1296: 1287:Tavan Tolgoi coal deposits 1270: 1252: 1215: 1168: 1133: 1110: 1075: 871:Sex trafficking in Vietnam 868: 857:Ethnic minorities in China 854: 839: 820: 805: 766: 762: 705: 628:People's Republic of China 117:Sexual violence statistics 8071: 8030: 7990: 7732: 7663: 7590:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai 7562: 7531: 7513:Prostitution in Hong Kong 7505: 7434: 7213: 7185: 7147:Shared Hope International 7012:End Human Trafficking Now 6954: 6818: 6802: 6736: 6685: 6611: 6579: 6497: 6418: 6198: 6004: 5995: 5953: 5913: 5755: 5746: 5658: 5509: 5439: 5430: 5393: 5364:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 5319: 5253: 5162: 5100: 5072: 5063: 4992: 4870: 4818: 4778: 4702: 4693: 4374:Twin Cities Pioneer Press 4027:10.1186/s41256-017-0049-4 3546:Iman, Kyle (2021-11-29). 2569:The Gosepl Herald Society 1261:sex trafficked into Macau 699:trading partners of China 436:Intimate partner violence 329:Female genital mutilation 107:Causes of sexual violence 8147:Law enforcement in China 8137:Organized crime activity 7792:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7676:Sex trafficking in China 7341:Russian Dolls: Sex Trade 6539:Catholic Church in China 5683:People's Liberation Army 5650:One country, two systems 4218:South China Morning Post 4200:South China Morning Post 4182:South China Morning Post 3954:U.S. Department of State 3828:South China Morning Post 3789:South China Morning Post 3691:South China Morning Post 3274:South China Morning Post 3216:South China Morning Post 2337:South China Morning Post 2319:South China Morning Post 1923:South China Morning Post 1778:South China Morning Post 1463:Law enforcement in China 1255:Sex trafficking in Macau 1248: 907:France Captain Louis de 678:Belt and Road Initiative 616:Sex trafficking in China 8053:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7727:Sex trafficking in Asia 6371:Four Pillars of Destiny 6156:Regional discrimination 5578:Chinese Communist Party 4356:VnExpress International 3988:Anti Trafficking Review 3644:"俄媒称莫斯科查处一家妓院 12名中国人被捕" 3533:The North American Post 3174:VnExpress International 3136:. ICC Pub. p. 88. 1760:China Daily HK Edition) 1243:purchasing power parity 1049:Chinese prostitutes in 724:sexual slavery in China 288:Secondary victimisation 112:Child sexual initiation 99:Sexual assault and rape 8177:Social issues in China 7102:Oasis Charitable Trust 6124:Science and technology 5797:Special economic zones 5049:persecution of Uyghurs 4977:Century of humiliation 4627:Retrieved May 26, 2016 4488:. 2015. Archived from 4051:10.3390/ijerph19116482 3397:: CS1 maint: others ( 3076:Douglas Porch (2010). 3055:. EmText. p. 43. 2943:. 2015. Archived from 1489:Organizational Support 1239:gross domestic product 1091: 1056:In 2011, a brothel in 719: 663:harmed. They contract 635:ethnic groups in China 572:Violence against women 32:Violence against women 8157:Prostitution in China 7523:Prostitution in Tibet 7518:Prostitution in Macau 7499:Prostitution in China 7222:A Walk Across the Sun 7022:Face to Face Bulgaria 6331:Four Great Inventions 5715:People's Armed Police 3996:10.14197/atr.20121546 3900:"화상채팅으로 유린당하는 중 탈북여성" 2652:. September 24, 2015. 2390:. September 13, 2019. 1961:. September 18, 2018. 1573:Human rights in China 1416:Chinese Criminal Code 1279:China–Mongolia border 1267:China–Mongolia border 1085: 713: 446:Marry-your-rapist law 441:Marriage by abduction 298:Virgin cleansing myth 8187:Crimes against women 7967:United Arab Emirates 7575:Empress Dowager Bian 7447:Cybersex trafficking 7425:Your Name Is Justine 7127:Reaching Out Romania 7087:The Natashas Project 6310:World Heritage Sites 5838:Foreign aid received 5546:Environmental policy 5344:Environmental policy 5339:Environmental issues 4574:. February 15, 2010. 4527:Global Slavery Index 4523:"China Country Data" 4394:. September 2, 2016. 4392:The New Humanitarian 4202:. February 25, 2018. 3809:. December 24, 2019. 3766:. December 24, 2019. 3693:. December 10, 2019. 3176:. December 24, 2019. 2807:Global Slavery Index 2803:"China Country Data" 2631:. December 25, 2019. 2571:. November 27, 2013. 2339:. December 13, 2019. 2303:. February 19, 2019. 2173:. November 30, 2012. 2050:. December 24, 2019. 1603:cybersex trafficking 1373:Dark figure of crime 1231:Global Slavery Index 1113:Cybersex trafficking 1107:Cybersex trafficking 909:Louis de Grandmaison 877:French colonial rule 792:left-behind children 686:Cybersex trafficking 431:Forced sterilisation 127:Cybersex trafficking 8132:Forced prostitution 7994:limited recognition 7037:Hagar International 7007:ECPAT International 6982:Blue Heart Campaign 6556:History of religion 6551:Freedom of religion 6406:Four Pests campaign 6351:Four Classic Novels 5963:Automotive industry 5843:Foreign aid program 5534:Pro-democratisation 5029:Cultural Revolution 4592:. February 3, 2015. 4322:. October 16, 2015. 4184:. January 16, 2016. 4166:. January 16, 2016. 4148:. October 22, 2015. 3927:. October 31, 2019. 3572:. 12 January 2013. 3258:. February 5, 2018. 3218:. December 7, 2018. 2941:ECPAT International 2720:. November 8, 2019. 2592:. 23 November 2017. 2527:Inter Press Service 2462:. October 30, 2019. 2361:on December 1, 2020 2321:. 15 February 2020. 2155:. January 22, 2014. 1997:. November 6, 2014. 1925:. October 17, 2013. 1558:Corruption in China 1414:Article 240 of the 1078:Forced prostitution 1072:Forced prostitution 842:Disability in China 695:diplomatic missions 626:that occurs in the 622:for the purpose of 122:Forced prostitution 7390:Trade of Innocents 7320:The Paradise Suite 6463:Population history 6443:Internal migration 6058:Harmonious Society 5933:Telecommunications 5890:Standard of living 5809:Online advertising 5561:Standing Committee 4340:. January 8, 2020. 4260:on January 7, 2020 3925:Human Rights Watch 3664:. August 6, 2019. 2984:. August 24, 2018. 2879:China Perspectives 2854:The New York Times 2782:Human Rights Watch 2764:Human Rights Watch 2388:The New York Times 2278:. August 25, 2017. 2030:Human Rights Watch 1904:. October 4, 2017. 1724:The New York Times 1535:Human Rights Watch 1092: 823:Migration in China 720: 716:provinces of China 362:Narcissistic abuse 8099: 8098: 8036:other territories 7694: 7693: 7465: 7464: 7452:Human trafficking 7327:Rambo: Last Blood 7264:Human Trafficking 6762: 6761: 6647: 6646: 6607: 6606: 6414: 6413: 5991: 5990: 5978:Shipping industry 5742: 5741: 5708:Strategic Support 5583:General Secretary 5568:National security 5551:Foreign relations 5505: 5504: 5426: 5425: 5389: 5388: 5092:Natural disasters 5059: 5058: 5012:Chinese Civil War 5007:Republic of China 4982:Taiping Rebellion 4855:Spring and Autumn 4760:Foreign relations 4358:. August 1, 2019. 4338:New Straits Times 4127:. August 7, 2017. 3791:. April 21, 2019. 3605:978-0-300-24493-9 3566:"Sex in the city" 3455:Missing or empty 3143:978-92-842-1078-7 3116:978-0-8191-4715-8 3089:978-1-61608-068-6 3062:978-0-7734-1941-4 3035:978-1-317-53622-2 3008:978-1-317-53622-2 2784:. August 5, 2019. 2766:. March 21, 2019. 2675:. March 21, 2019. 2613:. April 19, 2016. 2529:. March 22, 2019. 2205:978-0-19-538577-9 2129:on March 22, 2020 2032:. March 21, 2019. 1979:. March 31, 2019. 1943:. August 3, 2019. 1941:Channel News Asia 1699:978-0-19-538577-9 1404:. It has for the 1367:Unreported crimes 1229:According to the 1171:Industry of China 802:People in poverty 796:illegally adopted 620:human trafficking 613: 612: 468:Toxic masculinity 400:Droit du seigneur 377:Domestic violence 132:Human trafficking 8204: 8182:Slavery in China 8089: 8079: 8078: 8048:Christmas Island 7734:Sovereign states 7721: 7714: 7707: 7698: 7697: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7369:The Storm Makers 7236:Eastern Promises 7157:Stop the Traffik 7137:Renew Foundation 7042:Hope for Justice 7032:Global Centurion 6962:The A21 Campaign 6789: 6782: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6651: 6650: 6627: 6620: 6517:Tibetan Buddhism 6512:Chinese Buddhism 6366:Four Holy Beasts 6316: 6315: 6168:Social relations 6097:Standard Chinese 6092:Chinese language 6002: 6001: 5787:Economic history 5753: 5752: 5732:Maritime Militia 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5408:Border crossings 5403:Baseline islands 5098: 5097: 5070: 5069: 5034:Tiananmen Square 4917:Sixteen Kingdoms 4725:Military history 4700: 4699: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4519: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4413:(122): 238–242. 4402: 4396: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4376:. March 1, 2020. 4366: 4360: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4304:. June 14, 2011. 4294: 4288: 4287: 4286:. July 22, 2009. 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4238:. June 21, 2019. 4228: 4222: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4106:. June 17, 2019. 4096: 4090: 4089: 4088:. July 11, 2019. 4078: 4072: 4071: 4070:. July 29, 2019. 4060: 4054: 4039: 4030: 4015: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874:. June 10, 2019. 3864: 3853: 3852: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3830:. June 17, 2018. 3820: 3811: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3781: 3768: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3276:. June 21, 2019. 3266: 3260: 3259: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2974: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2938: 2930: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2799: 2786: 2785: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2756: 2745: 2744: 2743:. July 12, 2018. 2733: 2722: 2721: 2710: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2665: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2603: 2594: 2593: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2550:. July 19, 2017. 2540: 2531: 2530: 2519: 2506: 2505: 2504:. March 4, 2019. 2494: 2485: 2484: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2452: 2435: 2434: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2405: 2392: 2391: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2280: 2279: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2115: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2071: 2070: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2022: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1915: 1906: 1905: 1894: 1881: 1880: 1869: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1742:Voice of America 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726:. Langle, China. 1715: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1673: 1662: 1661: 1650: 1472:Public education 1341:Online deception 1140:Forced pregnancy 1136:Forced marriages 1051:French Indochina 836:Disabled persons 808:Poverty in China 779:one-child policy 660:overseas Chinese 639:Chinese citizens 637:and foreigners. 605: 598: 591: 426:Forced pregnancy 19: 18: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8127:Forced marriage 8102: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8067: 8035: 8026: 8007:Northern Cyprus 7993: 7986: 7728: 7725: 7695: 7690: 7681:Sing-song girls 7659: 7558: 7527: 7501: 7496: 7466: 7461: 7430: 7404:The Traffickers 7229:The Chosen Ones 7209: 7187: 7181: 7172:Unlikely Heroes 7142:Run for Courage 7117:Polaris Project 7017:The Exodus Road 6950: 6814: 6798: 6796:Sex trafficking 6793: 6763: 6758: 6732: 6681: 6678: 6648: 6643: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6603: 6575: 6493: 6453:Life expectancy 6410: 6314: 6194: 6114:Public holidays 6102:Written Chinese 6087:Intellectualism 6039:Sex trafficking 5987: 5949: 5909: 5738: 5654: 5501: 5492:Nationality law 5475:Law enforcement 5453:Judicial system 5422: 5385: 5359:Nature reserves 5349:Protected areas 5315: 5286:Water resources 5249: 5158: 5096: 5055: 5039:Economic reform 5002:1911 Revolution 4988: 4952:Jin (1115–1234) 4866: 4814: 4774: 4689: 4680: 4650: 4649: 4644:. May 20, 2019. 4636: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4616: 4601: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4541: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4220:. July 8, 2016. 4212: 4211: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4140: 4139: 4132: 4119: 4118: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4040: 4033: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3985: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3866: 3865: 3856: 3851:. May 20, 2019. 3843: 3842: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3771: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3748:. July 4, 2019. 3740: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3716: 3711:. May 18, 2016. 3703: 3702: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3625: 3621: 3606: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3544: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3345: 3341: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3281: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2908: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2801: 2800: 2789: 2776: 2775: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2748: 2735: 2734: 2725: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2687: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2629:Vietnam Insider 2623: 2622: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2521: 2520: 2509: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2483:. May 16, 2019. 2475: 2474: 2467: 2454: 2453: 2438: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2295: 2294: 2283: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2182: 2178: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2101: 2096:. May 20, 2019. 2088: 2087: 2074: 2059: 2055: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2024: 2023: 2002: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1902:The Independent 1896: 1895: 1884: 1871: 1870: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1674: 1665: 1652: 1651: 1616: 1611: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1531: 1522: 1491: 1474: 1465: 1459: 1429: 1395: 1389: 1387:Legal framework 1375: 1369: 1353: 1343: 1309: 1295: 1275: 1269: 1257: 1251: 1220: 1214: 1198: 1190: 1188:Mining industry 1178: 1173: 1167: 1142: 1134:Main articles: 1132: 1115: 1109: 1080: 1074: 1019: 938: 914:Red River delta 873: 867: 859: 853: 844: 838: 825: 819: 810: 804: 788: 771: 765: 708: 609: 562:Sex and the law 542:Women's shelter 463:Sexual bullying 421:Forced marriage 411:Forced abortion 334:Gishiri cutting 303:Widow cleansing 293:Sexual violence 17: 12: 11: 5: 8210: 8200: 8199: 8197:Women in China 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8083: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7701: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7480: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7457:Sexual slavery 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6628: 6621: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6503: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6336:Four Gentlemen 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6319:Fours of China 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5968:Civil aviation 5965: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5917: 5915: 5914:Infrastructure 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:Semiconductors 5865: 5860: 5850: 5848:Historical GDP 5845: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5626:Vice President 5618: 5617: 5616: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5354:National parks 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Climate policy 5331: 5329:Climate change 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Central Plains 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5082:Extreme points 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4890:Three Kingdoms 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4860:Warring States 4857: 4852: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4720:Historiography 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4679: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4642:Deutsche Welle 4629: 4614: 4595: 4577: 4559: 4548:www.mfa.gov.cn 4532: 4505: 4470: 4451: 4432: 4397: 4379: 4361: 4343: 4325: 4307: 4289: 4271: 4241: 4236:Macau Business 4223: 4205: 4187: 4169: 4151: 4130: 4109: 4091: 4073: 4055: 4031: 4010: 4000: 3979: 3958: 3945: 3930: 3912: 3891: 3877: 3854: 3833: 3812: 3794: 3769: 3751: 3733: 3714: 3696: 3678: 3649: 3635: 3619: 3604: 3586: 3557: 3538: 3519: 3480: 3466: 3431: 3425:978-1317460251 3424: 3404: 3366: 3360:978-9971692674 3359: 3339: 3322:Social Justice 3308: 3294: 3279: 3261: 3243: 3221: 3203: 3179: 3161: 3149: 3142: 3122: 3115: 3095: 3088: 3068: 3061: 3041: 3034: 3014: 3007: 2987: 2960: 2906: 2885:(1–2): 65–74. 2865: 2840: 2812: 2787: 2769: 2746: 2723: 2700: 2678: 2655: 2634: 2616: 2595: 2574: 2553: 2532: 2507: 2486: 2465: 2436: 2418: 2393: 2372: 2342: 2324: 2306: 2281: 2260: 2239: 2218: 2204: 2176: 2158: 2140: 2099: 2072: 2053: 2035: 2000: 1982: 1977:The ASEAN Post 1964: 1946: 1928: 1907: 1882: 1841: 1815: 1801: 1783: 1765: 1747: 1729: 1710: 1698: 1663: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1582: 1579: 1571:Main article: 1568: 1565: 1556:Main article: 1553: 1550: 1530: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1490: 1487: 1473: 1470: 1458: 1455: 1428: 1425: 1388: 1385: 1368: 1365: 1351:Internet fraud 1347:Computer fraud 1342: 1339: 1329:virginity test 1307:Crime in China 1294: 1291: 1268: 1265: 1253:Main article: 1250: 1247: 1216:Main article: 1213: 1210: 1197: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1177: 1174: 1169:Main article: 1166: 1163: 1131: 1128: 1111:Main article: 1108: 1105: 1076:Main article: 1073: 1070: 1040:British Malaya 1018: 1015: 937: 934: 866: 863: 855:Main article: 852: 849: 840:Main article: 837: 834: 821:Main article: 818: 815: 806:Main article: 803: 800: 787: 784: 769:Women in China 767:Main article: 764: 761: 707: 704: 611: 610: 608: 607: 600: 593: 585: 582: 581: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 531: 530: 529:Related topics 526: 525: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 485: 484: 478: 477: 476: 475: 470: 465: 460: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 396: 395: 394: 389: 384: 374: 369: 364: 356: 355: 351: 350: 349: 348: 343: 342: 341: 336: 326: 324:Breast ironing 321: 313: 312: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 261:Sexual assault 258: 257: 256: 251: 249:Unacknowledged 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 156: 151: 150: 149: 144: 142:Sexual slavery 139: 134: 129: 119: 114: 109: 101: 100: 96: 95: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 76:Pregnant women 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8209: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Rape in China 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:Chinese women 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8082: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8017:South Ossetia 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7710: 7708: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7580:Chen Yuanyuan 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186:Protocols and 7184: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955:Organisations 6953: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941:United States 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737:Organisations 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6544:Protestantism 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529:Folk religion 6527: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Ethnic groups 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6346:Four Beauties 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:Urban society 6183: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6141:Social issues 6139: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:Rural society 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:Chinese Dream 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5983:Space program 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5633:State Council 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519:Civil service 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125:South Central 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912:Jin (266–420) 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Ethnic groups 4753: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 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