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Severny Island

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hydrogen bomb test on October 30, 1961 destroyed all buildings in the village of Severny (both wooden and brick). The village was located 55 kilometres (34 miles) from ground zero within the Sukhoy Nos test range. Tsar Bomba was the most powerful nuclear weapon detonated and was the most powerful
327:), with average temperatures barely reaching the freezing mark in the warmest months. The temperature varies from −5 to −37 °C (23 to −35 °F) in winter to −9 to 5 °C (16 to 41 °F) in summer. 1424: 1871: 2085: 102: 1273: 2206: 920: 1446: 1223: 1110: 300:, which is the largest glacier by area and by volume in Europe (if counted as part of it). Severny Island is known for its numerous 1864: 2191: 1454: 1513: 1808: 1683: 1503: 52: 2196: 1857: 1783: 1085: 1613: 2186: 1266: 1233: 935: 2211: 2201: 2120: 321: 2075: 257: 1439: 1473: 1166: 904: 869:, located at the southern end of the island, was used for nuclear weapons testing between 1958 and 1961. The 1259: 273: 1803: 1653: 1828: 1658: 1768: 1000: 2150: 1673: 1432: 1338: 995: 1383: 1713: 1648: 1005: 1911: 1880: 1693: 265: 231: 152: 2050: 1896: 844: 297: 2055: 1972: 1543: 879: 264:
mainland. It has an area of 48,904 square kilometres (18,882 sq mi), making it the
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of TNT, scaled down from its maximum 100 megaton design yield. Severny is now the site of a
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Into the Ice Sea: Barents' Wintering on Novaya Zemlya: A Renaissance Voyage of Discovery
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Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G.; Leith, William S. (2005).
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Zeeberg, J. J. "Climate and Glacial History of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago".
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Climate and Glacial History of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic
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Russian-Soviet polar stations and their role in the Arctic Seas exploration
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anthropogenic explosion in human history. It had a yield of 50
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archipelago. It was historically called Lütke Land after
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It is the northern island of the 13: 14: 2223: 284:Severny Island is separated from 1994: 1456: 970: 956: 934: 919: 903: 334:Climate data for Severny Island 266:30th-largest island in the world 58: 51: 38: 2076:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 893:, Severny's northernmost cape. 59: 2014:(7,722–38,610 sq mi) 1215: 1158: 1132: 1100: 1077: 1062: 1037: 1022: 1: 2192:Islands of Arkhangelsk Oblast 1474:Arkticheskiy Institut Islands 1016: 322:Köppen climate classification 279: 274:Russian Arctic National Park 272:in the world. It is part of 258:Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke 7: 1494:Bolshoi Korsakovsky Islands 1174:Science and Global Security 949: 737:Average precipitation days 523:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 453:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 237: 165:1,547 m (5075 ft) 10: 2228: 2197:Islands of the Barents Sea 1283:Islands of the Barents Sea 1001:List of glaciers in Russia 896: 860: 842: 827: 333: 316:Severny Island has a cold 311: 2011: 1989: 1887: 1469: 1289: 1194:10.1080/08929880590961862 996:List of islands of Russia 783: 736: 662: 592: 522: 452: 382: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 226: 208: 203: 193: 184: 179: 169: 161: 151: 143: 133: 96: 82: 77: 46: 37: 24: 2187:Islands of Novaya Zemlya 1659:Nordenskiöld Archipelago 1479:Belukha and Prodolgovaty 1146:. Nuclear Weapon Archive 1144:nuclearweaponarchive.org 1006:List of fjords of Russia 2212:Nuclear weapons testing 2202:Islands of the Kara Sea 1881:World's largest islands 1604:Levinson-Lessing Island 1186:2005S&GS...13....1K 2121:Prince of Wales Island 1384:Store Kamøya, Nordkapp 845:Severny Island ice cap 298:Severny Island ice cap 162:Highest elevation 2012:20,000–99,999 km 1544:Izvestiy TSIK Islands 1539:Helland-Hansen Island 929:terminus. West coast. 593:Mean minimum °C (°F) 383:Mean maximum °C (°F) 1724:Scott Hansen Islands 1349:Mezhdusharsky Island 1339:Lille Ekkerøy, Vadsø 991:Gora Severny Nunatak 927:Inostrantsev Glacier 839:Ice cap and glaciers 268:and the 3rd-largest 2081:Axel Heiberg Island 1589:Krusenstern Islands 1564:Kolomeytsev Islands 784:Average snowy days 114: /  21: 2091:Southampton Island 1824:Yarzhinsky Islands 1709:Rastorguyev Island 1674:October Revolution 1529:Graham Bell Island 270:uninhabited island 198:Arkhangelsk Oblast 174:Mount Kruzenshtern 170:Highest point 87:Arkhangelsk Oblast 19: 2174: 2173: 1847: 1846: 1809:Vilkitsky Islands 1754:Sibiryakov Island 1729:Sedov Archipelago 1689:Pilota Makhotkina 1684:Pakhtusov Islands 1599:Ledyanyye Islands 1584:Krestovsky Island 1422: 1421: 1354:Morzhovets Island 1115:www.meteoblue.com 1088:. BarentsObserver 1084:Staalesen, Atle. 835: 834: 247: 235: 227:Се́верный о́стров 216: 215: 118:75.500°N 60.000°E 31:Се́верный о́стров 2219: 2136:Vancouver Island 2066:Alexander Island 2004: 1999: 1998: 1943:Ellesmere Island 1874: 1867: 1860: 1851: 1850: 1804:Vilkitsky Island 1784:Tsivolko Islands 1734:Severnaya Zemlya 1639:Myachina Islands 1549:Kamennye Islands 1504:Dzhekman Islands 1461: 1460: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1426: 1425: 1276: 1269: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1171: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1136: 1130: 1123: 1117: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1026: 980: 978:Geography portal 975: 974: 973: 966: 961: 960: 938: 923: 907: 740: 331: 330: 306:Cape Flissingsky 294:Matochkin Strait 292:) by the narrow 242: 240: 230: 228: 129: 128: 126: 125: 124: 119: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 62: 61: 55: 42: 22: 18: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2151:Somerset Island 2086:Melville Island 2013: 2007: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1932:Victoria Island 1889: 1888:100,000 km 1883: 1878: 1848: 1843: 1829:Yermolov Island 1769:Sverdrup Island 1624:Minina Skerries 1579:Krasnoflotskiye 1534:Heiberg Islands 1519:Firnley Islands 1514:Eastern Islands 1465: 1455: 1453: 1423: 1418: 1285: 1280: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1125:J. J. Zeeberg, 1124: 1120: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1082: 1078: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1027: 1023: 1019: 976: 971: 969: 962: 955: 952: 945: 939: 930: 924: 915: 908: 899: 882:base and has a 863: 847: 841: 836: 738: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 314: 282: 238:Severnyy ostrov 189: 122: 120: 116: 113: 108: 105: 103: 101: 100: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 68: 67: 63: 33: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2225: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2156:Kotelny Island 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2071:Severny Island 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2002:Islands portal 1990: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1799:Vaygach Island 1796: 1791: 1789:Ushakov Island 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1739:Severny Island 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719:Schmidt Island 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1694:Pioneer Island 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1559:Kolchak Island 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1409:Wilhelm Island 1406: 1404:Vaygach Island 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369:Severny Island 1366: 1361: 1359:Nordaustlandet 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1264: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1234: 1214: 1157: 1131: 1118: 1099: 1076: 1071:Russian Arctic 1061: 1049:www.rus-arc.ru 1036: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 982: 981: 967: 964:Islands portal 951: 948: 947: 946: 940: 933: 931: 925: 918: 916: 912:Cape Zhelaniya 909: 902: 898: 895: 891:Cape Zhelaniya 862: 859: 853:with numerous 843:Main article: 840: 837: 833: 832: 825: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 781: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 734: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 380: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 336: 335: 329: 318:tundra climate 313: 310: 281: 278: 219:Severny Island 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 182: 181: 180:Administration 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 155: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 135: 131: 130: 123:75.500; 60.000 98: 94: 93: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 65: 64: 57: 56: 50: 49: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 30: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2224: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2126:Yuzhny Island 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1938:Great Britain 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917:Baffin Island 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1834:Yuzhny Island 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779:Tillo Islands 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1759:Sorevnovaniya 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1749:Shren Islands 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714:Russky Island 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669:Novaya Zemlya 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Nansen Island 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1614:Litke Islands 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1554:Kirov Islands 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1509:Dikson Island 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1415: 1414:Yuzhny Island 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1364:Novaya Zemlya 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1319:Kildin Island 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1237: 1235:9789051707878 1231: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1087: 1080: 1072: 1065: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1032: 1025: 1021: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Desert island 984: 983: 979: 968: 965: 959: 954: 943: 937: 932: 928: 922: 917: 913: 906: 901: 900: 894: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 872: 868: 858: 856: 852: 846: 831: 826: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 782: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 735: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 666: 665:precipitation 661: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 591: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 521: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 451: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 381: 337: 332: 328: 326: 323: 319: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 286:Yuzhny Island 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:Novaya Zemlya 251: 250:Arctic island 245: 239: 233: 224: 220: 211: 207: 202: 199: 196: 192: 188: 183: 178: 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 138:Novaya Zemlya 136: 132: 127: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 54: 45: 41: 36: 28: 23: 2070: 2061:Devon Island 2046:Banks Island 1973:Newfoundland 1963:North Island 1953:South Island 1738: 1629:Mona Islands 1594:Labyrintovye 1368: 1304:Dolgy Island 1241:24 September 1239:. 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Retrieved 1048: 1039: 1030: 1024: 888: 880:Russian Army 865:The cape of 864: 848: 667:mm (inches) 324: 315: 289: 283: 218: 217: 204:Demographics 186: 2116:New Britain 2101:Spitsbergen 1814:Vize Island 1794:Uyedineniya 1764:Storozhevye 1699:Plavnikovye 1654:Neupokoyeva 1644:Nablyudeniy 1574:Komsomolets 1489:Bera Island 1484:Bely Island 1379:Spitsbergen 1299:Bear Island 134:Archipelago 121: / 97:Coordinates 27:Native name 2181:Categories 2036:Hispaniola 1912:Madagascar 1902:New Guinea 1704:Proklyatye 1569:Kolosovykh 1294:Barentsøya 1017:References 1011:Tsar Bomba 871:Tsar Bomba 867:Sukhoy Nos 739:(≥ 0.1 mm) 209:Population 2051:Sri Lanka 1897:Greenland 1744:Shokalsky 1524:Gavrilova 1389:Svenskøya 1374:Skogerøya 1202:122069080 1107:Meteoblue 1054:8 October 830:Meteoblue 280:Geography 232:romanized 153:Area rank 78:Geography 2161:Sardinia 2056:Tasmania 2041:Sakhalin 2031:Hokkaido 2021:Mindanao 1948:Sulawesi 1934:(Canada) 1839:Zveroboy 1819:Voronina 1619:Markgama 1344:Magerøya 1329:Kongsøya 1324:Kolguyev 1150:13 April 1073:: 82–84. 950:See also 942:Walruses 910:View of 876:megatons 855:glaciers 828:Source: 663:Average 302:glaciers 290:Southern 212:0 (2000) 83:Location 2166:Bananal 2026:Ireland 1983:Iceland 1922:Sumatra 1774:Taymyra 1634:Moristy 1399:Vardøya 1394:Vadsøya 1334:Kvitøya 1309:Edgeøya 1182:Bibcode 897:Gallery 861:History 851:ice cap 732:(18.8) 312:Climate 262:Russian 246:  234::  223:Russian 109:60°00′E 106:75°30′N 66:Severny 20:Severny 2146:Sicily 2131:Hainan 2111:Taiwan 2106:Kyushu 2096:Marajó 1927:Honshu 1907:Borneo 1679:Oleniy 1609:Lishny 1499:Bonevi 1232:  1200:  884:harbor 823:158.6 779:174.8 727:(1.3) 722:(1.7) 717:(2.5) 712:(2.4) 707:(1.9) 702:(1.7) 697:(1.5) 692:(1.3) 687:(1.3) 682:(1.2) 677:(1.1) 672:(0.9) 658:(−35) 653:(−31) 648:(−22) 613:(−20) 608:(−29) 603:(−33) 598:(−35) 583:(−11) 533:(−13) 528:(−15) 339:Month 194:Oblast 187:Russia 91:Russia 2141:Timor 1968:Luzon 1664:Nosok 1314:Hopen 1198:S2CID 1170:(PDF) 820:14.3 817:15.5 814:19.8 811:15.9 802:12.1 799:14.7 796:14.6 793:13.4 790:11.1 787:11.1 776:14.3 773:15.6 770:20.1 767:18.8 764:14.2 761:12.9 758:13.8 755:14.8 752:14.7 749:13.4 746:11.1 743:11.1 643:(−8) 638:(10) 633:(18) 628:(21) 623:(16) 578:(−4) 568:(21) 563:(25) 558:(28) 553:(23) 548:(14) 543:(−2) 538:(−9) 518:(15) 503:(18) 498:(27) 493:(30) 488:(32) 483:(28) 478:(21) 473:(10) 458:(−2) 448:(41) 443:(23) 438:(25) 433:(30) 428:(34) 423:(39) 418:(41) 413:(37) 408:(30) 403:(25) 398:(21) 393:(19) 388:(19) 378:Year 1978:Cuba 1958:Java 1243:2016 1230:ISBN 1209:2016 1152:2016 1094:2016 1056:2017 808:8.6 805:7.5 618:(0) 588:(6) 573:(9) 513:(1) 508:(9) 468:(5) 463:(0) 375:Dec 372:Nov 369:Oct 366:Sep 363:Aug 360:Jul 357:Jun 354:May 351:Apr 348:Mar 345:Feb 342:Jan 244:lit. 157:30th 144:Area 1190:doi 730:478 656:−37 651:−35 646:−30 641:−22 636:−12 616:−18 611:−29 606:−34 601:−36 596:−37 586:−15 581:−24 576:−20 571:−13 546:−10 541:−19 536:−23 531:−25 526:−26 511:−17 506:−13 471:−12 466:−15 461:−18 456:−19 2183:: 1196:. 1188:. 1176:. 1172:. 1142:. 1113:. 1109:, 1047:. 886:. 725:32 720:42 715:64 710:62 705:47 700:44 695:38 690:33 685:33 680:31 675:28 670:24 631:−8 626:−6 621:−9 566:−6 561:−4 556:−2 551:−5 516:−9 501:−8 496:−3 491:−1 481:−2 476:−6 441:−5 436:−4 431:−1 406:−1 401:−4 396:−6 391:−7 386:−7 325:ET 304:. 276:. 241:, 229:, 225:: 89:, 29:: 1873:e 1866:t 1859:v 1448:e 1441:t 1434:v 1275:e 1268:t 1261:v 1245:. 1211:. 1192:: 1184:: 1178:1 1154:. 1129:. 1096:. 1058:. 1033:. 914:. 486:0 446:5 426:1 421:4 416:5 411:3 320:( 288:( 221:(

Index

Native name

Severny is located in Russia
Arkhangelsk Oblast
Russia
75°30′N 60°00′E / 75.500°N 60.000°E / 75.500; 60.000
Novaya Zemlya
Area rank
Mount Kruzenshtern
Arkhangelsk Oblast
Russian
romanized
lit.
Arctic island
Novaya Zemlya
Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke
Russian
30th-largest island in the world
uninhabited island
Russian Arctic National Park
Yuzhny Island
Matochkin Strait
Severny Island ice cap
glaciers
Cape Flissingsky
tundra climate
Köppen climate classification
precipitation
Meteoblue
Severny Island ice cap

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