Thunderstorm - Knowledge

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winds can be hazardous to unstable, incomplete, or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings. Agricultural crops, and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged. Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash. Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds. Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it, due to their higher density. When these downdrafts reach the surface, they spread out and turn into the destructive straight-horizontal winds.

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flooding can frequently occur in slow-moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it. Flash floods are most common in arid regions as well as densely populated urban environments, where few plants, and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water. Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure, such as bridges, and weakly constructed buildings. Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water. Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced.

1243: 1180: 2089: 2312: 1958:. Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft. When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres (0.5 in) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds. The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage. Hail is one of Canada's most costly hazards. Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in 1751: 2283: 2623: 731: 832: 787: 1975: 1399: 2509: 2050: 1458:. While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes, the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time. They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries, such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure. These type of storms are stronger than the single-cell storm, yet much weaker than the supercell storm. Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate-sized hail, flash flooding, and weak tornadoes. 1088: 1851: 1573: 2120: 1908: 1355: 1714:. Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day. They tend to form when the surface temperature varies by more than 5 °C (9 °F) between day and night. The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America, Europe, and Asia, with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours. 56: 1811:), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Though the storm often appears stationary on radar, or even moving upwind, this is an illusion. The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new, more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side, replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind. When this happens, catastrophic flooding is possible. In 2019:. Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph (64 and 177 km/h), are approximately 75 metres (246 ft) across, and travel several kilometers (a few miles) before dissipating. Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than 1,600 metres (1 mi) across, and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres (dozens of miles). 1418:

rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability; hence the term "air mass thunderstorm". When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them, it is known as a pulse severe storm. Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space, making them difficult to forecast. Single-cell thunderstorms normally last 20–30 minutes.

1648:. A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe, or will soon turn severe. In Canada, a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres (2 in) in one hour, or 75 millimetres (3 in) in three hours, is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms. Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell. However, 1334:. The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm, the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate. Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its 1924:), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely. One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888. China also experiences significant hailstorms. Across Europe, 1865:

they are capable of igniting. Under a regime of low precipitation (LP) thunderstorms, where little precipitation is present, rainfall cannot prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat. Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs

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bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring. Polar lows are a second special class of MCS. They form at high latitudes during the cold season. Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with

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from the sea during winter. Within a cluster of thunderstorms, the term "cell" refers to each separate principal updraft. Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation, as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development. Such storms are

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In the dissipation stage, the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft. If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development, this stage occurs rather quickly, approximately 20–30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm. The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm, hit the

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Flash flooding is the process where a landscape, most notably an urban environment, is subjected to rapid floods. These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding and are frequently (though not always) associated with intense rainfall. Flash

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vector. If the gust front, or leading edge of the outflow boundary, races ahead of the thunderstorm, its motion will accelerate in tandem. This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation (HP) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation (LP). When thunderstorms merge, which is

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Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm. During a thunderstorm, pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind. While larger pollen

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present during thunderstorm phenomena, caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain

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Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms. Downburst winds are generally very powerful, and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes, due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight-horizontal characteristic. Downburst

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that can carry a charge, so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning). These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times more powerful than lightning on the Earth. The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior. The

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Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm. Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness (as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year). Preparing a family emergency plan, for example, can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and

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temperature, water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice, reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell. Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth's surface. As the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. The falling

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If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known, then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×10 kg of water vapor are lifted, and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 10

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of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping. Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms. More organized meteorological projects such as

1000:, where warm, moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes. Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena, which can be potentially hazardous. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by 2505:, and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather. Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres (820 ft) of their point of origin. 1919:

Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm. Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration. Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as

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most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other, the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell. The stronger the mean wind, the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion. On

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Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes, characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current that form over bodies of water, connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds. Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes, or more specifically,

2472:(TGF). TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning. The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays. About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide, but mostly go undetected. 2030:

rate tornadoes by damage caused. An EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees but does not cause significant damage to structures. An EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar

1786:. Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth's surface than stronger thunderstorms, as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall. Organized, long-lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical 1342:. This can cause downbursts, a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through, as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs, resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft. The stronger the 773: 1268:

into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall, they melt to become rain. If the updraft is strong enough, the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as

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values of greater than 31.8 millimetres (1.25 in) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes. Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres (1.45 in). Upstream values of

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Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters/lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear, normally greater than 25 knots (13 m/s) in the lowest 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the

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There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line (also called multi-cell line) and supercell. Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere

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Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part II: Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys.

1202:, or where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude, which appear as 1831:

Each year, many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning. While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer, they can occur at just about any time of the year.

805: 1063:, and video photography. Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century. Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of 1375:, which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather. The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms, most commonly associated with large hail, high winds, and tornado formation. 2374:

at any time of year. They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water. Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures.

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The NWS stopped recommending the "lightning crouch" in 2008 as it does not provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike.

1294:, the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and 'rain itself out', but, if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction, the downdraft will be separated from the updraft, and the storm may become a 4906: 1815:, in 1972, an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area, resulting in 848: 1943:

meet, known as "Hail Alley". Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September.

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unexpectedly. Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees, which can be blown over in high winds, can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury.

1690:, and normally persists for several hours or more. A mesoscale convective system's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape, and include weather systems such as 6470: 6352:

Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part I: Helicity and mean shear magnitudes. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards

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A tornado is a violent, rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud (otherwise known as a thundercloud) or, in rare cases, the base of a

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The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage. During this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be

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In the United States, a thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph), hail is 25 millimetres (1 in) in diameter or larger, or if

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as well. The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds. During this stage, considerable internal

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frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations. One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the

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can form, which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy, which are sometimes associated with a

1171:. The average thunderstorm has a 24 km (15 mi) diameter. Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere, each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes. 804: 2584:

as the god of rain and thunderstorms. Christian doctrine accepts that fierce storms are the work of God. These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century.

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on occasion. In areas with a high frequency for cloud-to-ground lightning, like Florida, lightning causes several fatalities per year, most commonly to people working outside.

2602:, on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice, suggesting a mechanism similar to that on Earth. (Water is a 3552: 1947:, is North America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season. In South America, areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá, Colombia. 993:

as it pulls cold air with it, and this cold air spreads out at the Earth's surface, occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms.

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Damir Počakal; Željko Večenaj & Janez Štalec (2009). "Hail characteristics of different regions in continental part of Croatia based on influence of orography".

1592:"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a " 1889:

other solid chemical compounds. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in

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In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther. Often this 'cap' is the

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Joel S. Levine; Tommy R. Augustsson; Iris C. Andersont; James M. Hoell Jr. & Dana A. Brewer (1984). "Tropospheric sources of NOx: Lightning and biology".

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grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose, the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs, triggering the asthma attack.

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Schnetzler, Amy Eliza. Analysis of Twenty-Five Years of Heavy Rainfall Events in the Texas Hill Country. University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. pp. 74.

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can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds. Generally, thunderstorms require three conditions in order to form:

5232: 3981:"A climatology of mesoscale convective systems over Europe using satellite infrared imagery II: Characteristics of European mesoscale convective systems" 5157: 4712:

Dongxia Liu; Guili Feng & Shujun Wu (February 2009). "The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China".

6886: 4910: 4618: 1109:). Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air. The moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the 3185: 1624:. In fact, research has shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm. Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm. 1413:, these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales. They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a 6467: 5535: 5471: 5217: 4320: 3822: 3387: 6055: 5136: 3755: 3305: 3155: 2845: 2780: 2766: 4513:

G. E. Likens; W. C. Keene; J. M. Miller & J. N. Galloway (1987). "Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in Australia".

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of condensation, which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air continuing the cloud's ascension. If enough

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within and beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the

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Avoid open areas like hilltops, fields, and beaches, and do not be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring.

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of 7. "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form

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While safety and preparedness often overlap, "thunderstorm safety" generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm. The

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tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water. These spiralling columns of air frequently develop within tropical areas close to the

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Russell, S. T.; Zhang, T.L.; Delva, M.; et al. (2007). "Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere".

2172:. Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before, during, and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage. 1534:, and move quite fast through large sections of territory. On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines, a 5109: 4783: 2446: 5655: 3151: 5790: 841: 5485:

D'Amato G, Vitale C, D'Amato M, Cecchi L, Liccardi G, Molino A, Vatrella A, Sanduzzi A, Maesano C, Annesi-Maesano I (March 2016).

4649: 7350: 2445:. This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone, and more energy than that released during 2289: 1596:"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the 3409:

Markowski, Paul and Yvette Richardson. Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2010. pp. 215, 310.

1686:(MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than 1604:. Supercell storms can be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause 7772: 6879: 5748: 2961: 2406:, storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest, but with less frequency and severity. During the summer, 1212:

is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. The air tends to rise in an

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trough, or another system is needed for the air to rapidly accelerate upward. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools,

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Markowski, Paul and Yvette Richardson. Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2010. pp. 209.

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Take action immediately upon hearing thunder. Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning.

984:, and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 kilometres (12 mi). As the rising air reaches its 6754: 660: 17: 2282: 2188:(NWS) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur: 1338:

of relatively warm, moist air, and kills the thunderstorm's further growth. The downdraft hitting the ground creates an

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Tornado detection and warning by radar. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr.

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areas, where they may occur nearly daily. At any given time, approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth.

2306: 1807:, is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side in the 1735: 717: 665: 4461: 2590:

was out walking when a thunderstorm began, causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk.

2382:. These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes. Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the 7048: 6872: 6620: 6455: 6448: 5777: 2833: 2269:

If driving, safely exit the roadway, turn on hazard lights, and park. Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal.

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in the form of strong straight-line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a

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Tornado forecasting: A review. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds)

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than cool air, so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom (this effect can be seen with a

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towards sources of greater heat and moisture. Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth's

647: 6774: 3696:"Squall lines and "Shi Hu Feng" – what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005" 7330: 6836: 6759: 6716: 6366: 6305: 6127: 6074: 5998: 5236: 5161: 4853: 4622: 4492: 4190: 3871: 3659: 3589: 3556: 3455: 3424: 3216: 3038: 2383: 6391: 6374: 6342: 6317: 4075: 3055: 1588:, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height (" 7767: 7243: 5951: 3603: 3459: 2370:. In temperate regions, they are most frequent in spring and summer, although they can occur along or ahead of 2338:

in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth, a claim also made for Singapore and

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If in a group, spread out to increase the chances of survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a

1718: 1551: 5240: 2046:, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating. 1381: 7075: 7043: 6990: 6547: 5165: 5056: 5027: 2453: 2326:

Thunderstorms occur throughout the world, even in the polar regions, with the greatest frequency in tropical

1543: 545: 38: 4626: 4359:"Role of Eastern Ghats Orography and Cold Pool in an Extreme Rainfall Event over Chennai on 1 December 2015" 2418: 7699: 4238: 1707: 1367:"). Single-cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20–30 minutes. 3193: 2480:

In more contemporary times, thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity. Every spring,

2468:) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms. It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in 7434: 7304: 6744: 6734: 6610: 5429: 4132: 3801: 2661: 2469: 2431: 1986: 1731: 1683: 1670: 1665: 1645: 1491: 1318: 1223: 1032: 1009: 5917: 1450:

are found near the center of the cluster, while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side.

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A thunderstorm in an environment with no winds to shear the storm or blow the anvil in any one direction

957:, rotate as do cyclones. While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the 7323: 7238: 6995: 6701: 6572: 6294: 3283: 2646: 2403: 2347: 1649: 1427: 1024: 707: 6029: 3721: 1306: 7218: 7152: 6980: 6749: 3958: 2665: 2525: 1858: 1265: 1052: 712: 4547: 3489: 3428: 7782: 7085: 6937: 6726: 6419: 6179: 5828: 5820: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5187: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4260: 3793: 3747: 3673: 3257: 2185: 2124: 1812: 1437: 1432: 914: 6070: 5726: 4488: 4285: 3844: 2905: 2758: 2209:

Get inside a substantial building or hard-topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives.

1479: 7286: 7208: 6855: 6562: 6552: 5432:"Thunderstorm asthma: an overview of the evidence base and implications for public health advice" 5310: 5035: 4879: 4044: 3699: 3630: 3029: 2553: 2225:

If in the woods, put as much distance as possible between you and any trees during thunderstorms.

1763: 1656:, and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather. 1273:. While updrafts are still present, the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it, creating 977: 702: 3897:

Haerter, Jan O.; Meyer, Bettina; Nissen, Silas Boye (30 July 2020). "Diurnal self-aggregation".

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Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area.

1804: 1523: 1473: 1219: 571: 5195: 4679: 3251:"Operational Forecasting of Supercell Motion: Review and Case Studies Using Multiple Datasets" 2927: 2837: 2263:

Close and stay away from windows and doors, as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind.

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include some of the most dangerous weather phenomena, including large hail, strong winds, and

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Valleys of California. In spring and summer, they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the

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Know the names of local counties, cities, and towns, as these are how warnings are described.

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Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the

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Depends on the storm, may involve rain, hail, and/or high winds. May cause flooding or fires.

5196:"15 January 2009: Lake Champlain Sea Smoke, Steam Devils, and Waterspout: Chapters IV and V" 3980: 3626: 2808: 2378:

Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the

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ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.

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The setting sun illuminates the top of a classic anvil-shaped thunderstorm cloud in eastern

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This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft. Also known as

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of greater than 800 J/kg are usually required for the development of organized convection.

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sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction.

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Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air, sometimes along a

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Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully; however, any thunderstorm can become

2140: 2088: 2036: 1808: 679: 576: 515: 341: 6354:(C. Church et al., Eds.), Geophysical Monograph 79, American Geophysical Union, 573–582. 6333: 6249: 5798: 5430:

Dabrera G, Murray V, Emberlin J, Ayres JG, Collier C, Clewlow Y, Sachon P (March 2013).

5082: 4995: 4949: 4760: 4725: 4561: 4526: 4411: 4374: 4067: 3996: 3920: 3777: 3363: 3046: 2899: 7752: 7000: 6711: 6706: 6582: 6577: 6269: 6218: 6176:"Surprising Jupiter: Busy Galileo spacecraft showed jovian system is full of surprises" 5517: 5412: 5369: 4653: 4079: 4018: 3932: 3906: 3836: 3060: 2611:; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth. 2435: 2427: 2391: 2257: 2247:

recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress:

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Cancel or reschedule outdoor events (to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits).

1954:, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers' 1675: 1617: 1376: 1322: 1260: 1188: 351: 329: 236: 197: 4590: 4419: 3751: 3250: 2873: 2736: 2311: 1750: 7714: 7424: 7358: 7281: 7177: 7065: 6907: 6764: 6663: 6630: 6600: 6567: 6532: 6524: 6451: 6444: 6261: 6222: 6154: 6107: 6049: 6006: 5773: 5509: 5453: 5404: 5361: 5211: 5003: 4885: 4685: 4573: 4569: 4314: 4162: 4111: 4022: 4010: 3936: 3816: 3663: 3593: 3299: 3261: 3123: 3064: 2996: 2985: 2933: 2494: 2387: 1944: 1816: 1795:, storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan. 1759: 1527: 1227: 1184: 581: 6864: 5521: 5416: 5373: 4083: 1640:

are reported. Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm, a

7646: 7640: 7442: 7346: 6691: 6386: 6337: 6273: 6253: 6210: 5592: 5501: 5443: 5396: 5353: 5007: 4999: 4953: 4828: 4768: 4764: 4733: 4729: 4565: 4530: 4415: 4378: 4071: 4000: 3924: 3797: 3367: 3050: 2641: 2521: 2367: 2229: 1963: 1874: 1841: 1775: 1726: 1699: 1691: 1343: 1339: 1044: 1040: 930: 745: 459: 346: 258: 101: 6214: 5319: 4335: 4184:"3.5 The Influence of the Great Lakes on Warm Season Weather Systems During BAMEX" 2711: 2622: 730: 7545: 6932: 6851: 6815: 6696: 6492: 6474: 5878: 4512: 4211: 3949: 3513: 2675: 2572:, with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer 2502: 2498: 2395: 1921: 1870: 1641: 1106: 1060: 652: 427: 130: 6318:"Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells" 5132: 4857: 4183: 3624: 1974: 1398: 7777: 7498: 7414: 7223: 6681: 5977: 5704: 4005: 3928: 3372: 3347: 2656: 2628: 2603: 2537: 2043: 1979: 1722: 1605: 1585: 1511: 1414: 1005: 735: 642: 476: 5400: 5263: 3025:"Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy" 2386:, but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas, particularly the 7787: 7746: 7709: 7507: 7005: 4974: 4014: 2680: 2587: 2508: 2481: 2343: 2071: 2039: 2004: 1881: 1792: 1742:

since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.

1711: 1254:. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic 1204: 1056: 997: 973: 969: 598: 552: 498: 447: 334: 6375:"Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential: A case study" 5891: 5590: 4958: 4933: 4909:. Telegraph Group Unlimited via the Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from 4534: 4383: 4358: 3526: 7704: 7621: 7454: 7419: 7367: 7182: 7157: 7090: 6967: 6831: 6265: 5513: 5457: 5448: 5431: 5408: 4577: 4465: 2557: 2517: 2485: 2410:

are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida.

2293: 2023: 2008: 1983: 1885: 1755: 1739: 1633: 1601: 1142: 1126: 1114: 906: 488: 412: 5365: 4591:

Office of Air and Radiation Clean Air Markets Division (1 December 2008).

3220: 2123:

Trees uprooted or displaced by the force of a downburst wind in northwest

2049: 2011:, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of 2007:. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible 7719: 7605: 7538: 7517: 7512: 7390: 7271: 7110: 7010: 6433: 6309: 5973: 5012: 4294: 3214: 2901:

Civil engineers' pocket book: a reference-book for engineers, contractors

2670: 2513: 2083: 2054: 2032: 1779: 1695: 1621: 1597: 1593: 1507: 1467: 1455: 1403: 1372: 1209: 1125:

is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for

1118: 1110: 1087: 958: 942: 922: 918: 637: 525: 520: 483: 432: 363: 309: 265: 253: 202: 6257: 6003:"Scientists use high-energy particles from space to probe thunderstorms" 5749:"You're not safer crouching: Six things you didn't know about lightning" 4212:

William R. Cotton; Susan van den Heever & Israel Jirak (Fall 2003).

7400: 7276: 7248: 7162: 6957: 6942: 6922: 6605: 4746: 3319: 2545: 2461: 2371: 2327: 2316: 1998: 1951: 1854:

A return stroke, cloud-to-ground lightning strike during a thunderstorm

1787: 1589: 1539: 1487: 1483: 1364: 1291: 1283:

can occur, which manifests as strong winds, severe lightning, and even

1280: 1275: 1251: 1195: 1036: 1013: 962: 865: 820: 632: 615: 557: 505: 368: 304: 299: 292: 219: 214: 172: 160: 6077:

Fourth Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data

6071:"An Overview of the United States Precision Lightning Network (USPLN)" 5505: 5357: 5031: 4434: 4181: 3345: 2573: 1055:

that accompanies them. Several means are used to study thunderstorms:

7729: 7724: 7672: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7380: 7375: 7118: 6947: 6927: 6912: 6676: 6429: 4486: 4103: 2987:

Storm world: hurricanes, politics, and the battle over global warming

2608: 2599: 2457: 2169: 2114: 2102: 2063: 1862: 1850: 1820: 1771: 1717:

Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the

1703: 1653: 1567: 1499: 1331: 1295: 1130: 1028: 1012:. Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and 1001: 990: 985: 954: 890: 886: 627: 622: 417: 407: 319: 287: 270: 231: 209: 165: 70: 3152:"A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms" 3024: 2569: 1912: 1572: 1159:

All thunderstorms, regardless of type, go through three stages: the

7679: 7667: 7572: 7472: 7296: 7258: 7172: 6917: 6201:

Kerr, Richard A. (2000). "Deep, Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather".

4982: 4814:"Hail, Hail, Hail ! The Summertime Hazard of Eastern Colorado" 3950:

William R. Cotton; Susan van den Heever & Israel Jirak (2003).

3911: 2577: 2561: 2465: 2363: 2320: 2119: 1959: 1936: 1932: 1907: 1845: 1823:, England, on 16 August 2004, and over Chennai on 1 December 2015. 1577: 1535: 1515: 1199: 1048: 981: 938: 422: 6359:

An objective of estimating the probability of severe thunderstorms

5819: 3625:

Stephen F. Corfidi; Jeffry S. Evans & Robert H. Johns (2015).

7662: 7636: 7597: 7533: 7464: 7385: 7167: 6289:

Burgess, D. W., R. J. Donaldson Jr., and P. R. Desrochers, 1993:

5879:

Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (7 June 2001).

4786:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from 4107:

Observations of surface to atmosphere interactions in the tropics

3835: 3324:

The Downburst, microburst and macroburst: SMRP Research Paper 210

3149: 2651: 2490: 2359: 2331: 2222:

Do not shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms.

2213: 2067: 1994: 1940: 1925: 1637: 1609: 1531: 1519: 1503: 1284: 1214: 1134: 1102: 1072: 1064: 950: 898: 588: 466: 454: 402: 385: 356: 314: 277: 224: 153: 109: 6484: 4042: 3248: 1542:. This kind of storm is also known as "Wind of the Stony Lake" ( 1486:. In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for 1454:

form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more

1354: 6515: 6403:, Geophys. Monogr. No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 557–571. 6362: 6033: 5997: 5653: 5617: 5344:

Suphioglu C (1998). "Thunderstorm Asthma Due to Grass Pollen".

4852: 4593:"Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Waters and own Aquatic Animals" 2442: 2355: 2351: 2335: 2012: 1298:, where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours. 1068: 1035:

formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and

390: 378: 373: 140: 135: 125: 118: 5060: 4711: 3281: 2260:

and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm.

2168:, and all thunderstorms, by definition, present the danger of 7493: 7447: 6975: 6416:

Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings

2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2832: 2581: 2339: 1955: 1255: 1096: 1076: 1031:. Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and most severe. 953:. Some of the most persistent severe thunderstorms, known as 593: 530: 192: 185: 55: 4975:"A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" 4459: 4043:

Semyon A. Grodsky & James A. Carton (15 February 2003).

2536:

Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations.

1346:

is, the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes.

7630: 6952: 6392:

10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0937:ronmff>2.0.co;2

6343:

10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0714:eocala>2.0.co;2

6235: 4214:"Conceptual Models of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Part 9" 4076:

10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0723:TICZIT>2.0.CO;2

3952:"Conceptual Models of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Part 9" 3522: 3056:

10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0870:ATVDOC>2.0.CO;2

2565: 2541: 2098: 2016: 1902: 1893:, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms. 1890: 1613: 1495: 1270: 1117:. When the moisture condenses, it releases energy known as 926: 910: 610: 510: 493: 471: 397: 7345: 6068: 5881:"National Severe Local Storms Operations Plan – Chapter 2" 5085:. Omaha/Valley, NE Weather Forecast Office. 2 October 2005 5059:. Center for Severe Weather Research. 2006. Archived from 4159:

Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions

3514:

Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2008).

3118:. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher. pp. 2859: 2712:"thunderstorm | Definition, Types, Structure, & Facts" 2256:

Avoid electrical appliances, including corded telephones.

2206:

Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place.

1446:

This is the most common type of thunderstorm development.

6985: 5108:. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Archived from 4931: 3348:"Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events" 2346:. Other cities known for frequent storm activity include 2266:

Do not bathe or shower, as plumbing conducts electricity.

1869:

Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning.

1734:(MCV). Mesoscale convective systems are important to the 1518:, within the portion of the line that bows out the most. 1436:

A group of thunderstorms over Brazil photographed by the

1358:

Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes

929:, but some thunderstorms produce little precipitation or 605: 81:

Most common in spring and summer. (in temperate regions)

6479: 5703:. Lightningsafety.noaa.gov. 30 June 2014. Archived from 4259: 4156: 3746: 1931:

In North America, hail is most common in the area where

1803:

A back-building thunderstorm, commonly referred to as a

5387:

Taylor P.E., Jonsson H. (2004). "Thunderstorm asthma".

5386: 5230: 4616: 4489:"P2.13 Florida lightning deaths and injuries 2004–2007" 4487:

Charles H. Paxton; J. Colson & N. Carlisle (2008).

4398:

Scott, A (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire".

4267:. National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters 3865: 3651: 3581: 3550: 3449: 3418: 1877: 30:"Electrical storm" redirects here. For other uses, see 6443:, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 1 January 1989, 6406:

Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1993:

6399:

Doswell, C.A., III, S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns (1993):

6373:

Doswell, C.A. III; Baker, D. V.; Liles, C. A. (2002).

5727:"NWS JetStream – Lightning Frequently Asked Questions" 5106:"Wind Scales: Beaufort, T – Scale, and Fujita's Scale" 4460:

Bruce Getz & Kelli Bowermeister (9 January 2009).

4182:

Lance F. Bosart & Thomas J. Galarneau Jr. (2005).

3480: 3249:

Jon W. Zeitler & Matthew J. Bunkers (March 2005).

2962:"Fog And Stratus – Meteorological Physical Background" 1530:

are present. Some bow echoes in the summer are called

6894: 4464:. Hughston Sports Medicine Foundation. Archived from 3985:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

3698:. Hong Kong Observatory. 17 June 2005. Archived from 3179: 3177: 3150:

National Severe Storms Laboratory (15 October 2006).

1330:

ground and spread out. This phenomenon is known as a

901:. Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called 6361:. Preprint Eight conference of Severe Local Storms. 5658:. US Department of Homeland Security. Archived from 5626:. US Department of Homeland Security. Archived from 5284: 5261: 4647: 2618: 905:. Thunderstorms occur in a type of cloud known as a 5487:"Thunderstorm-related asthma: what happens and why" 5130: 4241:. National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center 3282:The Weather World 2010 Project (3 September 2009). 2809:"Thunderstorms | UCAR Center for Science Education" 2200:

Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm.

1047:, with no precipitation, can cause the outbreak of 5591:National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. 5103: 3896: 3215:Pilot's Web The Aviator's Journal (13 June 2009). 3174: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3022: 2984: 2422:How thunderstorms launch particle beams into space 1208:clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, 6372: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 4881:Introduction to international disaster management 4432: 4400:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3978: 3183: 2897: 2607:clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing 2447:the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima, Japan in 1945 7744: 4877: 4811: 4369:(4). American Meteorological Society.: 943–965. 4104:Michael Garstang; David Roy Fitzjarrald (1999). 3111: 2964:. Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik 2932:. Chinese International Press. pp. 112–13. 2803: 2801: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2362:seasons around the globe, and they populate the 2358:. Thunderstorms are associated with the various 6480:Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 6173: 5137:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4356: 4236: 3756:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3346:Maddox R.A., Chappell C.F., Hoxit L.R. (1979). 3156:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3096: 2982: 2846:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2767:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1782:, the lowest 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of the 1659: 6411:, No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 583–590. 6142: 5674: 5557: 5075: 4907:"Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas" 4677: 4110:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 40–41. 1770:The two major ways thunderstorms move are via 1620:in excess of 130 km/h (81 mph), and 885:, is a storm characterized by the presence of 7331: 6880: 6500: 6428:, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, 6304:Preprints 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, 6148: 4934:"Very Large Hailstones From Aurora, Nebraska" 4597:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3841:"Fact Sheet – Summer Severe Weather Warnings" 2798: 2697: 2101:erosion can occur as well, exposing risks of 2092:A flash flood caused by a severe thunderstorm 1798: 1246:Anvil-shaped thundercloud in the mature stage 753: 7029:Convective available potential energy (CAPE) 6441:Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition 6315: 6229: 5534:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5470:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5049: 4807: 4805: 4333: 4319:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3821:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3386:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3318: 2826: 1969: 1835: 27:Storm characterized by lightning and thunder 6095: 6054:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5972: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5343: 5306: 5304: 4652:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from 4161:. Cambridge University Press. p. 612. 3304:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 2524:, 1896, 107 cm (42.1 in)x163 cm (64.1 in), 1502:, strong straight line winds, and possibly 1198:, where the heating of the ground produces 83:Common in wet season. (in tropical regions) 7338: 7324: 6887: 6873: 6507: 6493: 6069:Peter P. Neilley & R. B. Bent (2009). 5772:National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 4781: 2925: 2838:"SEVERE WEATHER 101 / Thunderstorm Basics" 1950:Hail can cause serious damage, notably to 1928:experiences frequent occurrences of hail. 1039:can be responsible for the development of 760: 746: 54: 6390: 6341: 6174:Watanabe, Susan, ed. (25 February 2006). 5944:"Fermi Spots Antimatter in Thunderstorms" 5941: 5918:"Fermi Catches Antimatter-Hurling Storms" 5791:"How many thunderstorms occur each year?" 5447: 5011: 4957: 4904: 4802: 4673: 4671: 4648:Geoscience Australia (4 September 2007). 4391: 4382: 4130: 4004: 3910: 3371: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3054: 2739:. National Weather Service. 21 April 2005 2556:, who they believed was a servant of the 2552:tribes associated thunderstorms with the 2540:believed that they were battles waged by 2531: 2053:Formation of numerous waterspouts in the 946: 5542: 5301: 4775: 4397: 4239:"MCS Movement and Behavior (PowerPoint)" 4157:E. A. Rasmussen & J. Turner (2003). 3728:. University of Illinois. 4 October 1999 3136: 2507: 2417: 2310: 2118: 2087: 2048: 1973: 1906: 1849: 1749: 1669: 1571: 1431: 1397: 1353: 1313: 1305: 1241: 1178: 1086: 1019:There are three types of thunderstorms: 771: 6027: 5942:Ouellette, Jennifer (13 January 2011). 5649: 5647: 5645: 5597:Severe Weather Preparedness Information 5026: 5020: 2598:Thunderstorms, evidenced by flashes of 2564:considered thunderstorms to occur when 2544:, who hurled lightning bolts forged by 2300: 1627: 1616:(10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter), 1608:. These storms can produce destructive 1600:and reach into the lower levels of the 14: 7745: 6350:Davies, J. M., and R. H. Johns, 1993: 6102:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5915: 5849: 5797:. Sky Fire Productions. Archived from 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5124: 4668: 3782:(.wmv). Silver Spring, Maryland: NOAA. 3235: 3083:NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory 2134: 2070:, but are less common within areas of 1478:A squall line is an elongated line of 1421: 7319: 6868: 6488: 5859:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 5654:Federal Emergency Management Agency. 5618:Federal Emergency Management Agency. 5133:"Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage" 4972: 4966: 4884:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 62. 3023:David O. Blanchard (September 1998). 2991:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 2493:use an array of sensors, such as the 2149: 1710:(MCCs), and they generally form near 1558:; shi2 hu2 feng1) in southern China. 1258:shape. The resulting cloud is called 1139:convective available potential energy 6200: 5642: 5264:"Flood Products: What Do They Mean?" 4060:University of Maryland, College Park 3618: 3016: 2512:Summer storm in 19th-century Polish 2216:, get to the safe place immediately. 1584:Supercell storms are large, usually 1301: 6991:Convective condensation level (CCL) 5577: 4584: 4426: 4237:Stephen Corfidi (4 February 2015). 3899:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science 3186:"Rough Values of Various Processes" 2959: 2904:. D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 2593: 1174: 856:The sound of part of a thunderstorm 60:A typical thunderstorm over a field 24: 7197:Equivalent potential temperature ( 6800:Allama Iqbal International Airport 6283: 6130:. Christian History. 8 August 2008 5843: 5656:"What to Do Before a Thunderstorm" 4932:Knight C. A., Knight N.C. (2005). 4650:"Where does severe weather occur?" 3474: 2497:, vehicles with mounted automated 2307:United States rainfall climatology 1774:of the wind and propagation along 1736:United States rainfall climatology 1522:can be found along waves within a 1482:that can form along or ahead of a 1461: 909:. They are usually accompanied by 830: 785: 25: 7799: 7049:Conditional symmetric instability 6895:Meteorological data and variables 6514: 6461: 5852:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual" 4681:Encyclopedia of World Climatology 3979:C. Morel & S. Senesi (2002). 2834:National Severe Storms Laboratory 1490:. The squall line contains heavy 1349: 1137:. Meteorological indices such as 1051:from the heat generated from the 32:Electrical storm (disambiguation) 6996:Lifting condensation level (LCL) 6424:J. V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson, 6302:Forecasting MCS mode and motion. 6194: 6167: 6149:Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006). 6120: 6089: 6062: 6021: 5991: 5966: 5935: 5909: 5231:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 5004:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x 4973:Renno, Nilton O. (August 2008). 4617:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 4338:. Tintagel – King Arthur Country 4334:David Flower (9 February 2008). 3866:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 3652:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 3582:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 3551:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 3450:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 3419:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 2621: 2281: 1402:A single-cell thunderstorm over 864:Problems playing this file? See 846: 819:Problems playing this file? See 801: 779:Summer thunderstorm in the woods 729: 6981:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) 6837:Lahore Junction Railway Station 6367:American Meteorological Society 6306:American Meteorological Society 6075:American Meteorological Society 5999:Florida Institute of Technology 5872: 5813: 5783: 5766: 5741: 5719: 5611: 5560:"Thunderstorm Safety Checklist" 5478: 5423: 5380: 5337: 5278: 5255: 5237:American Meteorological Society 5224: 5180: 5162:American Meteorological Society 5150: 5097: 4925: 4898: 4871: 4854:Federal Aviation Administration 4846: 4812:Nolan J. Doesken (April 1994). 4740: 4705: 4641: 4623:American Meteorological Society 4610: 4541: 4515:Journal of Geophysical Research 4506: 4493:American Meteorological Society 4480: 4453: 4350: 4327: 4279: 4253: 4230: 4205: 4191:American Meteorological Society 4175: 4150: 4124: 4097: 4036: 3972: 3943: 3890: 3872:American Meteorological Society 3859: 3829: 3786: 3769: 3740: 3714: 3688: 3660:American Meteorological Society 3645: 3590:American Meteorological Society 3575: 3557:American Meteorological Society 3544: 3507: 3481:University of Oklahoma (2004). 3456:American Meteorological Society 3443: 3425:American Meteorological Society 3412: 3403: 3394: 3339: 3330: 3312: 3275: 3208: 3071: 3039:American Meteorological Society 2976: 2953: 2384:West Coast of the United States 2175: 1678:: on 13 June 2022, at 18:45 UTC 1237: 1187:' transformation into a mature 1091:Stages of a thunderstorm's life 7244:Wet-bulb potential temperature 7086:Level of free convection (LFC) 6312:, Minnesota, pp. 626–629. 4769:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.017 4734:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.016 4295:"The Rapid City Flood of 1972" 4193:Coastal Meteorology Conference 3839:Ontario Region (24 May 2005). 3525:. pp. 2–1. Archived from 2919: 2891: 2773: 2751: 2729: 2077: 1819:. A similar event occurred in 1719:Intertropical Convergence Zone 1708:mesoscale convective complexes 1555: 1547: 1387: 1290:Typically, if there is little 842:Spring thunderstorm in suburbs 13: 1: 7773:Severe weather and convection 7287:Pressure-gradient force (PGF) 7209:Sea surface temperature (SST) 7044:Convective momentum transport 6215:10.1126/science.287.5455.946b 5620:"Thunderstorms and Lightning" 5198:. Eastern Region Headquarters 4905:David Orr (7 November 2004). 4420:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9 3868:"Mesoscale convective system" 3483:"The Norwegian Cyclone Model" 2874:"Thunderstorms and Tornadoes" 2691: 2470:terrestrial gamma-ray flashes 2454:Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor 1561: 1082: 1004:winds, large hailstones, and 39:Thunderstorm (disambiguation) 7700:Potentially hazardous object 7101:Bulk Richardson number (BRN) 6439:M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, 5916:Garner, Rob (26 June 2015). 5831:Southern Region Headquarters 5823:JetStream (8 October 2008). 5729:. Srh.noaa.gov. 28 June 2014 5701:"NWS Lightning Safety Myths" 4570:10.1016/0004-6981(84)90355-X 2342:on the Indonesian island of 2108: 1754:Thunderstorm line viewed in 1660:Mesoscale convective systems 1033:Mesoscale convective systems 69:Primarily tropical and also 7: 7763:Weather hazards to aircraft 7305:Maximum potential intensity 7071:Free convective layer (FCL) 7034:Convective inhibition (CIN) 6153:. New York: Chelsea House. 5325:Eastern Region Headquarters 5104:Dr. Terence Meaden (2004). 4462:"Lightning and Its Hazards" 4301:Central Region Headquarters 2662:Severe thunderstorm warning 2614: 2432:Upper-atmospheric lightning 1732:mesoscale convective vortex 1684:mesoscale convective system 1666:Mesoscale convective system 1646:severe thunderstorm warning 1526:, or LEWP, where mesoscale 1129:clouds to form and produce 961:that they occupy, vertical 811:The sound of a thunderstorm 657:Severe weather terminology 119:Temperate and polar seasons 10: 7804: 7239:Wet-bulb globe temperature 7096:Maximum parcel level (MPL) 6426:Atmospheric Thermodynamics 6295:American Geophysical Union 5825:"Tropical Cyclone Hazards" 5285:National Weather Service. 5262:National Weather Service. 4782:Rene Munoz (2 June 2000). 4433:Vladimir A. Rakov (1999). 4006:10.1256/003590002320603494 3929:10.1038/s41612-020-00132-z 3726:Weather World 2010 Project 3633:, NCEP, NWS, NOAA Web Site 3373:10.1175/1520-0477-60.2.115 3184:Gianfranco Vidali (2009). 2929:Ancient Chinese Inventions 2898:Albert Irvin Frye (1913). 2647:Convective storm detection 2475: 2425: 2304: 2153: 2138: 2112: 2081: 1992: 1978:In June 2007, the town of 1900: 1839: 1826: 1817:devastating flash flooding 1799:Back-building thunderstorm 1663: 1565: 1471: 1465: 1428:Multicellular thunderstorm 1425: 1391: 1321:in front of a dissipating 1226:). This process creates a 1094: 933:at all. Thunderstorms may 36: 29: 7692: 7655: 7614: 7596: 7565: 7558: 7526: 7492: 7485: 7463: 7433: 7399: 7366: 7357: 7295: 7257: 7219:Thermodynamic temperature 7153:Forest fire weather index 7109: 7019: 6966: 6900: 6849: 6824: 6808: 6792: 6783: 6725: 6662: 6629: 6591: 6523: 6468:Anatomy of a thunderstorm 5401:10.1007/s11882-004-0092-3 5131:Storm Prediction Center. 5083:"Hallam Nebraska Tornado" 4878:Damon P. Coppola (2007). 4684:. Springer. p. 401. 3959:Colorado State University 3722:"Supercell Thunderstorms" 3217:"Structural Icing in VMC" 3112:Michael H. Mogil (2007). 2666:Severe thunderstorm watch 2526:National Museum in Cracow 2413: 2238: 1970:Tornadoes and waterspouts 1859:Cloud-to-ground lightning 1836:Cloud-to-ground lightning 1745: 1053:cloud-to-ground lightning 976:, whether it is a front, 87: 77: 65: 53: 48: 7141:Equivalent temperature ( 7054:Convective temperature ( 6938:Surface weather analysis 6740:Educational institutions 6473:18 February 2006 at the 5829:National Weather Service 5821:National Weather Service 5346:Int Arch Allergy Immunol 5323:National Weather Service 5316:Columbia, South Carolina 5312:National Weather Service 5188:National Weather Service 5032:"The Online Tornado FAQ" 4357:Jayesh Phadtare (2018). 4299:National Weather Service 4291:Rapid City, South Dakota 4287:National Weather Service 4265:"Types of Thunderstorms" 4261:National Weather Service 3794:National Weather Service 3748:National Weather Service 3516:"Chapter 2: Definitions" 3452:"Prefrontal squall line" 3286:. University of Illinois 3258:National Weather Service 2983:Chris C. Mooney (2007). 2186:National Weather Service 2125:Monroe County, Wisconsin 1813:Rapid City, South Dakota 1644:is issued in place of a 1224:convective precipitation 972:. However, some kind of 797:Good summer thunderstorm 7758:Atmospheric electricity 7188:Potential temperature ( 6933:Surface solar radiation 5599:. Albuquerque, NM: NOAA 5389:Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5036:Storm Prediction Center 4959:10.1175/bams-86-12-1773 4938:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc 4678:John E. Oliver (2005). 4550:Atmospheric Environment 4535:10.1029/JA092iA01p00299 4435:"Lightning Makes Glass" 4384:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0473.1 3631:Storm Prediction Center 3352:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc 3030:Weather and Forecasting 2716:Encyclopedia Britannica 1896: 1764:plan position indicator 1674:MCC moving through the 1218:through the process of 7178:Relative humidity (RH) 7066:Equilibrium level (EL) 7039:Convective instability 6300:Corfidi, S. F., 1998: 6178:. NASA. Archived from 5888:Department of Commerce 5164:. 2009. Archived from 4363:Monthly Weather Review 4336:"Boscastle Flood 2004" 3752:"Weather Glossary – S" 3585:Line echo wave pattern 2737:"Weather Glossary – T" 2686:Training (meteorology) 2532:Mythology and religion 2528: 2423: 2408:air-mass thunderstorms 2400:North American Monsoon 2323: 2127: 2093: 2058: 2057:region (North America) 1990: 1916: 1855: 1767: 1688:extratropical cyclones 1679: 1581: 1524:line echo wave pattern 1474:List of derecho events 1443: 1411:air-mass thunderstorms 1406: 1359: 1326: 1311: 1247: 1191: 1155:A lifting force (heat) 1092: 835: 790: 780: 718:Tropical cyclone terms 7768:Mesoscale meteorology 6316:Davies J. M. (2004). 4439:University of Florida 4137:University of Wyoming 3284:"Vertical Wind Shear" 3079:"Thunderstorm Basics" 2781:"Cumulonimbus clouds" 2511: 2421: 2314: 2122: 2091: 2052: 2028:Enhanced Fujita Scale 1977: 1910: 1853: 1805:training thunderstorm 1753: 1673: 1575: 1435: 1401: 1394:Air-mass thunderstorm 1357: 1317: 1309: 1264:. The water droplets 1245: 1182: 1101:Warm air has a lower 1090: 834: 789: 778: 325:Extratropical cyclone 249:Air-mass thunderstorm 7267:Atmospheric pressure 7234:Wet-bulb temperature 7136:Dry-bulb temperature 7131:Dew point depression 6096:John D. Cox (2002). 5978:"Storm Chase Ethics" 5565:. American Red Cross 5558:American Red Cross. 5449:10.1093/qjmed/hcs234 4784:"Fact Sheet on Hail" 4749:Atmospheric Research 4714:Atmospheric Research 4263:(1 September 2009). 3606:on 24 September 2008 2301:Frequent occurrences 2160:Tornado preparedness 2156:Emergency management 1628:Severe thunderstorms 1480:severe thunderstorms 1448:Mature thunderstorms 947:severe thunderstorms 685:Weather modification 283:Anticyclonic tornado 37:For other uses, see 7229:Virtual temperature 7214:Temperature anomaly 6908:Adiabatic processes 6548:Early Muslim period 6414:Evans, Jeffry S.,: 6357:David, C. L. 1973: 6334:2004WtFor..19..714D 6258:10.1038/nature05930 6250:2007Natur.450..661R 6036:on 25 November 2020 6009:on 22 February 2023 5954:on 12 November 2012 5318:(27 January 2009). 5194:(3 February 2009). 5192:Burlington, Vermont 5057:"Doppler On Wheels" 4996:2008TellA..60..688R 4950:2005BAMS...86.1773K 4834:on 25 November 2010 4827:(7). Archived from 4761:2009AtmRe..93..516P 4726:2009AtmRe..91..459L 4562:1984AtmEn..18.1797L 4527:1987JGR....92..299R 4412:2000PPP...164..281S 4375:2018MWRv..146..943P 4068:2003JCli...16..723G 3997:2002QJRMS.128.1973M 3921:2020npCAS...3...30H 3847:on 28 February 2009 3802:"New Hail Criteria" 3495:on 1 September 2006 3431:on 17 December 2008 3364:1979BAMS...60..115M 3190:Syracuse University 3047:1998WtFor..13..870B 2926:Yikne Deng (2005). 2141:Thunderstorm asthma 2135:Thunderstorm asthma 2009:condensation funnel 1809:Northern Hemisphere 1618:straight-line winds 1552:traditional Chinese 1422:Multi-cell clusters 1152:An unstable airmass 1113:in that rising air 935:line up in a series 877:, also known as an 680:Weather forecasting 516:Rain and snow mixed 342:Subtropical cyclone 18:Severe thunderstorm 7351:list by death toll 7001:Precipitable water 6578:Lahore Declaration 6151:Jupiter and Saturn 6030:"What is VORTEX2?" 5063:on 5 February 2007 4913:on 3 December 2005 4790:on 15 October 2009 4468:on 24 January 2010 4133:"Lake Effect Snow" 4131:B. Geerts (1998). 4052:Journal of Climate 3837:Environment Canada 3702:on 25 October 2019 2842:SEVERE WEATHER 101 2529: 2456:results show that 2428:Sprite (lightning) 2424: 2324: 2292:Thunderstorm near 2245:American Red Cross 2150:Safety precautions 2128: 2094: 2059: 1991: 1922:orographic lifting 1917: 1856: 1784:Earth's atmosphere 1776:outflow boundaries 1768: 1680: 1676:Great Lakes region 1612:, extremely large 1582: 1544:simplified Chinese 1528:low pressure areas 1444: 1407: 1377:Precipitable water 1360: 1327: 1323:cumulonimbus incus 1312: 1261:cumulonimbus incus 1248: 1232:Earth's atmosphere 1196:solar illumination 1192: 1189:cumulonimbus incus 1093: 989:droplets create a 913:and often produce 895:Earth's atmosphere 836: 791: 781: 736:Weather portal 352:Atlantic hurricane 330:European windstorm 237:Volcanic lightning 198:Cumulonimbus cloud 66:Area of occurrence 7738: 7737: 7715:Geomagnetic storm 7688: 7687: 7554: 7553: 7481: 7480: 7425:Soil liquefaction 7347:Natural disasters 7313: 7312: 7282:Pressure gradient 7091:Lifted index (LI) 6862: 6861: 6845: 6844: 6755:Parks and gardens 6649:Tallest buildings 6621:Regions and towns 6568:Lahore Resolution 6244:(7170): 661–662. 6209:(5455): 946–947. 6182:on 8 October 2011 6160:978-0-8160-5196-0 6113:978-0-471-38108-2 5662:on 20 August 2011 5506:10.1111/cea.12709 5358:10.1159/000023953 5190:Forecast Office, 4944:(12): 1773–1781. 4891:978-0-7506-7982-4 4691:978-1-4020-3264-6 4289:Forecast Office, 4168:978-0-521-62430-5 4117:978-0-19-511270-2 3796:Forecast Office, 3776:Kim Runk (2009). 3750:(21 April 2005). 3669:978-1-878220-34-9 3599:978-1-878220-34-9 3462:on 17 August 2007 3262:Riverton, Wyoming 3260:Forecast Office, 3223:on 19 August 2011 3162:on 25 August 2009 3129:978-1-57912-743-5 3002:978-0-15-101287-9 2939:978-7-5085-0837-5 2495:Doppler on Wheels 2368:tropical cyclones 1982:was struck by an 1966:, United States. 1945:Cheyenne, Wyoming 1692:tropical cyclones 1302:Dissipating stage 1228:low-pressure zone 1185:cumulus congestus 1169:dissipation stage 1075:, and, probably, 1045:Dry thunderstorms 851: 806: 776: 770: 769: 95: 94: 16:(Redirected from 7795: 7647:Tropical cyclone 7641:Tornado outbreak 7563: 7562: 7490: 7489: 7443:Pyroclastic flow 7435:Volcano eruption 7364: 7363: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7317: 7316: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6866: 6865: 6790: 6789: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6396: 6394: 6379:Weather Forecast 6347: 6345: 6322:Weather Forecast 6278: 6277: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6032:. Archived from 6028:VORTEX2 (2009). 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6005:. Archived from 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5976:(5 March 2003). 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5950:. Archived from 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5890:. Archived from 5885: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5787: 5781: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5707:on 28 March 2015 5697: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5651: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5588: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5564: 5555: 5540: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5494:Clin Exp Allergy 5491: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5461: 5451: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5314:Forecast Office 5308: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5239:. Archived from 5228: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5112:on 30 April 2010 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5030:(4 April 2006). 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 4979: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4833: 4821:Colorado Climate 4818: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4720:(2–4): 459–465. 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4625:. Archived from 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4556:(9): 1797–1804. 4545: 4539: 4538: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4218: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4008: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3914: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3874:. Archived from 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3843:. Archived from 3833: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3800:(7 April 2009). 3798:Phoenix, Arizona 3790: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3672:. Archived from 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3627:"About Derechos" 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. Archived from 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3559:. Archived from 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3494: 3488:. Archived from 3487: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3458:. Archived from 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3427:. Archived from 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3377: 3375: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3255: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3219:. Archived from 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3196:on 15 March 2010 3192:. Archived from 3181: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3158:. Archived from 3147: 3134: 3133: 3109: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2990: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2642:Continuous gusts 2631: 2626: 2625: 2594:Outside of Earth 2522:Jozef Chelmonski 2503:weather balloons 2499:weather stations 2285: 2230:lightning strike 1964:Aurora, Nebraska 1842:Lightning strike 1727:lake-effect snow 1700:lake-effect snow 1580:, United States. 1557: 1549: 1452:Multicell storms 1344:outflow boundary 1340:outflow boundary 1222:(hence the term 1175:Developing stage 1161:developing stage 1061:weather stations 1008:caused by heavy 931:no precipitation 879:electrical storm 853: 852: 833: 808: 807: 788: 777: 762: 755: 748: 734: 733: 347:Tropical cyclone 259:Dry thunderstorm 154:Tropical seasons 97: 96: 58: 46: 45: 21: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7783:Weather hazards 7743: 7742: 7739: 7734: 7684: 7651: 7615:Cyclonic storms 7610: 7592: 7550: 7546:Limnic eruption 7522: 7496: 7477: 7465:Natural erosion 7459: 7429: 7403: 7395: 7353: 7344: 7314: 7309: 7291: 7253: 7203: 7147: 7125: 7105: 7060: 7015: 6962: 6896: 6893: 6863: 6858: 6841: 6820: 6816:Lahore Metrobus 6804: 6779: 6721: 6658: 6625: 6587: 6519: 6513: 6475:Wayback Machine 6464: 6286: 6284:Further reading 6281: 6234: 6230: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6128:"Martin Luther" 6126: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6067: 6063: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6001:(2 June 2009). 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5801:on 11 July 2007 5789: 5788: 5784: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5652: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5630:on 23 June 2011 5616: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5589: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5543: 5527: 5526: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5463: 5462: 5428: 5424: 5385: 5381: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5320:"Downbursts..." 5309: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5229: 5225: 5209: 5208: 5201: 5199: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5168:on 20 June 2008 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5025: 5021: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4780: 4776: 4745: 4741: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4676: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4656:on 21 June 2009 4646: 4642: 4632: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4546: 4542: 4521:(13): 299–314. 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4431: 4427: 4396: 4392: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4293:(15 May 2007). 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3834: 3830: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3791: 3787: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3670: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3600: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3379: 3378: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3317: 3313: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3137: 3130: 3115:Extreme Weather 3110: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2878:www.ux1.eiu.edu 2872: 2871: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2759:"Lightning FAQ" 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2698: 2694: 2676:Tornado warning 2627: 2620: 2617: 2596: 2550:American Indian 2534: 2478: 2438: 2436:St. Elmo's fire 2416: 2402:regime. In the 2398:as part of the 2396:Rocky Mountains 2380:Southern states 2309: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2241: 2178: 2162: 2152: 2143: 2137: 2117: 2111: 2086: 2080: 2001: 1993:Main articles: 1972: 1905: 1899: 1871:Distilled water 1848: 1838: 1829: 1801: 1748: 1723:monsoon troughs 1668: 1662: 1642:tornado warning 1630: 1570: 1564: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1462:Multicell lines 1430: 1424: 1396: 1390: 1352: 1304: 1240: 1177: 1141:(CAPE) and the 1107:hot air balloon 1099: 1085: 883:lightning storm 871: 870: 862: 860: 859: 858: 857: 854: 847: 844: 837: 831: 826: 825: 817: 815: 814: 813: 812: 809: 802: 799: 792: 786: 772: 766: 728: 723: 722: 698: 690: 689: 548: 538: 537: 450: 440: 439: 428:Ground blizzard 188: 178: 177: 156: 146: 145: 121: 82: 61: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7801: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7634: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7569: 7567: 7560: 7559:Meteorological 7556: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7415:Seismic hazard 7411: 7409: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7370: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7343: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7224:Vapor pressure 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6860: 6859: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6463: 6462:External links 6460: 6459: 6458: 6437: 6422: 6412: 6404: 6397: 6370: 6355: 6348: 6328:(4): 714–726. 6313: 6298: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6228: 6193: 6166: 6159: 6141: 6119: 6112: 6099:Storm Watchers 6088: 6061: 6020: 5990: 5965: 5948:Discovery News 5934: 5908: 5871: 5842: 5812: 5782: 5765: 5740: 5718: 5673: 5641: 5610: 5593:"Thunderstorm" 5576: 5541: 5477: 5422: 5379: 5352:(4): 253–260. 5336: 5300: 5277: 5254: 5243:on 6 June 2011 5223: 5179: 5149: 5123: 5096: 5074: 5048: 5028:Edwards, Roger 5019: 4965: 4924: 4897: 4890: 4870: 4845: 4801: 4774: 4739: 4704: 4690: 4667: 4640: 4629:on 6 June 2011 4609: 4583: 4540: 4505: 4479: 4452: 4425: 4390: 4349: 4326: 4278: 4252: 4229: 4204: 4174: 4167: 4149: 4123: 4116: 4096: 4035: 3971: 3942: 3889: 3878:on 6 June 2011 3858: 3828: 3785: 3768: 3739: 3713: 3687: 3676:on 6 June 2011 3668: 3644: 3617: 3598: 3574: 3563:on 6 June 2011 3543: 3506: 3473: 3442: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3358:(2): 115–123. 3338: 3329: 3311: 3274: 3234: 3207: 3173: 3135: 3128: 3095: 3070: 3015: 3001: 2975: 2952: 2938: 2918: 2890: 2858: 2825: 2813:scied.ucar.edu 2797: 2772: 2750: 2728: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2659: 2657:Hector (cloud) 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629:Weather portal 2616: 2613: 2604:polar molecule 2595: 2592: 2568:went to fight 2533: 2530: 2477: 2474: 2415: 2412: 2302: 2299: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2254: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2177: 2174: 2151: 2148: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2113:Main article: 2110: 2107: 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 2044:photogrammetry 1980:Elie, Manitoba 1971: 1968: 1901:Main article: 1898: 1895: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1800: 1797: 1747: 1744: 1712:weather fronts 1661: 1658: 1629: 1626: 1606:severe weather 1566:Main article: 1563: 1560: 1512:Severe weather 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1438:Space Shuttle 1426:Main article: 1423: 1420: 1392:Main article: 1389: 1386: 1351: 1350:Classification 1348: 1303: 1300: 1239: 1236: 1176: 1173: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1084: 1081: 1006:flash flooding 917:and sometimes 903:thundershowers 893:effect on the 861: 855: 845: 840: 839: 838: 829: 828: 827: 816: 810: 800: 795: 794: 793: 784: 783: 782: 768: 767: 765: 764: 757: 750: 742: 739: 738: 725: 724: 721: 720: 715: 710: 708:Climate change 705: 699: 696: 695: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 677: 676: 675: 674: 673: 668: 663: 655: 650: 643:Severe weather 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 619: 618: 613: 603: 602: 601: 591: 586: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 561: 560: 555: 549: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533: 528: 523: 518: 508: 503: 502: 501: 491: 486: 481: 480: 479: 477:Megacryometeor 469: 464: 463: 462: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 410: 405: 400: 395: 394: 393: 383: 382: 381: 376: 366: 361: 360: 359: 354: 344: 339: 338: 337: 332: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 296: 295: 290: 285: 275: 274: 273: 263: 262: 261: 256: 251: 241: 240: 239: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 207: 206: 205: 200: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 169: 168: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 138: 133: 128: 122: 117: 116: 113: 112: 106: 105: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7800: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7710:Meteor shower 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Coastal flood 7506: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7327: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7277:Barotropicity 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:Precipitation 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6890: 6885: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6760:Sports venues 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6654:Sister cities 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6457: 6456:0-7506-3215-1 6453: 6450: 6449:9780750632157 6446: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6051: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5897:on 6 May 2009 5893: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5795:Thunderstorms 5792: 5786: 5779: 5778:0-7922-3877-X 5775: 5769: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5442:(3): 207–17. 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5395:(5): 409–13. 5394: 5390: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5288: 5287:"Flash Flood" 5281: 5265: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5233:"Flash Flood" 5227: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5084: 5078: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5014: 5013:2027.42/73164 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4990:(4): 688–99. 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4969: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4672: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4441:, Gainesville 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4240: 4233: 4215: 4208: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3991:(584): 1973. 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3532:on 6 May 2009 3528: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3421:"Squall line" 3415: 3406: 3397: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3301: 3285: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3178: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2979: 2963: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2738: 2732: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2681:Tornado watch 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2637:Barber's pole 2635: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2588:Martin Luther 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2482:storm chasers 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2142: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2072:high latitude 2069: 2065: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:cumulus cloud 2000: 1996: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1911:Hailstorm in 1909: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1882:carbonic acid 1879: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1833: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1793:weather radar 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766:radar display 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:funnel clouds 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1559: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:precipitation 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1356: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1320: 1319:Flanking line 1316: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:weather radar 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1010:precipitation 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:cloud forcing 971: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 941:, known as a 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 869: 867: 843: 824: 822: 798: 763: 758: 756: 751: 749: 744: 743: 741: 740: 737: 732: 727: 726: 719: 716: 714: 713:Tornado terms 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 694: 693: 686: 683: 681: 678: 672: 671:United States 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 604: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 590: 587: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 562: 559: 556: 554: 553:Air pollution 551: 550: 547: 542: 541: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 509: 507: 504: 500: 497: 496: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 478: 475: 474: 473: 470: 468: 465: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448:Precipitation 444: 443: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 370: 367: 365: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 345: 343: 340: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 279: 276: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 245: 242: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 182: 181: 174: 171: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 150: 149: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 120: 115: 114: 111: 108: 107: 103: 99: 98: 90: 86: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7740: 7705:Impact event 7693:Astronomical 7627:Thunderstorm 7626: 7622:Bomb cyclone 7486:Hydrological 7455:Volcanic 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