Sense - Knowledge

3400: 3420: 3383: 2043: 452:. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each is transduced. Listing all the different sensory modalities, which can number as many as 17, involves separating the major senses into more specific categories, or submodalities, of the larger sense. An individual sensory modality represents the sensation of a specific type of stimulus. For example, the general sensation and perception of touch, which is known as somatosensation, can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temperature, or hair movement, while the general sensation and perception of taste can be separated into submodalities of 3170:

by a variety of hormonal and cell-to-cell communication pathways that result in movement, morphological changes and physiological state alterations at the organism level, that is, result in plant behavior. Such physiological and cognitive functions are generally not believed to give rise to mental phenomena or qualia, however, as these are typically considered the product of nervous system activity. The emergence of mental phenomena from the activity of systems functionally or computationally analogous to that of nervous systems is, however, a hypothetical possibility explored by some schools of thought in the philosophy of mind field, such as

1576:, being sensitive to different wavelengths of light, provide us with color vision. By comparing the activity of the three different cones, the brain can extract color information from visual stimuli. For example, a bright blue light that has a wavelength of approximately 450 nm would activate the "red" cones minimally, the "green" cones marginally, and the "blue" cones predominantly. The relative activation of the three different cones is calculated by the brain, which perceives the color as blue. However, cones cannot react to low-intensity light, and rods do not sense the color of light. Therefore, our low-light vision is—in essence—in 865:(e.g. eye) to the brain are stimulated, even if that stimulation is unrelated to the target signal of the sensory organ. For example, in the case of the eye, it does not matter whether light or something else stimulates the optic nerve, that stimulation will results in visual perception, even if there was no visual stimulus to begin with. (To prove this point to yourself (and if you are a human), close your eyes (preferably in a dark room) and press gently on the outside corner of one eye through the eyelid. You will see a visual spot toward the inside of your visual field, near your nose.) 740: 776:. There is internal noise and there is external noise when it comes to signal detection. The internal noise originates from static in the nervous system. For example, an individual with closed eyes in a dark room still sees something—a blotchy pattern of grey with intermittent brighter flashes—this is internal noise. External noise is the result of noise in the environment that can interfere with the detection of the stimulus of interest. Noise is only a problem if the magnitude of the noise is large enough to interfere with signal collection. The 2236: 2360:, a membrane that attaches to the top of the ampulla. As the head rotates in a plane parallel to the semicircular canal, the fluid lags, deflecting the cupula in the direction opposite to the head movement. The semicircular canals contain several ampullae, with some oriented horizontally and others oriented vertically. By comparing the relative movements of both the horizontal and vertical ampullae, the vestibular system can detect the direction of most head movements within three-dimensional ( 686:) into signals. Chemical stimuli can be interpreted by a chemoreceptor that interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object's taste or smell, while osmoreceptors respond to a chemical solute concentrations of body fluids. Nociception (pain) interprets the presence of tissue damage, from sensory information from mechano-, chemo-, and thermoreceptors. Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a 47: 3032: 2864:). They most often use this to navigate through poor lighting conditions or to identify and track prey. There is currently an uncertainty whether this is simply an extremely developed post-sensory interpretation of auditory perceptions or it actually constitutes a separate sense. Resolution of the issue will require brain scans of animals while they actually perform echolocation, a task that has proven difficult in practice. 1931:. Some thermoreceptors are sensitive to just cold and others to just heat. Nociception is the sensation of potentially damaging stimuli. Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. For example, the sensation of heat associated with spicy foods involves 3251: 2224:, they pass over the olfactory epithelial region and dissolve into the mucus. These odorant molecules bind to proteins that keep them dissolved in the mucus and help transport them to the olfactory dendrites. The odorant–protein complex binds to a receptor protein within the cell membrane of an olfactory dendrite. These receptors are G protein–coupled, and will produce a graded 3018:

involving warming of the pit organ, rather than a chemical reaction to light. This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane in order to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature.

803:(PROP) that some humans experience as bitter, some as almost tasteless, while others experience it as somewhere between tasteless and bitter. There is a genetic basis for this difference between perception given the same sensory stimulus. This subjective difference in taste perception has implications for individuals' food preferences, and consequently, health. 713:(eyes or nose, for instance) requires a minimal amount of stimulation in order to detect a stimulus. This minimum amount of stimulus is called the absolute threshold. The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for the detection of a stimulus 50% of the time. Absolute threshold is measured by using a method called 2920:

arrayed in pairs on its snout and which evolved from whisker motion sensors. These electroreceptors can detect electric fields as weak as 4.6 microvolts per centimeter, such as those generated by contracting muscles and pumping gills of potential prey. This permits the dolphin to locate prey from the

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According to Gestalt Psychology, people perceive the whole of something even if it is not there. The Gestalt's Law of Organization states that people have seven factors that help to group what is seen into patterns or groups: Common Fate, Similarity, Proximity, Closure, Symmetry, Continuity, and Past

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By using a variety of sense receptors, plants sense light, temperature, humidity, chemical substances, chemical gradients, reorientation, magnetic fields, infections, tissue damage and mechanical pressure. The absence of a nervous system notwithstanding, plants interpret and respond to these stimuli

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prey such as rodents and birds, and it was previously assumed that the organ evolved specifically for that purpose. However, recent evidence shows that the pit organ may also be used for thermoregulation. According to Krochmal et al., pitvipers can use their pits for thermoregulatory decision-making

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Perceptual experience is often multimodal. Multimodality integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. Information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived. Multimodal perception is qualitatively different from unimodal perception.

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In spite of its detection of IR light, the pits' IR detection mechanism is not similar to photoreceptors – while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the pits of snakes is in fact a temperature-sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism

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in the brain). Temporary or permanent blindness can be caused by poisons or medications. People who are blind from degradation or damage to the visual cortex, but still have functional eyes, are actually capable of some level of vision and reaction to visual stimuli but not a conscious perception;

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enthusiasts have experimented with magnetic implants to attempt to replicate this sense. However, in general humans (and it is presumed other mammals) can detect electric fields only indirectly by detecting the effect they have on hairs. An electrically charged balloon, for instance, will exert a

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Nonhuman animals experience sensation and perception, with varying levels of similarity to and difference from humans and other animal species. For example, other mammals in general have a stronger sense of smell than humans. Some animal species lack one or more human sensory system analogues and

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There is a rare phenomenon when it comes to the Gustatory sense. It is called Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia. Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia is when people can "taste" words. They have reported having flavor sensations they are not actually eating. When they read words, hear words, or even imagine

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Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are located in the inner ear. Since sound is vibration, propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically

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or "sense-base" includes the mind as a sense organ, in addition to the traditional five. This addition to the commonly acknowledged senses may arise from the psychological orientation involved in Buddhist thought and practice. The mind considered by itself is seen as the principal gateway to a

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that affect transmembrane receptor proteins when these chemicals diffuse across the cell membrane. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. For humans, the only

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calculates a criterion, or an internal threshold, for the detection of a signal in the presence of noise. If a signal is judged to be above the criterion, thus the signal is differentiated from the noise, the signal is sensed and perceived. Errors in signal detection can potentially lead to

618:. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. Physical changes in these proteins increase ion flow across the membrane, and can generate an 915:, has its own signal transmission speed. For example, nerves in the frog's legs have a 90 ft/s (99 km/h) signal transmission speed, while sensory nerves in humans, transmit sensory information at speeds between 165 ft/s (181 km/h) and 330 ft/s (362 km/h). 2658:

make extensive use of it as a smelling organ by transferring scent molecules to the vomeronasal organ with the tips of the forked tongue. In reptiles the vomeronasal organ is commonly referred to as Jacobson's organ. In mammals, it is often associated with a special behavior called

3005:), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family 1688:

The Law of Past Experience refers to the tendency humans have to categorize objects according to past experiences under certain circumstances. If two objects are usually perceived together or within close proximity of each other the Law of Past Experience is usually seen.

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The Law of Symmetry refers to a person's preference to see symmetry around a central point. An example would be when we use parentheses in writing. We tend to perceive all of the words in the parentheses as one section instead of individual words within the parentheses.

2279:, because the loss of enjoyment of food may lead to a general sense of despair. The ability of olfactory neurons to replace themselves decreases with age, leading to age-related anosmia. This explains why some elderly people salt their food more than younger people do. 2123:. Bitter taste is similar to sweet in that food molecules bind to G protein–coupled receptors. The taste known as umami is often referred to as the savory taste. Like sweet and bitter, it is based on the activation of G protein–coupled receptors by a specific molecule. 1587:

There is some disagreement as to whether the visual system consists of one, two, or three submodalities. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as two submodalities, given that different receptors are responsible for the perception of color and brightness. Some argue that

2138:. The facial nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve connects to taste buds in the posterior two thirds of the tongue. The vagus nerve connects to taste buds in the extreme posterior of the tongue, verging on the 248:

integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. For example, information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived. Sensation and perception are studied by a variety of related fields, most notably

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An internal sensation and perception also known as interoception is "any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body". These involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs. Interoception is thought to be atypical in clinical conditions such as

1263:, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. Historical inquiries into the underlying mechanisms of sensation and perception have led early researchers to subscribe to various philosophical interpretations of perception and the 1787:

or hearing impairment. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body. Lower frequencies that can be heard are detected this way. Some deaf people are able to determine the direction and location of vibrations picked up through the feet.

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can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes. It was previously thought that the organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that it may also be used in thermoregulatory decision making. The facial pit underwent

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Studies pertaining to audition started to increase in number towards the latter end of the nineteenth century. During this time, many laboratories in the United States began to create new models, diagrams, and instruments that all pertained to the ear.

2894:. Some fish passively sense changing nearby electric fields; some generate their own weak electric fields, and sense the pattern of field potentials over their body surface; and some use these electric field generating and sensing capacities for social 4027:

Kyhn LA, Jensen FH, Beedholm K, Tougaard J, Hansen M, Madsen PT (2010-05-14). "Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) producing narrow-band high-frequency clicks".

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Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and interoception. The modalities of somatosensation include

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different spectrum of phenomena that differ from the physical sense data. This way of viewing the human sense system indicates the importance of internal sources of sensation and perception that complements our experience of the external world.

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electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Some other organisms have receptors that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds.

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Flavor depends on odor, texture, and temperature as well as on taste. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs called taste buds, or gustatory calyculi, concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue. Other tastes such as calcium and

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The Law of Closure is the idea that we as humans still see a full picture even if there are gaps within that picture. There could be gaps or parts missing from a section of a shape, but we would still perceive the shape as whole.

3310:, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits or five senses. At that time, the words "sense" and "wit" were synonyms, so the senses were known as the five outward wits. This traditional concept of five senses is common today. 1684:

The Law of Continuity tells us that objects are grouped together by their elements and then perceived as a whole. This usually happens when we see overlapping objects. We will see the overlapping objects with no interruptions.

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Small DM, Green BG. A Proposed Model of a Flavor Modality. In: Murray MM, Wallace MT, editors. The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2012. Chapter 36. Available from:

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The Law of Proximity states that our minds like to group based on how close objects are to each other. We may see 42 objects in a group, but we can also perceive three groups of two lines with seven objects in each line.

514:, position, and function. Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. Receptors can further be classified functionally on the basis of the 4577: 3399: 4313:

Calvert, G.A., Hansen, P.C., Iversen, S.D. and Brammer, M.J., 2001. Detection of audio-visual integration sites in humans by application of electrophysiological criteria to the BOLD effect. Neuroimage, 14(2), pp.

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force on human arm hairs, which can be felt through tactition and identified as coming from a static charge (and not from wind or the like). This is not electroreception, as it is a post-sensory cognitive action.

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Dunn BD, Galton HC, Morgan R, Evans D, Oliver C, Meyer M, Cusack R, Lawrence AD, Dalgleish T (December 2010). "Listening to your heart. How interoception shapes emotion experience and intuitive decision making".

2898:. The mechanisms by which electroceptive fish construct a spatial representation from very small differences in field potentials involve comparisons of spike latencies from different parts of the fish's body. 2188:

possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what humans perceive as the molecule's smell.

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Differential threshold or just noticeable difference (JDS) is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, or the smallest difference in stimuli that can be judged to be different from each other.

3419: 1817:, a word used to refer to both taction and kinesthesia, has many parallels with psychoacoustics. Most research around these two are focused on the instrument, the listener, and the player of the instrument. 6796:

for their work explaining olfaction, published first in a joint paper in 1991 that described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors and how the receptors link to the brain.

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The Law of Similarity refers to the grouping of images or objects that are similar to each other in some aspect. This could be due to shade, colour, size, shape, or other qualities you could distinguish.

2035:. Very recent research has suggested that there may also be a sixth taste submodality for fats, or lipids. The sense of taste is often confused with the perception of flavor, which is the results of the 2771:

in the skin can sense different wavelengths of light and help the creatures choose a coloration that camouflages them, in addition to light input from the eyes. Other researchers hypothesize that

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is an empirical law that states that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus. According to Weber's Law, bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed.

682:. Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. Photoreceptors convert light (visible 6473:

Krochmal AR, Bakken GS, LaDuc TJ (15 November 2004). "Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae)".

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build miniature magnets inside themselves and use them to determine their orientation relative to the Earth's magnetic field. There has been some recent (tentative) research suggesting that the

94:), many more are now recognized. Senses used by non-human organisms are even greater in variety and number. During sensation, sense organs collect various stimuli (such as a sound or smell) for 785:. The sensory criterion might be shifted based on the importance of the detecting the signal. Shifting of the criterion may influence the likelihood of false positives and false negatives. 406:

some have sensory systems that are not found in humans, while others process and interpret the same sensory information in very different ways. For example, some animals are able to detect

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At the molecular level, visual stimuli cause changes in the photopigment molecule that lead to changes in membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell. A single unit of light is called a

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caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile

591:, neurons with encapsulated nerve endings that respond to pressure and touch (2). The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor (3), a 1954:) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. Light touch is transduced by the encapsulated endings known as tactile ( 717:. This process involves presenting stimuli of varying intensities to a subject in order to determine the level at which the subject can reliably detect stimulation in a given sense. 2293:

The vestibular sense, or sense of balance (equilibrium), is the sense that contributes to the perception of balance (equilibrium), spatial orientation, direction, or acceleration (

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Other living organisms have receptors to sense the world around them, including many of the senses listed above for humans. However, the mechanisms and capabilities vary widely.

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The semicircular canals are three ring-like extensions of the vestibule. One is oriented in the horizontal plane, whereas the other two are oriented in the vertical plane. The

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of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. These nerve endings detect the movement of hair at the surface of the skin, such as when an insect may be walking along the

133:(nerves of the Central and Peripheral nervous systems that relay sensory information to and from the brain and body), the different types of sensory receptor cells (such as 2867:

Blind people report they are able to navigate and in some cases identify an object by interpreting reflected sounds (especially their own footsteps), a phenomenon known as

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Jones CL, Gray MA, Minati L, Simner J, Critchley HD, Ward J (2011). "The neural basis of illusory gustatory sensations: Two rare cases of lexical–gustatory synaesthesia".

4588: 2356:. The ampulla contains the hair cells that respond to rotational movement, such as turning the head while saying "no". The stereocilia of these hair cells extend into the 5753: 2890:, and rays have the capacity to sense changes in electric fields in their immediate vicinity. For cartilaginous fish this occurs through a specialized organ called the 5878: 3215:

in a manner that is similar to the way humans use their senses to relate to the world around them. Computers take in and respond to their environment through attached

2614:. Although it is unknown to the degree and magnitude which non-human mammals can smell better than humans, humans are known to have far fewer olfactory receptors than 354:. Internal sensation, or interoception, detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Many internal sensory and perceptual systems exist in humans, including the 3219:. Until recently, input was limited to a keyboard, joystick or a mouse, but advances in technology, both in hardware and software, have allowed computers to take in 799:

Subjective visual and auditory experiences appear to be similar across humans subjects. The same cannot be said about taste. For example, there is a molecule called

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Stimulation of stretch sensors that sense dilation of various blood vessels may result in pain, for example headache caused by vasodilation of brain arteries.

1628:. People with blindsight are usually not aware that they are reacting to visual sources, and instead just unconsciously adapt their behavior to the stimulus. 6248: 2259:. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smell is called 2134:

of sensory neurons. These neurons are part of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves, as well as a component within the vagus nerve dedicated to the

5549: 3364:, smell is represented by the girl with flowers, taste is represented by the woman with the fruit, and touch is represented by the woman holding the bird. 817:

When a stimulus is constant and unchanging, perceptual sensory adaptation occurs. During that process, the subject becomes less sensitive to the stimulus.

1601: 1592:, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a cognitive (that is, post-sensory) function of the 1615:. Blindness may result from damage to the eyeball, especially to the retina, damage to the optic nerve that connects each eye to the brain, and/or from 754:

method in which subjects assign perceived values of given stimuli. The relationship between stimulus intensity and perceptive intensity is described by

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Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. The different types of functional receptor cell types are

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embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has an encapsulated ending in which the sensory nerve endings are encapsulated in

1584:. If you think that you can see colors in the dark, it is most likely because your brain knows what color something is and is relying on that memory. 3141:

can also perceive the polarization of light. Most sighted humans can in fact learn to roughly detect large areas of polarization by an effect called

2606:, which combine their keen sense of smell with timing to determine the direction of a smell. They follow the nostril that first detected the smell. 907:

and perceptual tasks. More complex processing is accomplished across primary cortical regions that spread beyond the primary cortices. Every nerve,

903:. Just as different nerves are dedicated to sensory and motors tasks, different areas of the brain (cortices) are similarly dedicated to different 3115:, the same mechanoreceptors for vestibular sense and hearing. It is used primarily for navigation, hunting, and schooling. The receptors of the 539:

is a receptor that is located near a stimulus of the external environment, such as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. An

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Khair I, Lewis-Epstein O, Sharon R, Saban K, Perelman R, Boonman A, Yovel Y, Hadany L. "Plants emit informative airborne sounds under stress".

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Gracheva EO, Ingolia NT, Kelly YM, Cordero-Morales JF, Hollopeter G, Chesler AT, Sánchez EE, Perez JC, Weissman JS, Julius D (14 March 2010).

1783:, with substantial variation between individuals. Hearing at high frequencies declines with an increase in age. Inability to hear is called 4531: 32:

This article is about the cognitive process of sense together with the sensory systems, sense organs, and sensation. For other uses, see

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Chemoreceptors in the circulatory system also measure salt levels and prompt thirst if they get too high; they can also respond to high

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Biological auditory (hearing), vestibular and spatial, and visual systems (vision) appear to break down real-world complex stimuli into

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is one that interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the

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Pressure detection uses the organ of Weber, a system consisting of three appendages of vertebrae transferring changes in shape of the

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images and have twelve distinct kinds of color receptors, unlike humans which have three kinds and most mammals which have two kinds.

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The Law of Common fate says that objects are led along the smoothest path. People follow the trend of motion as the lines/dots flow.

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of fish and aquatic forms of amphibians. The lateral line is also sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. The mechanoreceptors are

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to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from

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in the skin not only respond to touch, pressure, temperature and vibration, but also respond to vasodilation in the skin such as

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of taste stimuli. These receptor cells are sensitive to the chemicals contained within foods that are ingested, and they release

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The visual system, or sense of sight, is based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes and contributes to

6802: 1530:. Rods are very sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors. Cones distinguish colors but are less sensitive to dim light. 149:) in sensory organs transduct sensory information from these organs towards the central nervous system, finally arriving at the 6832: 2267:. Loss of the sense of smell can result in food tasting bland. A person with an impaired sense of smell may require additional 1723:, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves. The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as the 587:

in the dermis of the skin are examples of neurons that have free nerve endings (1). Also located in the dermis of the skin are

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Walker MM, Dennis TE, Kirschvink JL (December 2002). "The magnetic sense and its use in long-distance navigation by animals".

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with a wavelength between 380 and 720 nm. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation longer than 720 nm fall into the

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Urban JE (November 2000). "Adverse effects of microgravity on the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum".

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components, through the mathematical process called Fourier analysis. Many neurons have a strong preference for certain sine

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Whitehead WE, Drescher VM, Heiman P, Blackwell B (December 1977). "Relation of heart rate control to heartbeat perception".

4652: 3009:, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily Crotalinae: the pitvipers. The organ is used extensively to detect and target 2799:, which is a sensor for acceleration and orientation that works very differently from the mammalian's semi-circular canals. 2787:, as well as explaining the need for colorful mating displays. Some cephalopods can distinguish the polarization of light. 5957: 3181:

However, plants can perceive the world around them, and might be able to emit airborne sounds similar to "screaming" when

2395:) that provide the inertia needed to detect head rotation, linear acceleration, and the direction of gravitational force. 7886: 3523: 3001:. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril ( 782: 1488:. Both olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste) require the transduction of chemical stimuli into electrical potentials. 3171: 2352:. The base of each semicircular canal, where it meets with the vestibule, connects to an enlarged region known as the 772:

Signal detection theory quantifies the experience of the subject to the presentation of a stimulus in the presence of

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stimuli. Humans have various sensory organs (i.e. eyes, ears, skin, nose, and mouth) that correspond to a respective

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have taste organs across their entire bodies, and can taste anything they touch, including chemicals in the water.

188:. Internal sensation detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Internal senses possessed by humans include 6252: 2520:

mucosa, similar to touch receptors in the skin, sense foreign objects such as mucus and food that may result in a

1279:. The majority of modern scientists who study sensation and perception take on a materialistic view of the mind. 1241:

There has been a growing body of evidence since the mid-1990s on the neural correlates of multimodal perception.

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Drake N (2011). "Life: Dolphin can sense electric fields: Ability may help species track prey in murky waters".

5902: 3193:—like mice, bats or perhaps other plants—could hear the plants' cries from as far as 15 feet (4.6 m) away. 2826:, which rely on their magnetic sense to navigate during migration. It has also been observed in insects such as 7319: 4612:

Davis AB (1975). "Early Auditory Studies: Activities in the Psychology Laboratories of American Universities".

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Spiders have been shown to detect electric fields to determine a suitable time to extend web for 'ballooning'.

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to turn monochromatic vision into color vision, explaining pupils shaped like the letter U, the letter W, or a

2309:—senses head position, head movement, and whether our bodies are in motion. These cells are located within the 1806:. The main point is to understand why humans are able to use sound in thinking outside of actually saying it. 7334: 3361: 3352:(1668), in which each of the figures in the main group alludes to a sense: Sight is the reclining boy with a 3164: 2860:, have the ability to determine orientation to other objects through interpretation of reflected sound (like 2042: 2162:

words. They have reported not only simple flavors, but textures, complex flavors, and temperatures as well.

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The heat receptors are sensitive to infrared radiation and can occur in specialized organs, for instance in

1424:. Additionally, multimodal "what" and "where" pathways have been proposed for auditory and tactile stimuli. 7820: 7686: 7597: 3175: 2838:

in the human eye, which responds particularly well to blue light, can facilitate magnetoception in humans.

2345: 40: 17: 4369:"Multisensory integration of sounds and vibrotactile stimuli in processing streams for 'what' and 'where'" 3824:

Kalmijn AJ (1988). "Detection of Weak Electric Fields". In Atema J, Fay RR, Popper AN, Tavolga WN (eds.).

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caused by three-dimensional rotation of the head. The vestibular nerve also conducts information from the

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may also be basic tastes but have yet to receive widespread acceptance. The inability to taste is called

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based on the amount of the chemical in the food. Neurotransmitters from the gustatory cells can activate

1537:, which is described in physics as a packet of energy with properties of both a particle and a wave. The 7558: 7973: 7309: 3155:

of spiders detect mechanical strain in the exoskeleton, providing information on force and vibrations.

2951: 2447: 2104: 5586: 7782: 7724: 7535: 6891: 5401:"Methodological recommendations for a heartbeat detection-based measure of interoceptive sensitivity" 5102: 3337: 3266: 2436: 2229: 2059: 1752: 1550: 884: 773: 683: 639: 515: 495: 449: 311: 95: 4212: 8070: 7729: 7563: 4988: 3828:. International Conference on the Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals. Springer Nature Switzerland. 3513: 3042: 2184:(388 functional ones according to one 2003 study), each binding to a particular molecular feature. 1421: 1413: 1250: 245: 6350: 1970:. Bulbous corpuscles are also known as Ruffini corpuscles, or type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors. 1896:

receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of

747: 7709: 7085: 4921: 3461: 3341: 3046: 2361: 2330: 2306: 1020: 767: 434:

may be able to detect and interpret environmental information in an analogous manner to animals.

5587:"Evolutionary changes of the number of olfactory receptor genes in the human and mouse lineages" 5305: 3100:

and other loaches are also known to respond to low pressure areas but they lack a swim bladder.

2818:(or magnetoreception) is the ability to detect the direction one is facing based on the Earth's 2111:

of the gustatory cell. The sweet taste is the sensitivity of gustatory cells to the presence of

448:

Sensory modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of

7873: 7704: 7314: 7100: 6919: 6760: 5120:

Craig AD (August 2003). "Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body".

3410: 3275: 3053: 2831: 2491: 2439:

in the brain monitor the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the brain to give a perception of

2075: 2036: 1305: 1235: 1145: 874: 862: 726: 690:

that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.

503: 33: 6688: 6681: 74:. Although, in some cultures, five human senses were traditionally identified as such (namely 7911: 6901: 6881: 6653: 6592: 5729: 3220: 2891: 2776: 2573:

relay blood pressure information to the brain and maintain proper homeostatic blood pressure.

1272: 931: 755: 599: 491: 71: 5493:"The function of bilateral odor arrival time differences in olfactory orientation of sharks" 5325:"Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness" 3388: 3345: 2176:

Like the sense of taste, the sense of smell, or the olfactory system, is also responsive to

1522:

for the perception of varying colors and brightness. There are two types of photoreceptors:

1484:. Smell and taste are both responsible for identifying molecules and thus both are types of 7772: 7739: 7438: 7153: 7057: 6785: 6606: 6547: 6430:

Kardong KV, Mackessy SP (1991). "The Strike Behavior of a Congenitally Blind Rattlesnake".

6384: 6306: 6202: 6155: 6102: 5992: 5836: 5504: 5056: 4778: 4721: 4553: 4473: 3916: 3142: 2780: 2310: 2197: 1826: 1799: 1569:. All other colors fall between red and blue at various points along the wavelength scale. 1380: 1202: 1188: 1112: 852: 739: 579:, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus. The 323: 258: 83: 2997:

of the structure is similar between the two lineages, but they differ in gross structural

160:

Sensory systems, or senses, are often divided into external (exteroception) and internal (

8: 7428: 7413: 7299: 7238: 7174: 5918: 3903:

Enjin A, Zaharieva EE, Frank DD, Mansourian S, Suh GS, Gallio M, Stensmyr MC (May 2016).

3533: 3466: 3368: 3307: 3146: 2847: 2326: 2322: 1779:, which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000 1170: 1030: 423: 383: 237: 201: 6551: 6388: 6310: 6206: 6159: 6106: 5996: 5903:

Study proposes explanation for how cephalopods see color, despite black and white vision

5840: 5508: 5060: 4782: 4725: 4477: 3920: 2667:, because associated neurons have not been found that give any sensory input in humans. 2275:

levels for food to be tasted. Anosmia may also be related to some presentations of mild

843:

during sensation can provide insight into how perception of real-world objects happens.

510:. Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria: 98:, meaning transformation into a form that can be understood by the brain. Sensation and 7512: 7464: 7418: 7357: 7342: 6896: 6799: 6576: 6535: 6455: 6407: 6372: 6327: 6294: 6225: 6190: 6126: 6057: 6018: 5860: 5804: 5779: 5734:

Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes', The WorldFish Center,

5706: 5681: 5662: 5530: 5473: 5425: 5400: 5377: 5282: 5257: 5233: 5208: 5189: 5145: 4965: 4956: 4940: 4898: 4873: 4812: 4742: 4709: 4505: 4489: 4395: 4368: 4341: 4120: 3969: 3937: 3904: 3882: 3717: 3682: 3631: 3629: 3528: 3202: 2978: 2868: 2722: 2664: 2480: 2420: 2376: 2348:

and posterior vertical canals are oriented at approximately 45 degrees relative to the

2225: 2181: 2177: 1955: 1951: 1656: 1511: 1420:. Neurons that respond to both visual and auditory stimuli have been identified in the 1301: 1264: 1207: 1087: 812: 704: 659: 643: 592: 588: 519: 443: 138: 6516:

Pough FH, Magnusson WE, Ryan MJ, Wells KD, Taigen TL (1992). "Behavioral energetics".

6167: 5827:

Marshall J, Oberwinkler J (October 1999). "The colourful world of the mantis shrimp".

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Privitera AJ (2020). "Sensation and perception". In Biswas-Diener R, Diener E (eds.).

3574: 3096:

to the middle ear. It can be used to regulate the buoyancy of the fish. Fish like the

2235: 7968: 7937: 7714: 7661: 7592: 7433: 7423: 7179: 7169: 7138: 7042: 6944: 6860: 6738: 6728: 6702: 6692: 6661: 6581: 6563: 6498: 6490: 6447: 6412: 6332: 6230: 6171: 6146: 6118: 6061: 6049: 6022: 6010: 5852: 5809: 5735: 5711: 5654: 5606: 5557: 5522: 5465: 5430: 5381: 5346: 5287: 5238: 5181: 5137: 5084: 5025: 5021: 4970: 4903: 4847: 4837: 4804: 4796: 4747: 4688: 4658: 4633: 4497: 4400: 4349: 4280: 4270: 4247: 4237: 4230: 4147: 4124: 4110: 4053: 4045: 4009: 3999: 3973: 3942: 3874: 3837: 3804: 3722: 3704: 3653: 3643: 3615: 3605: 3496: 3261: 3216: 2994: 2927: 2643: 2619: 2611: 2548: 2451: 2392: 2294: 2288: 2276: 2135: 2012: 1967: 1916: 1814: 1775:

conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the

1712: 1503: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1354: 1341: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1059: 995: 990: 572: 564: 535:

One way to classify receptors is based on their location relative to the stimuli. An

427: 363: 355: 335: 262: 189: 185: 75: 59: 5666: 5534: 5477: 5341: 5324: 5149: 4509: 3886: 3626: 3321:) in Hindu literature. They appear in allegorical representation as early as in the 2830:. Cattle make use of magnetoception to align themselves in a north–south direction. 606:

that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of

7754: 7699: 7631: 7448: 7391: 7294: 7289: 7199: 7148: 7143: 7105: 7052: 7047: 6571: 6555: 6482: 6439: 6402: 6392: 6322: 6314: 6275: 6220: 6210: 6163: 6130: 6110: 6041: 6000: 5939: 5864: 5844: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5701: 5693: 5644: 5598: 5512: 5457: 5420: 5412: 5373: 5336: 5277: 5269: 5228: 5220: 5193: 5173: 5129: 5074: 5064: 5017: 4960: 4952: 4893: 4885: 4816: 4786: 4737: 4729: 4625: 4617: 4481: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4333: 4102: 4037: 3965: 3932: 3924: 3866: 3829: 3712: 3694: 3501: 3182: 2879: 2430: 2372: 2368: 2357: 2353: 2256: 2171: 2151: 2143: 2127: 2116: 2103:, respectively. The other taste modalities result from food molecules binding to a 2063: 2051: 1998: 1942:, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Merkel cells are located in the 1928: 1644: 1519: 1346:

Stars at night; candlelight 48 km (30 mi) away on a dark and clear night

1211: 1193: 1150: 1136: 1107: 1097: 980: 896: 888: 826: 800: 714: 623: 619: 499: 485: 407: 331: 327: 244:

or sub modalities are different ways sensory information is encoded or transduced.

221: 134: 6800:

Answers to several questions related to senses and human feeling from curious kids

6075: 5273: 4889: 4367:

Renier LA, Anurova I, De Volder AG, Carlson S, VanMeter J, Rauschecker JP (2009).

1647:

with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.

1333:

Ticking of a watch 6 m (20 ft) away, in an otherwise silent environment

8065: 7671: 7612: 7584: 7400: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7324: 7133: 7090: 7037: 6806: 6397: 6215: 5224: 3322: 3208: 3122: 2750: 2721:

light, such that these snakes are able to sense the body heat of their prey. The

2702: 2578: 2528: 2467: 2302: 1912:

of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary.

1889: 1869: 1861: 1810: 1803: 1760: 1698: 1102: 1025: 1015: 949: 675: 655: 419: 319: 307: 233: 154: 5258:"Central nervous system regulation of eating: Insights from human brain imaging" 4106: 3103:

Current detection is a detection system of water currents, consisting mostly of

2901:

The only orders of mammals that are known to demonstrate electroception are the

2697:

have the ability to see in low light, which is due to muscles surrounding their

2646:

that is connected with the mouth cavity. In mammals it is mainly used to detect

1711:. The large, fleshy structure on the lateral aspect of the head is known as the 518:

of stimuli, or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell

164:) sensory systems. Human external senses are based on the sensory organs of the 7989: 7840: 7792: 7527: 7507: 7233: 7184: 7120: 7068: 7024: 6886: 5965: 5680:

Frasnelli J, Lundström JN, Boyle JA, Katsarkas A, Jones-Gotman M (March 2011).

5602: 4324:

Galanter E (1962). "Direct measurement of utility and subjective probability".

4299: 3506: 3426: 3116: 2993:, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons. The 2939: 2883: 2819: 2815: 2772: 2698: 2682:

have taste organs on their feet, allowing them to taste anything they land on.

2655: 2349: 2240: 2209: 2201: 2108: 2082: 2067: 2028: 2004: 1978: 1943: 1920: 1868:(adjectival form: tactile) is a perception resulting from activation of neural 1716: 1632: 1367: 1155: 944: 939: 904: 880: 777: 733: 687: 671: 627: 611: 584: 576: 559:

The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a

511: 507: 473: 465: 411: 367: 225: 193: 150: 146: 126: 122: 6318: 6045: 5932: 5517: 5492: 5399:

Kleckner IR, Wormwood JB, Simmons WK, Barrett LF, Quigley KS (November 2015).

4151: 4013: 3928: 3833: 3683:"Can Interoception Improve the Pragmatic Search for Biomarkers in Psychiatry?" 3657: 3619: 8059: 8009: 8004: 7958: 7896: 7881: 7777: 7499: 7443: 7258: 7225: 7209: 7128: 7072: 7032: 6981: 6972: 6929: 6742: 6660:. Vol. 5 (7th ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. p. 187. 6567: 6494: 6451: 6191:"Blue light-dependent human magnetoreception in geomagnetic food orientation" 6053: 5682:"The vomeronasal organ is not involved in the perception of endogenous odors" 5582: 5561: 5177: 4851: 4800: 4685:

Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound: An Introduction to Psycho Acoustics

4637: 4621: 4049: 3708: 3699: 3479: 3353: 3313:

The traditional five senses are enumerated as the "five material faculties" (

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is the ability to detect changes in the moisture content of the environment.

2895: 2764: 2754: 2746: 2730: 2380: 2314: 1877: 1605: 1593: 1497: 1485: 1385:

A wing of a fly falling on the cheek from a height of 7.6 cm (3 inches)

1215: 985: 975: 908: 839:

components in contrast to others. The way that simpler sounds and images are

751: 710: 663: 647: 603: 548: 540: 536: 375: 315: 274: 250: 161: 142: 118: 6706: 6279: 6005: 5980: 5550:"Not to be sniffed at: human sense of smell rivals that of dogs, says study" 5069: 4733: 4284: 4251: 3271:

This section may contain original research. Additional citations are needed.

2126:

Once the gustatory cells are activated by the taste molecules, they release

1432:

External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called

506:

for processing. Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of

7963: 7942: 7927: 7901: 7719: 7540: 7517: 7489: 7484: 7408: 7347: 7110: 7095: 6817: 6789: 6665: 6585: 6502: 6416: 6336: 6241: 6234: 6175: 6114: 6014: 5856: 5813: 5715: 5658: 5610: 5526: 5434: 5350: 5291: 5242: 5185: 5141: 5088: 5029: 4993: 4974: 4907: 4808: 4751: 4404: 4353: 4057: 3993: 3946: 3878: 3726: 3637: 3518: 3456: 3446: 3336:

became a popular subject for seventeenth-century artists, especially among

3185:. Those noises could not be detectable by human ears, but organisms with a 3108: 3097: 2570: 2556: 2416: 2193: 2098: 2071: 1724: 1416:

compared to the sum of each single modality together, an effect called the

1197: 1141: 1049: 667: 415: 379: 351: 254: 229: 130: 5385: 5364:

Schandry R (July 1981). "Heart beat perception and emotional experience".

5323:

Garfinkel SN, Seth AK, Barrett AB, Suzuki K, Critchley HD (January 2015).

4831: 4501: 3315: 2581:

is also sometimes called a sense, though not tied to a specific receptor.

2387:, which contain hair-like sensory receptors that bend under the weight of 8024: 7932: 7906: 7891: 7853: 7676: 7651: 7646: 7636: 7622: 7248: 7204: 7080: 7009: 6777: 6756: 6720: 6122: 5469: 5213:

Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

3552: 3548: 3484: 3474: 3093: 2973: 2965: 2742: 2734: 2679: 2560: 2510: 2474: 2440: 2405: 2252: 2079: 1982: 1939: 1905: 1857: 1849: 1704: 1558: 1457: 1276: 1268: 1178: 1131: 912: 607: 391: 371: 209: 197: 181: 67: 6559: 4493: 4446:

Gestalt Psychology: An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology

3014:

while true vipers (vipers who do not contain heat-sensing pits) cannot.

2916:

A dolphin can detect electric fields in water using electroreceptors in

2192:

The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within the

1604:

and interpreted based on previously learned information. This is called

1259:

is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of

8044: 7999: 7863: 7858: 7830: 7810: 7734: 7694: 7641: 7626: 7550: 7014: 7004: 6911: 6852: 6793: 6727:(2nd (republished) ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147. 6459: 5649: 5632: 5461: 5416: 4345: 4097:

Les Z, Les M (2019-08-02), "Machine Perception—Machine Perception MU",

4041: 3960:

Cronin T (2010), "Polarized-Light Vision in Land and Aquatic Animals",

3190: 3130: 3002: 2760: 2710: 2706: 2647: 2631: 2552: 2521: 2502: 2338: 2221: 2213: 1974: 1924: 1901: 1764: 1728: 1625: 1597: 1589: 1542: 1453: 1445: 1260: 1183: 1092: 679: 646:

changes. Stimuli are of three general types. Some stimuli are ions and

580: 236:, while others sense and perceive through alternative systems, such as 177: 173: 99: 6486: 5697: 4629: 3236: 1545:, with each wavelength of visible light corresponding to a particular 490:

Sensory receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations.

7656: 7602: 7469: 6999: 6989: 6934: 6924: 6626: 3538: 3451: 3441: 3232: 3112: 3010: 3006: 2982: 2906: 2835: 2796: 2725:

may also have an infrared sensor on its nose. It has been found that

2498: 2334: 2301:

is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium. A similar

2298: 2272: 2264: 2055: 2020: 1966:. Stretching of the skin is transduced by stretch receptors known as 1947: 1932: 1865: 1837: 1776: 1748: 1612: 1577: 1527: 1477: 1441: 1437: 1118: 1054: 970: 846: 836: 832: 614:

processes. Transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called

457: 359: 347: 169: 165: 103: 79: 6814:—12 animated chapters on vision, hearing, touch, balance and memory. 6443: 5209:"Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception" 4337: 3031: 2541:

Cardioception refers to the perception of the activity of the heart.

1707:

into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the

46: 7825: 7815: 7805: 7744: 7617: 7474: 7272: 6611: 6533: 5730:"Chemical senses, chemical signals, and feeding behavior in fishes" 4791: 4766: 4708:

Sun YG, Zhao ZQ, Meng XL, Yin J, Liu XY, Chen ZF (September 2009).

3491: 3333: 2957: 2910: 2784: 2718: 2506: 2484: 2205: 2131: 1909: 1893: 1841: 1833: 1784: 1732: 1640: 1580:. In other words, in a dark room, everything appears as a shade of 1554: 1523: 568: 399: 217: 157:, where sensory signals are processed and interpreted (perceived). 107: 5848: 1813:. Psychoacoustics is more directed at people interested in music. 1557:

range, whereas wavelengths shorter than 380 nm fall into the

1359:

Tilt of less than 30 seconds (3 degrees) of a clock's minute hand

7994: 7848: 7800: 7762: 7666: 7607: 6939: 5298: 3372: 3326: 3240: 3134: 2998: 2990: 2964:. Essentially, it allows these reptiles to "see" radiant heat at 2917: 2902: 2857: 2683: 2660: 2635: 2564: 2517: 2463: 2388: 2384: 2318: 2260: 2220:

lining the cavity. As airborne molecules are inhaled through the

2155: 2139: 2112: 2089: 1756: 1736: 1720: 1620: 1465: 1436:. Human external sensation is based on the sensory organs of the 1328: 1045: 1035: 339: 111: 91: 5679: 5447: 1460:, which contribute, respectively, to the sensory perceptions of 422:. Others sense and perceive through alternative systems such as 7253: 7243: 6949: 5249: 3104: 2986: 2961: 2960:

thermal radiation evolved independently in various families of

2714: 2639: 2607: 2603: 2532: 2120: 1959: 1938:

Low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called

1885: 1881: 1744: 1616: 1538: 1534: 1515: 1174: 892: 794: 615: 560: 395: 387: 213: 205: 5633:"Recent progress in the neurobiology of the vomeronasal organ" 5398: 1320:

Absolute threshold (obsolete system of signal detection used)

494:

in the environment activate specialized receptor cells in the

7479: 7194: 7189: 6963: 4874:"Gene discovery and the genetic basis of calcium consumption" 4366: 3902: 3357: 2887: 2861: 2768: 2726: 2675: 2651: 2650:

of marked territory, trails, and sexual state. Reptiles like

2544: 2455: 2268: 2217: 2107:. A G protein signal transduction system ultimately leads to 2032: 2016: 2008: 1780: 1740: 1573: 1546: 1507: 1481: 1469: 1409: 1393: 1298: 1221: 1160: 1005: 965: 920: 900: 858: 544: 469: 453: 431: 343: 301: 87: 6546:(7291). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1006–1011. 2969: 2921:

seafloor where sediment limits visibility and echolocation.

1731:

consists of a space spanned by three small bones called the

382:-based sensory systems lead to various perceptions, such as 8014: 7767: 5958:"Built-in GPS in birds in tune with Earth's magnetic field" 5879:"Octopus vision, it's in the eye (or skin) of the beholder" 5045:"Evolution of olfactory receptor genes in the human genome" 4922:"That Tastes ... Sweet? Sour? No, It's Definitely Calcium!" 3212: 3126: 2823: 2738: 2615: 2584: 2459: 2185: 2092: 2046:

Philippe Mercier - The Sense of Taste - Google Art Project

2024: 1986: 1963: 1950:. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated ( 1897: 1873: 1853: 1845: 1768: 1581: 1562: 840: 638:

A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor

498:. During transduction, physical stimulus is converted into 472:, all of which are based on different chemicals binding to 461: 297: 293: 5950: 5322: 4650: 4026: 3758: 2701:–which contract and expand their pupils–as well as to the 2058:

that contain specialized gustatory receptor cells for the

1915:

Two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by

125:

that respond to a specific type of physical stimulus. Via

6994: 6604: 6068: 2853: 2827: 2807:

In addition, some animals have senses that humans lack.

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into a neural signal. The middle ear is connected to the

1708: 1636: 1566: 1372:

A drop of perfume in a volume of the size of three rooms

1010: 289: 285: 50:

Sensation consists of signal collection and transduction.

6627:"Machine Perception & Cognitive Robotics Laboratory" 6036:

Cressey D (2012). "Pigeons may 'hear' magnetic fields".

5780:"Directional selectivity in the simple eye of an insect" 2088:

Salty and sour taste submodalities are triggered by the

1989:), which provide feedback on internal body temperature. 334:(sense of taste). Those systems, in turn, contribute to 200:(pain). Further internal senses lead to signals such as 102:

are fundamental to nearly every aspect of an organism's

6529: 6527: 6515: 3991: 3329:" of the body, guided by the mind as "chariot driver". 2039:

of gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) sensations.

1565:

whereas light with a wavelength of 720 nm is dark

1398:

A teaspoon of sugar in 7.5 liters (2 gallons) of water

6373:"The evaporative function of cockroach hygroreceptors" 6093:

Blakemore R (October 1975). "Magnetotactic bacteria".

4551: 4269:(3rd ed.). Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton & Lange. 4075:"Earth – Plants can see, hear and smell – and respond" 3856: 3763:. Noba textbook series. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. 3325:(roughly 6th century BC), as five horses drawing the " 3196: 575:

that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized

6652: 5162: 5007: 4264: 4144:

Subjective Reality and Strong Artificial Intelligence

3676: 3674: 3642:(1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3639:

The introspective mind: from homeostasis to awareness

2822:. Directional awareness is most commonly observed in 2663:

characterized by uplifting of the lips. The organ is

2371:

conducts information from sensory receptors in three

2263:. Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect 6524: 5777: 5771: 4101:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–44, 3429:, each individual represents one of the five senses. 3119:

are modified hair cells of the lateral line system.

2415:

is governed by a set of brain structures (e.g., the

2007:

that is partially responsible for the perception of

6719: 6472: 5826: 5484: 4464:Rock I (1990). "The Legacy of Gestalt Psychology". 4420:"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light" 3635: 2494:

sense gas distension that may result in colic pain.

1919:are pain and temperature. These two modalities use 6680: 6351:"Implant gives man the sense of "magnetic vision"" 5915:"Odd pupils let 'colorblind' octopuses see colors" 5206: 4229: 3671: 2705:, a reflective membrane that optimizes the image. 2622:in their olfactory receptors than other primates. 2563:radiation, which plays a role in pigmentation and 2003:The gustatory system or the sense of taste is the 1650: 847:Sensory neuroscience and the biology of perception 39:"Five senses" redirects here. For other uses, see 6536:"Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes" 4914: 3992:Fenton MB, Grinnell A, Popper AN, Fay RR (2016). 3798: 3129:to orient themselves, especially on cloudy days. 2313:of the inner ear. Head position is sensed by the 1561:range. Light with a wavelength of 380 nm is 8057: 5207:Shah P, Hall R, Catmur C, Bird G (August 2016). 5156: 4552:D'Ambrose C, Choudhary R (2003). Elert G (ed.). 1418:superadditive effect of multisensory integration 788: 70:about the surroundings through the detection of 6429: 5972: 5255: 5049:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4578:"Deaf Culture and Communication: A Basic Guide" 3803:(3rd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 7. 1820: 6683:The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories 6295:"Electric Fields Elicit Ballooning in Spiders" 6086: 5944:Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group 5673: 4707: 2602:An example of smell in non-mammals is that of 2282: 1958:) corpuscles. Follicles are also wrapped in a 1631:On February 14, 2013, researchers developed a 891:, which is carried along one or more afferent 398:, or different involuntary behaviors, such as 216:, or different involuntary behaviors, such as 6833: 6249:"Electroreceptive Mechanisms in the Platypus" 6189:Chae KS, Oh IT, Lee SH, Kim SC (2019-02-14). 5778:van Kleef J, Berry R, Stange G (March 2008). 5490: 4829: 4767:"Gustatory system: The finer points of taste" 4701: 4687:. United States of America: First MIT Press. 4614:Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology 4448:. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. 3680: 3332:Depictions of the five traditional senses as 2882:(or electroception) is the ability to detect 2501:result in sensations felt in the throat when 1809:Relating to auditory cognitive psychology is 1703:Hearing, or audition, is the transduction of 6847: 6481:(24). The Company of Biologists: 4231–4238. 6370: 6188: 4865: 4300:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92876/ 2913:has the most acute sense of electroception. 1692: 743:Human power exponents and Steven's Power Law 633: 525: 6648: 6646: 6029: 5624: 5095: 4932: 4651:Llin's RR, Llinás R, Churchland PS (1996). 4265:Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (1991). 3060:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2165: 1992: 1596:of the brain where patterns and objects in 6840: 6826: 6518:Environmental physiology of the amphibians 6259: 6137: 5754:"The illustrated story of the Vampire bat" 5580: 5113: 5103:"The Surprising Impact of Taste and Smell" 5042: 4833:The neural bases of multisensory processes 3207:Machine perception is the capability of a 2972:to a degree of accuracy such that a blind 1404: 761: 6610: 6575: 6406: 6396: 6326: 6224: 6214: 6092: 6004: 5978: 5803: 5705: 5648: 5516: 5424: 5340: 5281: 5256:Farr OM, Li Cs, Mantzoros CS (May 2016). 5232: 5078: 5068: 4989:"New Insight into People Who Taste Words" 4964: 4897: 4790: 4741: 4394: 4384: 4217:. Rice University (OpenStax). 2016-02-26. 3936: 3756: 3716: 3698: 3294:Learn how and when to remove this message 3080:Learn how and when to remove this message 2745:are also able to see in the ultraviolet. 2321:, whereas head movement is sensed by the 1981:in the skin are quite different from the 1908:is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or 1491: 1115:, Gustatory perception (taste or flavor) 868: 720: 502:by receptors and transmitted towards the 426:. Recent theory suggests that plants and 6643: 5363: 4654:Audtition: Cognitive Psychology of Music 4323: 4236:(4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. 3599: 3572: 2767:in their skin. Researchers believe that 2618:, and humans have also accumulated more 2585:Nonhuman animal sensation and perception 2527:Stimulation of sensory receptors in the 2497:Stimulation of sensory receptors in the 2234: 2041: 1643:light which for the first time provides 1229: 738: 45: 6035: 5981:"Neural correlates of a magnetic sense" 4871: 4764: 3823: 2763:have the ability to change color using 2454:in the brain that receives inputs from 2429:are found in the lungs and control the 2245:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa 1292: 241: 14: 8058: 6292: 5630: 5547: 4938: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4443: 4309: 4307: 4227: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4096: 3959: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3407:The Senses of Hearing, Touch and Taste 2802: 2790: 2717:have organs that allow them to detect 2535:may result in perceptions of fullness. 2443:if carbon dioxide levels get too high. 2325:. The neural signals generated in the 2180:. Unlike taste, there are hundreds of 1935:, the active molecule in hot peppers. 1518:of each eye that generates electrical 1156:Gustatory perception (taste or flavor) 7058:Somatosensory system (sense of touch) 6821: 6812:The Physiology of the Senses tutorial 6265: 6143: 5119: 4616:(31). Smithsonian Institution: 1–39. 4611: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4141: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4069: 4067: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3595: 3593: 3591: 806: 698: 437: 7043:Vestibular system (sense of balance) 4682: 4463: 4417: 3898: 3896: 3799:Wolfe J, Kluender K, Levi D (2012). 3681:Khalsa SS, Lapidus RC (2016-07-25). 3244: 3058:adding citations to reliable sources 3025: 2775:in species which only have a single 2625: 2524:and corresponding gagging sensation. 2375:that sense motion of fluid in three 2204:. Each olfactory sensory neuron has 2196:. This region is referred to as the 121:consists of a group of interrelated 6076:"Cattle shown to align north-south" 4671: 4516: 4452: 4360: 4317: 4304: 4221: 3524:Sensation and perception psychology 3197:Artificial sensation and perception 2945: 2874: 2733:and have the ability to see in the 820: 783:false positives and false negatives 678:(in certain mammals and fish), and 24: 7038:Auditory system (sense of hearing) 6687:. Merriam-Webster. 1991. pp. 5491:Gardiner JM, Atema J (July 2010). 5378:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x 4957:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141108 4836:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 4710:"Cellular basis of itch sensation" 4554:"Frequency range of human hearing" 4529: 4158: 4130: 4085: 4064: 3970:10.1016/b978-0-12-374203-2.00164-0 3826:Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals 3767: 3733: 3636:Tsakiris M, de Preester H (2019). 3588: 3158: 2610:have olfactory receptors on their 2589: 1541:of a photon is represented by its 1282: 954:Primary associated perception(s)) 220:. Some animals are able to detect 25: 8082: 7053:Gustatory system (sense of taste) 7048:Olfactory system (sense of smell) 6770: 6371:Tichy H, Kallina W (2013-01-16). 5637:Microscopy Research and Technique 4486:10.1038/scientificamerican1290-84 3893: 3145:; however, this is considered an 2934: 2909:orders. Among these mammals, the 2810: 358:(sense of balance) sensed by the 279: 7305:Infrared sensing in vampire bats 5022:10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02013.x 3905:"Humidity Sensing in Drosophila" 3418: 3398: 3381: 3249: 3030: 2255:, olfaction is processed by the 1751:, where the sound waves will be 362:and providing the perception of 7033:Visual system (sense of vision) 6749: 6713: 6672: 6619: 6598: 6509: 6475:Journal of Experimental Biology 6466: 6423: 6364: 6343: 6286: 6182: 5940:"The Magnetic Sense of Animals" 5907: 5896: 5871: 5820: 5746: 5732:pp. 57–101. In: Bardach, J. E. 5722: 5574: 5541: 5450:Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 5441: 5392: 5357: 5342:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004 5316: 5200: 5122:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 5043:Niimura Y, Nei M (2003-10-14). 5036: 5001: 4981: 4823: 4758: 4644: 4605: 4570: 4545: 4437: 4411: 4291: 4258: 4030:Journal of Experimental Biology 4020: 3985: 3953: 3859:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3125:direction/detection is used by 2841: 2408:. Specific receptors include: 2239:The sense of smell. Bequest of 1651:Visual perception in psychology 1611:The inability to see is called 5979:Wu LQ, Dickman JD (May 2012). 5796:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5556-07.2008 4941:"Is there a fatty acid taste?" 4830:Murray MM, Wallace MT (2012). 4386:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0910-09.2009 4326:American Journal of Psychology 3964:, Elsevier, pp. 461–468, 3850: 3817: 3573:Bradford A (23 October 2017). 3566: 3149:rather than a separate sense. 2142:, which are more sensitive to 923:sensory and perceptual system 268: 13: 1: 7175:Auditory perception (hearing) 6757:"Allegory of the Five Senses" 6168:10.1016/S0094-5765(00)00120-X 5274:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.002 5134:10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00090-4 4890:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.004 3871:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00389-6 3560: 3317:pañcannaṃ indriyānaṃ avakanti 3165:Plant perception (physiology) 2391:(which are small crystals of 1796:Auditory cognitive psychology 1735:. The three ossicles are the 1719:is the tympanic membrane, or 1244: 789:Private perceptive experience 693: 602:receptor is a protein in the 7821:Olfactory reference syndrome 7598:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 6398:10.1371/journal.pone.0053998 6216:10.1371/journal.pone.0211826 5225:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.021 4267:Principles of neural science 3575:"The Five (and More) Senses" 3223:in a way similar to humans. 2466:, and communicates with the 2329:are transmitted through the 2297:). Along with audition, the 2050:Within the structure of the 1985:thermoceptors in the brain ( 1821:Somatosensory system (touch) 1506:. The visual system detects 879:All stimuli received by the 554: 479: 66:, the process of gathering 41:Five senses (disambiguation) 7: 8020:Sensory processing disorder 7190:Gustation (taste or flavor) 7180:Equilibrioception (balance) 6788:4 October 2004) was won by 5784:The Journal of Neuroscience 4418:Warr P (14 February 2013). 4107:10.1007/978-3-030-24070-7_2 3544:Sensory processing disorder 3434: 3391:Allegory of the Five Senses 3350:Allegory of the Five Senses 3316: 3269:. The specific problem is: 2886:. Several species of fish, 2852:Certain animals, including 2729:and some other animals are 2427:Pulmonary stretch receptors 2419:) that are responsible for 2398: 2283:Vestibular system (balance) 1427: 530: 10: 8087: 7974:Supernumerary phantom limb 7310:Infrared sensing in snakes 7170:Visual perception (vision) 5962:Baylor College of Medicine 5603:10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.027 5010:Journal of Neuropsychology 4945:Annual Review of Nutrition 4872:Tordoff MG (August 2008). 3801:Sensation & perception 3230: 3226: 3200: 3162: 2952:Infrared sensing in snakes 2949: 2845: 2795:Many invertebrates have a 2448:chemoreceptor trigger zone 2286: 2169: 2105:G protein–coupled receptor 1996: 1824: 1696: 1654: 1495: 1287: 1248: 1233: 1196:, Glossopharyngeal (IX) + 872: 850: 824: 810: 792: 765: 724: 702: 483: 441: 283: 272: 38: 31: 8037: 7982: 7951: 7920: 7872: 7839: 7791: 7753: 7725:Microwave auditory effect 7685: 7583: 7576: 7549: 7526: 7498: 7457: 7399: 7388: 7356: 7333: 7280: 7271: 7224: 7162: 7119: 7066: 7023: 6980: 6971: 6962: 6910: 6892:Transduction (physiology) 6872: 6859: 6319:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.057 6293:Morley E (July 5, 2018). 6080:BBC News – Science/Nature 6046:10.1038/nature.2012.10540 5518:10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.053 4878:Physiology & Behavior 3929:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.049 3834:10.1007/978-1-4612-3714-3 2689: 2490:Stretch receptors in the 2437:Peripheral chemoreceptors 1802:that is dedicated to the 1693:Auditory system (hearing) 1551:electromagnetic radiation 1412:respond more strongly to 1064:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 895:towards a specific area ( 684:electromagnetic radiation 634:Functional receptor types 526:Structural receptor types 496:peripheral nervous system 374:(pain). Further internal 7730:Music-specific disorders 7086:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 5631:Takami S (August 2002). 5178:10.1177/0956797610389191 4765:Trivedi BP (June 2012). 4622:10.5479/si.00810258.31.1 3700:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00121 3604:. Pearson Education UK. 3514:Multisensory integration 3342:Flemish Baroque painters 3021: 2737:down to 300 nanometers. 2670: 2597: 2166:Olfactory system (smell) 1993:Gustatory system (taste) 1572:The three types of cone 1422:superior temporal sulcus 1257:philosophy of perception 1251:Philosophy of perception 1021:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 62:used by an organism for 7710:Auditory verbal agnosia 7564:Juxtacapillary receptor 6280:10.1002/scin.5591800512 6006:10.1126/science.1216567 5548:Devlin H (2017-05-11). 5070:10.1073/pnas.1635157100 4734:10.1126/science.1174868 4373:Journal of Neuroscience 3998:. New York: ASA Press. 3962:Encyclopedia of the Eye 3687:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3471:Increased sensitivity: 3462:Extrasensory perception 3344:. A typical example is 2331:vestibulocochlear nerve 2202:bipolar sensory neurons 857:Perception occurs when 768:Signal detection theory 762:Signal detection theory 7705:Auditory hallucination 7315:Surface wave detection 6920:Multimodal integration 6782:Physiology or Medicine 6761:The Walters Art Museum 6432:Journal of Herpetology 6115:10.1126/science.170679 4587:. 2010. Archived from 4585:Victorian Deaf Society 4232:Molecular cell biology 4214:Anatomy and Physiology 4142:Serov A (2013-01-27). 3411:Jan Brueghel the Elder 3191:ultrasonic frequencies 2832:Magnetotactic bacteria 2492:gastrointestinal tract 2248: 2047: 2037:multimodal integration 1492:Visual system (vision) 1236:Multimodal integration 875:Sensory nervous system 869:Sensory nervous system 744: 727:Differential threshold 721:Differential threshold 504:central nervous system 330:(sense of smell), and 51: 34:Sense (disambiguation) 27:Physiological capacity 7964:Phantom limb syndrome 7912:Tactile hallucination 7101:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 6902:Active sensory system 6656:(1880). "King Lear". 6654:Horace Howard Furness 6591:(Erratum: 5329:Biological Psychology 5306:"How Your Lungs Work" 5166:Psychological Science 4099:Machine Understanding 3231:Further information: 2956:The ability to sense 2892:Ampullae of Lorenzini 2777:photoreceptor protein 2516:Sensory receptors in 2238: 2208:that extend from the 2194:superior nasal cavity 2045: 1639:the ability to sense 1405:Multimodal perception 1230:Multimodal perception 1146:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 1078:Balance (equilibrium) 742: 600:transmembrane protein 589:lamellated corpuscles 585:temperature receptors 370:(body position); and 350:, and the ability to 49: 7773:Labyrinthine fistula 7740:Spatial hearing loss 7439:Campaniform sensilla 7154:Somatosensory cortex 6305:(14): 2324–2330.e2. 5728:Atema, Jelle (1980) 4558:The Physics Factbook 4532:"Gestalt Psychology" 3600:Campbell NA (2017). 3425:In this painting by 3276:improve this section 3265:to meet Knowledge's 3054:improve this section 2781:chromatic aberration 2477:levels in diabetics. 2198:olfactory epithelium 2146:such as bitterness. 2015:exist within taste: 1827:Somatosensory system 1800:cognitive psychology 1715:. At the end of the 1203:Somatosensory cortex 1189:Somatosensory system 1113:Olfactory perception 853:Sensory neuroscience 748:Magnitude estimation 324:somatosensory system 322:(sense of hearing), 259:cognitive psychology 196:(body position) and 7559:Nociceptin receptor 7429:Merkel nerve ending 7414:Mechanotransduction 6721:Clive Staples Lewis 6560:10.1038/nature08943 6552:2010Natur.464.1006G 6520:. pp. 395–436. 6389:2013PLoSO...853998T 6311:2018CBio...28E2324M 6207:2019PLoSO..1411826C 6160:2000AcAau..47..775U 6107:1975Sci...190..377B 5997:2012Sci...336.1054W 5991:(6084): 1054–1057. 5841:1999Natur.401..873M 5686:Human Brain Mapping 5509:2010CBio...20.1187G 5061:2003PNAS..10012235N 5055:(21): 12235–12240. 4997:. 22 November 2006. 4783:2012Natur.486S...2T 4726:2009Sci...325.1531S 4720:(5947): 1531–1534. 4478:1990SciAm.263f..84R 4466:Scientific American 4379:(35): 10950–10960. 3921:2016CBio...26.1352E 3534:Sensitivity (human) 3467:Entoptic phenomenon 3369:Buddhist philosophy 3308:William Shakespeare 3147:entoptic phenomenon 2848:Animal echolocation 2803:Non-human analogues 2791:Spatial orientation 2665:vestigial in humans 2481:Cutaneous receptors 2377:semicircular canals 2327:vestibular ganglion 2323:semicircular canals 2182:olfactory receptors 2119:) dissolved in the 2011:. A few recognized 1872:, generally in the 1549:. Visible light is 1304:for the nine to 21 1302:absolute thresholds 1128:Chemical substance 1031:Auditory perception 924: 861:that lead from the 364:spatial orientation 318:(sense of vision), 306:Sensory organs are 190:spatial orientation 7921:Nociception (pain) 7513:Olfactory receptor 7465:Photoreceptor cell 7419:Lamellar corpuscle 7343:Photomorphogenesis 7205:nociception (pain) 6897:Sensory processing 6805:2013-12-13 at the 5650:10.1002/jemt.10094 5462:10.1007/BF00998623 5417:10.1111/psyp.12503 4939:Mattes RD (2009). 4539:Gestalt Psychology 4228:Lodish HF (2000). 4081:. 10 January 2017. 4042:10.1242/jeb.042440 3529:Sense of direction 3346:Gérard de Lairesse 3203:Machine perception 2979:parallel evolution 2869:human echolocation 2749:can perceive both 2723:common vampire bat 2579:perception of time 2450:is an area of the 2421:energy homeostasis 2305:—a hair cell with 2249: 2226:membrane potential 2048: 1968:bulbous corpuscles 1917:free nerve endings 1880:, but also in the 1657:Gestalt psychology 1414:multimodal stimuli 1293:Absolute threshold 1208:Tactile perception 1088:Chemical substance 1036:Hearing (audition) 918: 813:Sensory adaptation 807:Sensory adaptation 756:Steven's power law 745: 705:Absolute threshold 699:Absolute threshold 644:membrane potential 610:or changes in the 520:membrane potential 444:Sensory modalities 438:Sensory modalities 326:(sense of touch), 242:Sensory modalities 52: 8053: 8052: 8038:Biases and errors 8033: 8032: 7969:Somatoparaphrenia 7938:Pain dissociation 7783:Ménière's disease 7715:Cortical deafness 7593:Visual impairment 7572: 7571: 7434:Bulbous corpuscle 7424:Tactile corpuscle 7392:sensory receptors 7384: 7383: 7267: 7266: 7220: 7219: 7185:Olfaction (smell) 7139:Vestibular cortex 7121:Cerebral cortices 6958: 6957: 6945:Motion perception 6734:978-0-521-39831-2 6723:(1990). "Sense". 6698:978-0-87779-603-9 6487:10.1242/jeb.01278 6438:(2). JSTOR: 208. 6147:Acta Astronautica 6101:(4212): 377–379. 5835:(6756): 873–874. 5790:(11): 2845–2855. 5740:978-971-02-0003-0 5698:10.1002/hbm.21035 5503:(13): 1187–1191. 5411:(11): 1432–1440. 5172:(12): 1835–1844. 4843:978-1-4398-1219-8 4694:978-0-262-03256-8 4664:978-0-262-12198-9 4444:Kohler W (1947). 4116:978-3-030-24069-1 4036:(11): 1940–1949. 4005:978-1-4939-3527-7 3979:978-0-12-374203-2 3915:(10): 1352–1358. 3843:978-1-4612-8317-1 3810:978-0-87893-572-7 3649:978-0-19-881193-0 3611:978-1-292-17044-2 3497:Auditory illusion 3360:-like boy with a 3356:, hearing is the 3304: 3303: 3296: 3267:quality standards 3258:This section may 3143:Haidinger's brush 3090: 3089: 3082: 2995:electrophysiology 2968:between 5 and 30 2928:Body modification 2644:vomeronasal organ 2626:Vomeronasal organ 2620:genetic mutations 2549:direct DNA damage 2393:calcium carbonate 2295:equilibrioception 2289:Vestibular system 2230:olfactory neurons 2128:neurotransmitters 2117:sugar substitutes 2064:neurotransmitters 1624:this is known as 1504:visual perception 1450:vestibular system 1402: 1401: 1297:Some examples of 1227: 1226: 1222:Touch (tactition) 1161:Taste (gustation) 1119:Smell (olfaction) 1073:Equilibrioception 1068:Vestibular cortex 1060:Vestibular system 991:Visual perception 932:Physical stimulus 573:connective tissue 565:free nerve ending 428:artificial agents 408:electrical fields 356:vestibular system 263:cognitive science 186:vestibular system 60:biological system 16:(Redirected from 8078: 7700:Auditory agnosia 7632:Optic neuropathy 7581: 7580: 7449:Stretch receptor 7397: 7396: 7295:Magnetoreception 7290:Electroreception 7278: 7277: 7200:mechanoreception 7149:Gustatory cortex 7144:Olfactory cortex 6978: 6977: 6969: 6968: 6887:Sensory receptor 6870: 6869: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6765: 6764: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6725:Studies in Words 6717: 6711: 6710: 6686: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6589: 6579: 6531: 6522: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6400: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6251:. Archived from 6245: 6239: 6238: 6228: 6218: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6008: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5964:. Archived from 5954: 5948: 5947: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5917:. Archived from 5911: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5881:. Archived from 5875: 5869: 5868: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5756:. Archived from 5750: 5744: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5652: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5520: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5428: 5405:Psychophysiology 5396: 5390: 5389: 5366:Psychophysiology 5361: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5285: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5109:. 5 August 2008. 5099: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5072: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4968: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4901: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4794: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4745: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4683:Cook PR (1999). 4680: 4669: 4668: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4527: 4514: 4513: 4461: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4398: 4388: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4209: 4156: 4155: 4139: 4128: 4127: 4094: 4083: 4082: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3995:Bat bioacoustics 3989: 3983: 3982: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3765: 3764: 3754: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3702: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3633: 3624: 3623: 3597: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3570: 3502:Optical illusion 3422: 3402: 3385: 3319: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3176:computationalism 3117:electrical sense 3085: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3034: 3026: 2946:Infrared sensing 2918:vibrissal crypts 2880:Electroreception 2875:Electroreception 2431:respiratory rate 2369:vestibular nerve 2257:olfactory cortex 2178:chemical stimuli 2172:Olfactory system 2152:free fatty acids 2101: 2095: 2076:glossopharyngeal 2052:lingual papillae 1999:Gustatory system 1929:body temperature 1645:living creatures 1311: 1310: 1212:mechanoreception 1151:Gustatory cortex 1137:Gustatory system 1108:Olfactory cortex 1098:Olfactory system 945:Cranial nerve(s) 925: 917: 889:action potential 827:Fourier analysis 821:Fourier analysis 801:propylthiouracil 715:signal detection 676:electroreceptors 656:mechanoreceptors 624:graded potential 620:action potential 500:action potential 486:Sensory receptor 332:gustatory system 328:olfactory system 151:sensory cortices 135:mechanoreceptors 117:In organisms, a 21: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8071:Sensory systems 8056: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8029: 7978: 7947: 7916: 7868: 7835: 7787: 7749: 7681: 7672:Stereoblindness 7613:Color blindness 7568: 7545: 7522: 7494: 7453: 7401:Mechanoreceptor 7390: 7380: 7376:Machine hearing 7371:Computer vision 7366:Robotic sensing 7352: 7329: 7263: 7216: 7158: 7134:Auditory cortex 7115: 7062: 7025:Sensory systems 7019: 6954: 6906: 6864: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6807:Wayback Machine 6773: 6768: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6735: 6718: 6714: 6699: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6651: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6631:www.ccs.fau.edu 6625: 6624: 6620: 6603: 6599: 6590: 6532: 6525: 6514: 6510: 6471: 6467: 6444:10.2307/1564650 6428: 6424: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6299:Current Biology 6291: 6287: 6264: 6260: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6201:(2): e0211826. 6187: 6183: 6142: 6138: 6091: 6087: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6034: 6030: 5977: 5973: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5924: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5897: 5888: 5886: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5825: 5821: 5776: 5772: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5727: 5723: 5678: 5674: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5579: 5575: 5566: 5564: 5546: 5542: 5497:Current Biology 5489: 5485: 5446: 5442: 5397: 5393: 5362: 5358: 5321: 5317: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5254: 5250: 5205: 5201: 5161: 5157: 5118: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5041: 5037: 5006: 5002: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4937: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4777:(7403): S2–S3. 4763: 4759: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4681: 4672: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4562: 4560: 4550: 4546: 4534: 4528: 4517: 4462: 4453: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4416: 4412: 4365: 4361: 4338:10.2307/1419604 4322: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4296: 4292: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4244: 4226: 4222: 4211: 4210: 4159: 4140: 4131: 4117: 4095: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4025: 4021: 4006: 3990: 3986: 3980: 3958: 3954: 3909:Current Biology 3901: 3894: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3797: 3768: 3755: 3734: 3679: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3650: 3634: 3627: 3612: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3414: 3403: 3394: 3386: 3323:Katha Upanishad 3306:In the time of 3300: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3273: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3229: 3209:computer system 3205: 3199: 3167: 3161: 3159:Plant sensation 3123:Polarized light 3107:, found in the 3086: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3051: 3035: 3024: 2954: 2948: 2937: 2884:electric fields 2877: 2850: 2844: 2813: 2805: 2793: 2773:cephalopod eyes 2751:polarized light 2703:tapetum lucidum 2692: 2673: 2656:monitor lizards 2628: 2600: 2592: 2590:Human analogues 2587: 2529:urinary bladder 2468:vomiting center 2401: 2303:mechanoreceptor 2291: 2285: 2174: 2168: 2144:noxious stimuli 2099: 2093: 2068:sensory neurons 2001: 1995: 1921:thermoreceptors 1892:. A variety of 1862:Somatosensation 1840:, light touch, 1829: 1823: 1811:psychoacoustics 1804:auditory system 1798:is a branch of 1761:Eustachian tube 1701: 1699:Auditory system 1695: 1659: 1653: 1500: 1494: 1430: 1407: 1306:external senses 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283:Human sensation 1261:perceptual data 1253: 1247: 1238: 1232: 1026:Auditory cortex 1016:Auditory system 950:Cerebral cortex 877: 871: 855: 849: 829: 823: 815: 809: 797: 791: 770: 764: 729: 723: 707: 701: 696: 672:thermoreceptors 636: 628:sensory neurons 557: 533: 528: 488: 482: 474:sensory neurons 446: 440: 420:polarized light 412:magnetic fields 320:auditory system 310:that sense and 304: 284:Main articles: 282: 277: 271: 234:polarized light 226:magnetic fields 147:thermoreceptors 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8084: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7952:Proprioception 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7797: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7528:Thermoreceptor 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7508:Taste receptor 7504: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7394: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7286: 7284: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7234:Proprioception 7230: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7106:Trigeminal (V) 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6982:Sensory organs 6975: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6916: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6867: 6857: 6856: 6845: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6797: 6772: 6771:External links 6769: 6767: 6766: 6748: 6733: 6712: 6697: 6671: 6642: 6618: 6612:10.1101/507590 6597: 6523: 6508: 6465: 6422: 6363: 6342: 6285: 6258: 6255:on 1999-02-09. 6240: 6181: 6154:(10): 775–80. 6136: 6085: 6067: 6028: 5971: 5968:on 2012-05-10. 5949: 5931: 5906: 5895: 5870: 5819: 5770: 5745: 5721: 5692:(3): 450–460. 5672: 5643:(3): 228–250. 5623: 5585:(2005-02-14). 5573: 5540: 5483: 5456:(4): 317–392. 5440: 5391: 5372:(4): 483–488. 5356: 5315: 5297: 5268:(5): 699–713. 5248: 5199: 5155: 5128:(4): 500–505. 5112: 5094: 5035: 5016:(2): 243–254. 5000: 4980: 4931: 4913: 4884:(5): 649–659. 4864: 4842: 4822: 4792:10.1038/486s2a 4757: 4700: 4693: 4670: 4663: 4643: 4604: 4569: 4544: 4515: 4451: 4436: 4410: 4359: 4332:(2): 208–220. 4316: 4303: 4290: 4275: 4257: 4242: 4220: 4157: 4129: 4115: 4084: 4063: 4019: 4004: 3984: 3978: 3952: 3892: 3865:(6): 735–744. 3849: 3842: 3816: 3809: 3766: 3732: 3670: 3648: 3625: 3610: 3587: 3577:. Live Science 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507:Touch illusion 3504: 3499: 3489: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3427:Pietro Paolini 3424: 3417: 3415: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3302: 3301: 3257: 3255: 3248: 3228: 3225: 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3189:that can hear 3163:Main article: 3160: 3157: 3153:Slit sensillae 3088: 3087: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3020: 2950:Main article: 2947: 2944: 2940:Hygroreception 2936: 2935:Hygroreception 2933: 2876: 2873: 2846:Main article: 2843: 2840: 2820:magnetic field 2816:Magnetoception 2812: 2811:Magnetoception 2809: 2804: 2801: 2792: 2789: 2765:chromatophores 2747:Mantis shrimps 2691: 2688: 2672: 2669: 2630:Many animals ( 2627: 2624: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2525: 2514: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2471: 2444: 2434: 2424: 2400: 2397: 2350:sagittal plane 2287:Main article: 2284: 2281: 2241:Mrs E.G. Elgar 2210:apical surface 2186:Odor molecules 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2109:depolarization 2083:cranial nerves 2009:taste (flavor) 2005:sensory system 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1944:stratum basale 1878:hair follicles 1864:, also called 1825:Main article: 1822: 1819: 1717:auditory canal 1697:Main article: 1694: 1691: 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1633:neural implant 1520:nerve impulses 1512:photoreceptors 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1486:chemoreceptors 1429: 1426: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1249:Main article: 1246: 1243: 1234:Main article: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1205: 1200: 1194:Trigeminal (V) 1191: 1186: 1181: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 999: 998: 996:Sight (vision) 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 959: 958: 955: 952: 947: 942: 940:Sensory system 937: 936:Sensory organ 934: 929: 873:Main article: 870: 867: 863:sensory organs 851:Main article: 848: 845: 825:Main article: 822: 819: 811:Main article: 808: 805: 793:Main article: 790: 787: 778:nervous system 766:Main article: 763: 760: 752:psychophysical 725:Main article: 722: 719: 703:Main article: 700: 697: 695: 692: 688:thermoreceptor 664:chemoreceptors 660:photoreceptors 648:macromolecules 635: 632: 612:cell signaling 556: 553: 532: 529: 527: 524: 508:receptor cells 484:Main article: 481: 478: 442:Main article: 439: 436: 376:chemoreception 368:proprioception 281: 280:Sensory organs 278: 273:Main article: 270: 267: 194:proprioception 143:chemoreceptors 139:photoreceptors 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8083: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8010:Hallucination 8008: 8006: 8005:Derealization 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7959:Asomatognosia 7957: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7897:Hyperesthesia 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7882:Astereognosis 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Labyrinthitis 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7500:Chemoreceptor 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458:Photoreceptor 7456: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7444:Slit sensilla 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7259:Visceral pain 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7211: 7210:thermoception 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129:Visual cortex 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091:Olfactory (I) 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7073:spinal nerves 7070: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930:Consciousness 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6613: 6608: 6601: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6383:(1): e53998. 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6352: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5921:on 2019-12-25 5920: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5899: 5885:on 2018-07-21 5884: 5880: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849:10.1038/44751 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5760:on 2007-11-04 5759: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5312:. 2000-10-06. 5311: 5310:HowStuffWorks 5307: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5098: 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MIT Press. 4656: 4655: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4594:on 2011-02-26 4590: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4447: 4440: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4276:0-8385-8034-3 4272: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4243:0-7167-3136-3 4239: 4234: 4233: 4224: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3632: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3480:Hyperesthesia 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3354:convex mirror 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3295: 3287: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3221:sensory input 3218: 3214: 3211:to interpret 3210: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3187:hearing range 3184: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3172:functionalism 3166: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:mantis shrimp 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3084: 3081: 3073: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3039:This section 3037: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2896:communication 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2800: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2755:multispectral 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2731:tetrachromats 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2582: 2580: 2572: 2571:Baroreceptors 2569: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557:keratinocytes 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200:and contains 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:submodalities 2010: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:thermoceptors 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1606:visual memory 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:visual cortex 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1498:Visual system 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:exteroceptors 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1242: 1237: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216:thermoception 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1198:Spinal nerves 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:Olfactory (I) 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 986:Visual cortex 984: 982: 979: 977: 976:Visual system 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 961: 960: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 935: 933: 930: 927: 926: 922: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 876: 866: 864: 860: 854: 844: 842: 838: 834: 828: 818: 814: 804: 802: 796: 786: 784: 779: 775: 769: 759: 757: 753: 749: 741: 737: 735: 728: 718: 716: 712: 706: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 649: 645: 642:stimuli into 641: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 604:cell membrane 601: 596: 594: 593:photoreceptor 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:receptor cell 574: 570: 566: 562: 552: 550: 549:carotid sinus 546: 542: 538: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 487: 477: 475: 471: 468:, spicy, and 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 445: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380:osmoreception 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:visual system 313: 309: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 276: 275:Psychophysics 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:psychophysics 247: 246:Multimodality 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:interoception 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 131:spinal nerves 128: 124: 123:sensory cells 120: 119:sensory organ 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 48: 42: 35: 30: 19: 7943:Phantom pain 7928:Hyperalgesia 7902:Hypoesthesia 7720:Hearing loss 7541:TRP channels 7518:Osmoreceptor 7485:Photopigment 7409:Baroreceptor 7348:Gravitropism 7320:Frog hearing 7300:Echolocation 7281: 7096:Facial (VII) 6873: 6848: 6790:Richard Axel 6751: 6724: 6715: 6682: 6674: 6657: 6634:. Retrieved 6630: 6621: 6600: 6543: 6539: 6517: 6511: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6355:. Retrieved 6353:. 5 May 2005 6345: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6271: 6268:Science News 6267: 6261: 6253:the original 6243: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6037: 6031: 5988: 5984: 5974: 5966:the original 5961: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5923:. Retrieved 5919:the original 5909: 5898: 5887:. Retrieved 5883:the original 5873: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5762:. Retrieved 5758:the original 5748: 5733: 5724: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5614:. Retrieved 5594: 5590: 5576: 5565:. Retrieved 5554:The Guardian 5553: 5543: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4994:Live Science 4992: 4983: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4926:Sciencedaily 4925: 4916: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4855:. Retrieved 4832: 4825: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4684: 4653: 4646: 4613: 4607: 4596:. Retrieved 4589:the original 4584: 4572: 4561:. Retrieved 4557: 4547: 4538: 4472:(6): 84–91. 4469: 4465: 4445: 4439: 4427:. Retrieved 4423: 4413: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4293: 4266: 4260: 4231: 4223: 4213: 4143: 4098: 4078: 4033: 4029: 4022: 3994: 3987: 3961: 3955: 3912: 3908: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3825: 3819: 3800: 3759: 3690: 3686: 3661:. Retrieved 3638: 3601: 3579:. Retrieved 3568: 3519:Phantom limb 3457:Chemesthesis 3447:Apperception 3406: 3390: 3366: 3349: 3331: 3314: 3312: 3305: 3290: 3281: 3274:Please help 3270: 3259: 3206: 3180: 3168: 3151: 3121: 3109:lateral line 3102: 3098:weather fish 3091: 3076: 3067: 3052:Please help 3040: 3016: 2955: 2938: 2926: 2923: 2915: 2900: 2878: 2866: 2851: 2842:Echolocation 2814: 2806: 2794: 2759: 2693: 2674: 2629: 2601: 2593: 2576: 2509:, or during 2417:hypothalamus 2402: 2366: 2343: 2292: 2250: 2191: 2175: 2160: 2148: 2125: 2087: 2060:transduction 2049: 2002: 1987:hypothalamus 1972: 1940:Merkel cells 1937: 1914: 1830: 1808: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1773: 1759:through the 1725:external ear 1702: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662:Experience. 1660: 1630: 1610: 1586: 1571: 1532: 1501: 1431: 1417: 1408: 1296: 1267:, including 1256: 1254: 1239: 1142:Facial (VII) 1050:acceleration 878: 856: 830: 816: 798: 771: 746: 730: 708: 668:osmoreceptor 653: 637: 608:ion channels 597: 558: 541:interoceptor 537:exteroceptor 534: 516:transduction 489: 450:transduction 447: 424:echolocation 416:air moisture 404: 305: 255:neurobiology 238:echolocation 230:air moisture 159: 116: 96:transduction 63: 55: 53: 29: 18:Sense organs 8025:Synesthesia 7933:Hypoalgesia 7907:Paresthesia 7892:Formication 7887:CMT disease 7854:Hypergeusia 7677:Visual snow 7652:Photophobia 7647:Papilledema 7637:Oscillopsia 7623:Hemeralopia 7490:Aureochrome 7325:Toad vision 7249:Suffocation 7163:Perceptions 6778:Nobel Prize 6658:Shakespeare 5581:Niimura Y, 5219:: 215–220. 5107:LiveScience 4951:: 305–327. 4530:Boeree CG. 4429:14 February 3553:Ideasthesia 3549:Synesthesia 3485:Supertaster 3475:Hyperacusis 3389:Lairesse's 3278:if you can. 3094:gas bladder 3011:endothermic 2974:rattlesnake 2966:wavelengths 2761:Cephalopods 2743:dragonflies 2735:ultraviolet 2680:butterflies 2632:salamanders 2561:ultraviolet 2553:melanocytes 2511:acid reflux 2475:blood sugar 2441:suffocation 2406:alexithymia 2307:stereocilia 1983:homeostatic 1925:nociceptors 1906:Paresthesia 1858:kinesthesia 1850:temperature 1705:sound waves 1635:that gives 1559:ultraviolet 1277:materialism 1269:panpsychism 1179:temperature 734:Weber's Law 711:sense organ 680:nociceptors 563:that has a 392:suffocation 372:nociception 269:Definitions 210:suffocation 198:nociception 68:information 8060:Categories 8045:Pareidolia 8000:Allochiria 7983:Multimodal 7864:Parageusia 7859:Hypogeusia 7831:Phantosmia 7811:Hyperosmia 7755:Vestibular 7735:Palinopsia 7695:Amblyaudia 7642:Palinopsia 7627:Nyctalopia 7551:Nociceptor 7358:Artificial 7081:Optic (II) 6912:Perception 6861:Processes 6853:perception 6794:Linda Buck 6636:2016-06-18 6357:2011-04-23 5925:2018-05-10 5889:2018-05-10 5764:2007-05-25 5567:2019-04-10 5262:Metabolism 4857:22 January 4630:10088/2430 4598:2013-08-01 4563:2022-01-22 4152:1106181879 4014:1127113751 3760:Psychology 3663:22 January 3658:1036733582 3620:1017000156 3581:2021-06-16 3561:References 3405:Detail of 3284:March 2020 3131:Cuttlefish 3113:hair cells 3070:April 2023 3003:Loreal pit 2707:Pit vipers 2648:pheromones 2559:can sense 2522:gag reflex 2503:swallowing 2339:cerebellum 2335:brain stem 2277:depression 2265:pheromones 2214:epithelium 2136:gag reflex 2056:taste buds 1975:pit vipers 1902:anesthesia 1876:including 1765:swallowing 1753:transduced 1729:middle ear 1626:blindsight 1602:recognized 1590:stereopsis 1543:wavelength 1355:Vestibular 1245:Philosophy 981:Optic (II) 885:transduced 694:Thresholds 640:transduces 222:electrical 100:perception 7841:Gustatory 7793:Olfactory 7657:Photopsia 7603:Amaurosis 7577:Disorders 7470:Cone cell 7389:Types of 7000:Inner ear 6935:Cognition 6925:Awareness 6874:Sensation 6849:Sensation 6786:announced 6776:The 2004 6743:489987083 6568:0028-0836 6495:1477-9145 6452:0022-1511 6274:(5): 12. 6062:124524864 6054:1744-7933 6023:206538783 5597:: 23–28. 5562:0261-3077 5335:: 65–74. 4852:759160178 4801:0028-0836 4638:0081-0258 4125:201148242 4050:0022-0949 3709:1664-0640 3539:Sensorium 3492:Illusions 3452:Attention 3442:Aesthesis 3233:Five wits 3041:does not 3007:Viperidae 2985:and some 2983:pitvipers 2907:monotreme 2858:cetaceans 2836:Rhodopsin 2797:statocyst 2713:and some 2642:) have a 2499:esophagus 2399:Internal 2364:) space. 2311:vestibule 2299:inner ear 2273:seasoning 2216:into the 2206:dendrites 2132:dendrites 2130:onto the 1948:epidermis 1933:capsaicin 1870:receptors 1866:tactition 1838:vibration 1777:inner ear 1749:inner ear 1613:blindness 1578:grayscale 1055:Inner ear 899:) of the 881:receptors 837:frequency 833:sine wave 569:dendrites 555:Cell type 512:cell type 480:Receptors 360:inner ear 312:transduce 104:cognition 64:sensation 7826:Parosmia 7816:Hyposmia 7806:Dysosmia 7745:Tinnitus 7687:Auditory 7662:Polyopia 7618:Diplopia 7475:Rod cell 7273:Nonhuman 7226:Internal 7067:Sensory 6973:External 6882:Stimulus 6865:concepts 6803:Archived 6707:24246335 6586:20228791 6503:15531644 6417:23342058 6377:PLOS ONE 6337:29983315 6235:30763322 6195:PLOS ONE 6176:11543576 6015:22539554 5857:10553902 5814:18337415 5716:20578170 5667:43164826 5659:12203701 5616:25 March 5611:15716099 5535:13530789 5527:20541411 5478:23665190 5435:26265009 5351:25451381 5292:27085777 5243:27253723 5186:21106893 5150:16369323 5142:12965300 5089:14507991 5030:21923788 4975:19400700 4908:18499198 4809:22717400 4752:19661382 4510:36335141 4494:24997014 4424:Wired UK 4405:19726653 4354:13896303 4314:427–438. 4285:27216558 4252:41266312 4058:20472781 3947:27161501 3887:15577608 3879:12490267 3727:27504098 3435:See also 3362:triangle 3334:allegory 3260:require 3217:hardware 3183:stressed 3105:vortices 2958:infrared 2911:platypus 2785:dumbbell 2779:may use 2719:infrared 2636:reptiles 2612:antennae 2507:vomiting 2485:blushing 2464:hormones 2389:otoliths 2383:and the 2373:ampullae 2346:anterior 1956:Meissner 1952:Pacinian 1910:numbness 1894:pressure 1834:pressure 1785:deafness 1733:ossicles 1721:ear drum 1641:infrared 1621:infarcts 1555:infrared 1428:External 1171:Position 531:Location 430:such as 400:vomiting 218:vomiting 184:and the 108:behavior 7995:Agnosia 7874:Tactile 7849:Ageusia 7801:Anosmia 7763:Vertigo 7667:Scotoma 7608:Anopsia 7069:cranial 6940:Feeling 6679:"wit". 6666:1932507 6607:bioRxiv 6577:2855400 6548:Bibcode 6460:1564650 6408:3546976 6385:Bibcode 6328:6065530 6307:Bibcode 6226:6375564 6203:Bibcode 6156:Bibcode 6131:5139699 6103:Bibcode 6095:Science 5993:Bibcode 5985:Science 5865:4360184 5837:Bibcode 5805:6670670 5707:3607301 5505:Bibcode 5426:4821012 5386:7267933 5283:4834455 5234:4962768 5194:9696806 5057:Bibcode 4966:2843518 4899:2574908 4817:4325945 4779:Bibcode 4743:2786498 4722:Bibcode 4714:Science 4502:2270461 4474:Bibcode 4396:3343457 4346:1419604 3938:5305172 3917:Bibcode 3718:4958623 3693:: 121. 3602:Biology 3373:Ayatana 3327:chariot 3262:cleanup 3241:Indriya 3237:Āyatana 3227:Culture 3135:beetles 3133:, some 3062:removed 3047:sources 2999:anatomy 2991:pythons 2903:dolphin 2711:pythons 2684:Catfish 2661:flehmen 2640:mammals 2608:Insects 2565:sunburn 2518:pharynx 2458:-borne 2452:medulla 2385:saccule 2381:utricle 2354:ampulla 2333:to the 2319:saccule 2315:utricle 2261:anosmia 2251:In the 2243:, 1945 2228:in the 2212:of the 2156:ageusia 2140:pharynx 2113:glucose 2090:cations 2070:in the 1946:of the 1898:itching 1815:Haptics 1769:yawning 1757:pharynx 1737:malleus 1713:auricle 1514:in the 1474:balance 1466:hearing 1329:Hearing 1314:Number 1288:General 1273:dualism 1046:Gravity 928:Number 909:sensory 905:sensory 893:neurons 841:encoded 626:in the 616:ligands 567:, with 492:Stimuli 340:hearing 153:in the 127:cranial 112:thought 92:hearing 72:stimuli 8066:Senses 7585:Visual 7536:Cilium 7282:Animal 7254:Nausea 7244:Thirst 7239:Hunger 7111:Spinal 6950:Qualia 6741: 6731: 6705: 6695: 6664: 6609: 6584: 6574: 6566: 6540:Nature 6501: 6493: 6458: 6450: 6415: 6405: 6335: 6325: 6233: 6223: 6174: 6129: 6123:170679 6121: 6060: 6052: 6038:Nature 6021: 6013: 5863: 5855: 5829:Nature 5812: 5802: 5738: 5714: 5704: 5665: 5657: 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