1489:
3520:
3081:
59:
31:
3508:
1511:
3435:
2414:
3065:
3446:
2998:
2080:
3147:) of the muscles of the tongue. This will lead to weakness of tongue movement on that side. When damaged and extended, the tongue will move towards the weaker or damaged side, as shown in the image. The fasciculations of the tongue are sometimes said to look like a "bag of worms". Damage to the nerve tract or nucleus will not lead to atrophy or fasciculations, but only weakness of the muscles on the same side as the damage.
2883:
3493:(fishes and amphibians), the accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) do not exist, with the accessory nerve (XI) being an integral part of the vagus nerve (X); the hypoglossal nerve (XII) is represented by a variable number of spinal nerves emerging from vertebral segments fused into the occiput. These two nerves only became discrete nerves in the ancestors of amniotes. The very small
1475:
2067:. The facial nerve then reaches the side of the face by using the stylomastoid foramen, also in the temporal bone. Its fibers then spread out to reach and control all of the muscles of facial expression. The vestibulocochlear nerve reaches the organs that control balance and hearing in the temporal bone and therefore does not reach the external surface of the skull.
3420:
named the 12 pairs of nerves that are generally accepted today. However, because many of the nerves emerge from the brain stem as rootlets, there is continual debate as to how many nerves there actually are, and how they should be grouped. For example, there is reason to consider both the olfactory
2082:
2111:
and ectodermal placodes. The components of the sensory nervous system of the head are derived from the neural crest and from an embryonic cell population developing in close proximity, the cranial sensory placodes (the olfactory, lens, otic, trigeminal, epibranchial and paratympanic placodes). The
2086:
2085:
2081:
3043:
Loss of function of the vagus nerve (X) will lead to a loss of parasympathetic supply to a very large number of structures. Major effects of damage to the vagus nerve may include a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Isolated dysfunction of only the vagus nerve is rare, but – if the lesion is
2307:
Abbreviations: CN, cranial nerve; m, purely motor nerve; mix, mixed nerve (sensory and motor); NC, neural crest; PA, pharyngeal (branchial) arch; r, rhombomere; s, purely sensory nerve. * There is no known ganglion of the accessory nerve. The cranial part of the accessory nerve sends occasional
2087:
2445:
controlled by the abducens nerve (VI). This means the ability of the eye to look down and inwards is controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), the ability to look outwards is controlled by the abducens nerve (VI), and all other movements are controlled by the oculomotor nerve (III)
2479:
Damage to the trochlear nerve (IV) can also cause double vision with the eye adducted and elevated. The result will be an eye which can not move downwards properly (especially downwards when in an inward position). This is due to impairment in the superior oblique muscle.
2084:
3371:
sheathes which surround the cranial nerves, may cause a variety of shifting symptoms affecting multiple cranial nerves. Inflammation may also affect other cranial nerves. Other rarer inflammatory causes affecting the function of multiple cranial nerves include
2070:
The glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) and accessory nerve (XI) all leave the skull via the jugular foramen to enter the neck. The glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensation to the upper throat and the back of the tongue, the vagus supplies the muscles in the
3274:
of the optic nerve (II), leading to visual field loss. A pituitary tumour may also extend into the cavernous sinus, compressing the oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI), leading to double-vision and
3178:
to examine the cranial nerves. This is a highly formalised series of steps involving specific tests for each nerve. Dysfunction of a nerve identified during testing may point to a problem with the nerve or of a part of the brain.
1596:. The paths within the skull are called "intracranial" and the paths outside the skull are called "extracranial". There are many holes in the skull called "foramina" by which the nerves can exit the skull. All cranial nerves are
1585:) of their position on the brain, as, when viewing the forebrain and brainstem from below, they are often visible in their numeric order. For example, the olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) arise from the base of the
3986:. coordinator, art; photographer, illustrator, Claire W. Garrison, illustrator, Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant, Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical (4th ed.). London: Prentice Hall International. pp. 474–485.
2322:
The cranial nerves provide motor and sensory supply mainly to the structures within the head and neck. The sensory supply includes both "general" sensation such as temperature and touch, and "special" senses such as
2001:, as they travel to their destinations. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may contain more than one cranial nerve and may also contain blood vessels.
3213:
Smell is not routinely tested, but if there is suspicion of a change in the sense of smell, each nostril is tested with substances of known odors such as coffee or soap. Intensely smelling substances, for example
2083:
1600:, which means they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve, on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is an
1532:
Cranial nerves are generally named according to their structure or function. For example, the olfactory nerve (I) supplies smell, and the facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of the face. Because
3124:
position. Depending on the location of the lesion there may also be weakness present in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which acts to turn the head so that the face points to the opposite side.
2476:
muscle. Individuals suffering from a lesion to the oculomotor nerve, may compensate by tilting their heads to alleviate symptoms due to paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles it controls.
3086:
The hypoglossal nerve (XII) supplies the muscles of the tongue. A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result in an inability to stick the tongue out straight; here seen in an injury resulting from
3298:, particularly at the junction between the pons and medulla, may compress the facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), leading to hearing and sensory loss on the affected side.
3247:, or tumour that presses against the nerves and interferes with the transmission of impulses along the nerve. Loss of function of a cranial nerve may sometimes be the first symptom of an
2886:
The facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage to the nerve causes a lack of muscle tone on the affected side, as can be seen on the right side of the face here.
2005:
The terminal nerve (0), is a thin network of fibers associated with the dura and lamina terminalis running rostral to the olfactory nerve, with projections through the cribriform plate.
3519:
3202:
are observed for. The sensation of the face is tested, and patients are asked to perform different facial movements, such as puffing out of the cheeks. Hearing is checked by voice and
2075:
and continues downward to supply parasympathetic supply to the chest and abdomen. The accessory nerve controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the neck and shoulder.
3258:
An increase in intracranial pressure may lead to impairment of the optic nerves (II) due to compression of the surrounding veins and capillaries, causing swelling of the eyeball (
2389:
Damage to the optic nerve (II) affects specific aspects of vision that depend on the location of the damage. A person may not be able to see objects on their left or right sides (
3198:. Visual field testing may be used to pin-point structural lesions in the optic nerve, or further along the visual pathways. Eye movement is tested and abnormalities such as
3182:
A cranial nerve exam starts with observation of the patient, as some cranial nerve lesions may affect the symmetry of the eyes or face. Vision may be tested by examining the
323:), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the
3779:
Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (2014). "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review".
399:(PNS), although on a structural level the olfactory (I), optic (II), and trigeminal (V) nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system (CNS).
2495:(V) and its three main branches the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of
2417:
The oculomotor (III), troclear (IV) and abducens (VI) nerves supply the muscle of the eye. Damage will affect the movement of the eye in various ways, shown here.
2918:, the ultimate cause of which is unknown. Patients with Bell's palsy often have a drooping mouth on the affected side and often have trouble chewing because the
2339:. The vagus nerve (X) provides sensory and autonomic (parasympathetic) supply to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen.
1649:
has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the
142:
3294:, in which one side of the face is exquisitely painful, is thought to be compression of the nerve by an artery as the nerve emerges from the brain stem. An
2483:
Damage to the abducens nerve (VI) can also result in double vision. This is due to impairment in the lateral rectus muscle, supplied by the abducens nerve.
5731:
1359:
3112:
Damage to the accessory nerve (XI) will lead to weakness in the trapezius muscle on the same side as the damage. The trapezius lifts the shoulder when
3497:(nerve N or O) exists in humans but may not be functional. In other animals, it appears to be important to sexual receptivity based on perceptions of
5726:
5655:
5510:
3136:(XII) supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, controlling tongue movement. The hypoglossal nerve (XII) is unique in that it is supplied by the
1354:
1283:
1138:
5490:
3965:
3860:
3044:
located above the point at which the vagus first branches off – can be indicated by a hoarse voice, due to dysfunction of one of its branches, the
1118:
2030:
The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) travel through the
2453:) because the movements of the eyes are not synchronized. Abnormalities of visual movement may also be seen on examination, such as jittering (
295:
5495:
5096:
1123:
724:
114:
110:
4037:
Purves, Dale; George J. Augustine; David
Fitzpatrick; William C. Hall; Anthony-Samuel LaMantia; James O. McNamara; Leonard E. White (2008).
2899:(VII) controls most muscles of facial expression, supplies the sensation of taste from the front two-thirds of the tongue, and controls the
5673:
5500:
2867:
Damage to the trigeminal nerve leads to loss of sensation in an affected area. Other conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve (V) include
1301:
1128:
5447:
5442:
1075:
1070:
3345:, affects the optic (II), oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and the abducens nerve (VI).
5505:
5315:
2523:
2351:(0) may not have a role in humans, although it has been implicated in hormonal responses to smell, sexual response and mate selection.
1133:
943:
5106:
3326:
734:
5721:
5034:
4872:
4667:
3040:(X) provides sensory and parasympathetic supply to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen.
2750:
1349:
662:
500:
373:. The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain and brainstem, from front to back.
1645:
has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII); and the
1550:
names, including the trochlear nerve (IV), named according to its structure, as it supplies a muscle that attaches to a pulley (
5305:
4158:
Talley, Nicholas J.; O'Connor, Simon (2018). "Chapter 32. The neurological examination: general signs and the cranial nerves".
933:
5827:
5300:
4569:
4541:
4508:
4468:
4443:
4418:
4249:
4219:
4167:
4046:
4021:
3991:
3949:
3921:
3883:
3844:
3705:
3682:
3636:
3594:
2966:, which keeps the head stable and allows the eyes to track moving objects. The cochlear nerve transmits information from the
1455:
928:
3210:
is examined. After performing a shrug and head turn, the patient's tongue function is assessed by various tongue movements.
2914:. This is where a person is unable to move the muscles on one or both sides of their face. The most common cause of this is
5320:
5043:
5029:
2977:). Function of the vestibular nerve may be tested by putting cold and warm water in the ears and watching eye movements
1997:, and some must leave it in order to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called
948:
671:
657:
3468:
The accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) cannot be seen, as they are not always present in all vertebrates.
2312:
288:
2907:
of the forehead, in which the left and the right side of the muscle both receive inputs from both sides of the brain.
5678:
5310:
5288:
2705:
2460:
Damage to the oculomotor nerve (III) can cause double vision and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes (
1306:
938:
916:
3540:
1737:
of neurons in the nerves that are outside of the brain. These ganglia are both parasympathetic and sensory ganglia.
5795:
5626:
5621:
5577:
5572:
5283:
3385:
2715:
2609:
1634:. With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), all the nuclei are present in the brainstem.
1423:
1254:
1249:
1205:
1200:
911:
149:
1804:
A superior and inferior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), which occurs just after it passes through the
5603:
5598:
4012:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by
Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).
3070:
The accessory nerve (XI) supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Damage to the nerve may cause a
2985:), particularly when the eye is moving horizontally. Damage to the cochlear nerve will cause partial or complete
1231:
1226:
4351:
Mukherjee, Sudipta; Gowshami, Chandra; Salam, Abdus; Kuddus, Ruhul; Farazi, Mohshin; Baksh, Jahid (2014-01-01).
3417:
5800:
5711:
4830:
2710:
2516:
1582:
1428:
1339:
5752:
5716:
2777:
1380:
1344:
281:
137:
4586:
5019:
4865:
4660:
4064:"Neurogenesis From Neural Crest Cells: Molecular Mechanisms in the Formation of Cranial Nerves and Ganglia"
3507:
647:
493:
3353:
Inflammation of a cranial nerve can occur as a result of infection, such as viral causes like reactivated
1752:. Sensory ganglia exist for nerves with sensory function: V, VII, VIII, IX, X. There are also a number of
5531:
1159:
4975:
4936:
4825:
3397:
3334:
3102:
1680:
With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), the cranial nerves emerge from the
1654:
1502:
showing the cranial nerves, numbered from olfactory to hypoglossal after the order in which they emerge
603:
564:
4308:
Cools MJ, Carneiro KA (April 2018). "Facial nerve palsy following mild mastoid trauma on trampoline".
2981:. Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve can also present as repetitive and involuntary eye movements (
1770:
The ganglion of the sensory nerves, which are similar in structure to the dorsal root ganglion of the
5650:
5348:
5273:
5101:
4775:
3916:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolters Kluwer. pp. 1055–1082.
3244:
3171:
3161:
3045:
2592:
2509:
1699:
The olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) emerge separately. The olfactory nerves emerge from the
1278:
976:
901:
729:
396:
4011:
1488:
5788:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5228:
5111:
4817:
3175:
2688:
2597:
2107:
The cranial nerves are formed from the contribution of two specialized embryonic cell populations,
2035:
1888:
1821:
1753:
1416:
1271:
1266:
1261:
856:
739:
93:
3313:, may cause specific signs and symptoms relating to the damaged area. If there is a stroke of the
2903:. Most muscles are supplied by the cortex on the opposite side of the brain; the exception is the
5850:
5362:
4858:
4653:
4602:
Vilensky, JA (January 2014). "The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N)".
4062:
Méndez-Maldonado, Karla; Vega-López, Guillermo A.; Aybar, Manuel J.; Velasco, Iván (2020-08-07).
3585:
Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R. (2008). "Overview of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei".
3222:
of the trigeminal nerve (V) located in the nasal cavity and this can confound olfactory testing.
2935:
2839:
2782:
2438:
2060:
1958:
1692:, and the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) emerge from the
1669:
1604:
function. If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a
1474:
990:
486:
457:
419:
268:
227:
4533:
4500:
1711:, and the optic nerves (II) emerge from the lateral colliculus, swellings on either side of the
5420:
5250:
5235:
5223:
4835:
4784:
4684:
4036:
3240:
3010:
3006:
2963:
2947:
2832:
2815:
2773:
2767:
2693:
2664:
2449:
Damage to these nerves may affect the movement of the eye. Damage may result in double vision (
2394:
2390:
1825:
1813:
1756:
1665:
1631:
1048:
878:
863:
851:
461:
424:
Most typically, humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves (I–XII), with the
351:
233:
121:
105:
3017:
and back of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve also provides parasympathetic input to the
1546:
when the nerves were first documented, recorded, and discussed, many nerves maintain Latin or
392:, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain.
369:
I–XII. Some considered there to be thirteen pairs of cranial nerves, including the non-paired
5691:
5478:
3745:
3412:(AD 129–210) named seven pairs of cranial nerves. Much later, in 1664, English anatomist Sir
3236:
2973:
When damaged, the vestibular nerve may give rise to the sensation of spinning and dizziness (
2675:
2442:
2053:
1930:
1749:
1724:
1517:
1319:
1106:
4525:
4492:
5686:
5408:
5338:
5263:
4564:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1164–1170, 1192–1193.
3721:
Sonne, J; Lopez-Ojeda, W (January 2019). "Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 0 (Terminal Nerve)".
3377:
3354:
3291:
2868:
2792:
2742:
2656:
2602:
2587:
2559:
2160:
NCCs at forebrain-midbrain junction (caudal diencephalon and the anterior mesencephalon)
2108:
1948:
1760:
1653:, and depending slightly on division the optic nerve (II) is considered to emerge from the
1622:
1314:
1036:
966:
891:
4591:. McGraw-Hill publications in the zoological sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 249.
3416:
suggested that there were actually 9 pairs of nerves. Finally, in 1778, German anatomist
3001:
A damaged glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) may cause the uvula to deviate to the affected side.
8:
5819:
5203:
5121:
2978:
2582:
1794:
1741:
1447:
831:
749:
1688:, the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) from the
5278:
5198:
5014:
4627:
4379:
4352:
4333:
4290:
4098:
4063:
3959:
3854:
3812:
3364:
3263:
3080:
2951:
2700:
2564:
1779:
906:
826:
642:
370:
2938:(VIII) supplies information relating to balance and hearing via its two branches, the
5810:
5396:
5391:
5374:
5064:
4712:
4619:
4565:
4537:
4526:
4504:
4493:
4464:
4439:
4414:
4413:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 787, 1215–1217.
4384:
4325:
4282:
4245:
4215:
4163:
4103:
4085:
4042:
4017:
3987:
3945:
3917:
3879:
3840:
3804:
3796:
3726:
3701:
3678:
3632:
3590:
3322:
3133:
2959:
2919:
2574:
2473:
2328:
1982:
1764:
1693:
1646:
1438:
1024:
1019:
1002:
692:
473:
332:
251:
4631:
4337:
3816:
1480:
View of the human brain from below showing the cranial nerves on an autopsy specimen
5783:
5757:
5747:
5536:
5526:
5403:
5343:
5162:
5141:
5131:
5084:
5038:
5002:
4611:
4374:
4364:
4317:
4294:
4274:
4093:
4075:
3788:
3675:
The
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top"
3357:, or can occur spontaneously. Inflammation of the facial nerve (VII) may result in
3295:
3267:
3106:
2939:
2904:
2900:
2876:
2787:
2731:
2614:
2541:
2533:
2492:
2422:
2046:
2009:
1939:
1912:
1903:
1868:
1858:
1817:
1787:
1668:. For example, the trigeminal nerve (V), which has a sensory and a motor role, has
1411:
1385:
1375:
1164:
1154:
1031:
971:
790:
769:
759:
712:
666:
630:
445:
437:
359:
209:
197:
3325:, various cranial nerves may be damaged, resulting in dysfunction and symptoms of
2922:
is affected. The facial nerve is also the most commonly affected cranial nerve in
365:
There are conventionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which are described with
5771:
5473:
5379:
5136:
5055:
4951:
4924:
4559:
4458:
4408:
3564:
3358:
3342:
3098:
2915:
2844:
2683:
2645:
2465:
2426:
2360:
2039:
2031:
1968:
1921:
1805:
1399:
1101:
1007:
764:
683:
579:
552:
469:
441:
429:
381:
355:
245:
203:
185:
98:
2281:-Hindbrain NCCs (4th& 6th PA); 3rd (nodose) and 4th epibranchial placodes
2176:
NCCs at forebrain-midbrain junction (from r2 into 1st PA), trigeminal placode
58:
5468:
5386:
5295:
5240:
5153:
4946:
4890:
4676:
4321:
3839:(6th ed. media update. ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 431–432.
3494:
3454:
3191:
3121:
3087:
3071:
2943:
2872:
2626:
2430:
2402:
2348:
2095:
2094:
The hypoglossal nerve (XII) exits the skull using the hypoglossal canal in the
1700:
1650:
1571:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1096:
1014:
923:
868:
781:
574:
518:
449:
425:
377:
366:
328:
215:
179:
2472:). Lesions may also lead to inability to open the eye due to paralysis of the
2116:
Contributions of neural crest cells and placodes to ganglia and cranial nerves
1558:). The trigeminal nerve (V) is named in accordance with its three components (
5844:
5590:
5561:
5483:
5460:
5431:
5245:
4902:
4792:
4763:
4089:
4080:
3800:
3413:
3280:
3116:, so the affected shoulder will not be able to shrug and the shoulder blade (
3018:
2827:
2820:
2551:
2064:
2024:
2020:
1878:
1833:
1829:
1712:
1627:
1538:
1218:
1189:
1111:
1088:
1059:
873:
530:
324:
130:
126:
3911:
3700:, Fourth Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Maryland 2008, p. 177.
2437:. The oculomotor nerve (III) controls all muscles of the eye except for the
5215:
5182:
4985:
4807:
4739:
4623:
4388:
4353:"A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery"
4329:
4286:
4107:
3808:
3730:
3555:
3545:
3284:
3271:
3259:
3183:
3137:
2923:
2911:
2896:
2849:
2799:
2434:
2398:
2013:
1798:
1745:
1708:
1704:
1641:
has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV); the
843:
810:
613:
453:
403:
221:
30:
4463:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 1166.
4369:
3421:(I) and optic (II) nerves to be brain tracts, rather than cranial nerves.
1567:
5550:
4990:
4963:
4797:
4749:
4697:
3373:
3203:
3167:
3037:
2496:
2393:), or may have difficulty seeing objects from their outer visual fields (
2383:
2223:-Acoustic: cochlear, special afferent; and vestibular, special afferent
2059:
The facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) both enter the
1790:. This ganglion contains only the sensory fibres of the trigeminal nerve.
1771:
1661:
1593:
1495:
1178:
618:
591:
465:
433:
407:
385:
239:
191:
3400:, and injury to nerves during surgery are other causes of nerve damage.
1797:
of the facial nerve (VII), which occurs just after the nerve enters the
1581:
Cranial nerves are numbered based on their position from front to back (
4722:
3498:
3475:
3381:
3330:
3276:
3252:
3219:
3195:
3025:
3014:
2501:
2461:
1783:
44:
38:
View of the human brain from below, showing origins of cranial nerves.
4278:
4061:
3529:'s brain. The exits of the various cranial nerves are marked with red.
3445:
3434:
3306:
Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei, an
3064:
2946:. The vestibular part is responsible for supplying sensation from the
2413:
1740:
The sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, directly correspond to the
1684:. The oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) emerge from the
1510:
155:
4850:
4734:
4707:
4615:
3792:
3490:
3483:
3199:
2997:
2982:
2955:
2469:
2454:
2332:
1734:
1681:
1586:
1499:
478:
340:
320:
4560:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
4459:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
4409:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
4214:(5. ed.). Appleton and Lange: McGraw Hill. pp. 1533–1549.
2052:
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) passes through
1993:
After emerging from the brain, the cranial nerves travel within the
4756:
4729:
4692:
4438:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1266.
3631:(5 ed.). Appleton and Lange: McGraw Hill. pp. 1019–1036.
3486:
3338:
3314:
3307:
2986:
2450:
2371:
2366:
Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause an inability to smell (
2045:
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) passes through
1685:
1638:
389:
4016:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 800–807.
2112:
dual origin cranial nerves are summarized in the following table:
5703:
4645:
3940:
Mtui, M.J. Turlough FitzGerald, Gregory
Gruener, Estomih (2012).
3479:
3248:
3215:
3144:
3117:
2974:
2967:
2367:
2336:
1998:
1730:
1543:
1331:
344:
48:
5665:
4744:
3835:
Mallatt, Elaine N. Marieb, Patricia Brady
Wilhelm, Jon (2012).
3673:
Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015).
3550:
3368:
3310:
3187:
3028:; a failure may also be seen in damage to the vagus nerve (X).
2201:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r4 into 2 PA), 1st epibranchial placode
2072:
1763:
supplying the head and neck reside in the upper regions of the
1293:
63:
Cranial nerves as they pass through the skull base to the brain
4523:
4490:
1589:, and the other nerves, III to XII, arise from the brainstem.
1570:), and the vagus nerve (X) is named for its wandering course (
362:. Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides.
4702:
3672:
3526:
3409:
3207:
3113:
2992:
2882:
2324:
1994:
1533:
336:
316:
312:
79:
4524:
Anthony S. Fauci; T. R. Harrison; et al., eds. (2008).
4491:
Anthony S. Fauci; T. R. Harrison; et al., eds. (2008).
4350:
3778:
3051:
Damage to this nerve may result in difficulties swallowing.
2266:
Superior laryngeal branch; and recurrent laryngeal branch
2008:
The olfactory nerve (I), passes through perforations in the
1839:
16:
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain and the brainstem
5613:
4717:
4265:
Nesbitt AD, Goadsby PJ (Apr 11, 2012). "Cluster headache".
3318:
3143:
Damage to the nerve may lead to fasciculations or wasting (
3054:
2363:(I) conveys information giving rise to the sense of smell.
1782:
of the trigeminal nerve (V), which occupies a space in the
1689:
1642:
1241:
4532:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
4499:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
3912:
Keith L. Moore; Anne M.R. Agur; Arthur F. Dalley (2010).
3587:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3279:. These nerves may also be affected by herniation of the
2405:) may impact the sharpness of vision or color detection
4162:(8th ed.). Chatswood: Elsevier. pp. 500–539.
4357:
Journal of
Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury
4264:
3878:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
3489:) have cranial nerves similar to those of humans. In
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
3367:, an inflammatory process resulting in a loss of the
2308:
branches to the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve.
2191:-Inferior: geniculate, general and special afferent
4244:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier. p. 78.
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
2144:
Telencephalon/olfactory placode; NCCs at forebrain
1664:
that make up the nerve may collect in more than one
395:
The cranial nerves are considered components of the
3589:(40th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
2241:-Inferior, petrosal, general and special afferent
1660:Because each nerve may have several functions, the
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4157:
3944:(6th ed.). : Saunders/Elsevier. p. 198.
2016:. The nerve fibres end in the upper nasal cavity.
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4176:
2272:-Inferior: nodose, general and special afferent
1592:Cranial nerves have paths within and outside the
428:(0) more recently canonized. The nerves are: the
5842:
4555:
4553:
3720:
2441:controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), and the
2279:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r7-r8 to 4 & 6th PA)
4477:
3982:Martini, Frederic H.; Ober, William C. (1998).
3584:
2871:, herpes zoster, sinusitis pain, presence of a
2301:Hindbrain (from r7-r8 to PA 4); NCCs (4th PA)
4562:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
4461:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
4436:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
4411:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
4395:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3396:Trauma to the skull, disease of bone, such as
3235:Nerves may be compressed because of increased
3170:and other medical professionals may conduct a
1832:, a branch of the facial nerve (VII), and the
4866:
4661:
4550:
4307:
4235:
4233:
4231:
3935:
3933:
3578:
3024:Damage to the nerve may cause failure of the
2929:
2517:
2408:
494:
289:
4301:
4242:Netter's head and neck anatomy for dentistry
4007:
4005:
4003:
3964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3859:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2275:-Vagal: parasympathetic, visceral efferent
2226:-Otic placode and hindbrain (from r4) NCCs
1729:The cranial nerves give rise to a number of
4258:
4068:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
3981:
3977:
3975:
3892:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3668:
2910:Damage to the facial nerve (VII) may cause
1767:, and do not belong to the cranial nerves.
4873:
4859:
4668:
4654:
4528:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
4495:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
4228:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
3930:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3266:, may also impact the optic nerve (II). A
2993:Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)
2890:
2524:
2510:
501:
487:
296:
282:
4378:
4368:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4097:
4079:
4000:
3474:Cranial nerves are also present in other
3341:) affecting the venous drainage from the
2239:-Superior, general and special afferent
2189:-Superior, general and special afferent
1840:Exiting the skull and extracranial course
51:through which many nerves exit the skull.
4601:
4433:
3972:
3876:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
3830:
3828:
3826:
3763:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3150:
3127:
3055:Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)
2996:
2881:
2531:
2412:
2203:-1st epibranchial placode (geniculate)
2091:Schematic 3D model of the cranial nerves
2078:
2019:The optic nerve (II) passes through the
1845:Exits of cranial nerves from the skull.
1675:
4584:
4578:
4427:
3834:
3716:
3714:
3645:
2962:, and is an important component of the
2486:
2370:), a distortion in the sense of smell (
2253:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r6 into 3rd PA)
5843:
4880:
4239:
4209:
4114:
4041:. Sinauer Associates. pp. 12–13.
4030:
3984:Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology
3942:Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience
3873:
3626:
2250:-2nd epibranchial placode (petrosal)
2138:(Ensheating glia of olfactory nerves)
1611:
508:
402:The cranial nerves are in contrast to
4854:
4649:
4588:Functional anatomy of the vertebrates
4434:Kumar (), Vinay; et al. (2010).
3823:
3603:
3270:may compress the optic tracts or the
2505:
2374:), or a distortion or lack of taste.
2342:
2248:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r6 into 3 PA)
482:
3939:
3711:
2284:-Hindbrain NCCs (4th & 6th PA)
2194:-Sphenopalatine, visceral efferent
2038:, passing out of the skull into the
1836:of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
406:, which emerge from segments of the
2386:(II) transmits visual information.
2197:-Submandibular, visceral efferent
1820:of the oculomotor nerve (III), the
1812:Additional ganglia for nerves with
350:The cranial nerves emerge from the
13:
4675:
3743:
3698:Board Review Series – Neuroanatomy
3140:of both hemispheres of the brain.
3031:
2313:List of foramina of the human body
14:
5862:
4641:
1824:of the maxillary nerve (V2), the
3518:
3506:
3444:
3433:
3424:
3386:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
3218:, may lead to the activation of
3079:
3063:
2610:sensory root of ciliary ganglion
1816:function exist, and include the
1509:
1487:
1473:
150:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
57:
29:
4595:
4517:
4452:
4344:
4055:
3677:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
3513:The cranial nerves in the horse
3348:
3327:a number of different syndromes
3867:
3737:
3691:
3230:
3155:
3013:and provides sensation to the
2970:, allowing sound to be heard.
2958:, including information about
2377:
2173:Trigeminal, general afferent
2102:
1707:, a bony projection below the
1527:
315:that emerge directly from the
1:
5753:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
4585:Quiring, Daniel Paul (1950).
3572:
2270:-Superior, general afferent
1381:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
4212:Principles of neural science
3629:Principles of neural science
2354:
2157:Ciliary, visceral efferent
1630:, all cranial nerves have a
7:
5532:Inferior salivatory nucleus
4267:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
4014:Gray's anatomy for students
3914:Clinically oriented anatomy
3750:Online Etymology Dictionary
3534:
3408:The Graeco-Roman anatomist
3194:, using a process known as
2706:posterior superior alveolar
2401:is involved. Inflammation (
2317:
1160:Inferior salivatory nucleus
10:
5867:
4976:lateral geniculate nucleus
4937:anterior olfactory nucleus
4322:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.04.034
3457:brain in two projections.
3403:
3335:cavernous sinus thrombosis
3159:
2930:Hearing and balance (VIII)
2716:anterior superior alveolar
2409:Eye movement (III, IV, VI)
2310:
2244:-Otic, visceral efferent
2216:CNVIII – Vestibulocochlear
2209:-Hindbrain NCCs (2nd PA)
2206:-Hindbrain NCCs (2nd PA)
1722:
1718:
1620:
604:lateral geniculate nucleus
565:anterior olfactory nucleus
417:
413:
5809:
5770:
5740:
5702:
5664:
5656:Superior cervical cardiac
5612:
5588:
5559:
5549:
5519:
5458:
5429:
5419:
5361:
5349:Superior salivary nucleus
5331:
5261:
5212:
5191:
5181:
5152:
5102:spinal trigeminal nucleus
5083:
5054:
5001:
4962:
4923:
4889:
4816:
4783:
4776:Peripheral nervous system
4774:
4683:
3301:
3283:of the brain through the
3245:intracerebral haemorrhage
3225:
3172:cranial nerve examination
3162:Cranial nerve examination
3046:recurrent laryngeal nerve
2808:
2768:to muscles of mastication
2759:
2740:
2730:
2673:
2654:
2644:
2625:
2573:
2550:
2540:
2464:), also eyelid drooping (
2027:as it travels to the eye.
1963:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1655:lateral geniculate nuclei
1616:
1555:
1437:
1398:
1368:
1330:
1292:
1284:Superior cervical cardiac
1240:
1216:
1187:
1177:
1147:
1086:
1057:
1047:
989:
977:Superior salivary nucleus
959:
889:
840:
819:
809:
780:
730:spinal trigeminal nucleus
711:
682:
629:
590:
551:
517:
397:peripheral nervous system
148:
136:
120:
104:
92:
78:
73:
68:
56:
28:
23:
5789:spinal accessory nucleus
5229:pterygopalatine ganglion
5020:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
4210:Kandel, Eric R. (2013).
4081:10.3389/fcell.2020.00635
3627:Kandel, Eric R. (2013).
3391:
3382:inflammation of arteries
3262:). A cancer, such as an
3176:neurological examination
2711:middle superior alveolar
2036:superior orbital fissure
1889:superior orbital fissure
1822:pterygopalatine ganglion
1417:spinal accessory nucleus
857:pterygopalatine ganglion
648:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
5171:no significant branches
5073:no significant branches
4913:no significant branches
3874:Albert, Daniel (2012).
3541:Cranial nerve mnemonics
3120:) will protrude into a
2936:vestibulocochlear nerve
2891:Facial expression (VII)
2778:to tensor veli palatini
2439:superior oblique muscle
2232:CNIX – glossopharyngeal
2061:internal auditory canal
1959:internal auditory canal
1520:and tracts shown in red
1494:View from below of the
799:no significant branches
701:no significant branches
541:no significant branches
458:vestibulocochlear nerve
420:Table of cranial nerves
354:above the level of the
5491:Stylopharyngeal branch
5251:submandibular ganglion
5236:Nerve to the stapedius
4685:Central nervous system
4316:(8): 1522.e1–1522.e3.
3186:, or by examining the
3011:stylopharyngeus muscle
3007:glossopharyngeal nerve
3002:
2964:vestibuloocular reflex
2887:
2833:submandibular ganglion
2468:) and pupil dilation (
2418:
2395:bitemporal hemianopsia
2391:homonymous hemianopsia
2092:
1973:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1826:submandibular ganglion
1703:on either side of the
1575:
1563:
1119:Stylopharyngeal branch
879:submandibular ganglion
864:Nerve to the stapedius
462:glossopharyngeal nerve
352:central nervous system
4370:10.1186/1749-7221-7-2
4240:Norton, Neil (2007).
3237:intracranial pressure
3151:Clinical significance
3128:Tongue movement (XII)
3000:
2989:in the affected ear.
2885:
2676:pterygopalatine fossa
2443:lateral rectus muscle
2416:
2090:
2056:of the sphenoid bone.
2049:in the sphenoid bone.
1757:cranial nerve ganglia
1750:cranial nerve ganglia
1733:, collections of the
1725:Cranial nerve ganglia
1676:Exiting the brainstem
388:(II) emerge from the
87:(pl: nervi craniales)
5339:Facial motor nucleus
5035:parasympathetic root
4160:Clinical examination
4039:Neuroscience. 4th ed
3378:miliary tuberculosis
3355:herpes simplex virus
3337:, refers to a clot (
3292:trigeminal neuralgia
2869:trigeminal neuralgia
2743:middle cranial fossa
2657:middle cranial fossa
2487:Trigeminal nerve (V)
2109:cranial neural crest
1949:stylomastoid foramen
1873:Olfactory nerve (I)
1670:at least four nuclei
1623:Cranial nerve nuclei
1518:cranial nerve nuclei
1516:The brainstem, with
967:Facial motor nucleus
663:parasympathetic root
5651:Recurrent laryngeal
5496:Pharyngeal branches
5274:Posterior auricular
5122:trigeminal ganglion
3103:sternocleidomastoid
2979:caloric stimulation
2593:posterior ethmoidal
1953:Facial nerve (VII)
1863:Terminal nerve (0)
1846:
1795:geniculate ganglion
1761:Sympathetic ganglia
1742:dorsal root ganglia
1612:Intracranial course
1279:Recurrent laryngeal
1124:Pharyngeal branches
902:Posterior auricular
750:trigeminal ganglion
5634:Superior laryngeal
5501:Tonsillar branches
5199:Intermediate nerve
5015:oculomotor nucleus
3746:"Trigeminal Nerve"
3525:Ventral view of a
3365:Multiple sclerosis
3264:optic nerve glioma
3101:(XI) supplies the
3009:(IX) supplies the
3003:
2952:semicircular canal
2888:
2809:posterior division
2689:zygomaticotemporal
2598:anterior ethmoidal
2419:
2343:Terminal nerve (0)
2150:CNIII – oculomotor
2129:Origin of neurons
2126:Ganglion and type
2093:
1987:Hypoglossal (XII)
1844:
1780:trigeminal ganglia
1262:Superior laryngeal
1129:Tonsillar branches
827:Intermediate nerve
643:oculomotor nucleus
371:cranial nerve zero
5838:
5837:
5766:
5765:
5732:Posterior gastric
5627:pharyngeal plexus
5622:Pharyngeal branch
5545:
5544:
5409:Scarpa's ganglion
5397:lateral lemniscus
5392:striae medullares
5375:vestibular nuclei
5363:Vestibulocochlear
5357:
5356:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4571:978-0-7020-3085-7
4543:978-0-07-147693-5
4510:978-0-07-147693-5
4470:978-0-7020-3085-7
4445:978-1-4160-3121-5
4420:978-0-7020-3085-7
4279:10.1136/bmj.e2407
4251:978-1-929007-88-2
4221:978-0-07-139011-8
4169:978-0-7295-4286-9
4048:978-0-87893-697-7
4023:978-0-8089-2306-0
3993:978-0-13-010436-6
3951:978-0-7020-3738-2
3923:978-1-60547-652-0
3885:978-1-4160-6257-8
3846:978-0-321-75327-4
3744:Harper, Douglas.
3706:978-0-7817-7245-7
3684:978-1-118-49201-7
3638:978-0-07-139011-8
3596:978-0-443-06684-9
3418:Samuel Soemmering
3134:hypoglossal nerve
3107:trapezius muscles
2920:buccinator muscle
2877:cluster headaches
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2840:inferior alveolar
2783:lateral pterygoid
2760:anterior division
2726:
2725:
2640:
2639:
2474:levator palpebrae
2305:
2304:
2088:
1991:
1990:
1983:hypoglossal canal
1883:Optic nerve (II)
1765:sympathetic trunk
1748:and are known as
1466:
1465:
1394:
1393:
1360:Posterior gastric
1255:pharyngeal plexus
1250:Pharyngeal branch
1173:
1172:
1037:Scarpa's ganglion
1025:lateral lemniscus
1020:striae medullares
1003:vestibular nuclei
991:Vestibulocochlear
985:
984:
474:hypoglossal nerve
306:
305:
228:Vestibulocochlear
164:
163:
159:
85:nervus cranialis
5858:
5784:nucleus ambiguus
5758:Solitary nucleus
5748:Nucleus ambiguus
5727:Anterior gastric
5674:Inferior cardiac
5604:Auricular branch
5599:Meningeal branch
5557:
5556:
5537:Solitary nucleus
5527:Nucleus ambiguus
5506:Lingual branches
5427:
5426:
5421:Glossopharyngeal
5344:Solitary nucleus
5224:Greater petrosal
5189:
5188:
5039:ciliary ganglion
4875:
4868:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4781:
4780:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4635:
4616:10.1002/ca.22130
4599:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4531:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4498:
4488:
4475:
4474:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4372:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4207:
4174:
4173:
4155:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4083:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4009:
3998:
3997:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3955:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3909:
3890:
3889:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3832:
3821:
3820:
3793:10.1002/ca.22345
3781:Clinical Anatomy
3776:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3718:
3709:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3670:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3601:
3600:
3582:
3522:
3510:
3448:
3437:
3296:acoustic neuroma
3268:pituitary tumour
3206:. The patient's
3083:
3067:
2905:frontalis muscle
2901:stapedius muscle
2816:auriculotemporal
2774:medial pterygoid
2738:
2737:
2694:zygomaticofacial
2665:middle meningeal
2652:
2651:
2615:ciliary ganglion
2548:
2547:
2534:trigeminal nerve
2526:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2493:trigeminal nerve
2433:(VI) coordinate
2423:oculomotor nerve
2291:CNXI – accessory
2166:CNV – trigeminal
2120:
2119:
2089:
2047:foramen rotundum
2010:cribriform plate
1913:foramen rotundum
1893:Oculomotor (III)
1869:cribriform plate
1859:cribriform plate
1847:
1843:
1818:ciliary ganglion
1557:
1542:of the study of
1513:
1491:
1477:
1412:nucleus ambiguus
1386:Solitary nucleus
1376:Nucleus ambiguus
1355:Anterior gastric
1302:Inferior cardiac
1232:Auricular branch
1227:Meningeal branch
1185:
1184:
1165:Solitary nucleus
1155:Nucleus ambiguus
1134:Lingual branches
1055:
1054:
1049:Glossopharyngeal
972:Solitary nucleus
852:Greater petrosal
817:
816:
667:ciliary ganglion
503:
496:
489:
480:
479:
446:trigeminal nerve
438:oculomotor nerve
382:olfactory nerves
360:vertebral column
327:, including the
298:
291:
284:
234:Glossopharyngeal
166:
165:
156:edit on Wikidata
153:
61:
33:
21:
20:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5805:
5762:
5736:
5698:
5660:
5608:
5584:
5541:
5515:
5479:lesser petrosal
5474:tympanic plexus
5454:
5415:
5380:cochlear nuclei
5353:
5327:
5265:
5257:
5214:
5208:
5177:
5148:
5079:
5050:
4997:
4958:
4952:olfactory tract
4919:
4885:
4879:
4849:
4840:
4831:Parasympathetic
4812:
4770:
4679:
4674:
4644:
4639:
4600:
4596:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4489:
4478:
4471:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4407:
4396:
4349:
4345:
4306:
4302:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4238:
4229:
4222:
4208:
4177:
4170:
4156:
4115:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4010:
4001:
3994:
3980:
3973:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3910:
3893:
3886:
3872:
3868:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3833:
3824:
3777:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3742:
3738:
3719:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3671:
3646:
3639:
3625:
3604:
3597:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3565:Brachial plexus
3537:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3511:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3406:
3398:Paget's disease
3394:
3351:
3343:cavernous sinus
3304:
3233:
3228:
3164:
3158:
3153:
3130:
3099:accessory nerve
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3057:
3034:
3032:Vagus nerve (X)
2995:
2944:cochlear nerves
2932:
2893:
2865:
2856:
2804:
2755:
2722:
2669:
2636:
2621:
2569:
2536:
2530:
2489:
2427:trochlear nerve
2411:
2380:
2361:olfactory nerve
2357:
2345:
2320:
2315:
2298:No ganglion *
2135:CNI – olfactory
2105:
2079:
2032:cavernous sinus
1977:Accessory (XI)
1976:
1974:
1969:jugular foramen
1936:
1918:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1842:
1814:parasympathetic
1806:jugular foramen
1754:parasympathetic
1727:
1721:
1701:olfactory bulbs
1678:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1467:
1462:
1433:
1390:
1364:
1326:
1288:
1236:
1212:
1169:
1143:
1107:lesser petrosal
1102:tympanic plexus
1082:
1043:
1008:cochlear nuclei
981:
955:
893:
885:
842:
836:
805:
776:
707:
678:
625:
586:
580:olfactory tract
547:
513:
507:
470:accessory nerve
442:trochlear nerve
430:olfactory nerve
422:
416:
378:terminal nerves
319:(including the
302:
273:
160:
113:
86:
64:
52:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5864:
5854:
5853:
5851:Cranial nerves
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5777:
5775:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5618:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5566:
5564:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5465:
5463:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5424:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5387:Cochlear nerve
5384:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5368:
5366:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5296:Parotid plexus
5293:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5241:Chorda tympani
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5220:
5218:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5090:
5088:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5032:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5008:
5006:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4969:
4967:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4947:olfactory bulb
4941:
4940:
4939:
4930:
4928:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4896:
4894:
4887:
4886:
4883:cranial nerves
4878:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4803:Cranial nerves
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4677:Nervous system
4673:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4643:
4642:External links
4640:
4638:
4637:
4594:
4577:
4570:
4549:
4542:
4516:
4509:
4476:
4469:
4451:
4444:
4426:
4419:
4394:
4343:
4310:Am J Emerg Med
4300:
4257:
4250:
4227:
4220:
4175:
4168:
4113:
4054:
4047:
4029:
4022:
3999:
3992:
3971:
3950:
3929:
3922:
3891:
3884:
3866:
3845:
3822:
3762:
3736:
3710:
3690:
3683:
3644:
3637:
3602:
3595:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3505:
3495:terminal nerve
3453:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3405:
3402:
3393:
3390:
3350:
3347:
3303:
3300:
3281:temporal lobes
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:pain receptors
3192:ophthalmoscope
3160:Main article:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3138:motor cortices
3129:
3126:
3088:branchial cyst
3085:
3078:
3077:
3072:winged scapula
3069:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3033:
3030:
2994:
2991:
2931:
2928:
2892:
2889:
2873:dental abscess
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:external nasal
2595:
2590:
2588:infratrochlear
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2560:supratrochlear
2556:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2488:
2485:
2431:abducens nerve
2410:
2407:
2403:optic neuritis
2379:
2376:
2356:
2353:
2349:terminal nerve
2344:
2341:
2335:, balance and
2319:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2182:CNVII – facial
2178:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:Cranial nerve
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:occipital bone
2076:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2028:
2017:
2006:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1935:Trigeminal V3
1933:
1927:
1926:
1917:Trigeminal V2
1915:
1909:
1908:
1895:Trochlear (IV)
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1791:
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1715:of the brain.
1713:temporal lobes
1677:
1674:
1651:olfactory bulb
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1583:rostral-caudal
1529:
1526:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:Cochlear nerve
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
996:
994:
987:
986:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
969:
963:
961:
957:
956:
954:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
924:Parotid plexus
921:
920:
919:
914:
904:
898:
896:
887:
886:
884:
883:
882:
881:
876:
869:Chorda tympani
866:
861:
860:
859:
848:
846:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
823:
821:
814:
807:
806:
804:
803:
802:
801:
793:
787:
785:
778:
777:
775:
774:
773:
772:
767:
762:
754:
753:
752:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
718:
716:
709:
708:
706:
705:
704:
703:
695:
689:
687:
680:
679:
677:
676:
675:
674:
669:
660:
652:
651:
650:
645:
636:
634:
627:
626:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
608:
607:
606:
597:
595:
588:
587:
585:
584:
583:
582:
577:
575:olfactory bulb
569:
568:
567:
558:
556:
549:
548:
546:
545:
544:
543:
535:
534:
533:
524:
522:
515:
514:
511:cranial nerves
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
472:(XI), and the
450:abducens nerve
426:terminal nerve
415:
412:
367:Roman numerals
356:first vertebra
329:special senses
309:Cranial nerves
304:
303:
301:
300:
293:
286:
278:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
248:
242:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
173:
172:
170:Cranial nerves
162:
161:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
124:
118:
117:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
34:
26:
25:
24:Cranial nerves
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5863:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:Vagal trunks
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5591:jugular fossa
5587:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5562:jugular fossa
5558:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5511:Carotid sinus
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5484:otic ganglion
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5461:jugular fossa
5457:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5432:jugular fossa
5428:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:lingual nerve
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:septal nuclei
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Sensory nerve
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4764:Limbic system
4762:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4554:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3961:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3837:Human anatomy
3831:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3577:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3436:
3425:Other animals
3422:
3419:
3415:
3414:Thomas Willis
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:The cause of
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3184:visual fields
3180:
3177:
3174:as part of a
3173:
3169:
3163:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3082:
3074:, shown here.
3073:
3066:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3019:parotid gland
3016:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:otic ganglion
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:deep temporal
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2097:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2065:temporal bone
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:foramen ovale
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:sphenoid bone
2022:
2021:optic foramen
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1931:foramen ovale
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1899:Trigeminal V1
1897:Abducens (VI)
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:optic foramen
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1834:otic ganglion
1831:
1830:lingual nerve
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:Meckel's cave
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:spinal nerves
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1609:
1607:
1606:contralateral
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1539:lingua franca
1535:
1519:
1512:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1476:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:Vagal trunks
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1219:jugular fossa
1215:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1190:jugular fossa
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1139:Carotid sinus
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:otic ganglion
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:jugular fossa
1085:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1060:jugular fossa
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
995:
992:
988:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
962:
958:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
895:
888:
880:
877:
875:
874:lingual nerve
872:
871:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
849:
847:
845:
839:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
822:
818:
815:
812:
808:
800:
797:
796:
794:
792:
789:
788:
786:
783:
779:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
755:
751:
748:
747:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
719:
717:
714:
710:
702:
699:
698:
696:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
681:
673:
670:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
638:
637:
635:
632:
628:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
605:
602:
601:
599:
598:
596:
593:
589:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
570:
566:
563:
562:
560:
559:
557:
554:
550:
542:
539:
538:
536:
532:
531:septal nuclei
529:
528:
526:
525:
523:
520:
516:
512:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
421:
411:
409:
405:
404:spinal nerves
400:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:head and neck
322:
318:
314:
310:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
279:
277:
276:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
259:
258:
253:
249:
247:
243:
241:
237:
235:
231:
229:
225:
223:
219:
217:
213:
211:
207:
205:
201:
199:
195:
193:
189:
187:
183:
181:
177:
176:
175:
174:
171:
168:
167:
157:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5264:stylomastoid
5216:facial canal
5170:
5072:
4986:optic chiasm
4912:
4882:
4808:Spinal nerve
4802:
4740:Diencephalon
4610:(1): 46–53.
4607:
4603:
4597:
4587:
4580:
4561:
4527:
4519:
4494:
4460:
4454:
4435:
4429:
4410:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4241:
4211:
4159:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4038:
4032:
4013:
3983:
3941:
3913:
3875:
3869:
3836:
3787:(1): 14–19.
3784:
3780:
3753:. Retrieved
3749:
3739:
3722:
3697:
3693:
3674:
3628:
3586:
3580:
3556:Nerve plexus
3546:Spinal nerve
3473:
3464:
3460:
3407:
3395:
3363:
3359:Bell's palsy
3352:
3349:Inflammation
3333:, such as a
3305:
3289:
3285:falx cerebri
3272:optic chiasm
3260:papilloedema
3257:
3249:intracranial
3234:
3212:
3204:tuning forks
3181:
3168:neurologists
3165:
3142:
3131:
3111:
3096:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3023:
3004:
2972:
2933:
2924:blunt trauma
2916:Bell's palsy
2912:facial palsy
2909:
2897:facial nerve
2894:
2866:
2766:
2701:infraorbital
2583:long ciliary
2565:supraorbital
2490:
2482:
2478:
2459:
2448:
2435:eye movement
2420:
2399:optic chiasm
2388:
2381:
2365:
2358:
2346:
2321:
2306:
2293:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2134:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2014:ethmoid bone
2012:part of the
1992:
1937:
1919:
1901:
1811:
1799:facial canal
1769:
1739:
1728:
1709:frontal lobe
1705:crista galli
1698:
1679:
1662:nerve fibres
1659:
1636:
1626:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1580:
1537:
1531:
892:stylomastoid
844:facial canal
798:
700:
614:optic chiasm
540:
510:
454:facial nerve
423:
401:
394:
386:optic nerves
375:
364:
349:
308:
307:
263:
169:
115:A14.2.00.038
111:A14.2.01.001
84:
40:
35:
18:
5811:Hypoglossal
5192:Near origin
4991:optic tract
4826:Sympathetic
4798:Motor nerve
4750:Optic nerve
4698:Spinal cord
3723:StatPearls
3476:vertebrates
3374:sarcoidosis
3241:mass effect
3231:Compression
3156:Examination
3038:vagus nerve
2575:nasociliary
2384:optic nerve
2378:Vision (II)
2260:CNX – vagus
2103:Development
1774:, include:
1772:spinal cord
1735:cell bodies
1602:ipsilateral
1528:Terminology
1439:Hypoglossal
820:Near origin
619:optic tract
466:vagus nerve
434:optic nerve
408:spinal cord
252:Hypoglossal
74:Identifiers
43:Juxtaposed
5404:Vestibular
5316:mandibular
5289:stylohyoid
5279:Suprahyoid
5204:Geniculate
5142:mandibular
5132:ophthalmic
5085:Trigeminal
5003:Oculomotor
4723:Cerebellum
4269:(Review).
3573:References
3499:pheromones
3491:anamniotes
3384:, such as
3331:Thrombosis
3277:strabismus
3253:skull base
3196:funduscopy
3026:gag reflex
3015:oropharynx
2948:vestibules
2940:vestibular
2788:masseteric
2732:mandibular
2542:ophthalmic
2462:strabismus
2311:See also:
1940:mandibular
1904:ophthalmic
1784:dura mater
1608:function.
1564:trigeminus
1032:Vestibular
944:mandibular
917:stylohyoid
907:Suprahyoid
832:Geniculate
770:mandibular
760:ophthalmic
713:Trigeminal
631:Oculomotor
418:See also:
226:CN VIII –
210:Trigeminal
198:Oculomotor
45:skull base
5824:Branches
5772:Accessory
5692:posterior
5679:Pulmonary
5365:(CN VIII)
5306:zygomatic
5284:digastric
5167:Branches
5137:maxillary
5128:Branches
5069:Branches
5056:Trochlear
5026:Branches
4925:Olfactory
4818:Autonomic
4735:Forebrain
4708:Hindbrain
4604:Clin Anat
4273:: e2407.
4090:2296-634X
3960:cite book
3855:cite book
3801:1098-2353
3487:tetrapods
3484:amphibian
3200:nystagmus
3166:Doctors,
3114:shrugging
2983:nystagmus
2956:inner ear
2845:mylohyoid
2751:meningeal
2684:zygomatic
2646:maxillary
2470:mydriasis
2455:nystagmus
2429:(IV) and
2397:) if the
2355:Smell (I)
2034:into the
1975:Vagus (X)
1922:maxillary
1682:brainstem
1587:forebrain
1500:brainstem
1452:Branches
1400:Accessory
1320:posterior
1307:Pulmonary
993:(CN VIII)
934:zygomatic
912:digastric
795:Branches
765:maxillary
756:Branches
697:Branches
684:Trochlear
654:Branches
553:Olfactory
432:(I), the
321:brainstem
250:CN XII –
246:Accessory
220:CN VII –
204:Trochlear
196:CN III –
186:Olfactory
5845:Category
5813:(CN XII)
5687:anterior
5644:internal
5639:external
5578:inferior
5573:superior
5569:Ganglia
5469:Tympanic
5448:inferior
5443:superior
5439:Ganglia
5321:cervical
5301:temporal
5185:(CN VII)
5154:Abducens
5044:inferior
5030:superior
5005:(CN III)
4891:Terminal
4757:Cerebrum
4730:Midbrain
4693:Meninges
4632:21454488
4624:22836597
4389:22296879
4363:(1): 2.
4338:44106089
4330:29861376
4287:22496300
4108:32850790
3817:15242391
3809:24323823
3731:29083731
3535:See also
3480:amniotes
3478:. Other
3463:bottom;
3455:Dog-fish
3339:thrombus
3315:midbrain
3308:ischemic
3255:cancer.
3190:with an
3090:surgery.
2987:deafness
2627:lacrimal
2451:diplopia
2372:parosmia
2318:Function
1999:foramina
1850:Location
1686:midbrain
1639:midbrain
1568:triplets
1566:meaning
1556:trochlea
1536:was the
1441:(CN XII)
1315:anterior
1272:internal
1267:external
1206:inferior
1201:superior
1197:Ganglia
1097:Tympanic
1076:inferior
1071:superior
1067:Ganglia
949:cervical
929:temporal
813:(CN VII)
782:Abducens
672:inferior
658:superior
633:(CN III)
519:Terminal
460:(VIII),
390:cerebrum
384:(I) and
311:are the
264:Overview
244:CN XI –
232:CN IX –
216:Abducens
214:CN VI –
202:CN IV –
190:CN II –
180:Terminal
49:foramina
5828:lingual
5820:Nucleus
5796:Cranial
5780:Nuclei
5774:(CN XI)
5722:Hepatic
5704:Abdomen
5560:Before
5430:Before
5423:(CN IX)
5371:Nuclei
5266:foramen
5163:Nucleus
5156:(CN VI)
5118:Course
5093:Nuclei
5065:Nucleus
5058:(CN IV)
5011:Nuclei
4982:Course
4972:Nuclei
4966:(CN II)
4943:Course
4933:Nuclei
4909:Course
4899:Nuclei
4836:Enteric
4785:Somatic
4713:Medulla
4536:–2531.
4503:–2587.
4380:3395866
4295:5479248
4099:7427511
4074:: 635.
3465:lateral
3461:ventral
3404:History
3323:medulla
3216:ammonia
3145:atrophy
3118:scapula
2975:vertigo
2968:cochlea
2960:balance
2954:of the
2828:lingual
2552:frontal
2497:chewing
2425:(III),
2368:anosmia
2337:hearing
2063:in the
2023:in the
1828:of the
1786:called
1731:ganglia
1719:Ganglia
1694:medulla
1666:nucleus
1647:medulla
1632:nucleus
1628:Grossly
1544:anatomy
1456:lingual
1448:Nucleus
1424:Cranial
1408:Nuclei
1402:(CN XI)
1350:Hepatic
1332:Abdomen
1188:Before
1058:Before
1051:(CN IX)
999:Nuclei
894:foramen
791:Nucleus
784:(CN VI)
746:Course
721:Nuclei
693:Nucleus
686:(CN IV)
639:Nuclei
610:Course
600:Nuclei
594:(CN II)
571:Course
561:Nuclei
537:Course
527:Nuclei
476:(XII).
456:(VII),
440:(III),
414:Anatomy
358:of the
345:hearing
238:CN X –
208:CN V –
184:CN I –
178:CN 0 –
99:D003391
69:Details
5801:Spinal
5741:Nuclei
5712:Celiac
5666:Thorax
5589:After
5553:(CN X)
5520:Nuclei
5459:After
5332:Nuclei
5311:buccal
5213:Inside
5183:Facial
5087:(CN V)
4927:(CN I)
4893:(CN 0)
4745:Retina
4630:
4622:
4568:
4540:
4507:
4467:
4442:
4417:
4387:
4377:
4336:
4328:
4293:
4285:
4248:
4218:
4166:
4106:
4096:
4088:
4045:
4020:
3990:
3948:
3920:
3882:
3843:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3729:
3704:
3681:
3635:
3593:
3551:Plexus
3380:, and
3369:myelin
3311:stroke
3302:Stroke
3243:of an
3226:Damage
3188:retina
3122:winged
2875:, and
2850:mental
2800:buccal
2466:ptosis
2329:vision
2263:(mix)
2235:(mix)
2185:(mix)
2169:(mix)
2073:larynx
1853:Nerve
1617:Nuclei
1598:paired
1429:Spinal
1369:Nuclei
1340:Celiac
1294:Thorax
1217:After
1181:(CN X)
1148:Nuclei
1087:After
960:Nuclei
939:buccal
841:Inside
811:Facial
715:(CN V)
555:(CN I)
521:(CN 0)
464:(IX),
452:(VI),
444:(IV),
436:(II),
343:, and
333:vision
313:nerves
222:Facial
5717:Renal
5551:Vagus
4964:Optic
4703:Brain
4628:S2CID
4334:S2CID
4291:S2CID
3813:S2CID
3755:2 May
3527:sheep
3482:(non-
3459:top;
3410:Galen
3392:Other
3208:uvula
2333:smell
2325:taste
2040:orbit
1995:skull
1594:skull
1576:vagus
1572:Latin
1560:Latin
1552:Greek
1548:Greek
1534:Latin
1496:brain
1345:Renal
1179:Vagus
592:Optic
468:(X),
448:(V),
380:(0),
341:smell
337:taste
317:brain
269:Table
240:Vagus
192:Optic
154:[
80:Latin
47:with
41:Right
5614:Neck
4881:The
4718:Pons
4620:PMID
4566:ISBN
4538:ISBN
4534:2526
4505:ISBN
4501:2583
4465:ISBN
4440:ISBN
4415:ISBN
4385:PMID
4326:PMID
4283:PMID
4246:ISBN
4216:ISBN
4164:ISBN
4104:PMID
4086:ISSN
4043:ISBN
4018:ISBN
3988:ISBN
3966:link
3946:ISBN
3918:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3861:link
3841:ISBN
3805:PMID
3797:ISSN
3757:2014
3727:PMID
3702:ISBN
3679:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3591:ISBN
3319:pons
3239:, a
3132:The
3105:and
3097:The
3036:The
3005:The
2950:and
2942:and
2934:The
2895:The
2734:(V3)
2648:(V2)
2544:(V1)
2532:The
2491:The
2421:The
2382:The
2359:The
2347:The
2294:(m)
2219:(s)
2153:(m)
1793:The
1778:The
1690:pons
1643:pons
1637:The
1498:and
1242:Neck
509:The
376:The
143:5865
131:6178
127:6142
106:TA98
94:MeSH
36:Left
5262:At
5112:TMN
5097:PSN
5037:of
4612:doi
4375:PMC
4365:doi
4318:doi
4275:doi
4271:344
4094:PMC
4076:doi
3789:doi
3321:or
3251:or
2741:in
2674:in
2655:in
2457:).
1744:of
1578:).
890:At
740:TMN
725:PSN
665:of
331:of
138:FMA
122:TA2
5847::
5107:MN
4626:.
4618:.
4608:27
4606:.
4552:^
4479:^
4397:^
4383:.
4373:.
4359:.
4355:.
4332:.
4324:.
4314:36
4312:.
4289:.
4281:.
4230:^
4178:^
4116:^
4102:.
4092:.
4084:.
4070:.
4066:.
4002:^
3974:^
3962:}}
3958:{{
3932:^
3894:^
3857:}}
3853:{{
3825:^
3811:.
3803:.
3795:.
3785:27
3783:.
3765:^
3748:.
3725:.
3713:^
3647:^
3605:^
3501:.
3388:.
3376:,
3361:.
3329:.
3317:,
3287:.
3109:.
3048:.
3021:.
2926:.
2879:.
2499:.
2331:,
2327:,
1759:.
1696:.
1672:.
1657:.
1574::
1562::
1554::
735:MN
410:.
347:.
339:,
335:,
129:,
4874:e
4867:t
4860:v
4669:e
4662:t
4655:v
4634:.
4614::
4574:.
4546:.
4513:.
4473:.
4448:.
4423:.
4391:.
4367::
4361:7
4340:.
4320::
4297:.
4277::
4254:.
4224:.
4172:.
4110:.
4078::
4072:8
4051:.
4026:.
3996:.
3968:)
3954:.
3926:.
3888:.
3863:)
3849:.
3819:.
3791::
3759:.
3733:.
3708:.
3687:.
3641:.
3599:.
2776:/
2525:e
2518:t
2511:v
2098:.
2042:.
1942:)
1938:(
1924:)
1920:(
1906:)
1902:(
1808:.
1801:.
502:e
495:t
488:v
297:e
290:t
283:v
158:]
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