464:
453:
607:
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all Poro society initiates and members. The goddess Maleeo has a partner, the god
Kolocolo, who is seen as the identifying deity of the Sandogo, who granted the people marriage and this particular type of lineage to allow communication from humanity and the spirit world. Caryatid figures are seen as representations of the role of women as spiritual mediators and the Sandogo use them in ceremonies as symbols of this bilateral celestial discourse. Likewise, in the case of the Poro, there are writings about caryatid figures being used in ceremonies where they are brought out to commemorate advancement in the age-grade cycle, as well as being used to raise funds by initiates of the society. Calved figures were used in a tyekpa funeral ceremony as dance sculpture, held upon the head of the dancers while the ceremony takes place.
295:
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310:. This region saw many wars including the rule of Daoula Ba Traoré, a cruel despot who reigned between 1840 and 1877. The Islamisation of the Senufo people began during this historical period of the Kénédougou Kingdom, but it was the kings & chiefs who converted, while the general Senufo population refused. Daoula Ba Traoré attempted to convert his kingdom to Islam, destroying many villages within the kingdom such as Guiembe and Nielle in 1875 because they resisted his views. The Kénédougou dynastic rulers attacked their neighbors as well, such as the
221:, and who helped found an important kingdom of West Africa and challenged Muslim missionaries and traders. The southern Senufo are the largest group, numbering over 2 million, who allowed Muslim traders to settle within their communities in the 18th century who actively proselytized, and about 20% of the southern Senufo are Muslims. The third group is very small and isolated from both northern and southern Senufo. Some sociologists such as the French scholar Holas mentions fifteen identifiable sub-groups of Senufo people, with thirty dialects and four
268:. Within each group, numerous subdivisions use their own names for the people and language; the name Senufo is of external origin. Palaka separated from the main Senufo stock well before the 14th century ad; at about that time, with the founding of the town of Kong as a Bambara trade-route station, the rest of the population began migrations to the south, west, and north, resulting in the present divisions.The Senufo speaking people range from 800,000 to one million and live in agricultural based communities predominately located in the
1620:, Cleveland Museum of Art (2015), Quote: "Some of the most beloved artistic creations of sub-Saharan Africa, masks, figures, and decorative art labeled as Senufo have been the subject of numerous studies by African, American, and European scholars since the 1930s. The interest in sculpture identified as Senufo was largely stimulated by its discovery by the artistic avant-garde in the early twentieth century. Pablo Picasso and Fernand LĂ©ger were among those to find inspiration in the oeuvre of their West African counterparts."
383:
41:
186:
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and leather workers, whose lives revolve around the roles, responsibilities, and structures inhabited by the individual class. Training to become an artisan takes about seven or eight years; commencing with an apprenticeship where the trainees create objects not associated with the religion of the Senufo, then culminating with an initiation process where they obtain the ability to create ritual object.
577:. Spirituality and divination are divided between these two gender-imperative societies with women falling under the Sando or Sandogo society, and men falling under the Poro society with the exception of men who are members of those of the women because of their mother. These societies are the two that create the majority of commissioned Seunfo art.
512:
system, each division known as a
Katioula. In this system the farmers, known as Fo no, and the artisans at the opposite ends of the spectrum. The term artisan encompasses different individual castes within Senufo society including blacksmiths (Kule), carvers (Kpeene), brasscutters (Tyeli), potterers,
584:
with elaborate initiation rituals in a patch of forest they consider as sacred. The initiation rituals involve masks, figurines, and ritual equipment that the Senufo people carve and have perfected. The secrecy has helped the Senufo people to preserve their culture in the times of wars and political
629:
Within Senufo culture, the female form is held above all others in terms of beauty and aesthetics and caryatid figures are seen with various cultural connotations. This is tied into the worship of the spirit, "Ancient Mother", or the spirit, "mother", Maleeo, who is revered as the guiding entity by
597:"The main function of Poro is to guarantee a good relationship between the living world and the ancestors. Nerejao is an ancestress who is recognized as the true head of the Poro society. Divination, which is governed by the Sandogo society, is also an important part of Senufo religion. Although
487:
The Senufo are predominantly an agricultural people cultivating corn, millet, yams, and peanut. Senufo villages consist of small mud-brick homes. In the rainy southern communities of Senufo, thatched roofs are common, while flat roofs are prevalent in dry desert-like north. The Senufo is a
516:
Regionally, the Senufo are famous as musicians and superb carvers of wood sculpture, masks, and figurines. The Senufo people have specialized their art and handicraft work by subgroups, wherein the art is learnt within this group, passed from one generation to the next. The
564:
found among Senufo people features "hierarchical ranking including despised lower castes, occupational specificity, ritual complementarity, endogamy, hereditary membership, residential isolation, and the political superiority of farmers over artisan castes".
286:, an ancient town in northern Ivory Coast dating from the 13th century, is linked to the Senufo people. This separation of languages and sub-ethnic groups may be linked to the 14th-century migrations with its founding along with the Bambara trade-route.
363:
Those enslaved in Senufo lands worked the land, herds and served within the home. Their owner and his dependents also had the right to have sexual intercourse with female domestic slaves. The children of a female slave inherited her slave status.
193:
In the 1980s, estimates placed the total ethnic group population of Senufo people somewhere between 1.5 and 2.7 million. A 2013 estimate places the total over 3 million, with majority of them living in Ivory Coast in places such as
676:
has become a category to art collectors and scholars, a symbolism for the artistic traditions of West Africa, starting with the early twentieth century. Old pieces of Senufo art are found in many leading museums of the world.
495:
As agriculturalists, they cultivate a wide variety of crops, including cotton and cash crops for the international market. As musicians, they are world renowned, playing a multitude of instruments from: wind instruments
568:
The Senufo people usually fall within four societies in their culture: Poro, Sandogo, Wambele, or Tyekpa. While all the societies fill particular roles in the governance and education of the Senufo people, the
1733:
329:
The Senufo people were both victims of and perpetrators of slavery as they victimized other ethnic groups by enslavement. They themselves bought and sold slaves to Muslim merchants,
637:. This Senufo belief includes ancestral and nature spirits, who may be contacted. They believe in a Supreme Being, who is viewed in a dual female-male: an Ancient Mother,
217:. Typically, the Senufo people are studied in three large subgroups that have been relatively isolated. The northern Senufo are called "Supide or Kenedougou", found near
488:
patriarchal extended family society, where arranged typically cousin marriage and polygyny has been fairly common, however, succession and property inheritance has been
1766:
337:. As refugees from other West African ethnic groups escaped wars, states Paul Lovejoy, some of them moved into the Senufo lands, seized their lands and enslaved them.
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specialize in smithing and weaving. Outside the artisan subgroups, the Senufo people have hunters, musicians, grave-diggers, diviners, and healers who are called the
2129:
601:
is usually considered a women's society, men who are called to the profession and inherit through the matrilineal line are permitted to become diviners."
1007:"Senufo Sculpture from West Africa: an influential exhibition at The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1963 Essay - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
463:
1741:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Senufo people
452:
177:, with some who are Muslims. They are regionally famous for their handicrafts, many of which feature their cultural themes and religious beliefs.
1956:
1759:
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The Senufo people emerged as a group sometime within the 15th or 16th century. They were a significant part of the 17th to 19th-century
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language family. It belongs to the Gur-branch of the Niger-Congo language family, and consists of four distinct languages namely
2280:
2115:
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are women diviners among the Senufo people. They have their own rituals and secret order. In addition, the Senufo people have
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The pre-colonial wars and violence led to their migration into
Burkina Faso in regions that became towns such as Tiembara in
552:
Traditionally, the Senufo people have been a socially stratified society, similar to many West
African ethnic groups having
294:
689:
1617:
1949:
443:
560:, and one of the strata in this division includes slaves and descendants of slaves. According to Dolores Richter, the
1687:
344:, and for a long time, slave trading was one an important economic activity across the Sahel and West Africa, states
298:
Senufo people traditionally have lived in circular shaped mud huts, agriculture historically is their main livelihood
1613:
198:, and some 0.8 million in southeastern Mali. Their highest population densities are found in the land between the
680:
Cornélius Yao Azaglo August, a photographer, created a photographical journal of Senufo people from 1955 onward.
321:. The Kénédougou kingdom and the Traoré dynasty were dissolved in 1898 with the arrival of French colonial rule.
2290:
1942:
669:. The cubism and masks found in Senufo pieces were a significant influence for Pablo Picasso's African period.
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549:
are the ones who have most adopted Islam, although those who convert retain many of their animist practices.
1775:
1630:
Senufo
Sculpture from West Africa: An Influential Exhibition at The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1963
704:
1965:
1918:
580:
Typically, the Senufo villages are independent of each other, and each has a male secret society called
423:
1319:
432:
394:
1259:
Catherine
Coquery-Vidrovitch (2007). Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers and Joseph Calder Miller (ed.).
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ethnolinguistic group. They consist of diverse subgroups living in a region spanning the northern
561:
303:
17:
694:
1588:
1561:
1206:
1179:
1149:
977:
808:
776:
734:
348:. Sikasso and Bobo-Dioulasso were important sources of slaves captured who were then moved to
1643:
1534:
1469:
1408:" are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor,
1344:
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1233:
1119:
926:
472:
232:
refers to a linguistic group comprising roughly thirty related dialects within the larger
8:
2204:
2026:
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Caryatid Figure used during tyekpa society funeral ceremonies along with
Ceremonial Drums
318:
2036:
269:
1450:
1395:
1387:
872:
864:
847:
Richter, Dolores (1980). "Further considerations of caste in West Africa: The Senufo".
261:
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189:
Approximate distribution of Senufo people in Ivory Coast, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana
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814:
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740:
1629:
1295:
1006:
2016:
1858:
1796:
1744:
1442:
1379:
856:
257:
253:
245:
241:
233:
93:
69:
1821:
1262:
Women and
Slavery: Africa, the Indian Ocean world, and the medieval north Atlantic
666:
334:
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1903:
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345:
237:
97:
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1082:
2244:
2199:
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2071:
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2021:
1996:
1981:
1863:
489:
330:
214:
1791:
1383:
2274:
2219:
2096:
2046:
2041:
1923:
1831:
1816:
1412:, Minianka, Dogon, Songhay, and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations".
1320:"Creativity Resource for Teachers » Blog Archive » Drums of Africa"
1074:
979:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An
Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia
951:
Garber (1987) estimates the total number of
Senufos at some 1.5 million; the
709:
662:
661:
The art of Senufo people inspired twentieth-century European artists such as
505:
1739:
For spirits and kings: African art from the Paul and Ruth Tishman collection
1632:, Susan Elizabeth Gagliardi (2010), Art History Department, Emory University
1521:
1346:
Les sociétés Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali): chefs, guerriers, esclaves, paysans
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2006:
2001:
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1868:
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1811:
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311:
265:
159:
77:
1296:"Senufo - Art & Life in Africa - The University of Iowa Museum of Art"
1078:
1061:
955:(15th edition), based on various population estimates, counts 2.7 million.
2224:
2179:
2154:
2076:
2011:
1986:
1976:
1898:
1878:
1873:
1826:
1801:
1786:
1433:
Glaze, Anita (1993). "Call and Response: A Senufo Female Caryatid Drum".
1031:
501:
373:
273:
203:
199:
151:
147:
1934:
382:
2159:
1991:
1883:
1454:
952:
868:
357:
207:
1522:
image of deity from Cleveland Museum collection now available on line
1391:
1370:
Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".
1147:
806:
40:
1841:
598:
574:
1446:
860:
2209:
349:
314:
and they in turn counterattacked many times between 1883 and 1898.
185:
2214:
1846:
634:
589:
353:
340:
The largest demand for slaves initially came from the markets of
307:
283:
249:
218:
195:
174:
110:
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1494:
924:
277:
163:
114:
1117:
2254:
2091:
1851:
1806:
1342:
586:
553:
509:
341:
222:
167:
81:
1258:
570:
155:
73:
1721:
1181:
Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa
1734:
The Sejen bird figures of the Senufo People, Ivory Coast
1645:
Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast)
1614:
Senufo African art that inspired Picasso comes to France
778:
Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast)
1184:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 170–171, 57–58.
545:. Among these various subgroups, the leatherworkers or
306:(literally "country of the plain") with the capital of
1563:
Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation
1467:
1586:
1774:
736:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
1559:
1536:Picasso and Apollinaire: The Persistence of Memory
1173:
1171:
802:
800:
798:
732:
2137:
1580:
1148:Pascal James Imperato; Gavin H. Imperato (2008).
975:
807:Pascal James Imperato; Gavin H. Imperato (2008).
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
2272:
1641:
1211:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–124.
774:
556:. These endogamous divisions are locally called
525:specialize in blacksmith and basketry work, the
1235:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1231:
1208:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1204:
1177:
1168:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
888:
886:
795:
728:
726:
724:
1593:. Harvard University Press. pp. 152–154.
1539:. University of California Press. p. 29.
1474:. University of California Press. p. 82.
1238:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–58.
1143:
1141:
781:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 426–427.
753:
2123:
1950:
1760:
1566:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–192.
1336:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
928:Traditional African Art: An Illustrated Study
892:
633:The traditional Senufo religion is a type of
180:
1225:
958:
920:
918:
916:
883:
721:
1138:
1011:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
739:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 515.
2130:
2116:
1957:
1943:
1767:
1753:
1675:, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
1532:
1495:Rosalind Hackett; Rowland Abiodun (1998).
1378:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250.
1369:
1048:
925:Avner Shakarov; Lyubov Senatorova (2015).
260:( also spelt Supyire) in Mali, as well as
39:
1964:
1705:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1501:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 122–123.
1118:Patricia Sheehan; Jacqueline Ong (2010).
913:
1648:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95.
855:(1). Cambridge University Press: 37–54.
827:
605:
585:pressure. Senufo wear specially-crafted
293:
184:
1618:Senufo: Art and Identity in West Africa
1435:Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies
846:
14:
2273:
1343:Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan (1984).
1124:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 65–66.
413:
2111:
1938:
1748:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1265:. Ohio University Press. p. 50.
1673:Les SĂ©noufo (y compris les Minianka)
1154:. Scarecrow. pp. lxxviii, 266.
1095:"Sister Wendy's American Collection"
1001:
999:
690:Ceremonial Drum of the Senufo People
592:, such as those mimicking wildlife.
537:are masters of gunsmith work, while
377:
173:The Senufo people are predominantly
63:Regions with significant populations
1471:African Art in Motion: Icon and Act
1349:. Paris: Karthala. pp. 56–57.
626:, who perform sorcery and rituals.
24:
1415:
1312:
1279:
1087:
533:are renowned for leatherwork, the
25:
2302:
1709:
1703:Art and Death in a Senufo Village
1680:In the Shadow of the Sacred Grove
996:
529:specialize in brass casting, the
356:on their way to the Sudanese and
1776:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast
1013:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
481:The handicrafts of Senufo people
471:
462:
451:
442:
431:
422:
381:
1665:
1635:
1623:
1607:
1553:
1526:
1515:
1488:
1468:Robert Farris Thompson (1974).
1461:
1363:
1252:
1198:
1111:
1067:
1024:
896:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
521:specialize as woodcarvers, the
1587:Robert John Goldwater (1986).
1372:The Journal of African History
1324:creativity.denverartmuseum.org
1083:15 sub-languages within Senufo
982:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 253–254.
945:
504:) and percussive instruments (
367:
213:Their kinship organization is
80:, and one subgroup in western
13:
1:
2281:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
2139:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
1151:Historical Dictionary of Mali
931:. McFarland. pp. 41–45.
810:Historical Dictionary of Mali
715:
2286:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
1560:Robert Keith Sawyer (2006).
705:Traditional African religion
656:
508:). Senufo communities use a
166:, is found in north-western
7:
733:James Stuart Olson (1996).
683:
10:
2307:
1728:'About the Senoufo People'
1718:at Art&Life in Africa.
1498:Art and Religion in Africa
1073:Language characteristics:
976:John A. Shoup III (2011).
899:. Routledge. p. 184.
813:. Scarecrow. p. 266.
645:, and a male Creator God,
371:
324:
289:
181:Demographics and languages
2145:
1972:
1782:
1730:, Masabo Culture Company.
1642:Cyril K. Daddieh (2016).
1590:Primitivism in Modern Art
1384:10.1017/s0021853700025718
1064:, Encyclopædia Britannica
775:Cyril K. Daddieh (2016).
500:), stringed instruments (
108:
103:
92:
87:
67:
62:
55:
50:
38:
27:West African ethnic group
1232:Martin A. Klein (1998).
1205:Martin A. Klein (1998).
1178:Paul E. Lovejoy (2011).
225:scattered between them.
1701:Glaze, Anita J. (1981)
1678:Spindel, Carol (1989).
1036:Encyclopædia Britannica
562:caste systems in Africa
1671:Holas, Bohumil (1957)
893:Diagram Group (2013).
695:French colonial empire
611:
604:
299:
190:
2291:Ethnic groups in Mali
1966:Ethnic groups in Mali
1300:africa.uima.uiowa.edu
609:
594:
297:
256:in CĂ´te d'Ivoire and
188:
162:. One sub-group, the
56:c. 3 million (2013);
1533:Peter Read (2008).
414:Society and culture
319:Kiembara Department
154:, the southeastern
58:0.8 million in Mali
35:
612:
393:. You can help by
304:Kénédougou Kingdom
300:
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1932:
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1716:The Senufo people
1696:978-0-679-72214-4
1655:978-0-8108-7389-6
1600:978-0-674-70490-9
1573:978-0-19-516164-9
1546:978-0-520-24361-3
1508:978-0-8264-3655-9
1481:978-0-520-03843-1
1356:978-2-86537-106-8
1272:978-0-8214-1723-2
1245:978-0-521-59678-7
1218:978-0-521-59678-7
1191:978-1-139-50277-1
1161:978-0-8108-6402-3
1131:978-0-7614-4854-9
989:978-1-59884-363-7
938:978-1-4766-2003-9
906:978-1-135-96334-7
820:978-0-8108-6402-3
788:978-0-8108-7389-6
746:978-0-313-27918-8
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410:
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76:and southwestern
16:(Redirected from
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1085:
1077:in Ivory Coast,
1075:SĂ©noufo, Cebaara
1071:
1065:
1059:
1046:
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1028:
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446:
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385:
378:
158:and the western
126:, also known as
94:Senufo languages
51:Total population
43:
36:
32:
21:
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2295:
2271:
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2136:
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2101:
1968:
1963:
1933:
1928:
1778:
1773:
1712:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1482:
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1079:SĂ©noufo, Mamara
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1032:"Senufo people"
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391:needs expansion
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1722:Centre Senoufo
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1710:External links
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1667:
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1654:
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1616:, RFI (2015);
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1121:CĂ´te D'Ivoire
1114:
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1062:Senufo people
1058:
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729:
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710:Korhogo Cloth
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
681:
678:
675:
670:
668:
667:Fernand LĂ©ger
664:
663:Pablo Picasso
654:
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396:
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389:This section
387:
384:
380:
379:
375:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
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335:Baoulé people
332:
331:Asante people
322:
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309:
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287:
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281:
279:
275:
271:
270:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
267:
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137:
133:
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125:
124:Senufo people
116:
112:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:Cote d'Ivoire
68:Northeastern
66:
61:
54:
49:
45:Senufo people
42:
37:
19:
2239:
2205:Iwellemmedan
2061:
2027:Iwellemmedan
1913:
1702:
1679:
1672:
1666:Bibliography
1644:
1637:
1625:
1609:
1589:
1582:
1562:
1555:
1535:
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1517:
1497:
1490:
1470:
1463:
1438:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1345:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1299:
1261:
1254:
1234:
1227:
1207:
1200:
1180:
1150:
1120:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1069:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
1026:
1015:. Retrieved
1010:
978:
947:
927:
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735:
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673:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
502:Chordaphones
494:
486:
399:
395:adding to it
390:
362:
346:Martin Klein
339:
328:
316:
312:Zarma people
301:
282:
266:Burkina Faso
248:(also spelt
240:(also spelt
229:
227:
212:
192:
172:
160:Burkina Faso
148:West African
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
121:
78:Burkina Faso
30:Ethnic group
1682:. Vintage.
1099:www.pbs.org
535:Tchedumbele
490:matrilineal
374:Kong Empire
368:Kong Empire
358:Mauritanian
274:West Africa
215:matrilineal
204:Bagoe River
200:Black Volta
152:Ivory Coast
2275:Categories
2087:Toucouleur
1329:2016-02-29
1305:2016-02-29
1104:2016-02-29
1041:2016-03-03
1017:2016-02-29
953:Ethnologue
716:References
651:Koulotiolo
498:Aerophones
208:Bani River
144:Syénambélé
2037:Khassonké
2017:Idaksahak
1797:Adjoukrou
1400:162509491
1081:in Mali,
877:146454269
672:The term
657:Influence
647:Kolotyolo
547:Djelebele
543:Fejembele
531:Djelebele
527:Kpeembele
523:Fonombele
402:July 2021
228:The term
88:Languages
2230:Mandinka
2210:Jakhanke
2052:Mandinka
2032:Jakhanke
1904:Mandinka
684:See also
643:Katieleo
558:Katioula
519:Kulubele
350:Timbuktu
262:Karaboro
175:animists
146:, are a
104:Religion
2245:Soninke
2215:Kassena
2200:Gurunsi
2170:Djimini
2165:Dagaaba
2072:Soninke
2067:Songhai
2022:Igdalen
1997:Djimini
1982:Bambara
1864:Djimini
1847:Tchaman
1455:4108736
869:1158641
635:animism
620:Wambele
616:Sandogo
599:Sandogo
590:jewelry
575:Sandogo
354:Banamba
325:Slavery
308:Sikasso
290:History
284:Korhogo
258:Suppire
252:), and
250:Dyimini
246:Djimini
242:Kpalaga
219:Odienne
202:river,
196:Katiola
140:Senoufo
113:; some
111:animist
18:Senoufo
2240:Senufo
2220:Kusasi
2097:Tuareg
2082:Tellem
2062:Senufo
2047:Kurtey
1924:Yoruba
1919:Whites
1914:Senufo
1842:M'Bato
1832:Evalue
1822:Baoulé
1817:Avikam
1694:
1686:
1652:
1597:
1570:
1543:
1505:
1478:
1453:
1410:Senufo
1406:Quote:
1398:
1392:182616
1390:
1353:
1269:
1242:
1215:
1188:
1158:
1128:
986:
935:
903:
875:
867:
849:Africa
817:
785:
743:
674:Senufo
639:Maleeo
554:castes
278:Africa
254:Senari
238:Palaka
230:Senufo
223:castes
164:Nafana
142:, and
132:Senefo
115:Muslim
98:French
34:Senufo
2260:Zarma
2255:Yarse
2250:Turka
2235:Mossi
2195:Gurma
2190:Gouin
2185:Fulse
2175:Dyula
2150:Bissa
2092:Toloy
2057:Marka
2042:Kunta
2007:Dyula
2002:Dogon
1909:Mossi
1894:Krahn
1889:Hausa
1869:Dyula
1852:Wassa
1837:Fante
1812:Attie
1807:Aowin
1724:Mali.
1451:JSTOR
1396:S2CID
1388:JSTOR
873:S2CID
865:JSTOR
624:Typka
587:brass
510:caste
342:Sudan
168:Ghana
128:Siena
82:Ghana
2225:Lobi
2180:Fula
2155:Bobo
2077:Susu
2012:Fula
1987:Bozo
1977:Arma
1899:Lobi
1879:Gagu
1874:Fula
1859:Bété
1827:Bono
1802:Anyi
1792:Abbé
1787:Akan
1692:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1126:ISBN
984:ISBN
933:ISBN
901:ISBN
815:ISBN
783:ISBN
741:ISBN
665:and
622:and
614:The
582:Poro
573:and
571:Poro
539:Numu
352:and
333:and
206:and
156:Mali
136:Sene
122:The
74:Mali
2160:Bwa
1992:Bwa
1884:Gio
1443:doi
1380:doi
857:doi
649:or
641:or
397:.
264:in
244:),
234:Gur
2277::
1690:.
1449:.
1439:19
1437:.
1417:^
1404:,
1394:.
1386:.
1376:32
1374:.
1322:.
1298:.
1281:^
1170:^
1140:^
1097:.
1050:^
1034:.
1009:.
998:^
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915:^
885:^
871:.
863:.
853:50
851:.
829:^
797:^
755:^
723:^
653:.
492:.
280:.
276:,
272:,
210:.
170:.
138:,
134:,
130:,
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1958:e
1951:t
1944:v
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1698:.
1658:.
1603:.
1576:.
1549:.
1511:.
1484:.
1457:.
1445::
1402:.
1382::
1359:.
1332:.
1308:.
1275:.
1248:.
1221:.
1194:.
1164:.
1134:.
1107:.
1044:.
1020:.
992:.
941:.
909:.
879:.
859::
823:.
791:.
749:.
496:(
404:)
400:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
