Seleucus I Nicator

9197: 2137: 1624: 911: 8634: 1561:. Most western historians note that it appears to have fared poorly as he did not achieve his goals, even though what exactly happened is unknown. The two leaders ultimately reached an agreement, and through a treaty sealed in 303 BC, Seleucus abandoned the territories he could never securely hold in exchange for stabilizing the East and obtaining elephants, with which he could turn his attention against his great western rival, Antigonus Monophthalmus. The 500 war elephants Seleucus obtained from Chandragupta were to play a key role in the forthcoming battles, particularly at Ipsus against Antigonus and Demetrius. The Maurya king might have married the daughter of Seleucus. According to Strabo, the ceded territories bordered the Indus: 7774: 6406: 1985:. Demetrius invaded and easily conquered Cilicia in 286 BC, which meant that Demetrius was now threatening the most important regions of Seleucus' empire in Syria. Demetrius' troops, however, were tired and had not received their payment. Seleucus, on the other hand, was known as a cunning and rich leader who had earned the adoration of his soldiers. Seleucus blocked the roads leading south from Cilicia and urged Demetrius' troops to join his side. Simultaneously he tried to evade battle with Demetrius. Finally, Seleucus addressed Demetrius personally. He showed himself in front of the soldiers and removed his helmet, revealing his identity. Demetrius' troops now started to abandon their leader 7369: 1446: 10861: 7078: 10491: 9027: 7041: 6466: 1172:. Ptolemy gave Seleucus 800 infantry and 200 cavalry. He also had his friends accompanying him, perhaps the same 50 who escaped with him from Babylon. On the way to Babylon Seleucus recruited more soldiers from the colonies along the route. He finally had about 3,000 soldiers. In Babylon, Peithon's commander, Diphilus, barricaded himself in the city's fortress. Seleucus conquered Babylon with great speed and the fortress was also quickly captured. Seleucus' friends who had stayed in Babylon were released from captivity. His return to Babylon was afterwards officially regarded as the beginning of the 7620: 11213: 9254: 1120:, and the others would soon have to face him. Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander formed a coalition against Antigonus. The allies sent a proposition to Antigonus in which they demanded shares of his accumulated treasure and of his territory, with Phoenica and Syria going to Ptolemy, Cappadocia and Lycia to Cassander, Hellespontine Phrygia to Lysimachus, and Babylonia to Seleucus. Antigonus refused, and in the spring of 314 BC, he marched against Ptolemy in Syria. Seleucus acted as an admiral to Ptolemy during the first phase of the war. Antigonus was besieging 51: 1365:. Polyaenus reports that the troops of Seleucus and Antigonus fought for a whole day, but when night came the battle was still undecided. The two forces agreed to rest for the night and continue in the morning. Antigonus' troops slept without their equipment. Seleucus ordered his forces to sleep and eat breakfast in battle formation. Shortly before dawn, Seleucus' troops attacked the forces of Antigonus, who were still without their weapons and in disarray and thus easily defeated. The historical accuracy of the story is questionable. 7948: 1327: 6816: 11203: 6441: 785: 8219: 7026: 1289: 10075: 9966: 6649: 8288: 1565: 1744: 1059:

Persia. In the summer of 315 BC Antigonus arrived in Babylon and was warmly welcomed by Seleucus. The relationship between the two soon turned cold, however. Seleucus punished one of Antigonus' officers without asking permission from Antigonus. Antigonus became angry and demanded that Seleucus give him the income from the province, which Seleucus refused to do. He was, however, afraid of Antigonus and fled to Egypt with 50 horsemen. It is told that

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cities, swamps, canals and rivers. Demetrius' troops started to besiege the fortresses of Babylon and conquered one of them. The second fortress proved more difficult for Demetrius. He left his friend Archelaus to continue the siege, and himself returned west leaving 5,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry in Babylon. Ancient sources do not mention what happened to these troops. Perhaps Seleucus had to reconquer Babylon from Archelaus.

1232:, was allied with him. It was obvious that Seleucus' small force could not defeat the two in battle. Seleucus hid his armies in the marshes that surrounded the area where Nicanor was planning to cross the Tigris and made a surprise attack during the night. Evagoras fell in the beginning of the battle and Nicanor was cut off from his forces. The news about the death of Evagoras spread among the soldiers, who started to surrender 2157:. The road system and fortifications only seem to have been constructed in 150 CE. The small community, living around the base of the citadel, with small plots of land for each soldier in the surrounding countryside, is unlikely to have had much royal attention in this early period, but the legend surrounding Seleucus I Nicator as a city founder seems to have lead later inhabitants to attach his name to their settlement. 10308: 7300: 1959: 8396: 1009:, but had to retreat when Antigonus reached the city. The situation was difficult for Seleucus. Eumenes and his army were north of Babylon; Antigonus was following him with an even larger army; Peithon was in Media and his opponents in Susiana. Antigenes, satrap of Susiana and commander of the Argyraspides, was allied with Eumenes. Antigenes was in Cilicia when the war between him and Peithon began. 7213: 7036: 8391: 7943: 7615: 7208: 7021: 646: 3196: 8508: 7470: 6453: 1194: 1350:. Antigonus had devastated their lands while fighting Eumenes. Seleucus perhaps recruited a portion of Archelaus' troops. When Antigonus finally invaded Babylon, Seleucus' army was much bigger than before. Many of his soldiers certainly hated Antigonus. The population of Babylon was also hostile. Seleucus, thus, did not need to garrison the area to keep the locals from revolting. 1422: 1392:. The city was built on the shore of the Tigris probably in 307 or 305 BC. Seleucus made Seleucia his new capital, thus imitating Lysimachus, Cassander and Antigonus, all of whom had named cities after themselves. Seleucus also transferred the mint of Babylon to his new city. Babylon was soon left in the shadow of Seleucia, and the story goes that 602:, was reportedly a very large and powerful man. Appian wrote of an incident in which a wild bull that was about to be sacrificed by Alexander broke free of its bounds, and Seleucus managed to restrain the animal just with his bare hands. This was apparently the reason for the bull horns often depicted in the coins he later minted as a sovereign. 3052:"And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters . And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love" 1534:. This established Mauryan control to the banks of the Indus. Chandragupta's victories convinced Seleucus that he needed to secure his eastern flank. Seeking to hold the Macedonian territories there, Seleucus thus came into conflict with the emerging and expanding Mauryan Empire over the Indus Valley. 2148:

in Syria, for instance, uncovered a cult relief from a temple showing Seleucus, as the founder of the city, crowning the Gad of Dura. Clearer evidence that the city considered Seleucus to be its founder come from a fragmentary papyrus document, P. Dura 32, which designates Dura-Europos as "the colony

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Seleucus, however, did not manage to enlarge his kingdom to the west. The main reason was that he did not have enough Greek troops. During the battle of Ipsus, he had less infantry than Lysimachus. His strength was in his war elephants and in traditional Persian cavalry. In order to enlarge his army,

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A story of the founding of the city goes as follows: Seleucus asked the Babylonian priests which day would be best to found the city. The priest calculated the day, but, wanting the founding to fail, told Seleucus a different date. The plot failed however, because when the correct day came, Seleucus'

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In 311 BC Antigonus made peace with Cassander, Lysimachus and Ptolemy, which gave him an opportunity to deal with Seleucus. Antigonus' army had at least 80,000 soldiers. Even if he left half of his troops in the west, he would still have a numerical advantage over Seleucus. Seleucus may have received

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to defend the city. Babylon was defended in an unusual way. It had two strong fortresses, in which Seleucus had left his garrisons. The inhabitants of the city were transferred out and settled in the neighbouring areas, some as far as Susa. The surroundings of Babylon were excellent for defence, with

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Seleucus apparently minted coins during his stay in India, as several coins in his name are in the Indian standard and have been excavated in India. These coins describe him as "Basileus" ("King"), which implies a date later than 306 BC. Some of them also mention Seleucus in association with his son

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Some authors say that the argument relating to Seleucus handing over more of what is now southern Afghanistan is an exaggeration originating in a statement by Pliny the Elder referring not specifically to the lands received by Chandragupta, but rather to the various opinions of geographers regarding

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Little information is available about the conflict between Antigonus and Seleucus; only a very rudimentary Babylonian chronicle detailing the events of the war remains. The description of the year 310 BC has completely disappeared. It seems that Antigonus conquered Babylon. His plans were disturbed,

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Seleucus spread different stories among the provinces and the soldiers. According to one of them, he had in a dream seen Alexander standing beside him. Eumenes had tried to use a similar propaganda trick. Antigonus, who had been in Asia Minor while Seleucus had been in the east with Alexander, could

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Peithon arrived at Babylon in the autumn or winter of 317 BC. Peithon had lost a large number of troops, but Seleucus had even fewer soldiers. Eumenes decided to march to Susa in the spring of 316 BC. The satraps in Susa had apparently accepted Eumenes' claims of his fighting on behalf of the lawful

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Antigonus sent his son Demetrius along with 15,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry to reconquer Babylon. Apparently, he gave Demetrius a time limit, after which he had to return to Syria. Antigonus believed Seleucus was still ruling only Babylon. Perhaps Nicanor had not told him that Seleucus now had at

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always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the

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Even though Seleucus now had about 20,000 soldiers, they were not enough to withstand the forces of Antigonus. He also did not know when Antigonus would begin his counterattack. On the other hand, he knew that at least two eastern provinces did not have a satrap. A great majority of his own troops

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After the death of Antipater in 319 BC, the satrap of Media began to expand his power. Peithon assembled a large army of perhaps over 20,000 soldiers. Under the leadership of Peucestas the other satraps of the region brought together an opposing army of their own. Peithon was finally defeated in a

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as his successor. During his invasion of Egypt, Perdiccas sent Docimus along with his detachments to Babylon. Archon waged war against him, but fell in battle. Thus, Docimus was not intending to give Babylon to Seleucus without a fight. It is not certain how Seleucus took Babylon from Docimus, but

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waged war against each other. Just like Peithon and Seleucus, Eumenes was one of the former supporters of Perdiccas. Seleucus' biggest problem was, however, Babylon itself. The locals had rebelled against Archon and supported Docimus. The Babylonian priesthood had great influence over the region.

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Seleucus now held the whole of Alexander's conquests except Egypt and moved to take possession of Macedonia and Thrace. He intended to leave Asia to Antiochus and content himself for the remainder of his days with the Macedonian kingdom in its old limits. He had, however, hardly crossed into the

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The struggle among the Diadochi reached its climax when Antigonus, after the extinction of the old royal line of Macedonia, proclaimed himself king in 306 BC. Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Cassander and Seleucus, the other four principal Macedonian chiefs, soon followed and assumed the title and style of

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Antigonus spent the winter of 316 BC in Media, whose ruler was once again Peithon. Peithon's lust for power had grown, and he tried to get a portion of Antigonus' troops to revolt to his side. Antigonus, however, discovered the plot and executed Peithon. He then superseded Peucestas as satrap of

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as a gift to Laodice. Seleucus had a birthmark shaped like an anchor. It was told that Seleucus' sons and grandsons also had similar birthmarks. The story is similar to the one told about Alexander. Most likely the story is propaganda invented to present Seleucus as the natural successor of

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Seleucus' victories against Antigonus and Lysimachus left the Seleucid dynasty virtually unopposed amongst the Diadochi. However, Seleucus also hoped to take control of Lysimachus' European territories, primarily Thrace and Macedon itself. But upon arriving in Thrace in 281 BC, Seleucus was

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The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies,

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In the spring of 316 BC, Seleucus and Peithon joined Antigonus, who was following Eumenes to Susa. From Susa Antigonus went to Media, from where he could threaten the eastern provinces. He left Seleucus with a small number of troops to prevent Eumenes from reaching the Mediterranean.

1128:, which had a strategic location and a navy capable of preventing the allies from combining their forces. Because of the threat of Rhodes, Ptolemy gave Seleucus a hundred ships and sent him to the Aegean Sea. The fleet was too small to defeat Rhodes, but it was big enough to force 767:

was blown off his head and landed on some reeds near the tombs of Assyrian kings. Seleucus swam to fetch the diadem back, placing it on his own head while returning to the boat to keep it dry. The validity of the story is dubious. In the second, he took part in the dinner party of

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Few of the letters Seleucus sent to different cities and temples still exist. All cities in Asia Minor sent embassies to their new ruler. It is reported that Seleucus complained about the number of letters he received and was forced to read. He was apparently a popular ruler. In

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of the Argyraspides to join him, but this did not happen. Seleucus also sent messages to Antigonus. Because of his lack of troops, Seleucus apparently had no plans to actually stop Eumenes. He opened the flood barriers of the river, but the resulting flood did not stop Eumenes.

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according to one Babylonian chronicle an important building was destroyed in the city during the summer or winter of 320 BC. Other Babylonian sources state that Seleucus arrived in Babylon in October or November 320 BC. Despite the presumed battle, Docimus was able to escape.

1275:, who had remained neutral during the conflicts. After the defeat of Nikanor's army, there was no force in the east that could have opposed Seleucus. It is uncertain how Seleucus arranged the administration of the provinces he had conquered. Most satraps had died. In theory, 1576:

latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but

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and Peithon of Media. Babylon was one of the wealthiest provinces of the empire, but its military power was insignificant. It is possible that Antipater divided the eastern provinces so that no single satrap could rise above the others in power.

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least 20,000 soldiers. It seems that the scale of Nicanor's defeat was not clear to all parties. Antigonus did not know Seleucus had conquered the majority of the eastern provinces and perhaps cared little about the eastern parts of the empire.

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annexing the eastern satrapies. Additionally, a marriage alliance was formed, with Chandragupta marrying a daughter of Seleucus, according to Strabo and Appian. Furthermore, the Seleucid Empire received a considerable military force of 500

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along with 10,000 mercenaries and 100 ships. Seleucus and Menelaos began to besiege Kition. Antigonus sent most of his fleet to the Aegean Sea and his army to Asia Minor. Ptolemy now had an opportunity to invade Syria, where he defeated

1978:. Seleucus reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son was in danger of dying of love sickness. Seleucus was thus able to get Stratonice out of the way, as her father Demetrius had now become king of Macedonia. 2116:

It appears certain that after taking Macedonia and Thracia, Seleucus would have tried to conquer Greece. He had already prepared this campaign using the numerous gifts presented to him. He was also nominated an honorary citizen of

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Before his death, Seleucus tried to deal with the administration of Asia Minor. The region was ethnically diverse, consisting of Greek cities, a Persian aristocracy and indigenous peoples. Seleucus perhaps tried to defeat

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A number of legends, similar to those told of Alexander the Great, were told of Seleucus. It was said Antiochus told his son before he left to battle the Persians with Alexander that his real father was actually the god

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was still the lawful successor of Antipater and the official regent of the Macedonian kingdom. It was his duty to select the satraps. However, Polyperchon was still allied with Antigonus and thus an enemy of Seleucus.

1487:("Successors") split his empire apart; as his generals fought for control of Alexander's empire. In the eastern territories, Seleucus I Nicator took control of Alexander's conquests. According to the Roman historian 1071:. Antigonus executed Blitor, the new satrap of Mesopotamia, for helping Seleucus. Modern scholars are skeptical of the prophecy story. It seems certain, however, that the Babylonian priesthood was against Seleucus. 1240:

were from these provinces. Some of Evagoras' troops were Persian. Perhaps a portion of the troops were Eumenes' soldiers, who had a reason to hate Antigonus. Seleucus decided to take advantage of this situation.

508:. The assassination of Seleucus destroyed Seleucid prospects in Thrace and Macedon, and paved the way for Ptolemy Ceraunus to absorb much of Lysimachus' former power in Macedon. Seleucus was succeeded by his son 2124:

Antiochus founded the cult of his father. A cult of personality formed around the later members of the Seleucid dynasty and Seleucus was later worshipped as a son of Zeus Nikator. One inscription found in Ilium

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he was celebrated as a liberator and a temple was built to honour him. According to a local custom, Seleucus was always offered an extra cup of wine during dinner time. His title during this period was Seleucus

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The war elephants Seleucus received from Chandragupta proved to be useful when the Diadochi finally decided to deal with Antigonus. Cassander, Seleucus and Lysimachus defeated Antigonus and Demetrius in the

9196: 1042:, saw the situation as hopeless and returned to his own province. The armies of Eumenes and his allies were at breaking point. Antigonus and Eumenes had two encounters during 316 BC, in the battles of 564:

invaded the region. Philip defeated the invaders and only a few years later utterly subdued them under Macedonian rule. Seleucus' year of birth is unclear. Justin claims he was 77 years old during the

693:. It is unknown the extent in which Seleucus participated in the actual planning of the battle, as he is not mentioned as holding any major independent position during the battle. This contrasts with 1950:

It is said of Seleucus that "few princes have ever lived with so great a passion for the building of cities. He is reputed to have built in all nine Seleucias, sixteen Antiochs, and six Laodiceas".

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astrologers prophesied to Antigonus that Seleucus would become master of Asia and would kill Antigonus. After hearing this, Antigonus sent soldiers after Seleucus, who had however first escaped to

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shortly before Alexander's death in the hope that his health might improve. The validity of this story is also questionable, as the Graeco-Egyptian Serapis had not yet been invented at the time.

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Certain areas in the north-west were acquired through the treaty with Seleucus... It has been suggested that the territory ceded consisted of Gedrosia, Arachosia, Aria, and the Paropamisadae.

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Antiochus as king, which would also imply a date as late as 293 BC. No Seleucid coins were struck in India thereafter and confirm the reversal of territory west of the Indus to Chandragupta.

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thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria. — Pliny, Natural History VI, 23

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of the Europeans of Seleucs Nicator". The sparse archaeological remains from the Hellenistic period of the site, however, indicate that the site began life as a small garrison settlement (a

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with Alexander. The story of the dinner party of Medeios may be true, but the plot to poison the King is unlikely. In the final story, Seleucus reportedly slept in the temple of the god

941:, however, prevented this. For betraying Perdiccas, Seleucus was awarded the rich province of Babylon. This decision may have been Antigonus' idea. Seleucus' Babylon was surrounded by 1368:

The Babylonian war finally ended in Seleucus' victory. Antigonus was forced to retreat west. Both sides fortified their borders. Antigonus built a series of fortresses along the

1050:. Eumenes was defeated and executed. The events of the Second War of the Diadochi revealed Seleucus' ability to wait for the right moment. Blazing into battle was not his style. 1244:

not use Alexander in his own propaganda. Seleucus, being Macedonian, had the ability to gain the trust of the Macedonians among his troops, which was not the case with Eumenes.

1679:). Chandragupta or his son may have married a daughter of Seleucus, or perhaps there was diplomatic recognition of intermarriage between Indians and Greeks. As well, an Indian 1974:

as his co-ruler and viceroy of the eastern provinces in 292 BC, the vast extent of the empire seeming to require a double government. In 294 BC Stratonice married her stepson

544:'s generals, but no such general is mentioned in any other sources, and nothing is known of his supposed career under Philip. It is possible that Antiochus was a member of an 1947:

became his chief seat of government. The new Seleucia was supposed to become his new naval base and a gateway to the Mediterranean. Seleucus also founded six smaller cities.

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river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus.

1557:, had conquered the Indus valley and several other parts of the easternmost regions of Alexander's empire. Seleucus began a campaign against Chandragupta and crossed the 440:. Seleucus was only able to return to Babylon in 312 BC with the support of Ptolemy. From 312 BC, Seleucus ruthlessly expanded his dominions and eventually conquered the 1396:, the son of Seleucus, moved the whole population of Babylon to his father's namesake capital in 275 BC. The city flourished until AD 165, when the Romans destroyed it. 759:

Ancient sources report several anecdotes about Seleucus' activities during the life of Alexander. In the first of these episodes, he participated in a sailing trip near

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After arriving in Egypt, Seleucus sent his friends to Greece to inform his fellow Diadochi Cassander (ruler of Macedon and overlord of Greece) and Lysimachus (ruler of

1094:, still a young child, and his mother Roxane were held guarded at Amphipolis and died under mysterious circumstances in 310 BC, probably murdered at the instigation of 821:

became the regent of all of Alexander's empire, while Alexander's physically and mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus was chosen as the next king under the name

6282: 845:, which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas. Several other powerful men supported Perdiccas, including 1334:

Over the course of nine years (311–302 BC), while Antigonus was occupied in the west, Seleucus brought the whole eastern part of Alexander's empire as far as the

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battle waged in Parthia. He escaped to Media, but his opponents did not follow him and rather returned to Susiana. Meanwhile, Eumenes and his army had arrived at

1888:. Antigonus fell in battle, but Demetrius escaped. After the battle, Syria was placed under Seleucus' rule. He understood Syria to encompass the region from the 5302: 1992:

Lysimachus and Ptolemy had supported Seleucus against Demetrius, but after the latter's defeat the alliance started to break apart. Lysimachus ruled Macedonia,

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The two rulers seem to have been on very good terms, as classical sources have recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta sent various presents such as

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while several other Macedonians married Persian women. After Alexander's death (323 BC), when the other senior Macedonian officers unloaded their "Susa wives"

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Babylon also had a sizeable population of Macedonian and Greek veterans of Alexander's army. Seleucus won over the priests with monetary gifts and bribes.

2031:, 281 BC. Lysimachus fell in battle. In addition, Ptolemy had died a few years earlier. Seleucus was thus now the only living contemporary of Alexander. 1161:, whom Antigonus had nominated as the new satrap of Babylon, fell in the battle. The death of Peithon gave Seleucus an opportunity to return to Babylon. 2278: 7858: 7734: 2387: 1471:

Seleucus soon turned his attention once again eastward. The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of

5332: 5285: 5237: 5235: 4711: 3090: 8151: 1604:. On the other hand, he was accepted by other satraps of the eastern provinces. His Persian wife, Apama, may have helped him implement his rule in 1247:

After becoming once again satrap of Babylon, Seleucus became much more aggressive in his politics. In a short time he conquered Media and Susiana.

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were constantly under Alexander's eye and at his disposal. They later participated in the Indus Valley campaign, in the battles fought against the

10490: 7773: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5251: 7589: 2694: 5289: 5288: 2965: 1867:: Portrait of male figure (probably Seleucus, but possibly Alexander or Dionysus), wearing a leopard-skin helmet, with a bull's ear and horns. 8529: 8250: 8161: 7850: 7565: 7507: 7503: 6275: 4968: 1082:

in order to drive Cassander out. She held great respect among the Macedonian army but lost some of this when she had Philip III and his wife

910: 5280: 5278: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5249: 7807: 7803: 7511: 5236: 3775: 2023:(285 BC), had at first taken refuge with Lysimachus and then with Seleucus. Seleucus then invaded Asia Minor and defeated his rival in the 5276: 1623: 11487: 11447: 11216: 8254: 8061: 7632: 7595: 7561: 7136: 7132: 6465: 833:" however, Perdiccas effectively divided the enormous Macedonian dominion among Alexander's generals. Seleucus was chosen to command the 5291: 2287: 2136: 625:, who had sons called Nicanor and Nicomedes. It is most likely the sons are fictitious. Didymeia might refer to the oracle of Apollo in 11477: 11457: 10860: 7419: 7263: 7128: 7124: 6405: 2166: 1798: 591:). It was customary for all male offspring of noble families to first serve in this position and later as officers in the king's army. 5241: 5231: 5229: 11442: 11422: 8147: 8143: 8057: 7854: 6611: 1612:. This would tend to be corroborated archaeologically, as concrete indications of Mauryan influence, such as the inscriptions of the 1672:

Nevertheless, it is usually considered today that Arachosia and the other three regions did become dominions of the Mauryan Empire.

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beginning in late in 327 BC, he had risen to the command of the elite infantry corps in the Macedonian army, the "Shield-bearers" (

533: 222: 3019:. Original Sanskrit of the first two verses: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar". 622: 380:

or Silver-Shields, an elite Macedonian infantry unit. After the death of Alexander in June 323 BC, Seleucus initially supported

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and so to the mouth of the Ganges where he falleth into the sea 638 miles. — Pliny the Elder, Natural history, Book 6, Chap 21

1124:, when Seleucus sailed past him and went on to threaten the coast of Syria and Asia Minor. Antigonus allied with the island of 7368: 7077: 1014: 336:. Initially a secondary player in the power struggles following Alexander's death, Seleucus rose to become the total ruler of 11370: 11323: 11293: 5325: 5283: 5282: 5234: 3642: 3623: 3604: 3585: 3557: 3490: 3471: 3452: 3429: 3401: 3301: 2792: 2566: 919: 756:, Seleucus was one of the very few who kept his wife, and Apama remained his consort (later Queen) for the rest of her life. 5238: 5233: 11472: 3667: 1537:

In the year 306 BC, Seleucus I Nicator went to India and apparently occupied territory as far as the Indus, and eventually

861:. Perdiccas' power depended on his ability to hold Alexander's enormous empire together, and on whether he could force the 5286: 3003:. The paragraph of the Pratisarga Parva mentioning this marriage is: "Chandragupta married with a daughter of Suluva, the 2052:

independently. On the other hand, based on their names, Seleucus apparently founded a number of new cities in Asia Minor.

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Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the

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began when Perdiccas sent Alexander's corpse to Macedonia for burial. Ptolemy however captured the body and took it to

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Seleucus’ reputation as a founder of cities also seems to have persisted after his death. Excavations at the site of

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In spring 334 BC, as a young man of about twenty-three, Seleucus accompanied Alexander into Asia. By the time of the

552:, but nothing else is known of her. Later, Seleucus named a number of cities after his parents. Seleucus was born in 8633: 5296: 5318: 3768: 2065:("saviour"). When Seleucus left for Europe, the organizational rearrangement of Asia Minor had not been completed. 973:

Meanwhile, the empire was once again in turmoil. Peithon, the satrap of Media, assassinated Philip, the satrap of

937:

At Triparadisos the soldiers had become mutinous and were planning to murder their master Antipater. Seleucus and

55:

Bust of Seleucus I Nicator, Roman artwork of the Imperial era made in a Syrian workshop after a Hellenistic model.

10281: 5293: 5271: 5252: 5243: 2133:, the ancestor of Antiochus' family. Several anecdotes of Seleucus' life became popular in the classical world. 453: 10354: 9901: 9825: 5274: 4892: 4784: 2012: 2001: 658: 5269: 5261: 5246: 4973: 1357:

We do know that Seleucus defeated Antigonus in at least one decisive battle. This battle is only mentioned in

432:. But almost immediately, the wars between the Diadochi resumed and one of the most powerful of the Diadochi, 11462: 11206: 11186: 10468: 10375: 10360: 10198: 10068: 9869: 9568: 9253: 6637: 5250: 5033: 5019: 4887: 4872: 4027: 1909: 1453:

mint. Obverse shows Seleucus wearing helmet covered with leopard skin and bull's horn and ear. Reverse shows

1144:, a nephew of Antigonus, attacked Asander. Seleucus returned to Cyprus, where Ptolemy I had sent his brother 11007: 10816: 10792: 10192: 9172: 5292: 5290: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5177: 4882: 4867: 4842: 4819: 4799: 3210: 1913: 1519: 200: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5255: 3087: 2859: 1847: 930:. Perdiccas' opponents gathered in Triparadisos, where the empire of Alexander was partitioned again (the 11407: 10429: 9468: 9267: 8814: 8808: 7055: 6411: 6148: 5775: 5501: 5081: 5066: 4877: 4862: 4847: 4832: 4789: 4761: 3972: 3761: 3105: 1086:

killed as well as many nobles whom she took revenge upon for supporting Antipater during his long reign.

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Marest-Caffey, L. (2016). "Seleukos I's Victory Coinage of Susa Revisited: A Die Study and Commentary".

1764:, the farthest extent of Alexander's conquests were discovered and surveyed by Seleucus Nicator: namely 1445: 884:. Perdiccas and his troops followed him to Egypt, whereupon Ptolemy conspired with the satrap of Media, 11492: 11467: 11056: 10912: 10675: 10366: 10176: 9522: 9184: 9152: 9146: 7353: 6176: 4897: 4852: 4827: 4804: 4774: 4595: 3219: 2984: 2698: 2333: 2185: 1958: 1074:

During Seleucus' escape to Egypt, Macedonia was undergoing great turmoil. Alexander the Great's mother

999: 17: 11193: 10801: 10687: 10669: 10519: 10181: 10045: 9746: 9561: 8458: 6122: 6034: 5805: 5761: 5538: 5429: 5298: 5265: 5256: 5248: 4809: 4794: 4697: 4654: 4480: 4233: 3877: 2015:

gave Seleucus an opportunity to remove his last rival. His intervention in the west was solicited by

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tells us Seleucus was 73 years old during the battle, which means 354 BC would be the year of birth.

512:

as ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Seleucus founded a number of new cities during his reign, including

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soldiers spontaneously started building the city. When questioned, the priests admitted their deed.

11179: 10824: 10821: 10744: 10714: 10657: 10643: 10049: 9033: 8771: 8188: 7972: 6815: 5417: 5300: 5124: 5056: 5042: 5037: 5028: 5014: 5000: 4990: 4857: 4779: 4707: 4692: 4659: 4649: 4525: 4238: 3393: 3016: 1584:, upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. — Strabo 15.2.9 1568: 1538: 1466: 1457:, holding in both hands a wreath that she places on trophy. Greek legend reads: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣEΛEYKOY, 468: 9026: 5297: 5295: 2319: 1164:

Seleucus had prepared his return to Babylon well. After the battle of Gaza Demetrius retreated to

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The fleet of Demetrius destroyed Ptolemy's fleet and thus Seleucus did not need to fight him.

1549:. Only a few sources mention his activities in India. Chandragupta (known in Greek sources as 11362:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

11283: 11246: 11168: 11045: 10705: 10681: 10637: 10625: 10619: 10616: 10571: 10565: 10541: 10506: 10462: 10450: 10447: 10444: 10432: 10426: 10414: 10408: 10227: 10137: 10134: 10125: 9688: 7765: 6059: 5795: 5626: 5165: 5160: 5144: 5114: 4980: 4746: 4702: 4639: 4435: 4425: 4372: 4367: 4223: 4203: 4193: 4188: 4173: 4163: 4123: 4002: 3997: 3977: 3967: 3951: 3946: 3811: 3411: 3261: 3205: 3000: 2302: 1511: 1043: 965:

was chosen satrap of Babylon. Perdiccas, however, had plans to supersede Archon and nominate

822: 580:. This is most likely propaganda on Seleucus' part to make him seem comparable to Alexander. 576:, however, mentions the age of 75, and thus the year 356 BC, making Seleucus the same age as 560:. Just a year before his birth (if the year 358 BC is accepted as the most likely date), the 11360: 11212: 7025: 5279: 2271:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

2189: 1710:

In addition to this matrimonial recognition or alliance, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador,

154: 10613: 10562: 10471: 10465: 10435: 10037: 9990: 9978: 9802: 9743: 9367: 9261: 9084: 8611: 7759: 7280: 6697: 6230: 6209: 6054: 5914: 5877: 5843: 5663: 5616: 5487: 5353: 5150: 5129: 4932: 4751: 4603: 4178: 4158: 4075: 4065: 4032: 3982: 3887: 3859: 3839: 3801: 2870: 2208: 2024: 1484: 873: 830: 573: 565: 549: 541: 493: 397: 393: 232: 10074: 5310: 1755:(276–194 BC), incorporating information from the campaigns of Alexander and his successors 1236:. Almost all of them agreed to fight under Seleucus. Nicanor escaped with only a few men. 8: 11118: 10973: 10678: 10628: 10553: 10503: 10456: 10441: 10420: 10119: 10105: 9993: 9926: 9749: 9640: 9582: 9346: 9019: 8859: 8578: 8383: 8200: 8013: 7329: 6540: 6245: 6112: 5934: 5683: 5399: 5341: 5099: 5051: 5046: 4937: 4741: 4634: 4628: 4490: 4208: 4143: 4085: 4012: 3992: 3956: 3902: 3897: 3806: 3577: 3421: 3140: 2894: 2110: 2102: 2020: 1905: 1696: 1546: 1518:

The Mauryans then annexed the areas around the Indus governed by the four Greek satraps:

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Alexander the Great died without a successor in Babylon on June 10, 323 BC. His general

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Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992,

2988: 2935: 2094: 1989:. Demetrius was finally imprisoned in Apameia and died a few years later in captivity. 1897: 359: 9814: 2833: 1228:

of the eastern provinces. His army had about 17,000 soldiers. Evagoras, the satrap of

11366: 11319: 11289: 10582: 10556: 10532: 10514: 10314: 10235: 10143: 10012: 9984: 9799: 9767: 9758: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9682: 9670: 9585: 9506: 9358: 9352: 9319: 9313: 8884: 8757: 8621: 8443: 8169: 7768: 7762: 7570: 7538: 7083: 6292: 6204: 6166: 6029: 5833: 5582: 5361: 5195: 5155: 5134: 5089: 4736: 4664: 4510: 4148: 4108: 3923: 3869: 3854: 3745: 3638: 3619: 3600: 3581: 3553: 3534: 3486: 3467: 3448: 3425: 3397: 3297: 3248: 2927: 2878: 2788: 2193: 1975: 1928: 1923:

Seleucus tried to attract colonists from mainland Greece by founding four new cities—

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The alliance between Seleucus and Demetrius ended in 294 BC when Seleucus conquered

1326: 1220:

Soon after Seleucus' return, the supporters of Antigonus tried to get Babylon back.

1136:, to ally with Ptolemy. To demonstrate his power, Seleucus also invaded the city of 50: 11242: 11154: 11100: 11031: 11018: 10997: 10962: 10811: 10599: 10568: 10423: 10399: 10167: 10164: 10158: 10113: 10006: 9987: 9981: 9937: 9920: 9764: 9755: 9752: 9676: 9673: 9511: 9396: 8983: 8073: 8007: 7995: 7688: 7235: 6525: 6181: 6117: 5853: 5673: 4912: 4731: 4382: 4266: 4168: 3961: 3936: 3685: 3083: 3015:

was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was Ashoka."

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and Ganges, where both meet together, 225 miles, and many put thereto 13 miles more

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When Demetrius arrived in Babylon, Seleucus was somewhere in the east. He had left

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mentions that Seleucus also took part in this conspiracy, but this is not certain.

714: 501: 333: 246: 6260: 3245: 744:, at least two legitimate daughters (Laodice and Apama) and possibly another son ( 11163: 11149: 11124: 11077: 11040: 11026: 10850: 10699: 10652: 10559: 10524: 10396: 10391: 10319: 10293: 10149: 10024: 10018: 10003: 9996: 9950: 9940: 9773: 9718: 9712: 9709: 9655: 9603: 9439: 9373: 9361: 9349: 9337: 9322: 9301: 9220: 9124: 9121: 9095: 9010: 8989: 8977: 8944: 8938: 8908: 8830: 8640: 7992: 7947: 7901: 7895: 7885: 7675: 6775: 6753: 6520: 6196: 6156: 6024: 5924: 5918: 5867: 5699: 5693: 5606: 5465: 4608: 4565: 4500: 4460: 4276: 4153: 4095: 4060: 4052: 3931: 3671: 3658: 3571: 3415: 3389:

The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire

3387: 3094: 3061: 3011:. Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, 2897:(1919). "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology", 1924: 1893: 1885: 1876: 1737: 1523: 1173: 962: 899: 846: 796: 788: 678: 545: 485: 401: 367: 349: 329: 65: 11202: 6440: 1661: 471:(305–303 BC). The conflict was ultimately resolved by a treaty resulting in the 11061: 10605: 10498: 10387: 10340: 10301: 10244: 10146: 10082: 10000: 9959: 9953: 9943: 9931: 9715: 9703: 9691: 9611: 9500: 9454: 9364: 9334: 9298: 9162: 9007: 8986: 8980: 8971: 8923: 8893: 8875: 8850: 8838: 8750: 8607: 8478: 8329: 8191: 8185: 8088: 8080: 8016: 7989: 7953: 7786: 7553: 7550: 7451: 6859: 6624: 6530: 6507: 6399: 5972: 5713: 5447: 5386: 4985: 4555: 4495: 4183: 3793: 3616:

The Legend of Seleucus: Kingship, Narrative and Mythmaking in the Ancient World

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reports that Seleucus also conquered other nearby areas, which might refer to

748:). At the same event, Alexander married the daughter of the late Persian King 11401: 11356: 11279: 11264: 11136: 11068: 10948: 10593: 10590: 10343: 10337: 10297: 10253: 10161: 10122: 9956: 9895: 9796: 9793: 9721: 9706: 9667: 9664: 9607: 9546: 9428: 9134: 9127: 9104: 8998: 8992: 8956: 8878: 8834: 8791: 8583: 8481: 8475: 8433: 8332: 8135: 8097: 7870: 7756: 7670: 7480: 7431: 7186: 7170: 6863: 6789: 6750: 6724: 6718: 6679: 6620: 6591: 6316: 4953: 4942: 4440: 4430: 4387: 4352: 4080: 3200: 2931: 2291:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 603–604. 2282: 2272: 1940: 1675:

The alliance between Chandragupta and Seleucus was affirmed with a marriage (

1597: 1542: 1288: 1256: 1025:

and some smaller ships to stop the crossing. He also tried to get the former

725: 666: 472: 8218: 2231:

Boiy "The Reigns of the Seleucid Kings According the Babylonian King List."

1962:

Coin of Demetrius I Poliorcetes, with the Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ,

709:– each of whom had sizable detachments under their control. Seleucus' Royal 11309: 11106: 10984: 10918: 10836: 10827: 10758: 10684: 10587: 10331: 10232: 10155: 10009: 9965: 9845: 9770: 9730: 9661: 9658: 9652: 9591: 9543: 9531: 9445: 9422: 9415: 9331: 9325: 9295: 9107: 9079: 9061: 9052: 9001: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8687: 8657: 8463: 8375: 8272: 8209: 8157: 7986: 7711: 7646: 7636: 7547: 7498: 7383: 7363: 7359: 7144: 7008: 6868: 6848: 6801: 6760: 6547: 6502: 6351: 6336: 4995: 4958: 4922: 4575: 4560: 4475: 4415: 4377: 4357: 4342: 4017: 3157: 2145: 1835: 1752: 1588:

From this, it seems that Seleucus surrendered the easternmost provinces of

1581: 1476: 1373: 1369: 1177: 890: 670: 618: 477: 1726:). Only short extracts remain of Megasthenes' description of the journey. 1013:

ruling family against the usurper Antigonus. Eumenes marched his army 300

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Seleucus obtained knowledge of most of northern India, as explained by

1636: 1564: 1297: 1214: 1202: 1090:

reclaimed Macedon the following year at Pydna and then had her killed.

881: 850: 749: 737: 690: 682: 489: 412:. Perdiccas was betrayed and assassinated in a conspiracy by Seleucus, 375: 337: 9281: 2073: 1801:

119, and some say, that between them two it is no less than 325 miles.

1743: 872:. To cement his position, Perdiccas tried to marry Alexander's sister 11139: 11082: 10939: 10909: 10903: 10894: 10879: 10873: 10855: 10830: 10708: 10690: 10477: 10474: 10334: 10261: 10247: 10218: 10206: 10128: 10099: 9839: 9833: 9598: 9528: 9485: 9482: 9431: 9214: 9131: 9117: 9114: 9070: 9064: 9046: 8968: 8959: 8929: 8926: 8917: 8899: 8896: 8734: 8731: 8595: 8591: 8567: 8515: 8502: 8472: 8367: 8363: 8241: 8101: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7798: 7715: 7692: 7656: 7541: 7464: 7387: 7379: 7346: 7243: 7227: 7199: 7162: 7031: 6989: 6806: 6685: 6571: 6217: 6191: 6049: 6009: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5968: 5948: 5887: 5823: 5817: 5771: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5640: 5636: 5566: 5528: 5497: 5471: 5459: 5453: 5371: 5366: 4963: 4947: 4580: 4570: 4545: 4515: 4420: 4362: 4294: 4289: 4042: 4037: 3912: 3834: 3753: 3293: 3012: 1904:. In 299 BC, Seleucus allied with Demetrius and married his daughter 1901: 1653: 1617: 1589: 1388:

The next event connected to Seleucus was the founding of the city of

1362: 1210: 1206: 1095: 1087: 1039: 1035: 942: 927: 926:

The most powerful man in the empire after the death of Perdiccas was

842: 818: 706: 674: 561: 449: 429: 389: 381: 289: 2000:. He also had problems with his family. Lysimachus executed his son 1852: 11089: 10915: 10876: 10870: 10747: 10328: 10325: 10270: 10267: 10209: 10140: 10090: 10053: 9906: 9448: 9307: 9289: 9272: 9210: 9137: 9111: 9058: 9040: 8950: 8825: 8716: 8707: 8695: 8663: 8627: 8603: 8553: 8521: 8497: 8469: 8439: 8427: 8420: 8406: 8400: 8335: 8245: 8227: 8139: 8117: 8113: 7998: 7924: 7753: 7707: 7684: 7679: 7610: 7605: 7574: 7391: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7182: 7103: 6948: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6756: 6692: 6675: 6446: 6393: 6222: 6171: 6097: 6084: 6064: 6019: 5990: 5962: 5954: 5745: 5731: 5709: 5703: 5558: 5411: 5344: 5218: 4540: 4465: 4450: 3199: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2049: 2005: 1769: 1761: 1676: 1649: 1609: 1593: 1472: 1426: 1410: 1389: 1347: 1335: 1272: 1268: 1137: 1075: 869: 812: 800: 718: 694: 521: 505: 460: 409: 354: 61: 41: 11318:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 10307: 898:, both serving as officers under Perdiccas, and assassinated him. 11142: 10970: 10951: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10258: 10203: 10096: 10093: 10041: 9892: 9634: 9573: 9494: 9488: 9229: 9223: 8995: 8965: 8820: 8710: 8675: 8466: 8409: 8310: 8279: 7983: 7532: 7475: 7404: 7299: 7291: 7156: 7091: 6898: 6895: 6880: 6876: 6688: 6682: 6666: 6544: 6186: 6161: 6140: 6001: 5958: 5938: 5928: 5904: 5847: 5809: 5799: 5756: 5738: 5687: 5677: 5653: 5630: 5592: 5586: 5548: 5542: 5532: 5512: 5482: 5435: 5376: 5109: 4505: 3723: 1993: 1982: 1944: 1812: 1780: 1680: 1605: 1377: 1264: 1260: 1157:

in 312 BC. It is probable that Seleucus took part in the battle.

1129: 1113: 1060: 1022: 1006: 986: 974: 966: 954: 885: 858: 854: 804: 773: 760: 702: 630: 513: 437: 425: 413: 207: 124: 27:

Macedonian general, Diadochus, and founder of the Seleucid Empire

8395: 2140:

Cult relief showing Seleucus I Nicator crowning the Gad of Dura.

1330:

Coin of Lysimachus with an image of a horned Alexander the Great

463:

and in eastern India. However these ambitions were contested by

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Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

9588: 9491: 9476: 9460: 9205: 9190: 9055: 8962: 8953: 8887: 8844: 8713: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8599: 8571: 8512: 8403: 8298: 8125: 8004: 7916: 7904: 7535: 7492: 7457: 7438: 7410: 7307: 7239: 7177: 7120: 7072: 6981: 6952: 6908: 6905: 6855: 6785: 6703: 6656: 6606: 6581: 6576: 6555: 6372: 6346: 6321: 6069: 5789: 5779: 5522: 5505: 5217: 4520: 3004: 2851: 2130: 2118: 2090: 2057: 1791: 1784: 1773: 1700: 1502: 1488: 1434: 1252: 1125: 1018: 946: 862: 792: 764: 626: 611: 607: 569: 524:(c. 305 BC), a foundation that eventually depopulated Babylon. 517: 481: 441: 358:(king). The Seleucid Empire was one of the major powers of the 158: 145: 128: 8390: 7942: 7614: 7212: 7207: 7035: 7020: 5228: 3441:

Dividing the Spoils - The War for Alexander the Great's Empire

2019:, who, on the accession to the Egyptian throne of his brother 1116:) about Antigonus. Antigonus was now the most powerful of the 779: 11133: 11115: 9630: 9236: 9217: 8283: 8194: 8165: 8092: 7824: 7488: 7375: 7294: 7222: 7099: 7095: 6977: 6915: 6911: 6872: 6659: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6559: 6341: 5908: 5881: 5871: 5837: 5827: 5813: 5657: 5620: 5610: 5576: 5562: 5552: 2028: 1912:. Seleucus had a daughter by Stratonice, who was also called 1719: 1657: 1558: 1421: 1169: 1133: 1121: 1068: 791:, an officer under Alexander the Great, was nominated as the 733: 504:, who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court with his sister 405: 373:

While serving under Alexander, Seleucus was commander of the

283: 261: 172: 8507: 7469: 1875:, holding a wreath over a trophy, probably referring to the 1354:

however, by Ptolemy, who made a surprise attack in Cilicia.

645: 484:, which would play a decisive role against Antigonus at the 10087: 9851: 9778: 9622: 9378: 8489: 8344: 8266: 8107: 8035: 7864: 7750: 7581: 7556: 7444: 7425: 7194: 7152: 7107: 7047: 6985: 6932: 6901: 6830: 6730: 6672: 6669: 6616: 6460: 6452: 6422: 6382: 6366: 6356: 6326: 5891: 5667: 5340: 2126: 1908:. Stratonice was also the daughter of Antipater's daughter 1860: 1450: 1430: 1403: 1193: 729: 689:(326 BC), Seleucus led his troops against the elephants of 267: 583:

As a teenager, Seleucus was chosen to serve as the king's

8084: 2916:"A Faience Head of a Graeco-Bactrian King from Ai Khanum" 1416: 669:"). It is said by Arrian that when Alexander crossed the 640: 252: 11253:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 3665:

Seleucus I Nicator entry in 'Genealogy of the Seleucids'

1483:

and become part of his empire. When Alexander died, the

7721: 6377: 2813: 2763: 2761: 2746: 2736: 2734: 459:

Seleucus further made claim to the former satrapies in

11232:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

6252:

Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from

6241:

Son of Parmenion, d. 330 BC; to be distinguished from

3138: 3022: 2153:) on royal land that did not yet have the status of a 1848:

Diadochi § Fourth War of the Diadochi, 308-301 BC

1740:

through his numerous embassies to the Mauryan Empire:

1437:

with elephants, with Greek legend: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΣEΛEYKOY,

1346:

help from Cossaians, whose ancestors were the ancient

384:, the regent of Alexander's empire, and was appointed 8753:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

1953: 1101: 548:

noble family. Seleucus' mother was supposedly called

420:

in Pelusium sometime in either 321 or 320 BC. At the

270: 264: 249: 7821:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

3550:

Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom

3531:

Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom

3034: 2801: 2758: 2731: 1808:, a great town 167 miles-and-a-half, others say 265. 1188: 258: 6290: 2011:The unpopularity of Lysimachus after the murder of 1183: 1098:to allow the diadochs to assume the title of king. 914:Roman copy of a bronze statue of Seleucus found in 905: 868:War soon broke out between Perdiccas and the other 255: 7624:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 1787:) as much: and some copies add 5 miles more therto 3661:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith 3376: 3251:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith 3088:Pliny the Elder, Natural history, Book 6, Chap 21 829:) was also named his father's successor. In the " 568:, which would place his year of birth at 358 BC. 370:in the late second and early first centuries BC. 11399: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 2436: 2434: 3246:http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antiochus_1.html 3214:(New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. 2567:"Alexander's successors: The Third Diadoch War" 2034: 1616:which are known to be located in, for example, 610:. The god had left a ring with a picture of an 3461: 3287: 1631:ruler, with royal diadem. Temple of the Oxus, 396:in 323 BC. However, after the outbreak of the 6276: 5326: 5203: 3769: 3632: 3272: 3166: 3119: 2831: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2431: 1372:while Seleucus built a few cities, including 993: 400:in 322, Perdiccas' military failures against 11267:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 11241: 8745:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 7338:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 2913: 11277: 10494:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 1747:The Hellenistic world view after Seleucus: 780:Senior officer under Perdiccas (323–321 BC) 295: 6283: 6269: 5333: 5319: 5210: 5196: 3776: 3762: 3438: 3106:Coinage of Seleucus and Antiochus in India 2672: 2564: 2167:Chronology of European exploration of Asia 1760:The other parts of the country beyond the 732:in the spring of 324 BC, Seleucus married 49: 11194:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 7790:"King of the four quarters of the world" 6244:Satrap at Partition of Babylon; possibly 2782: 1017:away from Babylon and tried to cross the 685:and also Seleucus. During the subsequent 11365:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 3566: 3547: 3528: 3499: 3480: 3410: 3028: 2819: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2135: 2072: 1957: 1851: 1834:Seleucus may have founded a navy in the 1742: 1622: 1563: 1444: 1420: 1404:King of the Seleucid empire (306–281 BC) 1325: 1287: 1192: 909: 783: 740:. They had his eldest son and successor 644: 11210: 3597:Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon 3084:Pliny, Natural History, Book 6, Chap 17 2778: 2776: 488:in 301 BC. In 281 BC, he also defeated 14: 11400: 11339: 11337: 11335: 11075: 10305: 10103: 7883: 7874:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 7778: 6702: 3783: 3483:A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer 3382: 3334: 3204: 3040: 2807: 2767: 2752: 2740: 2665: 2663: 2608: 2606: 2457: 2455: 2213: 2044:, but failed. Lysimachus' old officer 1417:Chandragupta and the Eastern Provinces 1168:while Ptolemy advanced all the way to 641:Early career under Alexander the Great 621:tells us Seleucus had a sister called 11355: 11200: 11167: 11162: 11153: 11105: 11044: 11039: 11030: 11025: 11016: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10982: 10848: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10800: 10791: 10781: 10776: 10765: 10756: 10650: 10385: 10292: 10190: 10180: 10066: 9914: 9823: 9645: 9638: 9596: 9520: 9498: 9466: 9452: 9421: 9405: 9279: 9251: 9227: 9182: 9143: 9088: 9024: 8857: 8842: 8819: 8806: 8769: 8619: 8576: 8450: 8426: 8418: 8381: 8319: 8308: 8278: 8262: 8231: 8198: 8178: 8156: 8123: 8032: 7964: 7952: 7911: 7823: 7815: 7743: 7524: 7278: 7271: 7233: 7160: 7142: 7111: 7064: 7030: 7015: 7007: 6994: 6975: 6963: 6946: 6930: 6893: 6846: 6820: 6742: 6707: 6635: 6459: 6428: 6421: 6410: 6391: 6264: 5314: 5191: 4708:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 3757: 3613: 3364: 3349: 3337:Dura-Europos: Crossroads of Antiquity 3319: 3315: 3313: 3115: 3113: 2993: 2692: 2533:Grainger 1990, pp. 49–51, Boiy p. 122 2425: 2320:Seleucus | Collins English dictionary 2276: 2238: 1627:Portrait of Seleucus I or possibly a 920:Naples National Archaeological Museum 11308: 5176:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 3594: 2907: 2835:Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas 2773: 2464: 2401: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2329: 2327: 1896:, but Ptolemy had already conquered 1644:the definition of the word "India": 1224:was the new satrap of Media and the 1078:had been invited back to Macedon by 977:, and replaced him with his brother 653:during Alexander's Persian campaign. 637:was actually the uncle of Seleucus. 496:, adding Asia Minor to his empire. 11332: 3188: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2549: 2527: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2452: 2443: 2068: 1811:And to the confluent of the rivers 1703:") princess, daughter of Seleucus ( 1425:Tetradrachm of Seleucus I from the 1021:. Seleucus had to act. He sent two 799:independent and proclaimed himself 527: 408:led to the mutiny of his troops in 328:who went on to found the eponymous 24: 11488:People from Kilkis (regional unit) 11448:Royal pages of Alexander the Great 11288:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 11207:Chronology of the Neolithic period 10859: 10489: 10306: 10288:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 10073: 9964: 9280: 9252: 9195: 9025: 8632: 8286: 6647: 5219:The division of Alexander's empire 3502:An Empire Builder—Seleukos Nikator 3369:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 21. 3354:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 20. 3324:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 19. 3310: 3110: 2392: 2371: 2362: 2129:) advises priests to sacrifice to 1954:Defeat of Demetrius and Lysimachus 1841: 1176:and that year as the first of the 1102:Admiral under Ptolemy (316–311 BC) 1053: 633:. It has also been suggested that 556:, located in the northern part of 424:in 321 BC, Seleucus was appointed 324:general, officer and successor of 25: 11504: 11478:Ancient Macedonian murder victims 11458:Satraps of the Alexandrian Empire 10864:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 9200:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 7011:("made the land of Elam submit") 3652: 3417:Chandragupta Maurya and his times 2648:Grainger 1990, p. 83; Boiy p. 127 2612:Grainger 1990, p. 79; Boyi p. 126 2353: 2339: 2324: 2085:: Seleucus I, with bull's horns. 1695:, also described the marriage of 1620:in today's southern Afghanistan. 1315: 1189:Conquest of the eastern provinces 673:on a boat, he was accompanied by 540:claims that Antiochus was one of 452:, but the entire eastern part of 11443:3rd-century BC Seleucid monarchs 11423:3rd-century BC murdered monarchs 11285:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 11211: 11201: 8506: 8394: 8389: 8217: 7946: 7941: 7772: 7618: 7613: 7468: 7367: 7298: 7211: 7206: 7076: 7039: 7034: 7024: 7019: 6814: 6464: 6451: 6439: 6404: 3194: 2838:. Internet Archive. p. 16. 2264: 2008:escaped to Babylon to Seleucus. 1429:mint. Obverse shows the head of 1184:Satrap of Babylonia (311–306 BC) 906:Satrap of Babylonia (321–316 BC) 594:Seleucus, like his later rivals 245: 11453:Generals of Alexander the Great 11349: 11302: 11271: 11257: 11235: 11226: 10282:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 3633:Paranavithana, Senarat (1971). 3504:. Vol. 43. pp. 25–30. 3358: 3343: 3328: 3281: 3254: 3239: 3151: 3132: 3122:American Journal of Numismatics 3099: 3077: 3066: 3046: 2974: 2959: 2954:The Greeks in Bactria and India 2946: 2888: 2864: 2845: 2825: 2787:. Grove Press. pp. 85–86. 2722: 2713: 2686: 2558: 2536: 2518: 2410: 2380: 2233:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2215:[sé.leu̯.kosni.ká.to:r] 1271:. The satrap of the former was 1153:, the son of Antigonus, in the 981:as the new satrap. In the west 841:) and appointed first or court 448:lands. Seleucus ruled not only 362:, until it was overcome by the 11217:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 10355:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 9902:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 9826:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 8388:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 6249:Satrap at Partition of Babylon 3618:. Cambridge University Press. 3377:References and further reading 2920:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 2877:. Asian Educational Services. 2313: 2295: 2225: 2201: 2179: 961:After the death of Alexander, 13: 1: 11438:4th-century BC Greek monarchs 11187:Muslim conquest of the Levant 10433:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 10376:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 10361:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 10199:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 10069:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 9870:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 9569:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 5180:in most of their territories. 3978:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 3694: 2914:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). 2277:Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1911). " 312: 139:September 281 BC (aged c. 77) 108: 9736:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 6470:(Uruk influence or control) 3139:Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2697:. Livius.org. Archived from 2569:. Livius.org. Archived from 2172: 2105:when he was assassinated by 2093:, with a bow, seated on the 2035:Administration of Asia Minor 1449:Coin of Seleucus I from the 825:. Alexander's unborn child ( 290: 7: 11473:Ancient Macedonian generals 10430:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 9469:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9268:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8815:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8809:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8069:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 7056:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 6457:(Anonymous "King-priests") 6412:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 3973:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 3466:. Oxford University Press. 3141:"Tetradrachm of Seleucus I" 2981:Hindu Nationalism, A Reader 2160: 1970:Seleucus nominated his son 1383: 1283: 888:, and the commander of the 717:and in the crossing of the 386:Commander of the Companions 10: 11509: 11433:3rd-century BC Macedonians 11428:4th-century BC Macedonians 11222: 11057:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 10484: 10367:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 10251: 10225: 10177:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 9523:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 9288:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 9185:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9147:Second Intermediate Period 7957:(vassal of the Akkadians) 7345: 6490:Early or legendary kings: 3635:The Greeks and the Mauryas 3548:Grainger, John D. (1990). 3529:Grainger, John D. (1997). 3500:Grainger, John D. (1993). 3481:Grainger, John D. (1997). 3439:Waterfield, Robin (2011). 2985:Princeton University Press 1845: 1714:, to the Mauryan court at 1464: 1319: 1292:Seleucus I coin depicting 1105: 1000:Second War of the Diadochi 997: 994:Second War of the Diadochi 810: 436:, forced Seleucus to flee 284: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11148: 11098: 11095: 11054: 11013: 10979: 10960: 10802:Parthamaspates of Parthia 10788: 10753: 10612: 10580: 10373: 10352: 10279: 10276: 10182:Assyrian conquest of Elam 10175: 10063: 10029: 9963: 9924: 9788: 9777: 9734: 9562:Third Intermediate Period 9377: 9248: 9092:Second Babylonian dynasty 9037:("Old Babylonian Period") 8803: 8755: 8519: 8487: 8459:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 8431: 8415: 8362: 8359: 8342: 8264: 8249: 8208: 8175: 8121: 8105: 8079: 8071: 8042: 7967:First Intermediate Period 7961: 7937: 7893: 7878: 7862: 7837: 7828: 7802: 7797: 7609: 7588: 7569: 7560: 7521: 7496: 7479: 7455: 7442: 7437: 7423: 7408: 7399: 7351: 7327: 7252: 7192: 7175: 7140: 7119: 7113:Early Dynastic Period III 7061: 7045: 6973: 6971: 6960: 6887: 6838: 6828: 6739: 6716: 6632: 6563: 6494: 6477: 6474: 6415: 6388: 6315: 6299: 6239: 6131: 6123:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 6083: 6000: 5762:Partition of Triparadisus 5755: 5481: 5430:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 5385: 5352: 5225: 5174: 5080: 4911: 4818: 4760: 4673: 4594: 4401: 4323: 4275: 4252: 4094: 4051: 3922: 3878:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 3868: 3825: 3792: 3742: 3733: 3716: 3711: 3679: 3211:Easton's Bible Dictionary 2983:, Christopher Jeffrelot, 2669:Grainger 1990, pp. 89– 91 1879:. Legend "King Seleucus". 1859:of Seleucus I, minted at 1838:and in the Indian Ocean. 1263:. Seleucus did not reach 1108:Third War of the Diadochi 878:First War of the Diadochi 635:Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) 596:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 422:Partition of Triparadisus 228: 218: 206: 186: 165: 135: 104: 100: 96:(co-ruler from c. 292 BC) 89: 79: 71: 60: 48: 39: 34: 11180:Muslim conquest of Egypt 10644:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 10475:Cleopatra VII Philopator 9972:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 9034:First Babylonian dynasty 8772:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 8276:(vassal of the Gutians) 7973:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 6965:Early Dynastic Period II 5392:(Alexander's bodyguards) 4239:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 4038:Cleopatra VII Philopator 3568:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra 3394:Harvard University Press 3365:Baird, Jennifer (2018). 3350:Baird, Jennifer (2018). 3320:Baird, Jennifer (2018). 2639:Grainger 1990, pp. 82–83 2600:Grainger 1990, pp. 74–75 2591:Grainger 1990, pp. 56–72 2555:Grainger 1990, pp. 53–55 2497:Grainger 1990, pp. 39–42 2488:Grainger 1990, pp. 33–37 2479:Grainger 1990, pp. 30–32 2461:Grainger 1990, pp. 21–29 2449:Grainger 1990, pp. 20–24 1818:from thence to the town 532:Seleucus was the son of 352:, assuming the title of 11265:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 11008:Province of Mesopotamia 10817:Province of Mesopotamia 10793:Province of Mesopotamia 10768:Roman conquest of Egypt 10609:Antigonus II Mattathias 10403:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 9976:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 8453:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 7979:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 7287:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 6822:Early Dynastic Period I 6745:Second Dynasty of Egypt 5036:'s attempted rule with 4717:Mithridates V Euergetes 4129:Antiochus III the Great 3942:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3883:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 3807:Alexander III the Great 3464:The Legacy of Alexander 3462:A. B. Bosworth (2005). 3445:Oxford University Press 3288:Graham Shipley (1999). 3185:Grainger 1997, p. 55–56 2515:Grainger 1990, p. 44–45 2398:Grainger 1990, pp. 9–10 2288:Encyclopædia Britannica 2113:in September (281 BC). 1479:, had all submitted to 795:of Egypt. Ptolemy made 726:great marriage ceremony 649:Seleucus led the Royal 305:Seleucus the Victorious 10865: 10647:Philip II Philoromaeus 10641:Antiochus XII Dionysus 10635:Demetrius III Eucaerus 10632:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 10623:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 10495: 10463:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 10418:Arsinoe III Philopator 10311: 10079: 9969: 9806:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 9738:Second Dynasty of Isin 9285: 9258: 9201: 9030: 8913:(Non-dynastic usurpers 8637: 8322:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 8291: 8181:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 7746:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 7527:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 7354:Second kingdom of Mari 7067:Third Dynasty of Egypt 7001:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 6653: 6644:First Dynasty of Egypt 4820:Monarchs of Cappadocia 4722:Mithridates VI Eupator 4244:Philip II Philoromaeus 4229:Antiochus XII Dionysus 4219:Demetrius III Eucaerus 4214:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 4199:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 4139:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4134:Seleucus IV Philopator 4119:Seleucus II Callinicus 4018:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 3893:Demetrius II Aetolicus 3670:15 August 2016 at the 3614:Ogden, Daniel (2017). 3599:. Peeters Publishers. 3443:(hardback). New York: 3206:Easton, Matthew George 3054:Athenaeus of Naucratis 2832:Romila Thapar (1963). 2359:Grainger 1990, pp. 4–5 2141: 2097: 1967: 1933:Antioch on the Orontes 1880: 1828: 1756: 1670: 1640: 1635:, 3rd-2nd century BC, 1586: 1571: 1516: 1475:and the states of the 1462: 1442: 1331: 1300: 1217: 1159:Peithon, son of Agenor 932:Treaty of Triparadisus 923: 808: 770:Medeios the Thessalian 687:Battle of the Hydaspes 665:, later known as the " 654: 600:Demetrius I of Macedon 522:Seleucia on the Tigris 75:305 – September 281 BC 11251:The Ancient Near East 11169:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11083:Province of Asoristan 11046:Byzantine Mesopotamia 10863: 10856:Province of Asoristan 10638:Philip I Philadelphus 10626:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 10620:Antiochus VIII Grypus 10617:Seleucus V Philometor 10572:Antiochus VII Sidetes 10566:Antiochus VI Dionysus 10493: 10466:Berenice IV Epiphanea 10427:Ptolemy VI Philometor 10415:Ptolemy IV Philopator 10412:Berenice II Euergetis 10409:Ptolemy III Euergetes 10310: 10228:Neo-Babylonian Empire 10138:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10135:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 10126:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10077: 10032:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 9968: 9689:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 9379:Middle Elamite period 9284: 9256: 9199: 9029: 8636: 8290: 8045:Third kingdom of Mari 7766:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 6841:First kingdom of Mari 6651: 6638:Early Dynastic Period 6480:Proto-Dynastic period 5800:Hellespontine Phrygia 5533:Hellespontine Phrygia 5342:Alexander the Great's 4762:Monarchs of Commagene 4683:Mithridates I Ctistes 4224:Philip I Philadelphus 4204:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 4194:Antiochus VIII Grypus 4189:Seleucus V Philometor 4174:Antiochus VII Sidetes 4164:Antiochus VI Dionysus 4124:Seleucus III Ceraunus 4023:Berenice IV Epiphanea 3968:Ptolemy VI Philometor 3952:Ptolemy IV Philopator 3947:Ptolemy III Euergetes 3812:Philip III Arrhidaeus 3412:Mookerji, Radha Kumud 3335:Kosmin, Paul (2011). 3290:The Hellenistic World 3017:Pratisarga Parva p.18 2544:Bibliotheca Historica 2139: 2076: 1961: 1855: 1758: 1746: 1646: 1626: 1573: 1567: 1493: 1448: 1424: 1342:under his authority. 1329: 1291: 1196: 913: 823:Philip III of Macedon 787: 648: 428:under the new regent 11463:Hellenistic generals 10614:Alexander II Zabinas 10478:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 10454:Ptolemy XI Alexander 10436:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 9991:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 9979:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 9803:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 9744:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 9368:Marduk-apla-iddina I 9262:New Kingdom of Egypt 9085:Early Kassite rulers 8379:(Vassals of Ur III) 8360:(Vassals of UR III) 7760:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 7730:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 7281:Old Kingdom of Egypt 6055:Laomedon of Mytilene 5878:Laomedon of Mytilene 5617:Laomedon of Mytilene 5488:Partition of Babylon 5354:Philip II's Generals 4596:Monarchs of Bithynia 4179:Alexander II Zabinas 4159:Demetrius II Nicator 4076:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4043:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 4008:Ptolemy XI Alexander 3983:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 3888:Antigonus II Gonatas 3296:. pp. 301–302. 3278:Grainger 1997, p. 57 3262:"Seleucus I Nicator" 3093:28 July 2013 at the 2728:Grainger 1990, s.101 2695:"The Babylonian war" 2683:Grainger 1997, p. 54 2657:Grainger 1990, p. 86 2630:Grainger 1990, p. 81 2621:Grainger 1990, p. 80 2506:Grainger 1990, p. 43 2407:Grainger 1990, p. 12 2303:"Seleucus I Nicator" 2025:Battle of Corupedium 1966:"of king Demetrius". 1964:Basileо̄s Dēmētriou, 1707:in Indian sources). 1569:Seleucid–Mauryan war 1485:Wars of the Diadochi 1467:Seleucid–Mauryan war 953:, the new satrap of 918:(now located at the 831:Partition of Babylon 763:, where Alexander's 574:Eusebius of Caesarea 566:battle of Corupedium 542:Philip II of Macedon 494:Battle of Corupedium 469:Seleucid–Mauryan War 398:Wars of the Diadochi 394:Partition of Babylon 11119:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 10629:Antiochus X Eusebes 10457:Ptolemy XII Auletes 10448:Ptolemy X Alexander 10442:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 10421:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 10106:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9994:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 9927:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9750:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 9641:Syro-Hittite states 9347:Shagarakti-Shuriash 9020:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 8014:Neferkare Pepiseneb 7913:Akkadian Governors: 6417:Pre-Dynastic period 6246:Nicanor of Stageira 5178:Hellenistic satraps 4209:Antiochus X Eusebes 4144:Antiochus V Eupator 4086:Cleopatra Selene II 4013:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3998:Ptolemy X Alexander 3993:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 3957:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 3898:Antigonus III Doson 3681:Seleucus I Nicator 3578:Motilal Banarsidass 3422:Motilal Banarsidass 2899:Classical Philology 2895:Walter Eugene Clark 2573:on 18 November 2012 2377:Grainger 1990, p. 3 2368:Grainger 1990, p. 1 2350:Grainger 1990, p. 2 2235:70(1) (2011): 1–12. 2103:Thracian Chersonese 1547:Chandragupta Maurya 1481:Alexander the Great 1461:"of king Seleucus". 1459:Basileо̄s Seleukou, 1441:"of king Seleucus". 1439:Basileо̄s Seleukou, 1294:Alexander the Great 578:Alexander the Great 467:, resulting in the 465:Chandragupta Maurya 326:Alexander the Great 11408:Seleucus I Nicator 11345:Sumerian King List 11159:Palaestina Secunda 11036:Palaestina Secunda 10866: 10597:Alexander Jannaeus 10496: 10486:Hellenistic Period 10312: 10080: 10058:Humban-haltash III 10022:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 9970: 9935:Tukulti-Ninurta II 9916:Kingdom of Samaria 9812:Mar-biti-apla-usur 9809:Shirikti-shuqamuna 9779:Neo-Elamite period 9762:Marduk-shapik-zeri 9747:Itti-Marduk-balatu 9728:Tiglath-Pileser II 9725:Ashur-resh-ishi II 9680:Enlil-kudurri-usur 9371:Zababa-shuma-iddin 9356:Kadashman-Harbe II 9341:Kadashman-Enlil II 9286: 9259: 9202: 9031: 9017:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 9014:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 9005:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 8764:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 8638: 8292: 7667:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 7048:Old Elamite period 6940:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 6793:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 6710:Jemdet Nasr period 6654: 6075:Ariston of Paionia 5082:Monarchs of Epirus 4915:Cimmerian Bosporus 4675:Monarchs of Pontus 4234:Cleopatra Selene I 4114:Antiochus II Theos 4104:Seleucus I Nicator 4071:Demetrius the Fair 4053:Monarchs of Cyrene 3722:Independence from 3659:Seleucus I Nicator 3058:The Deipnosophists 2783:John Keay (2001). 2701:on 31 October 2012 2542:Diodorus Siculus, 2142: 2098: 1968: 1881: 1757: 1641: 1572: 1553:), founder of the 1510:, The Syrian Wars 1463: 1443: 1332: 1301: 1218: 924: 809: 655: 454:Alexander's empire 241:Seleucus I Nicator 35:Seleucus I Nicator 11493:Founding monarchs 11468:Ancient Orestians 11395: 11394: 11389: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11372:978-1-62564-606-4 11357:Unger, Merrill F. 11325:978-0-14-193825-7 11295:978-1-60606-649-2 11062:Province of Egypt 10993:Province of Egypt 10773:Province of Egypt 10515:Antigonid dynasty 10315:Achaemenid Empire 10236:Nebuchadnezzar II 10144:Ashur-nadin-shumi 10013:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 9985:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 9800:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 9768:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 9759:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 9701:Asharid-apal-Ekur 9698:Tiglath-Pileser I 9695:Ashur-resh-ishi I 9683:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 9671:Tukulti-Ninurta I 9618:Kingdom of Israel 9586:Osorkon the Elder 9507:Shutrukid dynasty 9392:Igehalkid dynasty 9359:Adad-shuma-iddina 9353:Enlil-nadin-shumi 9320:Kadashman-Enlil I 9314:Kadashman-harbe I 8758:Sukkalmah dynasty 8622:Isin-Larsa period 8444:Shimashki Dynasty 8170:Puzur-Inshushinak 7769:Netjerkare Siptah 7539:Neferirkare Kakai 7084:Egyptian pyramids 6293:Ancient Near East 6258: 6257: 6167:Cleitus the White 6085:Infantry Generals 6030:Cleitus the Black 5834:Cleitus the White 5308: 5307: 5185: 5184: 4665:Socrates Chrestus 4154:Alexander I Balas 4149:Demetrius I Soter 4109:Antiochus I Soter 3855:Antipater Etesias 3752: 3751: 3746:Antiochus I Soter 3743:Succeeded by 3730: 3644:978-95-565-8204-8 3637:. Stamford Lake. 3625:978-1-107-16478-9 3606:978-90-429-1449-0 3595:Boiy, T. (2004). 3587:978-81-208-0436-4 3559:978-0-415-04701-2 3492:978-90-04-10799-1 3473:978-0-19-928515-0 3454:978-0-19-957392-9 3431:978-81-208-0433-3 3403:978-0-674-72882-0 3303:978-0-415-04618-3 3249:Antiochus I Soter 3227:Missing or empty 3220:cite encyclopedia 3145:www.metmuseum.org 2952:Debated by Tarn, 2904:(4), pp. 297–313. 2794:978-0-8021-3797-5 2755:, pp. 32–33. 2194:King of the Lands 1931:on the coast and 1929:Laodicea in Syria 1768:from thence (the 1749:ancient world map 1600:and perhaps also 1505: 1359:Stratagems in War 835:Companion cavalry 742:Antiochus I Soter 538:Junianus Justinus 426:Satrap of Babylon 360:Hellenistic world 238: 237: 193:Antiochus I Soter 94:Antiochus I Soter 16:(Redirected from 11500: 11377: 11376: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11330: 11329: 11306: 11300: 11299: 11278:Thomas, Ariane; 11275: 11269: 11268: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11239: 11233: 11230: 11215: 11205: 11155:Palaestina Prima 11101:Byzantine Empire 11032:Palaestina Prima 11019:Byzantine Empire 10998:Syria Palaestina 10963:Palmyrene Empire 10949:Bahram VI Chobin 10812:Syria Palaestina 10600:Salome Alexandra 10583:Kingdom of Judea 10569:Diodotus Tryphon 10424:Cleopatra I Syra 10400:Ptolemy Keraunos 10168:Ashur-uballit II 10165:Sin-shumu-lishir 10159:Ashur-etil-ilani 10114:Sargonid dynasty 10007:Marduk-apla-usur 9988:Nabu-apla-iddina 9982:Shamash-mudammiq 9938:Ashurnasirpal II 9921:Kingdom of Judah 9765:Adad-apla-iddina 9756:Enlil-nadin-apli 9753:Nebuchadnezzar I 9677:Ashur-nirari III 9674:Ashur-nadin-apli 9512:Shutruk-Nakhunte 9397:Untash-Napirisha 9386:Kidinuid dynasty 8984:Shamshi-Adad III 8692:Dynasty of Larsa 8510: 8398: 8393: 8221: 8074:Shar-Kali-Sharri 8008:Neferkare Tereru 7996:Neferkare Khendu 7950: 7945: 7776: 7735:Kiku-siwe-tempti 7622: 7617: 7472: 7401:Kish III dynasty 7371: 7302: 7215: 7210: 7115:(2600–2340 BCE) 7080: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7023: 6967:(2700–2600 BCE) 6824:(2900–2700 BCE) 6818: 6735:(3100–2700 BCE) 6714:(3100–2900 BCE) 6468: 6455: 6443: 6419:(4000–2900 BCE) 6408: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6132:Other or unknown 6002:Cavalry Generals 5456:(to 323 BC) 5335: 5328: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5189: 5188: 4977: 4893:Ariobarzanes III 4267:Ptolemy Epigonos 4169:Diodotus Tryphon 3962:Cleopatra I Syra 3937:Ptolemy Keraunos 3778: 3771: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3721: 3717:Preceded by 3707: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3686:Seleucid dynasty 3677: 3676: 3648: 3629: 3610: 3591: 3563: 3544: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3505: 3496: 3477: 3458: 3435: 3420:(4th ed.). 3407: 3371: 3370: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3117: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3081: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 2997: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2911: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2871:Vincent A. Smith 2868: 2862: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2785:India: A History 2780: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2670: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2565:Jona Lendering. 2562: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2386:Arrian Anabasis 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2337: 2331: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2279:Seleucid Dynasty 2270: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2236: 2229: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2183: 2107:Ptolemy Keraunos 2069:Death and legacy 2017:Ptolemy Keraunos 1890:Taurus mountains 1692:Bhavishya Purana 1686:Pratisarga Parva 1614:Edicts of Ashoka 1578:Seleucus Nicator 1514: 1501: 1433:. Reverse shows 1249:Diodorus Siculus 1197:The kingdoms of 1132:, the satrap of 945:, the satrap of 659:Indian campaigns 546:upper Macedonian 528:Youth and family 502:Ptolemy Ceraunus 500:assassinated by 334:Seleucid dynasty 322:Macedonian Greek 319: 317: 314: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 293: 291:Séleukos Nikátōr 287: 286: 285:Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 113: 110: 53: 32: 31: 21: 11508: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11390: 11381: 11380: 11373: 11354: 11350: 11342: 11333: 11326: 11307: 11303: 11296: 11276: 11272: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11240: 11236: 11231: 11227: 11164:Byzantine Syria 11150:Byzantine Egypt 11125:Farrukh Hormizd 11085: 11081: 11078:Sasanian Empire 11064: 11060: 11041:Byzantine Syria 11027:Byzantine Egypt 10966: 10858: 10854: 10851:Sasanian Empire 10771: 10676:Mithridates III 10656: 10653:Parthian Empire 10586: 10525:Seleucid Empire 10522: 10512: 10488: 10397:Ptolemy I Soter 10395: 10392:Ptolemaic Egypt 10364: 10358: 10318: 10300: 10296: 10294:Kings of Byblos 10285: 10257: 10231: 10202: 10196: 10170: 10150:Mushezib-Marduk 10120:Tiglath-Pileser 10118: 10109: 10086: 10072: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10027: 10025:Nabu-mukin-zeri 10019:Nabu-nadin-zeri 10004:Marduk-bel-zeri 9997:Baba-aha-iddina 9974: 9951:Adad-nirari III 9941:Shalmaneser III 9930: 9919: 9918: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9896:Menkheperre Ini 9873: 9866: 9865: 9829: 9815:Nabû-mukin-apli 9792: 9781:(1100–540 BCE) 9774:Nabu-shum-libur 9742: 9719:Ashur-nirari IV 9713:Ashurnasirpal I 9710:Shamshi-Adad IV 9656:Ashur-uballit I 9651: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9604:Kings of Byblos 9602: 9572: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9527: 9526: 9510: 9504: 9472: 9459: 9458: 9440:Neferneferuaten 9400: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9382:(1500–1100 BCE) 9374:Enlil-nadin-ahi 9362:Adad-shuma-usur 9350:Kashtiliashu IV 9338:Kadashman-Turgu 9323:Burnaburiash II 9302:Kashtiliash III 9294: 9271: 9265: 9235: 9234:(1600–1260 BCE) 9233: 9203: 9194: 9188: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9130: 9125:Peshgaldaramesh 9120: 9110: 9100: 9096:Sealand Dynasty 9093: 9090: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9045: 9038: 9036: 9011:Ashur-nirari II 8990:Puzur-Ashur III 8978:Shamshi-Adad II 8949: 8947: 8945:Adaside dynasty 8942: 8941: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8863: 8854: 8848: 8837: 8833: 8831:Kings of Byblos 8829: 8823: 8812: 8775: 8762: 8761: 8743:Uruk VI dynasty 8741: 8690: 8641:Dynasty of Isin 8631: 8625: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8557: 8551: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8492: 8462: 8456: 8438: 8399: 8387: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8349: 8339: 8325: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8282: 8275: 8271: 8257: 8253: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8203:(2150–2000 BCE) 8184: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8116: 8112: 8100: 8096: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8048: 8038: 7993:Djedkare Shemai 7982: 7976: 7970: 7956: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7902:Sargon of Akkad 7900: 7899: 7896:Akkadian Empire 7888:(2340–2150 BCE) 7886:Akkadian Period 7873: 7869: 7857: 7853: 7832: 7820: 7810: 7806: 7789: 7785: 7771: 7749: 7728: 7726: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7678: 7669: 7655: 7651: 7639: 7635: 7623: 7594: 7591: 7585: 7573: 7564: 7531: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7474: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7450: 7449: 7433: 7430: 7418: 7414: 7403: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7349:(2500-539 BCE) 7337: 7333: 7303: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7087: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7054: 7053: 7052:(2700–1500 BCE) 7051: 6999: 6988: 6951:("conqueror of 6937: 6921: 6914: 6904: 6890: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6836: 6833: 6813: 6749: 6748: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6713: 6655: 6641: 6628: 6569: 6500: 6489: 6483: 6469: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6436:(4000–3100 BCE) 6435: 6429: 6403: 6397: 6369: 6350: 6340: 6313: 6311: 6295: 6289: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6235: 6133: 6127: 6079: 5996: 5764: 5760: 5751: 5490: 5486: 5477: 5391: 5381: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5221: 5216: 5186: 5181: 5170: 5076: 5067:Mithridates III 4971: 4914: 4913:Monarchs of the 4907: 4888:Ariobarzanes II 4873:Ariarathes VIII 4814: 4800:Mithridates III 4756: 4698:Mithridates III 4669: 4590: 4397: 4325:Greco-Bactrians 4319: 4271: 4248: 4090: 4047: 3932:Ptolemy I Soter 3918: 3864: 3821: 3788: 3782: 3748: 3739: 3731: 3720: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3672:Wayback Machine 3655: 3645: 3626: 3607: 3588: 3560: 3541: 3517: 3516: 3507: 3506: 3493: 3474: 3455: 3432: 3404: 3384:Kosmin, Paul J. 3379: 3374: 3363: 3359: 3348: 3344: 3333: 3329: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3244: 3240: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3167: 3156: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3100: 3095:Wayback Machine 3082: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 2998: 2994: 2979: 2975: 2968:Natural History 2964: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2869: 2865: 2850: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2781: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470:Bosworth p. 211 2469: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2340: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2163: 2077:Tetradrachm of 2071: 2037: 1956: 1925:Seleucia Pieria 1886:battle of Ipsus 1877:Battle of Ipsus 1850: 1844: 1842:Battle of Ipsus 1790:from thence to 1738:Pliny the Elder 1699:with a Greek (" 1515: 1508:History of Rome 1500: 1469: 1419: 1406: 1386: 1324: 1318: 1286: 1191: 1186: 1174:Seleucid Empire 1110: 1104: 1056: 1054:Escape to Egypt 1002: 996: 963:Archon of Pella 908: 900:Cornelius Nepos 815: 797:Ptolemaic Egypt 789:Ptolemy I Soter 782: 679:Ptolemy I Soter 643: 530: 486:Battle of Ipsus 368:Parthian Empire 350:Iranian plateau 330:Seleucid Empire 315: 311: 307: 304: 301: 298: 248: 244: 199: 195: 182: 148: 140: 122: 114: 111: 66:Seleucid Empire 56: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11506: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11413:350s BC births 11410: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11371: 11348: 11331: 11324: 11301: 11294: 11280:Potts, Timothy 11270: 11256: 11234: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11209: 11198: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11104: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11074: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10754:30 BCE–116 CE 10751: 10750: 10688:Mithridates IV 10670:Mithridates II 10649: 10611: 10606:Aristobulus II 10579: 10575: 10574: 10499:Argead dynasty 10483: 10388:Argead dynasty 10384: 10380: 10379: 10371: 10370: 10350: 10349: 10341:Artaxerxes III 10304: 10302:Kings of Sidon 10291: 10278: 10274: 10273: 10250: 10245:Labashi-Marduk 10224: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10147:Nergal-ushezib 10102: 10083:Black Pharaohs 10065: 10061: 10060: 10028: 10001:Ninurta-apla-X 9962: 9960:Ashur-nirari V 9954:Shalmaneser IV 9944:Shamshi-Adad V 9932:Adad-nirari II 9923: 9913: 9822: 9818: 9817: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9776: 9733: 9716:Shalmaneser II 9704:Ashur-bel-kala 9692:Mutakkil-Nusku 9648:Middle Assyria 9644: 9637: 9612:Kings of Sidon 9595: 9519: 9518:1155–1025 BCE 9515: 9514: 9501:Elamite Empire 9497: 9464: 9463: 9455:Hittite Empire 9451: 9419: 9418: 9403: 9402: 9376: 9365:Meli-Shipak II 9335:Nazi-Maruttash 9299:Burnaburiash I 9278: 9250: 9249:1531–1155 BCE 9246: 9245: 9226: 9181: 9141: 9140: 9087: 9023: 9008:Enlil-Nasir II 8987:Ashur-nirari I 8981:Ishme-Dagan II 8972:Sharma-Adad II 8924:Ashur-apla-idi 8915:1735–1701 BCE) 8894:Ashur-apla-idi 8876:Shamshi-Adad I 8871:1808–1736 BCE) 8856: 8851:Yamhad dynasty 8841: 8839:Kings of Sidon 8818: 8805: 8804:1800–1595 BCE 8801: 8800: 8767: 8766: 8754: 8618: 8608:Puzur-Ashur II 8575: 8518: 8485: 8484: 8479:Mentuhotep III 8448: 8447: 8430: 8425: 8417: 8416:2025-1763 BCE 8413: 8412: 8384:Ur III dynasty 8380: 8361: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8341: 8330:Neferkare VIII 8318: 8314: 8313: 8306: 8305: 8277: 8263: 8261: 8248: 8234:Gutian dynasty 8230: 8206: 8205: 8197: 8192:Nebkaure Khety 8186:Meryibre Khety 8177: 8173: 8172: 8155: 8122: 8120: 8104: 8077: 8076: 8070: 8041: 8031: 8017:Neferkamin Anu 7990:Neferkare Neby 7963: 7959: 7958: 7954:Lugal-ushumgal 7951: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7910: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7861: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7827: 7822: 7814: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7787:Lugalannemundu 7777: 7742: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7718: 7701: 7682: 7673: 7664: 7659: 7643: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7608: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7587: 7578: 7577: 7568: 7559: 7554:Djedkare Isesi 7551:Menkauhor Kaiu 7523: 7519: 7518: 7495: 7478: 7454: 7452:Pabilgagaltuku 7441: 7436: 7422: 7411:Akshak dynasty 7407: 7398: 7350: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7326: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7251: 7236:Enun-dara-anna 7231: 7230: 7191: 7174: 7159: 7141: 7139: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7044: 7029: 7013: 7012: 7005: 7004: 6993: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6944: 6943: 6929: 6892: 6885: 6884: 6860:Kullassina-bel 6845: 6837: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6715: 6706: 6701: 6652:Narmer Palette 6634: 6633:3100–2900 BCE 6630: 6629: 6562: 6492: 6491: 6476: 6475:3200–3100 BCE 6472: 6471: 6458: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6409: 6390: 6389:4000–3200 BCE 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6291:Rulers of the 6288: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6151: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5980: 5966: 5952: 5942: 5932: 5922: 5912: 5902: 5895: 5885: 5875: 5865: 5851: 5841: 5831: 5821: 5803: 5793: 5783: 5768: 5766: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5721: 5707: 5697: 5691: 5681: 5671: 5661: 5651: 5644: 5634: 5624: 5614: 5604: 5590: 5580: 5570: 5556: 5546: 5536: 5526: 5516: 5509: 5494: 5492: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5389:Somatophylakes 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5125:Neoptolemus II 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5020:Mithridates II 5017: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4986:Paerisades III 4983: 4978: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4883:Ariobarzanes I 4880: 4875: 4870: 4868:Ariarathes VII 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4843:Ariarathes III 4840: 4835: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4790:Mithridates II 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693:Mithridates II 4690: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4556:Apollodotus II 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4184:Cleopatra Thea 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3758: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3732: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3712:Regnal titles 3709: 3708: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3662: 3654: 3653:External links 3651: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3605: 3592: 3586: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3472: 3459: 3453: 3436: 3430: 3408: 3402: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3357: 3342: 3327: 3309: 3302: 3280: 3271: 3253: 3238: 3187: 3165: 3150: 3131: 3109: 3098: 3076: 3065: 3045: 3033: 3021: 2992: 2973: 2958: 2945: 2906: 2887: 2863: 2844: 2824: 2822:, p. 105. 2812: 2800: 2793: 2772: 2757: 2745: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2685: 2671: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2557: 2548: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2451: 2442: 2430: 2409: 2400: 2391: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2338: 2323: 2312: 2294: 2283:Chisholm, Hugh 2237: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2211:pronunciation: 2200: 2186:King of Persia 2177: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2070: 2067: 2036: 2033: 1955: 1952: 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1777: 1633:Takht-i Sangin 1629:Greco-Bactrian 1555:Mauryan empire 1498: 1465:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1405: 1402: 1385: 1382: 1322:Babylonian War 1320:Main article: 1317: 1316:Babylonian War 1314: 1285: 1282: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1155:battle of Gaza 1106:Main article: 1103: 1100: 1055: 1052: 998:Main article: 995: 992: 907: 904: 811:Main article: 781: 778: 736:, daughter of 671:Hydaspes river 642: 639: 529: 526: 364:Roman Republic 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 190: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 167: 163: 162: 137: 133: 132: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11505: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11483:City founders 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11418:281 BC deaths 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11374: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11327: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11311: 11310:Roux, Georges 11305: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11274: 11266: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11238: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11204: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11137:Yazdegerd III 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11103: 11102: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11073: 11070: 11069:Sahralanyozan 11067: 11063: 11058: 11051: 11050: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11033: 11028: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11012: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10978: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10964: 10957: 10956: 10953: 10950: 10947: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10929: 10926: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10887: 10884: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10862: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10845: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10825:Mithridates V 10823: 10822:Sinatruces II 10818: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10803: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10745:Artabanus III 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10715:Tiridates III 10713: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10658:Mithridates I 10655: 10654: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10610: 10607: 10604: 10601: 10598: 10595: 10594:Aristobulus I 10592: 10591:John Hyrcanus 10589: 10585: 10584: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10560:Alexander III 10558: 10555: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10545:Antiochus III 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10504:Alexander III 10501: 10500: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10479: 10476: 10473: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10439:Cleopatra III 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10363: 10362: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10344:Artaxerxes IV 10342: 10339: 10338:Artaxerxes II 10336: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10309: 10303: 10299: 10298:Kings of Tyre 10295: 10289: 10284: 10283: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10254:Median Empire 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10223: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10194: 10187: 10186: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10162:Sinsharishkun 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10117: 10115: 10108: 10107: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10084: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10008: 10005: 10002: 9999:(five kings) 9998: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9958: 9957:Ashur-Dan III 9955: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9929: 9928: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9879: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9827: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9797:Ea-mukin-zeri 9795: 9794:Simbar-shipak 9791: 9786:1025–934 BCE 9785: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9766: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9754: 9751: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9722:Ashur-rabi II 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9707:Eriba-Adad II 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9668:Shalmaneser I 9666: 9665:Adad-nirari I 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9608:Kings of Tyre 9605: 9601: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9547:Ramesses VIII 9545: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9502: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9462: 9457: 9456: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9429:Amenhotep III 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9363: 9360: 9357: 9354: 9351: 9348: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9327: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9312: 9309: 9306: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9291: 9283: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9263: 9255: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9225: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9198: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9135:Melamkurkurra 9133: 9129: 9128:Ayadaragalama 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9105:Itti-ili-nibi 9103: 9099: 9097: 9086: 9081: 9078: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8999:Ashur-shaduni 8997: 8994: 8993:Enlil-nasir I 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8957:Sharma-Adad I 8955: 8952: 8948:1700–722 BCE) 8946: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8879:Ishme-Dagan I 8877: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8852: 8847: 8846: 8840: 8836: 8835:Kings of Tyre 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8792:Amenemhat III 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8584:Puzur-Ashur I 8581: 8580: 8573: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8523: 8517: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8491: 8490:Third Eblaite 8486: 8483: 8482:Mentuhotep IV 8480: 8477: 8476:Mentuhotep II 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8424: 8422: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8333:Wahkare Khety 8331: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8274: 8270: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8235: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8201:Ur III period 8196: 8193: 8190: 8189:Neferkare VII 8187: 8183: 8182: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8136:Ur-Ningirsu I 8133: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8047: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7968: 7960: 7955: 7949: 7944: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7866: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7826: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7671:Lugal-kisalsi 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7621: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7060: 7057: 7050: 7049: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6864:Nangishlishma 6861: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6832: 6831:First Eblaite 6827: 6823: 6817: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790:Seth-Peribsen 6788: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6751:Hotepsekhemwy 6747: 6746: 6738: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719:Proto-Elamite 6712: 6711: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6621:Double Falcon 6619: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6462: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6434: 6433: 6427: 6424: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897:Amphimachus ( 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5105:Neoptolemus I 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 5001:Mithridates I 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991:Paerisades IV 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4954:Paerisades II 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943:Spartokos III 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878:Ariarathes IX 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Ariarathes VI 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:Ariarathes IV 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833:Ariarathes II 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4805:Antiochus III 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780:Mithridates I 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Nicomedes III 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486:Demetrius III 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4441:Antimachus II 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4431:Apollodotus I 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388:Eucratides II 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353:Euthydemus II 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:Ptolemy Apion 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3988:Cleopatra III 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3736:Seleucid King 3729: 3725: 3719:New creation 3715: 3710: 3705: 3698: 358 BC 3693: 3688: 3687: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3573:Ancient India 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552:. Routledge. 3551: 3546: 3542: 3540:0-415-04701-3 3536: 3533:. Routledge. 3532: 3527: 3523: 3511: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3339:. p. 97. 3338: 3331: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3234: 3221: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3201:public domain 3191: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3043:, p. 35. 3042: 3037: 3031:, p. 38. 3030: 3029:Mookerji 1988 3025: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2883:81-206-1303-1 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2820:Majumdar 2003 2816: 2810:, p. 37. 2809: 2804: 2796: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2770:, p. 33. 2769: 2764: 2762: 2754: 2749: 2743:, p. 34. 2742: 2737: 2735: 2725: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2607: 2597: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2456: 2446: 2440:Heckel p. 256 2437: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2273:public domain 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2197:Lord of Asia 2195: 2191: 2190:King of Kings 2187: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2004:, whose wife 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1941:Orontes River 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779:to the river 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1734: 1733:to Seleucus. 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:Paropamisadae 1595: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1580:gave them to 1579: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1412: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1008: 1001: 991: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 968: 964: 959: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 921: 917: 912: 903: 901: 897: 893: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 865:to obey him. 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 814: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 777: 775: 771: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 667:Silvershields 664: 660: 652: 647: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 613: 609: 603: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:war elephants 474: 473:Maurya Empire 470: 466: 462: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 377: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332:, led by the 331: 327: 323: 292: 281: 275: 242: 234: 231: 227: 224: 221: 217: 214: 211: 209: 205: 202: 198: 194: 191: 189: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 143: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 117: 112: 358 BC 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 59: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 11361: 11351: 11315:Ancient Iraq 11314: 11304: 11284: 11273: 11259: 11250: 11237: 11228: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11107:Ardashir III 11099: 11076: 11017: 10985:Roman Empire 10983: 10961: 10919:Yazdegerd II 10849: 10840:Artabanus IV 10837:Vologases VI 10828:Vologases IV 10759:Roman Empire 10757: 10742:Vologases II 10718:Artabanus II 10712:Artabanus II 10697:Tiridates II 10685:Phraates III 10651: 10588:Simon Thassi 10581: 10563:Demetrius II 10551:Antiochus IV 10542:Seleucus III 10536:Antiochus II 10529: 10523: 10513: 10510:Alexander IV 10497: 10485: 10469:Ptolemy XIII 10451:Berenice III 10445:Cleopatra IV 10386: 10383:331–141 BCE 10374: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10332:Artaxerxes I 10313: 10280: 10277:539–331 BCE 10252: 10233:Nabopolassar 10226: 10197: 10191: 10188:626–539 BCE 10156:Ashurbanipal 10111: 10110: 10104: 10067: 10064:745–609 BCE 10030: 10010:Eriba-Marduk 9971: 9925: 9900: 9868: 9867: 9857: 9846:Shoshenq III 9824: 9821:911–745 BCE 9789: 9771:Marduk-zer-X 9735: 9731:Ashur-dan II 9662:Arik-den-ili 9659:Enlil-nirari 9653:Eriba-Adad I 9646: 9639: 9616: 9597: 9592:Psusennes II 9567: 9566: 9560: 9544:Ramesses VII 9532:Ramesses III 9521: 9505: 9499: 9467: 9453: 9434: 9423:Amenhotep II 9416:Thutmose III 9390: 9384: 9381: 9332:Kurigalzu II 9326:Kara-hardash 9296:Agum-Kakrime 9287: 9266: 9260: 9228: 9211:'Aper-'Anati 9209: 9204: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9108:Damqi-ilishu 9091: 9080:Samsu-Ditana 9062:Sin-muballit 9053:Sin-muballit 9032: 9002:Ashur-rabi I 8867:Shamshi-Adad 8864: 8858: 8843: 8813: 8807: 8795:Amenemhat IV 8789:Senusret III 8783:Amenemhat II 8770: 8756: 8742: 8691: 8688:Damiq-ilishu 8658:Lipit-Eshtar 8639: 8620: 8577: 8545: 8541: 8525:Shakkanakkus 8488: 8464:Mentuhotep I 8457: 8451: 8432: 8419: 8382: 8376:Puzur-Ishtar 8343: 8338: 8320: 8273:Lugalannatum 8265: 8232: 8199: 8179: 8158:Hishep-Ratep 8124: 8106: 8043: 8033: 7987:Neferkare II 7977: 7971: 7965: 7912: 7894: 7884: 7863: 7816:Invasion by 7779: 7744: 7720: 7712:Enannatum II 7676:E-iginimpa'e 7645: 7637:Igrish-Halam 7548:Nyuserre Ini 7525: 7499:Awan dynasty 7497: 7456: 7443: 7424: 7409: 7400: 7384:Ishtup-Ishar 7364:Iku-Shamagan 7360:Ikun-Shamash 7352: 7330:Ur I dynasty 7328: 7321: 7310: 7285: 7279: 7253: 7234: 7193: 7176: 7161: 7143: 7102: 7094: 7065: 7046: 7009:Enmebaragesi 6995: 6976: 6947: 6938: 6931: 6894: 6889: 6869:En-tarah-ana 6854: 6847: 6839: 6829: 6805: 6802:Neferkasokar 6800: 6795: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6743: 6723: 6717: 6708: 6696: 6691: 6642: 6636: 6623: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6550: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6503:Finger Snail 6501: 6495: 6478: 6447:Anu Ziggurat 6430: 6398: 6392: 6310:Territories/ 6243: 6102: 5944: 5388: 5140:Alexander II 4996:Paerisades V 4959:Spartokos IV 4923:Paerisades I 4898:Ariarathes X 4853:Ariarathes V 4828:Ariarathes I 4810:Antiochus IV 4795:Antiochus II 4727:Pharnaces II 4688:Ariobarzanes 4660:Nicomedes IV 4650:Nicomedes II 4576:Apollophanes 4561:Hippostratos 4476:Heliokles II 4436:Demetrius II 4416:Antimachus I 4378:Eucratides I 4373:Demetrius II 4358:Antimachus I 4343:Euthydemus I 4103: 4028:Ptolemy XIII 4003:Berenice III 3850:Antipater II 3817:Alexander IV 3734: 3728:Alexander IV 3703: 3691: 3684: 3634: 3615: 3596: 3572: 3549: 3530: 3501: 3482: 3463: 3440: 3416: 3388: 3367:Dura-Europos 3366: 3360: 3352:Dura-Europos 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3322:Dura-Europos 3321: 3289: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3241: 3229:|title= 3209: 3190: 3158:John Malalas 3153: 3144: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3101: 3079: 3068: 3057: 3048: 3036: 3024: 2995: 2980: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2953: 2948: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2901: 2898: 2890: 2874: 2866: 2855: 2847: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2784: 2748: 2724: 2715: 2703:. 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Historian 531: 498: 458: 374: 372: 353: 240: 239: 149:(modern-day 123:(modern-day 84:Alexander IV 40: 29: 11247:Simpson, W. 11175:639–651 CE 11122:Azarmidokht 11113:Khosrow III 11096:628–641 CE 11052:618–628 CE 11014:395–618 CE 10980:273–395 CE 10968:Vaballathus 10958:270–273 CE 10922:Hormizd III 10907:Yazdegerd I 10898:Ardashir II 10892:Adur Narseh 10846:224–270 CE 10834:Vologases V 10808:117–224 CE 10789:116–117 CE 10736:Vardanes II 10733:Vologases I 10724:Gotarzes II 10694:Phraates IV 10664:Hyspaosines 10603:Hyrcanus II 10578:141–30 BCE 10557:Demetrius I 10554:Antiochus V 10548:Seleucus IV 10539:Seleucus II 10533:Antiochus I 10520:Antigonus I 10472:Ptolemy XIV 10460:Cleopatra V 10242:Neriglissar 10239:Amel-Marduk 10222:Psamtik III 10193:Late Period 10132:Sennacherib 10123:Shalmaneser 10050:Tammaritu I 9947:Shammuramat 9890:Takelot III 9887:Osorkon III 9884:Shoshenq VI 9859:Pedubast II 9849:Shoshenq IV 9837:Shoshenq II 9686:Ashur-dan I 9627:Ish-bosheth 9580:Psusennes I 9556:Ramesses XI 9550:Ramesses IX 9541:Ramesses VI 9535:Ramesses IV 9480:Ramesses II 9443:Tutankhamun 9426:Thutmose IV 9410:Thutmose II 9344:Kudur-Enlil 9329:Nazi-Bugash 9317:Kurigalzu I 9305:Ulamburiash 9276:Amenhotep I 9257:Tutankhamun 9243:Parshatatar 9240:Shuttarna I 9173:Seventeenth 9102:Ilum-ma-ili 9077:Ammi-saduqa 9074:Ammi-ditana 9068:Samsu-iluna 8975:Erishum III 8936:Adad-salulu 8933:Ipqi-Ishtar 8921:Ashur-dugul 8906:Adad-salulu 8903:Ipqi-Ishtar 8891:Ashur-dugul 8860:Old Assyria 8855:(Amorites) 8798:Sobekneferu 8786:Senusret II 8777:Amenemhat I 8749:Sîn-iribam 8726:Sin-Iqisham 8720:Sin-Iddinam 8670:Erra-imitti 8667:Lipit-Enlil 8655:Ishme-Dagan 8652:Iddin-Dagan 8588:Shalim-ahum 8579:Old Assyria 8565:Yasmah-Adad 8542:Lim Dynasty 8534:Hanun-Dagan 8530:Hitial-Erra 8295:Ur-Ningirsu 8251:Kuda (Uruk) 8224:Ishgum-Addu 8214:Ishtup-Ilum 8066:Ishma-Dagan 8051:Shakkanakku 8029:Neferirkare 8026:Neferkauhor 7929:Ili-ishmani 7908:Manishtushu 7871:Lugalzagesi 7867:III dynasty 7851:Puzur-Nirah 7566:Ishar-Malik 7545:Shepseskare 7335:Mesannepada 7260:Nin-kisalsi 7248:Lugal-kitun 7218:Meskalamdug 7204:Ur-Pabilsag 7017:Aga of Kish 6926:Barsal-nuna 6811:Khasekhemwy 6797:Neferkara I 6776:Weneg-Nebty 6754:Nebra/Raneb 6566:Lower Egypt 6552:Scorpion II 6497:Upper Egypt 6449:, 4000 BCE) 6432:Uruk period 6145:Amphimachus 6108:Polyperchon 6060:Neoptolemus 6015:Hephaestion 5899:Mesopotamia 5862:Paphlagonia 5744:Scythaeus ( 5648:Mesopotamia 5646:Arcesilas ( 5627:Neoptolemus 5601:Paphlagonia 5474:(to 323 BC) 5468:(to 323 BC) 5462:(to 323 BC) 5450:(to 330 BC) 5444:(to 324 BC) 5442:Hephaestion 5438:(to 323 BC) 5432:(to 333 BC) 5426:(to 323 BC) 5420:(to 331 BC) 5414:(to 333 BC) 5408:(to 332 BC) 5402:(to 323 BC) 5161:Pyrrhus III 5145:Olympias II 5115:Alexander I 4972: [ 4969:Spartokos V 4838:Ariamnes II 4785:Antiochus I 4747:Pythodorida 4703:Pharnaces I 4624:Zipoetes II 4619:Nicomedes I 4536:Artemidoros 4531:Menander II 4471:Antialcidas 4456:Agathokleia 4411:Demetrius I 4403:Indo-Greeks 4393:Heliocles I 4348:Demetrius I 4338:Diodotus II 4315:Eumenes III 4310:Attalus III 4285:Philetaerus 4254:Lysimachids 4066:Berenice II 4033:Ptolemy XIV 3915:(pretender) 3845:Alexander V 3827:Antipatrids 3785:Hellenistic 3740:305–281 BC 3518:|work= 3041:Kosmin 2014 2808:Kosmin 2014 2768:Kosmin 2014 2753:Kosmin 2014 2741:Kosmin 2014 2693:Polyaenus. 2524:Boyi p. 121 2209:Attic Greek 2079:Antiochus I 2046:Philetairos 1972:Antiochus I 1857:Tetradrachm 1804:From it to 1724:Bihar state 1716:Pataliputra 1712:Megasthenes 1277:Polyperchon 1080:Polyperchon 1065:Mesopotamia 1044:Paraitacene 916:Herculaneum 711:Hypaspistai 699:Hephaistion 663:Hypaspistai 651:Hypaspistai 615:Alexander. 510:Antiochus I 376:Hypaspistai 346:Mesopotamia 80:Predecessor 11402:Categories 11131:Khosrow IV 11128:Hormizd VI 11110:Shahrbaraz 11087:Khosrow II 11072:Shahrbaraz 11066:Shahrbaraz 10946:Khosrow II 10943:Hormizd IV 10901:Shapur III 10889:Hormizd II 10883:Bahram III 10868:Ardashir I 10739:Pacorus II 10730:Vonones II 10727:Meherdates 10721:Vardanes I 10706:Orodes III 10703:Phraates V 10682:Sinatruces 10530:Seleucus I 10507:Philip III 10481:Arsinoe IV 10406:Arsinoe II 10347:Darius III 10213:Psamtik II 10153:Esarhaddon 10046:Ummanigash 10016:Nabonassar 9910:Bakenranef 9881:Pedubast I 9878:Takelot II 9875:Harsiese A 9863:Osorkon IV 9855:Shoshenq V 9843:Osorkon II 9831:Shoshenq I 9577:Amenemnisu 9553:Ramesses X 9538:Ramesses V 9486:Amenmesses 9474:Ramesses I 9436:Smenkhkare 9413:Hatshepsut 9407:Thutmose I 9311:Karaindash 9050:Sumu-la-El 8882:Mut-Ashkur 8873:(Amorites) 8780:Senusret I 8739:Rim-Sin II 8729:Silli-Adad 8723:Sin-Eribam 8685:Suen-magir 8682:Ur-du-kuga 8679:Iter-pisha 8673:Enlil-bani 8661:Ur-Ninurta 8649:Shu-Ilishu 8646:Ishbi-Erra 8616:Erishum II 8562:Yahdun-Lim 8559:Yaggid-Lim 8372:Tura-Dagan 8351:Utu-hengal 8327:Meryhathor 8303:Nam-mahani 8269:II dynasty 8238:(21 kings) 8132:Puzer-Mama 8128:II dynasty 8110:IV dynasty 8023:Neferkaure 8020:Qakare Ibi 8011:Neferkahor 8002:Neferkamin 7921:Ilshu-rabi 7812:Ishqi-Mari 7808:Ikun-Ishar 7804:Enna-Dagan 7724:II dynasty 7698:Bara-irnun 7653:Puzur-Suen 7649:IV dynasty 7641:Irkab-Damu 7586:(3 kings) 7512:Ukkutahesh 7485:Meskiagnun 7481:A'annepada 7428:II dynasty 7323:Thamphthis 7319:Shepseskaf 7268:Lugal-dalu 7167:Udulkalama 7147:II dynasty 7089:Sekhemkhet 6997:Lugalbanda 6923:Melem-Kish 6919:En-me-nuna 6704:Canaanites 6698:Horus Bird 6663:Neithhotep 6536:Scorpion I 6486:Naqada III 6231:Tlepolemus 6210:Philoxenus 6040:Lysimachus 5915:Tlepolemus 5858:Cappadocia 5844:Philoxenus 5796:Arrhidaeus 5786:Lysimachus 5696:(Pelasgia) 5664:Tlepolemus 5597:Cappadocia 5519:Lysimachus 5424:Lysimachus 5400:Aristonous 5151:Pyrrhus II 5130:Alcetas II 5095:Tharrhypas 5062:Gepaepyris 5034:Scribonius 4928:Satyros II 4858:Orophernes 4770:Ptolemaeus 4752:Polemon II 4645:Prusias II 4614:Zipoetes I 4586:Strato III 4511:Theophilos 4491:Philoxenus 4446:Menander I 4426:Agathocles 4368:Agathocles 4333:Diodotus I 4305:Attalus II 4300:Eumenes II 4262:Lysimachus 3870:Antigonids 2719:Boiy p. 45 2705:7 November 2577:7 November 2426:Ogden 2017 2416:Plutarch, 2111:Lysimachia 2042:Cappadocia 2021:Ptolemy II 2013:Agathocles 2002:Agathocles 1998:Asia Minor 1906:Stratonice 1806:Calinipaxa 1660:, and the 1637:Tajikistan 1298:Bucephalus 1215:Lysimachus 1203:Seleucus I 882:Alexandria 851:Lysimachus 807:in 305 BC. 750:Darius III 738:Spitamenes 691:King Porus 683:Lysimachus 516:(300 BC), 490:Lysimachus 348:, and the 338:Asia Minor 316: 358 178:Stratonice 142:Lysimachia 18:Seleucus I 11243:Hallo, W. 11140:Peroz III 10974:Antiochus 10940:Khosrow I 10910:Shapur IV 10904:Bahram IV 10895:Shapur II 10880:Bahram II 10874:Hormizd I 10831:Osroes II 10709:Vonones I 10691:Orodes II 10667:Artabanus 10335:Darius II 10262:Phraortes 10248:Nabonidus 10219:Ahmose II 10207:Psamtik I 10100:Tanutamun 9949:(regent) 9840:Takelot I 9834:Osorkon I 9599:Phoenicia 9583:Amenemope 9529:Setnakhte 9483:Merneptah 9432:Akhenaten 9215:Sakir-Har 9153:Sixteenth 9132:Akurduana 9118:Gulkishar 9115:Shushushi 9071:Abi-eshuh 9065:Hammurabi 9047:Sumu-abum 8969:Shu-Ninua 8960:Iptar-Sin 8930:Sin-namir 8927:Nasir-Sin 8918:Puzur-Sin 8900:Sin-namir 8897:Nasir-Sin 8751:Sîn-gāmil 8747:Sîn-kāšid 8735:Rim-Sin I 8732:Warad-Sin 8612:Naram-Sin 8596:Erishum I 8592:Ilu-shuma 8568:Zimri-Lim 8516:Indilimma 8503:Ibbit-Lim 8473:Intef III 8436:invasions 8423:invasions 8368:Ili-Ishar 8364:Iddi-ilum 8357:2100 BCE 8347:V dynasty 8317:2125 BCE 8255:Puzur-ili 8242:La-erabum 8176:2150 BCE 8102:Shu-turul 8095:(3 years) 8062:Shu-Dagan 7962:2200 BCE 7939:Naram-Sin 7935:2250 BCE 7879:2340 BCE 7845:2350 BCE 7839:Luh-ishan 7834:Urukagina 7830:Lugalanda 7799:Isar-Damu 7795:2370 BCE 7741:2380 BCE 7716:Enentarzi 7704:Enannatum 7693:Gishakidu 7657:Ur-Zababa 7633:Adub-Damu 7629:2400 BCE 7602:2425 BCE 7596:Napilhush 7584:invasions 7562:Enar-Damu 7542:Neferefre 7522:2450 BCE 7465:Ur-Nanshe 7460:I dynasty 7447:I dynasty 7388:Ikun-Mari 7347:Phoenicia 7343:2500 BCE 7276:2575 BCE 7244:Melamanna 7228:Akalamdug 7200:A-Imdugud 7163:Ur-Nungal 7150:(5 kings) 7137:Baba-Damu 7133:Ibbi-Damu 7062:2600 BCE 7032:Gilgamesh 6990:Iltasadum 6961:2700 BCE 6935:I dynasty 6888:2800 BCE 6851:I dynasty 6807:Hudjefa I 6740:2900 BCE 6686:Semerkhet 6678:(regent) 6665:(regent) 6572:Hedju Hor 6400:Naqada II 6227:Stasander 6218:Sibyrtius 6214:Scythaeus 6192:Peucestas 6153:Arcesilas 6113:Antigenes 6050:Leonnatus 6035:Antigonus 6010:Perdiccas 5987:Arachosia 5983:Sibyrtius 5977:Drangiana 5969:Stasander 5949:Babylonia 5935:Antigenes 5888:Peucestas 5824:Cassander 5818:Pamphylia 5806:Antigonus 5772:Antipater 5737:Amyntas ( 5728:Arachosia 5724:Sibyrtius 5718:Drangiana 5684:Antigenes 5641:Babylonia 5637:Peucestas 5567:Pamphylia 5539:Antigonus 5529:Leonnatus 5498:Antipater 5472:Peucestas 5460:Perdiccas 5454:Leonnatus 5418:Demetrius 5372:Antipater 5367:Parmenion 5135:Pyrrhus I 5100:Alcetas I 5006:Pharnaces 4981:Kamasarye 4964:Leukon II 4948:Hygiainon 4903:Archelaus 4742:Polemon I 4640:Prusias I 4581:Strato II 4571:Zoilos II 4566:Dionysios 4546:Archebius 4516:Peukolaos 4481:Polyxenos 4421:Pantaleon 4363:Pantaleon 4295:Attalus I 4290:Eumenes I 4096:Seleucids 3924:Ptolemies 3913:Philip VI 3860:Sosthenes 3840:Philip IV 3835:Cassander 3802:Philip II 3570:(2003) . 3520:ignored ( 3510:cite book 3485:. Brill. 3414:(1988) . 3294:Routledge 3013:Vindusara 2932:0890-4464 2856:Geography 2546:XIX 57,1. 2418:Alexander 2173:Citations 1976:Antiochus 1902:Phoenicia 1898:Palestine 1822:425 miles 1820:Palibotta 1794:112 miles 1776:168 miles 1772:) to the 1618:Kandhahar 1590:Arachosia 1541:with the 1539:waged war 1394:Antiochus 1363:Polyaenus 1309:Patrocles 1296:'s horse 1226:strategos 1211:Cassander 1207:Ptolemy I 1199:Antigonus 1151:Demetrius 1142:Polemaios 1096:Cassander 1088:Cassander 1040:Arachosia 1036:Sibyrtius 983:Antigonus 951:Antigenes 943:Peucestas 939:Antigonus 934:321 BC). 928:Antipater 896:Antigenes 874:Cleopatra 843:chiliarch 819:Perdiccas 719:Gedrosian 707:Leonnatus 675:Perdiccas 562:Paeonians 558:Macedonia 534:Antiochus 450:Babylonia 434:Antigonus 430:Antipater 418:Antigenes 390:chiliarch 382:Perdiccas 223:Antiochus 155:Çanakkale 90:Successor 11359:(2014). 11312:(1992). 11282:(2020). 11249:(1971). 11090:Kavad II 10916:Bahram V 10877:Bahram I 10871:Shapur I 10748:Osroes I 10679:Orodes I 10673:Gotarzes 10661:Phraates 10326:Darius I 10323:Cambyses 10271:Astyages 10268:Cyaxares 10210:Necho II 10141:Bel-ibni 10091:Shebitku 10054:Indabibi 9907:Tefnakht 9449:Horemheb 9308:Agum III 9290:Kassites 9273:Ahmose I 9138:Ea-gamil 9122:DIŠ+U-EN 9112:Ishkibal 9059:Apil-Sin 9041:Amorites 8951:Bel-bani 8826:Biblical 8717:Nur-Adad 8708:Gungunum 8696:Naplanum 8664:Bur-Suen 8628:Amorites 8604:Sargon I 8554:Amorites 8498:Amorites 8470:Intef II 8440:Kindattu 8428:Ibbi-Sin 8407:Amar-Sin 8401:Ur-Nammu 8336:Merykare 8228:Apil-kin 8140:Pirig-me 8118:Ur-gigir 8114:Ur-nigin 8054:dynasty) 7999:Merenhor 7925:Epirmupi 7754:Userkare 7708:Entemena 7685:Ur-Lumma 7680:Meskigal 7611:Eannatum 7606:Kun-Damu 7590:Shushun- 7575:Enakalle 7434:kushanna 7420:Undalulu 7392:Iblul-Il 7316:Menkaure 7312:Bikheris 7305:Djedefre 7264:Me-durba 7189:shaengur 7183:En-hegal 7171:Labashum 7129:Agur-lim 7125:Abur-lim 7104:Qahedjet 6949:Enmerkar 6781:Wadjenes 6771:Horus Sa 6766:Nubnefer 6757:Nynetjer 6731:Susa III 6693:Sneferka 6676:Merneith 6394:Naqada I 6223:Stasanor 6205:Philotas 6172:Nearchus 6103:Seleucus 6098:Craterus 6093:Meleager 6065:Erigyius 6045:Menander 6020:Philotas 5991:Gedrosia 5963:Sogdiana 5955:Stasanor 5945:Seleucus 5919:Carmania 5765:(321 BC) 5746:Sogdiana 5732:Gedrosia 5710:Stasanor 5704:Hyrcania 5583:Philotas 5573:Menander 5559:Nearchus 5491:(323 BC) 5412:Balacrus 5345:Generals 5166:Deidamia 5147:(regent) 5120:Aeacides 5057:Aspurgus 4950:(regent) 4933:Prytanis 4775:Sames II 4631:(regent) 4604:Boteiras 4551:Telephos 4541:Hermaeus 4496:Diomedes 4466:Strato I 4451:Zoilos I 4277:Attalids 3964:(regent) 3903:Philip V 3668:Archived 3386:(2014). 3208:(1897). 3162:viii.198 3091:Archived 3007:king of 2956:, p. 100 2940:24049090 2873:(1998). 2422:Anabasis 2336:, p. 55. 2161:See also 2151:phourion 2095:omphalus 2050:Pergamon 2006:Lysandra 1987:en masse 1943:valley. 1799:Rhodapha 1774:Hesudrus 1770:Hydaspes 1762:Hydaspes 1718:(Modern 1677:Epigamia 1654:Arachotë 1610:Sogdiana 1594:Gedrosia 1545:Emperor 1499:— 1473:Gandhara 1427:Seleucia 1413:(king). 1411:basileus 1390:Seleucia 1384:Seleucia 1348:Kassites 1336:Jaxartes 1284:Response 1273:Stasanor 1269:Sogdiana 1234:en masse 1146:Menelaos 1138:Erythrai 1118:Diadochi 1084:Eurydice 1076:Olympias 1061:Chaldean 1027:hypasiti 1023:triremes 1015:stadions 870:Diadochi 839:hetairoi 813:Diadochi 801:Basileus 754:en masse 721:desert. 695:Craterus 623:Didymeia 506:Lysandra 461:Gandhara 410:Pelusium 355:basileus 320:) was a 318:– 281 BC 213:Seleucid 151:Kavakköy 62:Basileus 42:Basileus 11143:Narsieh 10971:Zenobia 10952:Vistahm 10937:Kavad I 10931:Kavad I 10925:Peroz I 10913:Khosrow 10259:Deioces 10216:Wahibre 10204:Necho I 10097:Taharqa 10094:Shabaka 10078:Taharqa 10042:Teumman 9893:Rudamun 9635:Solomon 9574:Smendes 9495:Twosret 9489:Seti II 9230:Mitanni 9224:Khamudi 9178:Dynasty 9168:Dynasty 9158:Dynasty 8996:Nur-ili 8966:Lullaya 8869:dynasty 8821:Abraham 8711:Abisare 8676:Zambiya 8570:(Queen 8522:Amorite 8493:Kingdom 8467:Intef I 8434:Elamite 8421:Amorite 8410:Shu-Sin 8311:Tirigan 8280:Ur-Baba 8210:Nûr-Mêr 8148:Lu-gula 8144:Lu-Baba 8058:Ididish 8039:Kingdom 8036:Eblaite 8034:Second 7984:Menkare 7859:Shu-Sin 7855:Ishu-Il 7783:dynasty 7763:Pepi II 7696:(Queen 7582:Elamite 7533:Userkaf 7476:Akurgal 7405:Ku-Baba 7221:(Queen 7157:Mesilim 7092:Sanakht 7082:(First 6899:Zuqaqip 6896:Kalumum 6881:Kalibum 6877:Puannum 6834:Kingdom 6683:Anedjib 6667:Hor-Aha 6612:Nat-Hor 6545:Iry-Hor 6541:Shendjw 6513:Pen-Abu 6461:Susa II 6187:Peithon 6182:Nicanor 6177:Nicanor 6162:Asander 6149:Amyntas 6141:Alcetas 6134:command 6025:Ptolemy 5959:Bactria 5939:Susiana 5929:Parthia 5905:Peithon 5868:Ptolemy 5854:Nicanor 5848:Cilicia 5810:Phrygia 5776:Macedon 5759:at the 5757:Satraps 5739:Bactria 5688:Susiana 5678:Parthia 5674:Nicanor 5654:Peithon 5631:Armenia 5607:Ptolemy 5593:Eumenes 5587:Cilicia 5549:Asander 5543:Phrygia 5513:Illyria 5511:Philo ( 5502:Macedon 5483:Satraps 5466:Ptolemy 5436:Peithon 5406:Arybbas 5377:Eumenes 5362:Attalus 5156:Ptolemy 5110:Arybbas 5090:Admetus 5072:Cotys I 5052:Polemon 5047:Polemon 5043:Dynamis 5038:Dynamis 5029:Dynamis 5025:Asander 5015:Dynamis 5011:Asander 4938:Eumelos 4737:Arsaces 4712:Laodice 4635:Ziaelas 4629:Etazeta 4506:Epander 4501:Amyntas 3908:Perseus 3794:Argeads 3724:Macedon 3203:: 3128:: 1–64. 3009:Pausasa 2987:, 2007 2966:Pliny, 2285:(ed.). 2275:: 1994:Thracia 1983:Cilicia 1945:Antioch 1939:in the 1937:Apameia 1813:Iomanes 1689:of the 1681:Puranic 1650:Gedrose 1606:Bactria 1532:Peithon 1528:Eudemus 1524:Phillip 1520:Nicanor 1378:Nisibis 1265:Bactria 1261:Parthia 1222:Nicanor 1166:Tripoli 1130:Asander 1114:Thracia 1048:Gabiene 1007:Cilicia 987:Eumenes 979:Eudemus 975:Parthia 967:Docimus 955:Susiana 886:Peithon 863:satraps 859:Eumenes 855:Peithon 847:Ptolemy 805:Pharaoh 774:Serapis 761:Babylon 746:Achaeus 724:At the 703:Peithon 631:Miletus 554:Europus 550:Laodice 514:Antioch 492:at the 482:mahouts 442:Persian 438:Babylon 414:Peithon 402:Ptolemy 392:at the 299: 233:Laodice 208:Dynasty 197:Achaeus 125:Evropos 120:Macedon 116:Europus 64:of the 11369: 11322: 11292: 10934:Jamasp 10928:Balash 10886:Narseh 10797:Trajan 10795:under 10329:Xerxes 10265:Madyes 10129:Sargon 9589:Siamun 9492:Siptah 9477:Seti I 9461:Ugarit 9206:Semqen 9191:Hyksos 9163:Abydos 9056:Sabium 8963:Bazaya 8954:Libaya 8888:Asinum 8885:Rimush 8845:Yamhad 8737:(...) 8714:Sumuel 8705:Zabaia 8702:Samium 8699:Emisum 8600:Ikunum 8572:Shibtu 8513:Immeya 8404:Shulgi 8299:Ur-gar 8259:Ur-Utu 8126:Lagash 8005:Nikare 7917:Eshpum 7905:Rimush 7757:Pepi I 7592:tarana 7536:Sahure 7516:Hishur 7493:Balulu 7458:Lagash 7439:Mug-si 7432:Ensha- 7380:Sa'umu 7308:Khafre 7292:Snefru 7240:Mes-he 7187:Lugal- 7178:Lagash 7121:Sagisu 7073:Djoser 6982:Tizqar 6953:Aratta 6909:Arwium 6906:Mashda 6856:Jushur 6786:Senedj 6725:period 6657:Narmer 6607:Wazner 6582:Hsekiu 6577:Ny-Hor 6556:Narmer 6526:Canide 6517:Animal 6423:Susa I 6373:Lagash 6347:Akshak 6322:Canaan 6197:Philip 6157:Archon 6118:Coenus 6070:Aretes 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