Sephardic Jews - Knowledge

5728: 5301: 6689:, or the production of a certificate from the competent rabbinic authority, legally recognized in the country of habitual residence of the applicant, or other documentation which might be considered appropriate for this purpose; or by justifying one's inclusion as a Sephardic descendant, or a direct descendant of persons included in the list of protected Sephardic families in Spain referred to in the Decree-Law of 29 December 1948, or descendants of those who obtained naturalization by way of the Royal Decree of 20 December 1924; or by the combination of other factors including surnames of the applicant, spoken family language (Spanish, Ladino, Haketia), and other evidence attesting descent from Sephardic Jews and a relationship to Spain. Surnames alone, language alone, or other evidence alone will not be determinative in the granting of Spanish nationality. 4425: 6183:, and most are in fact surnames of gentile Spanish or gentile Portuguese origin which only became common among Bnei Anusim because they deliberately adopted them during their conversions to Catholicism, in an attempt to obscure their Jewish heritage. Given that conversion made New Christians subject to Inquisitorial prosecution as Catholics, crypto-Jews formally recorded Christian names and gentile surnames to be publicly used as their aliases in notarial documents, government relations and commercial activities, while keeping their given Hebrew names and Jewish surnames secret. As a result, very few Sephardic Bnei Anusim carry surnames that are specifically Sephardic in origin, or that are exclusively found among Bnei Anusim. 699: 4120: 59: 5621: 5019:

parents' names are next in line for the remaining children. After that, additional children's names are "free", so to speak, meaning that one can choose whatever name, without any more "naming obligations." The only instance in which Sephardic Jews will not name after their own parents is when one of the spouses shares a common first name with a mother/father-in-law (since Jews will not name their children after themselves.) There are times though when the "free" names are used to honor the memory of a deceased relative who died young or childless. These conflicting naming conventions can be troublesome when children are born into mixed Ashkenazic-Sephardic households.

5296:"the real purpose of the 1492 edict likely was not expulsion, but compulsory conversion and assimilation of all Spanish Jews, a process which had been underway for a number of centuries. Indeed, a further number of those Jews who had not yet joined the converso community finally chose to convert and avoid expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution during the prior century, between 200,000 and 250,000 Jews converted to Catholicism and between one third and one half of Spain's remaining 100,000 non-converted Jews chose exile, with an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion." 3974:(aesthetic rather than content-based writing), pedagogic (teaching), and mathematical works. The rabbis, who, in common with all the Sephardim, emphasized a pure and euphonious pronunciation of Hebrew, delivered their sermons in Spanish or in Portuguese. Several of these sermons have appeared in print. Their thirst for knowledge, together with the fact that they associated freely with the outer world, led the Sephardim to establish new educational systems. Wherever they settled, they founded schools that used Spanish as the medium of instruction. Theatre in Constantinople was in Judæo-Spanish since it was forbidden to Muslims. 5425: 839:, religious based, definition that generally excludes ethnic considerations. In its most basic form, this broad religious definition of a Sephardi refers to any Jew, of any ethnic background, who follows the customs and traditions of Sepharad. For religious purposes, and in modern Israel, "Sephardim" is most often used in this wider sense. It encompasses most non-Ashkenazi Jews who are not ethnically Sephardi, but are in most instances of West Asian or North African origin. They are classified as Sephardi because they commonly use a Sephardic style of liturgy; this constitutes a majority of 4278:

studied medicine as the only branch of the science of practical use to them, for they were not permitted to practice law, and the oath they would be compelled to take excluded them from the professorships. Neither were Jews taken into the trade-guilds: a resolution passed by the city of Amsterdam in 1632 (the cities being autonomous) excluded them. Exceptions, however, were made in the case of trades that related to their religion: printing, bookselling, and the selling of meat, poultry, groceries, and drugs. In 1655 a Jew was, exceptionally, permitted to establish a sugar-refinery.

6530:. The situation of returnees was legalized with the Ordinance of 10 November 1492 which established that civil and church authorities should be witness to baptism and, in the case that they were baptized before arrival, proof and witnesses of baptism were required. Furthermore, all property could be recovered by returnees at the same price at which it was sold. Returnees are documented as late as 1499. On the other hand, the Provision of the Royal Council of 24 October 1493 set harsh sanctions for those who slandered these New Christians with insulting terms such as 5958: 6391: 1090:, an ecclesiastical council convened in southern Spain, and enacted several decrees to restrict interactions between Christians and Jews. Among the measures were prohibitions on intermarriage between Jews and Christians, communal dining, and the participation of Jews in blessing fields. Despite these efforts, aimed to diminish Jewish influence on Christian communities, evidence indicates that everyday social relations between Jews and Christians continued to be prevalent in various locales. 6746:

the descendant can demonstrate "a traditional connection" to Portuguese Sephardic Jews. This may be through "family names, family language, and direct or collateral ancestry." Portuguese nationality law was amended to this effect by Decree-Law n.º 43/2013, and further amended by Decree-Law n.º 30-A/2015, which came into effect on 1 March 2015. «Applicants for Portuguese citizenship via this route are assessed by experts at one of Portugal's Jewish communities in either Lisbon or Porto».

6168:, Israel, recognized the entire Xuete community of Bnei Anusim in Palma de Mallorca, as Jews. That population alone represented approximately 18,000 to 20,000 people, or just over 2% of the entire population of the island. The proclamation of the Jews' default acceptance of Catholicism by the Portuguese king actually resulted in a high percentage being assimilated into the Portuguese population. Besides the Xuetas, the same is true of Spain. Many of their descendants observe a 437:— in order to file pending documents and sign delayed declarations before a notary public in Spain. In the case of Portugal, the nationality law was modified in 2022 with very stringent requirements for new Sephardic applicants, effectively ending the possibility of successful applications without evidence of a personal travel history to Portugal —which is tantamount to prior permanent residence— or ownership of inherited property or concerns on Portuguese soil. 6671:

provides for the deadline to be extended by one year, to 1 October 2019; it was extended in March 2018. It was modified in 2015 to remove a provision that required persons acquiring Spanish nationality by law 12/2015 must renounce any other nationality held. Most applicants must pass tests of knowledge of the Spanish language and Spanish culture, but those who are under 18, or handicapped, are exempted. A Resolution in May 2017 also exempted those aged over 70.

4409:, was one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Europe in the 16th century. Led by Francisco Mendes (Tzemá Benveniste), the Mendes family founded the Mendes Bank, one of the largest financial institutions of its time, with operations in Lisbon and Antwerp. Even after being forced to convert to Christianity, the Mendes family continued to practice Judaism in secret and used their extensive network of contacts to help other Jews escape the Inquisition. 757:, "may his end be good" or "sin v'tin", "mire and mud" has in recent times been used in some quarters to distinguish Sephardim proper, "who trace their lineage back to the Iberian/Spanish population", from Sephardim in the broader religious sense. This distinction has also been made in reference to 21st-century genetic findings in research on 'Pure Sephardim', in contrast to other communities of Jews today who are part of the broad classification of Sephardi. 16198: 6770: 5754: 4597: 11855:"Instrucción de 29 de septiembre de 2015, de la Dirección General de los Registros y del Notariado, sobre la aplicación de la Ley 12/2015, de 24 de junio, en materia de concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España (Instruction of 29 September 2015, from the Directorate General of Registration and Notaries, on the application of law 12/2015, regarding acquisition of Spanish nationality by Sephardis with Spanish origins)" 3978: 4990:, Brazil after the Portuguese seized it from the Dutch. Through most of the 18th century, American synagogues conducted and recorded their business in Portuguese, even if their daily language was English. It was not until widespread German immigration to the United States in the 19th century that the tables turned and Ashkenazim (initially from Germany but by the 20th century from Eastern Europe) began to dominate the American Jewish landscape. 4380:, in particular, was one of the main orchestrators of these escape operations. Using his prominent position, he facilitated the departure of many Jews from Portugal, sending several families to Brazil, which had been recently discovered in 1500 and offered a safe refuge from the Inquisition’s reach. He financed maritime expeditions disguised as commercial missions, utilizing his extensive network of contacts and a strategic partnership with 11879:"Resolución del Director General de los Registros y del Notariado a las consultas planteadas por la Federación de Comunidades Judías de España y por el Consejo General del Notariado sobre dispensa pruebas a mayores de 70 años (Resolution of the Directorate General of Registration and Notaries, of the questions raised by the Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain and the Council General of Notaries on exempting over-70s from tests)" 6104:(in Iberia, but especially in their colonies in Ibero-America) had also initially tried to revert to Judaism, or at least maintain crypto-Jewish practices in privacy. This, however, was not feasible long-term in that environment, as Judaizing conversos in Iberia and Ibero-America remained persecuted, prosecuted, and liable to conviction and execution. The Inquisition itself was only finally formally disbanded in the 19th century. 5510: 16212: 1160: 16262: 1481:

services of Jews were employed by the victorious Christian leaders. Sephardic knowledge of the language and culture of the enemy, their skills as diplomats and professionals, as well as their desire for relief from intolerable conditions — the very same reasons that they had proved useful to the Arabs in the early stages of the Muslim invasion — made their services very valuable.

1492:. As conditions became more oppressive during the 12th and 13th centuries, Jews again looked to an outside culture for relief. Christian leaders of reconquered cities granted them extensive autonomy, and Jewish scholarship recovered somewhat and developed as communities grew in size and importance. However, the Reconquista Jews never reached the same heights as had those of the Golden Age. 6441:, and as such were not subject to the Decree or to expulsion. A further number of those remaining chose to avoid expulsion as a result of the edict. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in prior years, over 200,000 Jews converted to Catholicism, and between 40,000 and 100,000 were expelled, an indeterminate number returning to Spain in the years following the expulsion. 5680:, principally after the creation of Israel in 1948, most North African Sephardim have relocated to Israel (total pop. est. 1,400,000 in 2015), and most others to France (361,000) and the US (300,000), as well as other countries. As of 2015 there was a significant community still in Morocco (10,000). In 2021, among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in 5874:). Dutch Brazil was the northern portion of the colony of Brazil ruled by the Dutch for under a quarter of a century before it also fell to the Portuguese who ruled the remainder of Brazil. Jews who had only recently reverted in Dutch Brazil then again had to flee to other Dutch-ruled colonies in the Americas, including joining brethren in Curaçao, but also migrating to 4416:, niece and widow of Francisco Mendes, played a crucial role in this effort. She used her wealth and influence to organize safe escape routes for persecuted Jews, primarily to the Ottoman Empire, where many found refuge. Dona Gracia was also a great benefactor of the Jewish people, establishing support and protection networks for Jewish communities across Europe. 1016:, who had supposedly died in Spain while collecting tribute. Another legend spoke of a letter allegedly sent by the Jews of Toledo to Judaea in 30 CE, asking to prevent the crucifixion of Jesus. These legends aimed to establish that Jews had settled in Spain well before the Roman period and to absolve them of any responsibility for the death of Jesus, a 4198: 3859:, had occupied prominent positions in the countries they had left. Some had been stated officials, others had held positions of dignity within the Church; many had been the heads of large banking-houses and mercantile establishments, and some were physicians or scholars who had officiated as teachers in high schools. Their Spanish or 6801:(Spanish), with many borrowings from Turkish, and to a lesser extent from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and French. Until recently, two different dialects of Judeo-Spanish were spoken in the Mediterranean region: Eastern Judeo-Spanish (in various distinctive regional variations) and Western or North African Judeo-Spanish (also known as 5337:. While the stipulations were similar in the Portuguese decree, King Manuel largely prevented Portugal's Jews from leaving, by blocking Portugal's ports of exit, foreseeing a negative economic effect of a similar Jewish flight from Portugal. He decided that the Jews who stayed accepted Catholicism by default, proclaiming them 5559:

well as in Palestine, retained their culture and language, but those in the other parts of the West Asian portion gave up their language and adopted the local Judeo-Arabic dialect. This latter phenomenon is just one of the factors which have today led to the broader and eclectic religious definition of Sephardi Jews.

5612:) which have since disappeared from Spain when those that stayed behind as conversos adopted surnames that were solely Spanish in origin. Other Eastern Sephardim have since also translated their Hispanic surnames into the languages of the regions they settled in, or have modified them to make them sound more local. 11526: 1228:, life under Muslim rule was one of great opportunity and Jews flourished as they did not under the Christian Visigoths. Many Jews came to Iberia, seen as a land of tolerance and opportunity, from the Christian and Muslim worlds. Following initial Arab victories, and especially with the establishment of 1182:". The territory would remain under varying degrees of Muslim control for several centuries. The Jewish community, having faced persecution under Visigothic rule, largely welcomed the new Muslim rulers who offered greater religious tolerance. Under Islamic rule, Jews, like Christians, were designated as 6696:

The path to Spanish citizenship for Sephardic applicants remained costly and arduous. The Spanish government takes about 8–10 months to decide on each case. By March 2018, some 6,432 people had been granted Spanish citizenship under the law. A total of about 132,000 applications were received, 67,000

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Today, around 50,000 recognized Jews live in Spain, according to the Federation of Jewish Communities in Spain. The tiny Jewish community in Portugal is estimated between 1,740 and 3,000 people. Although some are of Ashkenazi origin, the majority are Sephardic Jews who returned to Spain after the end

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According to the genetic study "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula" at the University Pompeu Fabra of Barcelona and the University of Leicester, led by Briton Mark Jobling, Francesc Calafell, and Elena

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As court Jews, the Gois family had a vast network of contacts that allowed them to defend the interests of Portuguese Jews. They were deeply involved in commercial and financial activities that strengthened the position of the Jewish community within Portugal. The family used its wealth and influence

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The Law establishes the right to Spanish nationality of Sephardi Jews with a connection to Spain who apply within three years from 1 October 2015. The law defines Sephardic as Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula until their expulsion in the late fifteenth century, and their descendants. The law

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Thus, the Jewish communities in Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt are partly of Spanish Jewish origin and they are counted as Sephardim proper. The great majority of the Jewish communities in Iraq, and all of those in Iran, Eastern Syria, Yemen, and Eastern Turkey, are descendants of pre-existing

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Since April 2013, Sephardim who are descendants of those expelled in the inquisition are entitled to claim Portuguese citizenship provided that they "belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal". The amendment to Portugal's "Law on Nationality" was approved unanimously

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changed their names to hide their Jewish origins and avoid persecution, adopting professions and even translating such patronyms to local languages like Arabic and even German. It was common to choose the name of the Parish Church where they have been baptized into the Christian faith, such as Santa

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that devastated European Jewry and virtually destroyed its centuries-old culture also wiped out the great European population centers of Sephardi Jewry and led to the almost complete destruction of its unique language and traditions. Sephardi Jewish communities from France and the Netherlands in the

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With their social equals they associated freely, without regard to religion and more likely with regard to equivalent or comparative education, for they were generally well read, which became a tradition and expectation. They were received at the courts of sultans, kings, and princes, and often were

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continued in the north throughout the 12th century. As various Arab lands fell to the Christians, conditions for some Jews in the emerging Christian kingdoms became increasingly favorable. As had happened during the reconstruction of towns following the breakdown of authority under the Umayyads, the

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flourished during this period, particularily in cities like Cordoba, Granada and Toledo. Jewish scholars, poets, philosophers and scientists thrived, contributing to the broader intellectual life of Al-Andalus. Jews in Muslim Spain played significant roles in trade, finance, diplomacy, and medicine.

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In 2015, more than five centuries after the expulsion, both Spain and Portugal enacted laws allowing Sephardic Jews who could prove their ancestral origins in those countries to apply for citizenship. The Spanish law that offered citizenship to descendants of Sephardic Jews expired in 2019, although

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By contrast, Eastern Judeo-Spanish has fared somewhat better, especially in Israel, where newspapers, radio broadcasts, and elementary school and university programs strive to keep the language alive. But the old regional variations (i.e. Bosnia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and Turkey for

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authority, many orders of expulsion, forced conversion, isolation, enslavement, execution, and other punitive measures were made. By 612–621, the situation for Jews became intolerable and many left Spain for nearby northern Africa. In 711, thousands of Jews from North Africa accompanied the Moslems

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and not the entire peninsula, nor as it is understood today, in which the term Sefarad is used in modern Hebrew to refer to Spain. This has caused a long misunderstanding, since traditionally the entire Iberian Diaspora has been included in a single group. But the historiographical research reveals

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ratified the legislation offering dual citizenship to descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews. Like the law later passed in Spain, the newly established legal rights in Portugal apply to all descendants of Portugal's Sephardic Jews, regardless of the current religion of the descendant, so long as

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The connection with Spain can be established, if kinship with a family on a list of Sephardic families in Spain is not available, by proving that Spanish history or culture have been studied, proof of charitable, cultural, or economic activities associated with Spanish people, or organizations, or

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In 2015 the Government of Spain passed Law 12/2015 of 24 June, whereby Sephardi Jews with a connection to Spain could obtain Spanish nationality by naturalization, without the usual residency requirement. Applicants must provide evidence of their Sephardi origin and some connection with Spain, and

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nevertheless remained, and those who secretly practiced the Jewish faith specifically suffered severe episodes of persecution by the Inquisition. The last such episode of persecution occurred in the mid-18th century. External migrations out of the Iberian peninsula coincided with these episodes of

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Henry Kamen and Joseph Perez estimate that of the total Jewish origin population of Spain at the time of the issuance of the Alhambra Decree, those who chose to remain in Spain represented the majority, up to 300,000 of a total Jewish origin population of 350,000. Furthermore, a significant number

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For the most part, Eastern Sephardim did not maintain their own separate Sephardic religious and cultural institutions from pre-existing Jews. Instead the local Jews came to adopt the liturgical customs of the recent Sephardic arrivals. Eastern Sephardim in European areas of the Ottoman Empire, as

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Jonathan Ray, a professor of Jewish theological studies, has argued that the community of Sephardim was formed more during the 1600s than the medieval period. He explains that prior to expulsion Spanish Jewish communities did not have a shared identity in the sense that developed in diaspora. They

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By July 2017 the Portuguese government had received about 5,000 applications, mostly from Brazil, Israel, and Turkey. 400 had been granted, with a period between application and resolution of about two years. In 2017 a total of 1,800 applicants had been granted Portuguese citizenship. By February

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as well. However, during the time he was a rabbi in Pernambuco, the Portuguese re-occupied the place again in 1654, after a struggle of nine years. Aboab da Fonseca managed to return to Amsterdam after the occupation of the Portuguese. Members of his community immigrated to North America and were

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was perhaps then some 15% of that country's population. They were declared Christians by Royal decree unless they left, but the King hindered their departure, needing their artisanship and working population for Portugal's overseas enterprises and territories. Later Sephardic Jews settled in many

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in Sephardi Jews. However, there are no specifically Sephardic genetic diseases, since the diseases in this group are not necessarily common to Sephardic Jews specifically, but are instead common in the particular country of birth, and sometimes among many other Jewish groups generally. The most

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genetic markers show that nearly 20% of Spaniards have Sephardic Jewish markers (direct male descent male for Y, equivalent weight for female mitochondria); residents of Catalonia have approximately 6%. This shows that there was historic intermarriage between ethnic Jews and other Spaniards, and

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Jews), as the only community of Jews living under the Shiites, probably suffered more than any Sephardic community (Persian Jews are not Sephardic in descent). Many of these Jews also settled in other parts of the Balkans ruled by the Ottomans such as the areas that are now Bulgaria, Serbia, and

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The intermittent period of residence in Portugal (after the initial fleeing from Spain) for the ancestors of many Western Sephardim (whether Old World or New World) is a reason why the surnames of many Western Sephardim tend to be Portuguese variations of common Spanish surnames, though some are

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reverted to Judaism, rejoining the Jewish community sometimes up to the third or even fourth generations after the initial decrees stipulating conversion, expulsion, or death. It is these returnees to Judaism that represent Old World Western Sephardim. Among this community of Sephardic Jews, the

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In contrast to Ashkenazic Jews, who do not name newborn children after living relatives, Sephardic Jews often name their children after the children's grandparents, even if they are still alive. The first son and daughter are traditionally named after the paternal grandparents, then the maternal

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The Sephardim distinguished themselves as physicians and statesmen, and won the favor of rulers and princes, in both the Christian and the Islamic world. That the Sephardim were selected for prominent positions in every country where they settled was only in part due to the fact that Spanish had

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was perceived as, and indeed were, a liberating force. Wherever they went, the Muslims were greeted by Jews eager to aid them in administering the country. In many conquered towns the garrison was left in the hands of the Jews before the Muslims proceeded further north. Both Muslim and Christian

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Throughout history, scholars have given widely differing numbers of Jews expelled from Spain. However, the figure is likely preferred by minimalist scholars to be below the 100,000 Jews - while others suggest larger numbers - who had not yet converted to Christianity by 1492, possibly as low as

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of Sephardi origin that actively participated in the conquest and settlement was more significant than previously estimated. A number of Spanish conquerors, administrators, settlers, have now been confirmed to have been of Sephardi origin. Recent revelations have only come about as a result of

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In particular, Jews established relations between the Dutch and South America. They contributed to the establishment of the Dutch West Indies Company in 1621, and some were members of the directorate. The ambitious schemes of the Dutch for the conquest of Brazil were carried into effect through

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Besides merchants, a great number of physicians were among the Spanish Jews in Amsterdam: Samuel Abravanel, David Nieto, Elijah Montalto, and the Bueno family; Joseph Bueno was consulted in the illness of Prince Maurice (April 1623). Jews were admitted as students at the university, where they

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The Eastern Sephardic dialect is typified by its greater conservatism, its retention of numerous Old Spanish features in phonology, morphology, and lexicon, and its numerous borrowings from Turkish and, to a lesser extent, also from Greek and South Slavic. Both dialects have (or had) numerous

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However, the Jews from the Muslim south were not entirely secure in their northward migrations. Old prejudices were compounded by newer ones. Suspicions of complicity with the Muslims were alive and well as Jews immigrated, speaking Arabic. However, many of the newly arrived Jews of the north

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instance) are already either extinct or doomed to extinction. Only time will tell whether Judeo-Spanish koiné, now evolving in Israel—similar to that which developed among Sephardic immigrants to the United States early in the 20th century- will prevail and survive into the next generation.

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leaders. Rather than having a stifling effect, the disintegration of the caliphate expanded the opportunities to Jewish and other professionals. The services of Jewish scientists, doctors, traders, poets, and scholars were generally valued by Christian and Muslim rulers of regional centers,

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Sephardi-origin ranged anywhere from none in most areas to as high as 1 in every 3 (approx. 30%) Iberian settlers in other areas. With Latin America's current population standing at close to 590 million people, the bulk of which consists of persons of full or partial Iberian ancestry (both

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From these regions, many later migrated again, this time to the non-Iberian territories of the Americas. Additional to all these Sephardic Jewish groups are the descendants of those New Christian conversos who either remained in Iberia, or moved from Iberia directly to the Iberian colonial

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Overall, it is now estimated that up to 20% of modern-day Spaniards and 10% of colonial Latin America's Iberian settlers may have been of Sephardic origin, although the regional distribution of their settlement was uneven throughout the colonies. Thus, Iberian settlers of New Christian

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These Sephardic sub-groups are separate from any pre-existing local Jewish communities they encountered in their new areas of settlement. From the perspective of the present day, the first three sub-groups appeared to have developed as separate branches, each with its own traditions.

6541:, many of the Sephardim Tehorim from Western Asia and North Africa relocated to either Israel or France, where they form a significant portion of the Jewish communities today. Other significant communities of Sephardim Tehorim also migrated in more recent times from the Near East to 5699:) which have since disappeared from Spain when those that stayed behind as conversos adopted surnames that were solely Spanish in origin. Other North African Sephardim have since also translated their Hispanic surnames into local languages or have modified them to sound local. 4392:

actions were essential not only in protecting the Jewish community in Portugal but also in the colonization of Brazil. Through their operations, they not only saved countless lives but also contributed significantly to the development of the Portuguese colony in the New World.

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in 587. As the Visigoths sought to unify the realm under their new religion, their policies towards Jews evolved from initial marginalization to increasingly aggressive measures aimed at their complete eradication from the kingdom. Under successive Visigothic kings and under

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appeased him, requesting that he send to him captives made-up of the nobles of Jerusalem, and so he sent a few of them to him, and there were amongst them those who made curtains and who were knowledgeable in the work of silk, and whose name was Baruch, and they remained in

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The amended law gave descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews the right to become Portuguese citizens, wherever they lived, if they "belong to a Sephardic community of Portuguese origin with ties to Portugal." Portugal thus became the first country after Israel to enact a

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Archaeological evidence of a Jewish presence in Spain prior to the third century CE is limited. However, from the third to sixth centuries, inscriptions confirm the existence of Jewish communities, particularly in the more Romanized regions of the south and east, such as

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Cruz or the common name of the word "Messiah" (Savior/Salvador) or adopted the name of their Christian godparents. Dr. Mark Hilton's research demonstrated in IPS DNA testing that the last name of Marranos linked with the location of the local parish was correlated 89.3%

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The Law states that Spanish citizenship will be granted to "those Sephardic foreign nationals who prove that condition and their special relationship with our country, even if they do not have legal residence in Spain, whatever their ideology, religion or beliefs."

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Although numerically superior, Sephardic Bnei Anusim is, however, the least prominent or known sub-group of Sephardi descendants. Sephardic Bnei Anusim are also more than twice the size of the total world Jewish population as a whole, which itself also encompasses

1444:. According to the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, a number contested by some historians who deem it to be an example of "the usual hyperbole in numerical estimates, with which history abounds." 1351:("The Source of Life;" "Mekor Hayyim"). Thought by many to have been written by a Christian, this work was admired by Christians and studied in monasteries throughout the Middle Ages, though the work of Solomon Munk in the 19th century proved that the author of 6113:

modern DNA evidence and newly discovered records in Spain, which had been either lost or hidden, relating to conversions, marriages, baptisms, and Inquisition trials of the parents, grandparents and great-grandparents of the Sephardi-origin Iberian immigrants.

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Finally, the Jews of Bulgaria proper were under the rule of a Nazi ally that subjected them to ruinous anti-Jewish legislation, but ultimately yielded to pressure from Bulgarian parliamentarians, clerics, and intellectuals not to deport them. More than 50,000

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allowed Jews to settle in Portugal, but in 1497, under political pressure, he ordered the forced conversion of all Jews in the country. This act marked the beginning of prolonged persecution, culminating in the creation of the Portuguese Inquisition in 1536.

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to ensure these operations were carried out with the utmost discretion. Isaac Nunes Gois also played a crucial role, using his commercial and financial connections to fund escapes and establish support networks for Jews who needed to leave Portugal quickly.

1362:, texts were translated between Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, and Latin. In translating the great works of Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek into Latin, Iberian Jews were instrumental in bringing the fields of science and philosophy, which formed much of the basis of 6012:

over the last five centuries, although increasing numbers have begun emerging publicly in modern times, especially over the last two decades. Except for varying degrees of putatively rudimentary Jewish customs and traditions which had been retained as

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become a world-language through the expansion of Spain into the world-spanning Spanish Empire—the cosmopolitan cultural background after long associations with Islamic scholars of the Sephardic families also made them extremely well educated for the

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The divisions among Sephardim and their descendants today are largely a result of the consequences of the royal edicts of expulsion. Both the Spanish and Portuguese crowns ordered their respective Jewish subjects to choose one of two options:

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to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1624, the colony had been occupied by the Dutch. By becoming the rabbi of the community, Aboab da Fonseca was the first appointed rabbi of the Americas. The name of his congregation was

393:, though they have also adopted and adapted other languages. The historical forms of Spanish that differing Sephardic communities spoke communally were related to the date of their departure from Iberia and their status at that time as either 5009:

roots and are totally absent in Iberian patronyms and are therefore often seen as typically Jewish. Many of the names are associated with non-Jewish (Christian) families and individuals and are by no means exclusive to Jews. After 1492, many

6100:(" sons/children/descendants forced ") were the subsequent generations of descendants of the Anusim who remained hidden ever since the Inquisition in the Iberian Peninsula and its New World franchises. At least some Sephardic Anusim in the 5502:, sometimes also known as Ladino, which consisted of the medieval Spanish and Portuguese they spoke in Iberia, with admixtures of Hebrew, and the languages around them, especially Turkish. This Judeo-Spanish language was often written in 1277:. This thorough adoption of the Arabic language also greatly facilitated the assimilation of Jews into Moorish culture, and Jewish activity in a variety of professions, including medicine, commerce, finance, and agriculture increased. 6697:

of them in the month before the 30 September 2019 deadline. Applications for Portuguese citizenship for Sephardis remained open. The deadline for completing the requirements was extended until September 2021 due to delays due to the

6712:, said "the state of Israel must ease the way for their return", referring to the millions of descendants of conversos around Latin America and Iberia. Some hundreds of thousands maybe exploring ways to return to the Jewish people. 503:, whose excise imposed taxes on Iberian exiles. Although the first date of arrival of Jews in Iberia is the subject of ongoing archaeological research, there is evidence of established Jewish communities as early as the 1st century 321:. Many Iberian Jewish exiled families also later sought refuge in those Jewish communities, resulting in ethnic and cultural integration with those communities over the span of many centuries. The majority of Sephardim live in 4029:

sarcastically sent his thanks to Ferdinand for sending him some of his best subjects, thus "impoverishing his own lands while enriching his (Bayezid's)". Jews arriving in the Ottoman Empire were mostly resettled in and around

5324:

welcomed the Jewish refugees from Spain with the purpose of obtaining specialized artisans, which the Portuguese population lacked, imposing over them, however, a hefty fee for the right to stay in the country. His successor

4490:

who eschewed the enactment of anti-Jewish legislation and resisted whenever possible German efforts to transfer them to occupied Poland, until the surrender of Italy on 8 September 1943 brought the Jews under German control.

4000:). Even with the increasing pressure from the Catholic Church, this state of affairs remained more or less constant and the number of Jews in Portugal grew with those running from Spain. This changed with the marriage of D. 4282:

did not carry any particular Hispano-Jewish identity into exile with them, but certain shared cultural traits contributed to the formation of the diaspora community from what had historically been independent communities.

11878: 760:

Ethnic Sephardic Jews have had a presence in North Africa and various parts of the Mediterranean and Western Asia due to their expulsion from Spain. There have also been Sephardic communities in South America and India.

4349:

continued to play a vital role in supporting Jewish communities in Italy and other parts of Europe. The family’s wealth and influence enabled them to finance the escape of many persecuted Jews, saving countless lives.

12050: 9757: 5658:

in a majority of cases. They settled in the areas with already established Arabic-speaking Jewish communities in North Africa and eventually merged with them to form new communities based solely on Sephardic customs.

5388:

All these sub-groups are defined by a combination of geography, identity, religious evolution, language evolution, and the timeframe of their reversion (for those who had in the interim undergone a temporary nominal

1325:

Hasdai benefitted world Jewry not only indirectly by creating a favorable environment for scholarly pursuits within Iberia, but also by using his influence to intervene on behalf of foreign Jews: in his letter to

4186:. Some years afterward, when the Dutch in Brazil appealed to the Netherlands for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil. About 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars— 5356:

Sephardi Jews encompass Jews descended from those Jews who left the Iberian Peninsula as Jews by the expiration of the respective decreed deadlines. This group is further divided between those who fled south to

4796: 4008:

of the newly born Spain. In 1497 the Decree ordering the expulsion or forced conversion of all the Jews was passed, and the Sephardim either fled or went into secrecy under the guise of "Cristãos Novos", i.e.

14474: 6064:

estimates the Sephardic Bnei Anusim population to number in the millions. Their population size is several times larger than the three Jewish-integrated Sephardi descendant sub-groups combined, consisting of

4537:. The Jewish communities in those European North Africa countries, in Bulgaria, and in Denmark were the only ones who were spared the mass deportation and mass murder that afflicted other Jewish communities. 6959:. They were easily integrated with the societies that hosted them. Within the last centuries and, more particularly the 19th and 20th centuries, two languages have become dominant in the Sephardic diaspora: 1035:, rather than from the villages, the towns in the outlying districts ." Elsewhere, he writes about his maternal grandfather's family and how they came to Spain after Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE: "When 12862: 6659:, and others with historical ties to Spain. In that context, Sephardi Jews were considered to be the descendants of Spanish Jews who were expelled or fled from the country five centuries ago following the 6107:

Historical documentation shedding new light on the diversity in the ethnic composition of the Iberian immigrants to the Spanish colonies of the Americas during the conquest era suggests that the number of

6856:

in colloquial speech. Except for certain younger individuals, who continue to practice Ḥakitía as a matter of cultural pride, this dialect, probably the most Arabized of the Romance languages apart from

4060:, where Jews were especially prominent in the 17th century on account of their number, wealth, education, and influence, they established poetical academies after Spanish models; two of these were the 12144: 4295: 4162:

island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult, however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil. In 1579

4533:, suffered the same antisemitic legislation that Jews suffered in France mainland. They did not, however, directly suffer the more extreme Nazi Germany antisemitic policies, and nor did the Jews in 1267:, which had been best preserved by Arab scholars, was made available to the educated Jew. The meticulous regard the Arabs had for grammar and style also had the effect of stimulating an interest in 5866:

in the New World who did return to Judaism, it was principally those who had come via an initial respite of refuge in the Netherlands and/or who were settling the New World Dutch colonies such as

5791:

returned to Spain in the years following the expulsion, on condition of converting to Catholicism, the Crown guaranteeing they could recover their property at the same price at which it was sold.

14185: 11133: 9779: 4341:, one of the most distinguished members of the family, was a powerful adviser to the Catholic Monarchs but also used his position to help fellow Jews flee Spain before the implementation of the 10042: 7001:

that has been uniquely formative in Jewish culture. This literature was shaped for centuries by the expulsions from Spain and Portugal and thus featured prominently in a wide range of medieval

5687:

North African Sephardim still also often carry common Spanish surnames, as well as other specifically Sephardic surnames from 15th century Spain with Arabic or Hebrew language origins (such as

4270:

at that time. It was an autonomous institution, and until the mid-17th century it was not under the authority of the highest organ of the Jewish self-government in the Republic of Poland - the

4136:

trade areas controlled by the Empire of Philip II and others. With various countries in Europe also the Sephardi Jews established commercial relations. In a letter dated 25 November 1622, King

4103:(previously Jews and Muslims could apply for French citizenship, but had to renounce the use of traditional religious courts and laws, which many did not want to do). When France withdrew from 13272: 6561:. Because of poverty and turmoil in Latin America, another wave of Sephardic Jews joined other Latin Americans who migrated to the United States, Canada, Spain, and other countries of Europe. 4502:). The Jews of Macedonia and Thrace were controlled by Bulgarian occupation forces, which after rendering them stateless, rounded them up and turned them over to the Germans for deportation. 11776: 14492: 11744: 6179:

Almost all Sephardic Bnei Anusim carry surnames which are known to have been used by Sephardim during the 15th century. However, almost all of these surnames are not specifically Sephardic

4053:

in 1536. This caused the flight of the Portuguese Jewish community, which continued until the extinction of the Courts of Inquisition in 1821; by then there were very few Jews in Portugal.

11100: 7046:

Sephardi-Ashkenazi relations have at times been strained by racial tension, with both sides claiming the inferiority of the other, based upon such features as physical traits and culture.

6655:

Today, Spanish nationality law generally requires a period of residency in Spain before citizenship can be applied for. This had long been relaxed from ten to two years for Sephardi Jews,

5578:

community. Their culture and customs were absorbed by the local Jews. . Additionally, there was a large community of Jews and crypto-Jews of Portuguese origin in the Portuguese colony of

5673:

In the 19th century, modern Spanish, French and Italian gradually replaced Haketia and Judeo-Arabic as the mother tongue among most Moroccan Sephardim and other North African Sephardim.

4963:" with 90 students where instruction was in Hebrew and complemented with classes on Jewish customs. By 1950 there were 500 students. In 1968 a group of young Sephardim created the group 11648: 10392: 5836:

who accompanied the millions of Old Christian Spaniards and Portuguese that emigrated to the Americas. More specifically, New World Western Sephardim are those Western Sephardim whose

11394: 10936: 4107:

in 1962, the local Jewish communities largely relocated to France. There are some tensions between some of those communities and the earlier French Jewish population (who were mostly

1485:

prospered during the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The majority of Latin documentation regarding Jews during this period refers to their landed property, fields, and vineyards.

957:'s intent to visit Spain, hinting at a Jewish community in the region during the mid-first century CE. Josephus writes that Herod Antipas was deposed and exiled to Spain, possibly to 11666: 5600:

Eastern Sephardim still often carry common Spanish surnames, as well as other specifically Sephardic surnames from 15th-century Spain with Arabic or Hebrew language origins (such as

14509: 12173: 11927: 11058: 8818: 9103: 13049:

Stillman, Norman, "Aspects of Jewish Life in Islamic Spain" in Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages ed. Paul E. Szarmach, Albany: State University of New York Press (1979)

11994: 11882: 5292:. They and their Catholic descendants were not subject to the Decree or to expulsion, yet were surveilled by the Spanish Inquisition. British scholar Henry Kamen has said that 13308:

Searchable archive of audio recordings of Sephardic ballads and other oral literature collected from informants from around the world, from 1950s until the 1990s, by Professor

11626: 10503: 9228: 8953: 6196:

Prior to 1492, substantial Jewish populations existed in most Spanish and Portuguese provinces. Among the larger Jewish populations were the Jewish communities in cities like

5333:

issued his own expulsion decree four years later, presumably to satisfy a precondition that the Spanish monarchs had set for him in order to allow him to marry their daughter

12046: 9753: 5288:

population, and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted in the 14th century as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which

12435: 4875: 1216:

were left to a mixed army of Jews and Moors. Although in some towns Jews may have been helpful to Muslim success, because of the small numbers they were of limited impact.

887:

does not refer to the liturgy generally recited by Sephardim proper or even Sephardi in a broader sense, but rather to an alternative Eastern European liturgy used by many

868:

is defined by a liturgical tradition's choice of prayers, order of prayers, text of prayers and melodies used in the singing of prayers. Sephardim traditionally pray using

358:. These actions resulted in a combination of internal and external migrations, mass conversions, and executions. By the late 15th century, Sephardic Jews had been largely 10366: 9686: 14469: 11271:

The Xueta had their own church—St Eulalia's—in their barrio, with a Xueta priest, and their own cofraternity (the Cross of Calvary) to march in the Holy Week procession.

9921: 5922: 2501: 8313: 5900:

in Newport, Rhode Island, is dated to sometime after the arrival of Western Sephardim there in 1658 and prior to the 1677 purchase of a communal cemetery, now known as

4513:

The Jews in North Africa identified themselves only as Jews or European Jews, having been westernized by French and Italian colonization. During World War II and until

9951: 8750: 6096:

Unlike the Anusim ("forced ") who were the conversos up to the third, fourth or fifth generation (depending on the Jewish responsa) who later reverted to Judaism, the

4498:

state from April 1941, which subjected them to pogrom-like actions before herding them into local camps where they were murdered side by side with Serbs and Roma (see

4479:

and bore the full weight and intensity of Nazi repressive measures from dispossession, humiliation, and forced labor to hostage-taking, and finally deportation to the

16380: 10779: 13278: 10414: 5767:(also known more ambiguously as "Spanish and Portuguese Jews", "Spanish Jews", "Portuguese Jews" and "Jews of the Portuguese Nation") are the community of Jewish ex- 10537: 9708: 7035:

and Torah under the guidance of Sephardic Jewish Rabbis in Iberia. These Ashkenazi Jews who assimilated into the Sephardic society eventually gained the surnames "

7009:

diverges in Sephardic sources, which scholar David A. Wacks says "occasionally belie the relatively comfortable circumstances of the Jewish community of Sefarad."

6805:). The latter was once spoken, with little regional distinction, in six towns in Northern Morocco. Because of later emigration, it was also spoken by Sephardim in 13284: 13080: 13007:

Sassoon, Solomon David, "The Spiritual Heritage of the Sephardim," in The Sephardi Heritage, Vol. 1 ed. R. D. Barnett, New York: Ktav Publishing House Inc. (1971)

8785:"The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, section XI: "The Vale of Tears", quoting Joseph Hacohen (1496–1577); also, section XVII, quoting 16th-century author Samuel Usque" 5727: 753:‎, literally "Pure Sephardim"), derived from a misunderstanding of the initials ס"ט "Samekh Tet" traditionally used with some proper names (which stand for 13953: 5345:, however, were also suffered by Jews throughout Portugal. These persecutions led to several recently converted families to flee Portugal, such as the family of 6939:

Through their diaspora, Sephardim have been a polyglot population, often learning or exchanging words with the language of their host population, most commonly

5896:, established in 1654, in what is now New York City, is the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States. Its present building dates from 1897. Congregation 10825:

The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day

9409: 8710: 3079: 13079:"Synagogue in Brazilian town Recife considered oldest in the Americas". Reuters. 2008-11-12. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 2008-06-29. 8649: 8259: 6730:

to confer citizenship to descendants of Portuguese Sephardic Jews who were expelled from the country five centuries ago following the Portuguese Inquisition.

5042:

A similar law was approved in Spain in 2014 and passed in 2015. By the expiry date on 30 September 2019, Spain had received 127,000 applications, mostly from

13407: 11901: 11487: 10597: 6017:

among individual families, Sephardic Bnei Anusim became a fully assimilated sub-group within the Iberian-descended Christian populations of Spain, Portugal,

5885:

The oldest congregations in the non-Iberian colonial possessions in the Americas were founded by Western Sephardim, many who arrived in the then Dutch-ruled

2734: 2429: 1271:

matters in general among Jews. Arabic became the main language of Sephardic science, philosophy, and everyday business, as had been the case with Babylonian

13219: 12148: 10653: 9356: 6526:

Such figures exclude the significant number of Jews who returned to Spain due to the hostile reception they received in their countries of refuge, notably

13004:

Sarna, Nahum M., "Hebrew and Bible Studies in Medieval Spain" in Sephardi Heritage, Vol. 1 ed. R. D. Barnett, New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc. (1971)

11283: 2621: 14408: 11125: 4801: 1440:

and massacred most of the Jewish population of the city after rumors spread that the powerful vizier was plotting to kill the weak-minded and drunk King

6523:. The Jewish community in Portugal (perhaps then some 10% of that country's population) were then declared Christians by Royal decree unless they left. 5385:

countries. For historical reasons and circumstances, most of the descendants of this group of conversos never formally returned to the Jewish religion.

1114:

and, while they generally did not engage in the persecution of Jews, they did not extend particular favor to them either. It was not until the reign of

13309: 13073:"The Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, Recife, Brazil". Database of Jewish communities. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 12760:

Gabba, Emilio (1999). "The Social, Economic and Political history of Palestine 63 BCE–CE 70". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.).

12633: 11461: 7893: 7857: 5906: 5436:

Eastern Sephardim comprise the descendants of the expellees from Spain who left as Jews in 1492 or earlier. This sub-group of Sephardim settled mostly

5117: 3829: 12199: 11832: 10034: 14525: 11961: 5157: 5127: 4868: 3990: 1593: 1469:

held over Muslims. When the Almohads gave the Jews a choice of either death or conversion to Islam, many Jews emigrated. Some, such as the family of

13224: 10113: 5410:, Italy acted as the clearing-house of personnel and traditions among the first three sub-groups; it also developed as the chief publishing centre. 15702: 14537: 13382: 11769: 10802:גלות אחר גולה: מחקרים בתולדות עם ישראל מוגשים לפרופסור חיים ביינאר: Studies in the History of the Jewish People Presented to Professor Haim Beinart 10190: 9805: 5217: 5212: 5142: 3989:

In Portugal, the Sephardim were given important roles in the sociopolitical sphere and enjoyed a certain amount of protection from the Crown (e.g.

3871:

employed as ambassadors, envoys, or agents. The number of Sephardim who have rendered important services to different countries is considerable as

2616: 711: 11740: 6652:

used this decree as the basis for giving Spanish citizenship papers to Hungarian Jews in the Second World War to try to save them from the Nazis.

6384: 4472:. The experience of Jewish communities in those countries during the war varied greatly and depended on the type of regime under which they fell. 4362:

was one of the most influential and wealthy Jewish families in Portugal during the Inquisition period. Known for their proximity to nobility, the

16092: 13898: 11600: 11084: 8027: 5177: 2864: 1200:

sources claim that Jews provided valuable aid to the Muslim conquerors. Once captured, the defense of Cordoba was left in the hands of Jews, and

13230: 11166: 9861: 8219: 11216: 4811: 4760: 12105: 11570: 10250: 8617: 6575:

essentially, that some Jews remained in Spain. Similarly, the study showed that some 11% of the population has DNA associated with the Moors.

429:-influenced variety of Judaeo-Spanish, was spoken by North African Sephardic Jews who settled in the region after the 1492 Spanish expulsion. 14775: 14032: 13342:

Internet Radio Show featuring field recordings of Sephardic Jewish Women in Tangier & Tetuan, 1954 w/ song texts translated into English.

11854: 11692: 5237: 3118: 14497: 13206:

an internet radio broadcasting from Madrid; includes Huellas, a weekly program for those looking for the origins of their Sephardic surnames

13076:"History of the Jewish community of Recife". Database of Jewish communities. Archived from the original on 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 12076: 11803: 11390: 10928: 10749: 6916:

and its dialects have been a large vernacular language for Sephardim who settled in North African kingdoms and Arabic-speaking parts of the

6848:(1912–1956), Ḥakitía was subjected to pervasive, massive influence from Modern Standard Spanish. Most Moroccan Jews now speak a colloquial, 6844:

loan words retained most of the Arabic phonemes as functional components of a new, enriched Hispano-Semitic phonological system. During the

5847:

who settled in the Iberian colonies of the Americas who could not revert to Judaism. These comprise the related but distinct group known as

4888:

Today, the Sephardim have preserved the romances and the ancient melodies and songs of Spain and Portugal, as well as a large number of old

4370:

and Isaac Nunes Gois were notable members of this family, both using their position and influence at court to protect the Jewish community.

4309:

ordered the expulsion of all Jews who refused to convert to Christianity in Spain, leading many to seek refuge in Portugal. Initially, King

4302:. These Jews, forced to convert to Christianity, continued to practice their faith in secret, making them prime targets of the Inquisition. 14308: 11662: 7967: 7495: 5677: 4982:

today are Ashkenazim, in Colonial times Sephardim made up the majority of the Jewish population. For example, the 1654 Jews who arrived in

4861: 4580: 12165: 11919: 11770:"Rhodes Jewish Museum: Frequently asked questions for Spanish citizenship for Sephardi Jews. Date (embedded in the PDF): 3 September 2015" 11047: 9535: 8810: 16052: 11368: 10684: 7709: 5300: 3916: 2103: 2066: 1178:

in the Iberian Peninsula. This conquest resulted in the establishment of Muslim rule over much of the region, which they referred to as "

1027:

wrote in 1161: "A tradition exists with the community of Granada that they are from the inhabitants of Jerusalem, of the descendants of

779: 10011: 9616: 6648:

approved a decree to enable Sephardi Jews to obtain Spanish nationality. Although the deadline was originally the end of 1930, diplomat

5597:

In recent times, principally after 1948, most Eastern Sephardim have since relocated to Israel, and others to the US and Latin America.

5492:

in what is today southern Romania, where there is still a functioning Sephardic Synagogue. Their traditional language is referred to as

16250: 14570: 11986: 10336: 9278: 4690: 10723: 8079: 6985:

is considered by scholars to be one of the most important concepts in Jewish history, if not the most important. In Jewish literature

5634:

North African Sephardim consists of the descendants of the expellees from Spain who also left as Jews in 1492. This branch settled in

1240:. Jewish communities were enriched culturally, intellectually, and religiously by the commingling of these diverse Jewish traditions. 16405: 16292: 14368: 14088: 13264:, (Hebrew Synagogue is seen as an advisory body on matters pertaining to religious practice and is widely consulted by many agencies) 12456:

Shahar, Charles. "A Comprehensive Study of the Ultra Orthodox Community of Greater Montreal (2003)." Federation CJA (Montreal). 2003.

11622: 10496: 10388: 10306: 10143: 9178: 6686: 3042: 12505: 9981: 6852:, with only occasional use of the old language as a sign of in-group solidarity. Similarly, American Jews may now use an occasional 6433:

and its territories and possessions by 31 July, of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate their influence on Spain's large

544:, the English sound that is voiceless labiodental fricative. In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" may be translated as plural 16287: 16228: 14599: 12427: 10068: 9891: 6630:

as a whole, however, have not yet been granted the same recognition as Jews that the Chuetas of Palma de Majorca achieved in 2011.

5563:

indigenous Jewish populations. They adopted the Sephardic rites and traditions through cultural diffusion, and are properly termed

3065: 1175: 12573: 11510: 10858: 8693:

Israel, Jonathan I (1987). "Duarte Nunes da Costa (Jacob Curiel), of Hamburg, Sephardi Nobleman and Communal Leader (1585-1664)".

6753:

told news agencies in 2015 that he "call on the Israeli government to embark on a new strategic approach and to reach out to the

1473:, fled south and east to the more tolerant Muslim lands, while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms. 16098: 14180: 13931: 13466: 13120: 9484: 6840:

On the other hand, the North African Sephardic dialect was, until the early 20th century, also highly conservative; its abundant

4765: 2415: 5929:. Both descend from Western Sephardim who left Portugal for the Netherlands, and in the case of Maduro, from the Netherlands to 4068:. In the same city they also organized the first Jewish educational institution, with graduate classes in which, in addition to 774:

that that word, seen as homogeneous, was actually divided into distinct groups: the Sephardim, coming from the countries of the

15198: 14652: 14227: 14076: 13803: 13067: 10358: 9678: 6757:, people whose Spanish and Portuguese Jewish ancestors were compelled to convert to Catholicism more than five centuries ago." 5840:

ancestors migrated to various of the non-Iberian colonies in the Americas in whose jurisdictions they could return to Judaism.

5023: 4695: 3822: 2992: 2927: 2809: 12598: 12024: 9913: 9831: 15193: 14293: 13936: 13022: 12961: 12921: 12886: 12827: 12481: 12410: 12377: 12352: 12327: 12226: 11520: 11264: 11239: 11094: 11016: 10989: 10809: 10273:"Guide to the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, Boston, Massachusetts, Records , undated, 1886–1977 (Bulk dates 1938–1954), I-96" 10173: 9737: 9381: 9306: 8744: 8430: 8413:"Sicilia antiqua: International Journal of Archaeology : XIII. Ebrei catalani nel Regno di Sicilia (XIII-XV sec :)" 8395: 8309: 7924: 5334: 4611: 4366:

held prominent positions in the Portuguese court, where they played a vital role in both the country’s politics and economy.

2113: 1220: 1188:—protected but second-class monotheists—permitted to practice their religion with relative autonomy in exchange for paying a 1148: 13281:

by Jose Faur, identifying the difference in reaction to the European Enlightenment among Sepharadi and Ashkenazi communities

9943: 9712: 8734: 7018: 6721: 4099:

countries, which were colonized by France in the 19th century. Jews in Algeria were given French citizenship in 1870 by the

1236:

in 755, the native Jewish community was joined by Jews from the rest of Europe, as well as from Arab lands, from Morocco to

964:

Rabbinic literature from references Spain as a distant land with a Jewish presence. For example, a tradition passed down by

16360: 13375: 13339: 12881:

Carasso, Lucienne. "Growing Up Jewish in Alexandria: The Story of a Sephardic Family's Exodus from Egypt". New York, 2014.

11718: 10771: 8098: 6002: 4806: 4726: 4561:

status imposed on their Muslim former neighbors. Most consequently moved to France in the late 1950s and early 1960s after

2551: 15102: 10705:

V. Colorni, Judaica minore, Milano 1983 and Shlomo Simonshon, History of the Jews in the Duchy of Mantua, Jerusalem, 1977.

10418: 8716: 5001:. Many used to bear Portuguese and Spanish names; however, it is noteworthy that a large number of Sephardic names are of 16580: 15213: 15208: 14632: 14123: 13891: 12968:

Monographs of the Mediaeval Academy of America No. 12: The Jews in the Visigothic and Frankish Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul

11307: 10567: 10529: 10474: 10220: 8788: 6742: 6520: 5461: 4588: 4154:

islands, who received the land as a grant from the crown, established a colony with Jews forced to stay on the island of

4014: 2819: 2636: 2626: 1866: 981:, states: "Do not fear, O Israel, for I help you from remote lands, and your seed from the land of their captivity, from 735: 385:

Historically, the vernacular languages of the Sephardic Jews and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish,

13275:

by Jose Faur, outlining the positive yet traditionalist responses to modernity typical of the Sepharadi Jewish community

12270: 10444: 10276: 6456:

Arabic-speaking communities, becoming the ancestors of the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, and Libyan Jewish communities.

16410: 16025: 14902: 14443: 14217: 13336:

website of a cantor from Seattle, WA, USA, instrumental in preservation of the Sephardic liturgical tradition of Rhodes

12704: 7997: 7445: 5152: 4298:, aimed to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and persecute those suspected of heresy, particularly Jewish converts, known as 4131:

The largest part of Spanish Jews expelled in 1492 fled to Portugal, where they eluded persecution for a few years. The

3215: 3165: 3130: 2824: 2689: 2556: 1263:. The cultural and intellectual achievements of the Arabs, and much of the scientific and philosophical speculation of 12296: 11801:

Ley 12/2015, de 24 de junio, en materia de concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España

4424: 15053: 14907: 14190: 14064: 13255: 12804: 12777: 12735: 12530: 8385: 7504: 3815: 2907: 2869: 2844: 2764: 2749: 2596: 2536: 2491: 14200: 13345: 12987:

Raphael, Chaim, The Sephardi Story: A Celebration of Jewish History London: Valentine Mitchell & Co. Ltd. (1991)

8255: 6997:, invoked common motifs of oppression, martyrdom, and suffering in discussing the collective experience of exile in 6964: 5555:

are included in this group, due to Egypt's cultural proximity to the other West Asian provinces under Ottoman rule.

16529: 14962: 14870: 14144: 8646: 7963: 6660: 5812:

who secretly still practiced Judaism) later emigrated to more religiously tolerant Old World countries outside the

5667: 4680: 4475:

The Jewish communities of Yugoslavia and northern Greece, including the 50,000 Jews of Salonika, fell under direct

4124: 3884: 3200: 3182: 3088: 2982: 2834: 2829: 2754: 2719: 2586: 1296: 11898: 11483: 4904:, are still popular among them, and they still manifest a fondness for the dishes peculiar to Iberia, such as the 4229:), Brazil. Most of the white inhabitants of the town were Sephardic Jews from Portugal who had been banned by the 1333:, he requested protection for the Jews under Byzantine rule, attesting to the fair treatment of the Christians of 1243:

Arabic culture, of course, also made a lasting impact on Sephardic cultural development. General re-evaluation of

16514: 16344: 16127: 15321: 14270: 14222: 14210: 14205: 14081: 14037: 14012: 13368: 7250: 6645: 6627: 6437:

population and ensure they did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the

5731: 5570:

Going even further into South Asia, a few of the Eastern Sephardim followed the spice trade routes as far as the

4834: 4444:

On the eve of World War II, the European Sephardi community was concentrated in Southeastern Europe countries of

4132: 3718: 3617: 3172: 3155: 3108: 3007: 2917: 2854: 2804: 2784: 2779: 2699: 2673: 2648: 2526: 2516: 2506: 2486: 2481: 923: 13324:

website of a British-born cantor and leading exponent of the liturgical tradition of Spanish and Portuguese Jews

11086:

La Yeshivá Benei Anusim: El Manual de Estudios Para Entender las Diferencias Entre el Cristianismo y el Judaismo

7940: 6967:, and then by absorption of new immigrants to France after Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria became independent, and 5583: 4206: 16549: 16243: 15003: 14563: 14298: 14249: 14166: 14139: 14042: 14027: 13884: 12867: 7669: 6639: 6237: 5643: 5406:

at the beginning of the 20th century, the Sephardim were usually regarded as together forming a continuum. The

5377:" conversos, but returned to Judaism after leaving Iberia, largely after reaching Southern and Western Europe. 4750: 4705: 4685: 4664: 4526: 4518: 4163: 3191: 3177: 3145: 3125: 3093: 3037: 3012: 2987: 2967: 2957: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2912: 2902: 2897: 2874: 2789: 2774: 2694: 2653: 2606: 2601: 2521: 2466: 13188: 8159: 5854:

Due to the presence of the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisition in the Iberian American territories, initially,

4119: 1102:, following a period of significant instability caused by Barbarian invasions that led to the collapse of the 698: 16585: 16575: 16481: 16390: 16104: 15425: 14393: 14118: 14113: 14103: 13833: 13787: 13066:

Zolitor, Jeff, "The Jews of Sepharad" Philadelphia: Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations (CSJO) (1997) ("

10109: 8637:

Nagdela (Nagrela), Abu Husain Joseph Ibn by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.

6607:, as Jewish. They number approximately 18,000 people or just over 2% of the entire population of the island. 6538: 5586:, the first archbishop of Goa, wanted to suppress or expel that community, calling for the initiation of the 5437: 4557:

community in spite of having been established in North Africa for many centuries, rather than subject to the

3612: 3150: 3135: 3098: 3060: 3032: 3022: 3017: 3002: 2997: 2977: 2962: 2947: 2922: 2888: 2859: 2759: 2744: 2668: 2658: 2576: 2546: 2471: 2457: 12625: 11457: 7885: 7849: 16395: 16167: 16035: 16030: 15218: 15203: 14967: 14922: 14667: 14459: 14195: 14149: 14059: 13941: 13214: 12195: 11824: 9331: 9003: 7490: 5893: 5739: 5552: 5540: 5536: 4849: 4844: 4495: 4480: 3848: 3220: 3140: 3103: 3027: 2972: 2839: 2814: 2739: 2714: 2704: 2643: 2566: 2561: 2541: 2531: 2511: 2496: 2389: 2093: 1857: 1852: 1359: 919: 359: 333: 58: 12791:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–198. 11953: 11810:(Law 12/2015, of 24 June, regarding acquisition of Spanish nationality by Sephardis with Spanish origins) 8358: 4194:. Jews supported the Dutch in the struggle between the Netherlands and Portugal for possession of Brazil. 16519: 16375: 16334: 16132: 16117: 14998: 14858: 14174: 13745: 13657: 12764:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–167. 9661: 8928: 8675:

Erika Spivakovsky (1971). "The Jewish presence in Granada". Journal of Medieval History. 2 (3): 215–238.

7738: 7659: 7468:) and Southern European ancestry. Due to their origin in the Mediterranean basin and strict practice of 7320: 6872: 6268: 6074: 5832:

New World Western Sephardim, on the other hand, are the descendants of those Jewish-origin New Christian

5764: 5708: 5548: 5515: 5407: 4755: 3210: 3205: 3160: 3113: 2799: 2769: 2729: 2724: 2581: 1887: 1118:(484–507) that a Visigothic king concerned himself with the Jews, as evidenced by the publication of the 10186: 9801: 9128: 8903: 6308: 1125:

The situation for Jews in Spain shifted dramatically after the conversion of the Visigothic monarchs to

16086: 15980: 15631: 15525: 15233: 15166: 14727: 14617: 14464: 14425: 13247: 12819: 10649: 9638: 6727: 5620: 4235: 4218: 4021:

were only allowed to land provided they received baptism. Those who were fortunate enough to reach the

3993:, first "Rabino Maior" of Portugal and supervisor of the public revenue of the first King of Portugal, 3684: 3529: 3237: 2631: 1827: 1817: 1553: 1039: 378:, either settling near existing Jewish communities or as the first in new frontiers, such as along the 347: 11592: 11418:"Substructured population growth in the Ashkenazi Jews inferred with Approximate Bayesian Computation" 10900: 9203: 8019: 6008:

Due to historical reasons and circumstances, Sephardic Bnei Anusim had not been able to return to the

4960: 16236: 16202: 16142: 16040: 16020: 15890: 15815: 15675: 15542: 15228: 15188: 14556: 14403: 14098: 14071: 13691: 13471: 11158: 10977: 9853: 7664: 7441: 7280: 5232: 4638: 4476: 3798: 3491: 3342: 3283: 2174: 806: 318: 16258: 11566: 8615:"Ibn Gabriol, Solomon ben Juday (Abu Ayyub Sulaiman Ibn Yaḥya Ibn Jabirul), known also as Avicebron" 6137:), it is estimated that up to 50 million of these possess Sephardic Jewish ancestry to some degree. 5917:

Among a few notable figures with roots in Western Sephardim are the current president of Venezuela,

5026:, where Ashkenazim have for centuries followed the tradition otherwise attributed to Sephardim. See 1280:

By the ninth century, some members of the Sephardic community felt confident enough to take part in

16122: 15953: 15252: 15127: 13808: 13622: 13536: 13521: 12814:

Rutgers, Leonard V.; Bradbury, Scott (2006). "The Diaspora, c. 235–638". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.).

12098: 11861: 11688: 11289:

Hispanidad y Judaísmo en Tiempos de Espinoza: Edición de "La Certeza del Camino" de Abraham Pereyra

10242: 9509: 8614: 7455: 7315: 6709: 6061: 4191: 3501: 3481: 2591: 2071: 1612: 1461:, from North Africa. These more intolerant sects abhorred the liberality of the Islamic culture of 1358:

In addition to contributions of original work, the Sephardim were active as translators. Mainly in

1139:

who invaded Spain, subsuming Catholic Spain and turning much of it into an Arab state, Al-Andalus.

17: 14244: 13183: 13037: 9104:"The Illustrious Ancestor of Silvio Santos Who Allegedly Financed Spanish Kings and Even Columbus" 8197:, III.2, 14-15. Marta García Morcillo, "Patterns of trade and economy in Strabo's Geography", in: 6296: 5551:

in Iraq. Although technically Egypt was a North African Ottoman region, those Jews who settled in

3932: 3853:

Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as

933:

The earliest significant Jewish presence in the Iberian Peninsula is typically traced back to the

722:

In the narrower ethnic definition, a Sephardi Jew is one descended from the Jews who lived in the

328:

The Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula prospered for centuries under the Muslim reign of

16075: 16064: 15658: 15579: 15284: 15183: 15122: 15008: 14981: 14433: 14232: 14133: 13644: 13573: 13541: 13526: 13476: 12072: 11800: 10745: 10627: 7689: 7654: 7449: 7285: 6595:, a leading rabbi and Halachic authority and chairman of the Beit Din Tzedek rabbinical court in 6090: 5629: 5591: 4137: 3642: 3632: 3597: 3476: 3466: 3249: 2420: 2362: 2196: 1875: 1832: 1547: 942: 836: 826: 663: 199: 151: 16439: 13580: 13327: 12656: 12473: 12467: 9229:"Inquisition in Brazil: How the Tribunal of the Holy Office Persecuted Brazilians for Centuries" 8954:"Inquisition in Brazil: How the Tribunal of the Holy Office Persecuted Brazilians for Centuries" 5424: 1303:

as "wretched compiler", tried to convince the other to return to his former faith, to no avail.

16590: 16473: 16111: 16081: 15144: 14336: 13755: 13568: 13563: 13553: 13546: 13531: 13461: 13391: 12402: 11364: 9643: 9078: 7959: 7729: 7578: 7509: 7411: 7295: 7209: 6422: 5477: 5069: 5061: 4994: 4817: 4770: 4230: 4187: 4144:, where, among other privileges, the free exercise of their religion would be assured to them. 4050: 3761: 3496: 3410: 2476: 2028: 1647: 1617: 852: 832: 230: 11006: 10676: 9153: 6021:

and Brazil. In the last 5 to 10 years, however, "organized groups of Benei Anusim in Brazil,

16137: 16058: 15840: 15547: 15430: 15171: 15161: 15154: 15139: 15025: 14326: 14303: 14259: 13777: 13595: 13493: 13444: 10091: 10064: 10003: 9608: 9053: 8176:; and the captivity of Jerusalem, which is in Sepharad, shall possess the cities of the south 8126:

Decreto-Lei n.º 26/2022, de 18 de março, que altera o Regulamento da Nacionalidade Portuguesa

7499: 7300: 6611: 6418: 6398: 5966: 5942: 5848: 5309: 4947: 4449: 4381: 4291: 4271: 3652: 3647: 3592: 3380: 2295: 2023: 2010: 1905: 1622: 1420: 1400:

who was slain by an incited mob along with most of the Jewish community. The remnant fled to

950: 573: 527: 478: 414: 126: 122: 12909: 12394: 10328: 8052:

Resolución de 13 de mayo de 2020, de la Dirección General de Seguridad Jurídica y Fe Pública

6332: 6205: 5022:

A notable exception to the distinct Ashkenazi and Sephardi naming traditions is found among

16329: 16172: 16162: 15665: 14637: 13558: 13449: 13417: 10715: 10166:

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora

8123: 7335: 7049:

In some instances, Sephardi Jews have joined Ashkenazi communities, and have intermarried.

5390: 5330: 5326: 5073: 4310: 4001: 3960: 3723: 3675: 3415: 3273: 2086: 1951: 1940: 1898: 1369:

In the early 11th century, centralized authority based at Cordoba broke down following the

1103: 1071:. Additionally, these inscriptions suggest a Jewish presence in other locations, including 743: 351: 13110: 12949:, ed. Serels, M. Mitchell, New York: Jacob E. Safra Institute of Sephardic Studies (2001). 10298: 10135: 6413:(also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint 499:

maritime trade. Jewish presence in Iberia is believed to have started during the reign of

8: 16468: 16400: 16370: 16324: 15820: 15788: 15714: 15623: 15569: 15176: 14976: 14710: 14675: 14047: 13813: 13750: 13722: 13707: 13454: 12497: 9973: 8878: 8662: 7917:

The Horizontal Society: Understanding the Covenant and Alphabetic Judaism (Vol. I and II)

7821: 7214: 7107: 7087: 7082: 7036: 6516: 6241: 6140:

In Iberia, settlements of known and attested populations of Bnei Anusim include those in

5926: 5402: 5321: 4972: 4889: 4710: 4700: 4453: 4182:

Francisco Ribeiro, a Portuguese captain, who is said to have had Jewish relations in the

3860: 3776: 3471: 2149: 2016: 1919: 1912: 1842: 1730: 1605: 1437: 1397: 1171: 1001: 989: 958: 739: 595: 515: 386: 11825:"El Gobierno amplía hasta 2019 el plazo para que los sefardíes obtengan la nacionalidad" 6868: 6829:

borrowings from Hebrew, especially in reference to religious matters. But the number of

6685:

Eligibility criteria for proving Sephardic descent include: a certificate issued by the

3970:; they wrote in prose and in rhyme, and were the authors of theological, philosophical, 16524: 16504: 16499: 16450: 16435: 16425: 16385: 16152: 16147: 15958: 15680: 15557: 15552: 15537: 15507: 15460: 15383: 15289: 15149: 14722: 14627: 14594: 13843: 13765: 13729: 13717: 13503: 13498: 13399: 13157: 13132: 13105: 12939: 12562: 11827:[Government extends until 2019 the deadline for Sefardis to gain nationality]. 10958: 10905: 10856: 9883: 9434: 8978: 8774:

Kayserling, Meyer. "História dos Judeus em Portugal". Editora Pioneira, São Paulo, 1971

8702: 7477: 7473: 7376: 7356: 6879:

spoken among slaves and their Sephardic owners were an influence in the development of

6858: 6849: 6558: 6475:

to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Salonika (currently

6426: 6173: 6046: 5816:, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany and England. In these lands 5692: 5605: 5369:

and beyond. Others fled east into Europe, with many settling in northern Italy and the

5162: 5132: 5057: 4897: 4778: 4643: 4329:, played key roles in protecting and facilitating the escape of other persecuted Jews. 4170:, Spanish-Crown officer, was awarded a large swath of territory in New Spain, known as 4084:—usually considered the "mother synagogue", and the historical center of the Amsterdam 3967: 3904: 3627: 3577: 3524: 3519: 3433: 3303: 2571: 2400: 2159: 2079: 1933: 1499: 1315: 1119: 1099: 611: 15435: 15311: 14159: 12732:

Hamehune Modillano. The Genealogical Story of the Modiano Family from 1570 to Our Days

11623:"España: Ley de ciudadanía para judíos sefardíes termina en fracaso | Por Israel" 11257:

Appetites and Identities: An Introduction to the Social Anthropology of Western Europe

9583: 7536: 6649: 6245: 5460:. They settled particularly in European cities ruled by the Ottoman Empire, including 5097: 4550: 1401: 16445: 16420: 16365: 16339: 15936: 15867: 15749: 15734: 15517: 15388: 15353: 14642: 14530: 14415: 14341: 14021: 13760: 13162: 13028: 13018: 13012: 12957: 12917: 12882: 12849:, Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem|The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1988) 12823: 12800: 12773: 12477: 12406: 12395: 12373: 12348: 12323: 11516: 11439: 11260: 11235: 11232:

Those of the Street - The Catholic-Jews of Mallorca: a Study in Urban Cultural Change

11090: 11012: 10985: 10929:"Mapped: Where Sephardic Jews live after they were kicked out of Spain 500 years ago" 10805: 10169: 9733: 9727: 8740: 8680: 8391: 7920: 7886:"Latino, Hispanic or Sephardic? A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" 7850:"Latino, Hispanic or Sephardic? A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" 7719: 7649: 7614: 7571: 7464:

counterparts and studies have revealed that they mainly have a mixed Middle Eastern (

7381: 7371: 7275: 7148: 7122: 7077: 7002: 6876: 6794: 6698: 6584:

of the protectorate over northern Morocco. A community of 600 Sephardic Jews live in

6430: 6414: 6374: 6304: 6232:, as the towns were founded or inhabited principally by Jews. Among these towns were 6014: 5957: 5419: 5346: 5342: 5227: 4445: 4374:

to help persecuted Jews by organizing escape routes and providing temporary shelter.

4018: 4005: 3944: 3892: 3867:

that enabled Sephardim from different countries to engage in commerce and diplomacy.

3771: 3713: 3693: 3510: 3070: 2709: 2169: 2040: 1970: 1847: 1760: 1627: 1311: 1307: 1032: 969: 810: 731: 723: 635: 434: 406: 276: 163: 130: 106: 68: 12787:

Gerber, Jane S. (2021). "The Jews of Muslim Spain". In Lieberman, Phillip I. (ed.).

10823: 6749:

In a reciprocal response to the Portuguese legislation, Michael Freund, Chairman of

6390: 5918: 4573:

became independent, and they now make up a majority of the French Jewish community.

4197: 4147: 4043: 3971: 1293: 76: 16430: 16308: 16266: 16002: 15970: 15931: 15902: 15885: 15835: 15636: 15445: 15378: 15331: 15279: 15247: 15238: 15223: 15097: 15072: 15048: 14932: 14863: 14780: 14647: 14318: 13818: 13412: 13152: 13144: 12792: 12765: 12602: 12016: 11429: 9827: 9558: 9459: 8676: 8657: 8412: 8168:

And the captivity of this host of the children of Israel shall possess that of the

8049: 7807: 7734: 7557: 7485: 7386: 7270: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7112: 7092: 6952: 6940: 6909: 6678:

in October 2018 but was extended for an additional year by the Spanish government.

6675: 6656: 6438: 6370: 6312: 6257: 6118: 6053:

itself" have now been established, some of whose members have formally reverted to

6018: 5858:

immigration was barred throughout much of Ibero-America. Because of this, very few

5289: 5167: 4893: 4736: 4487: 4377: 4367: 4081: 3997: 3896: 3872: 3741: 3622: 3582: 3546: 3244: 2794: 2305: 2061: 1965: 1880: 1770: 1562: 1337:, and perhaps indicating that such was contingent on the treatment of Jews abroad. 1327: 1256: 1024: 954: 946: 775: 707: 643: 603: 587: 390: 375: 159: 155: 13290: 12892:

Dan, Joseph, "The Epic of a Millennium: Judeo-Spanish Culture's Confrontation" in

9253: 8853: 5843:

New World Western Sephardim are juxtaposed to yet another group of descendants of

1060: 1048: 1004:

eras. One such legend from the 16th century claimed that a funeral inscription in

16509: 15912: 15907: 15719: 15646: 15479: 15450: 15373: 15363: 15326: 15301: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15092: 15087: 15077: 15062: 14853: 14770: 14737: 14695: 14685: 14398: 14331: 14052: 13946: 13828: 13823: 13686: 13681: 13667: 13652: 13483: 13439: 13427: 13350: 13251: 13115: 12916:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 12910: 12901: 12739: 12534: 12129: 11905: 11807: 11126:"Prospect of Spanish Citizenship Appeals to Descendants of Jews Expelled in 1492" 10862: 9665: 8653: 8621: 8211: 8163: 7775: 7759: 7714: 7684: 7592: 7260: 7229: 7199: 7194: 7174: 6990: 6960: 6929: 6845: 6841: 6705: 6592: 6504: 6501: 6445: 6410: 6342: 6272: 6153: 5889:, with their synagogues being in the tradition of "Spanish and Portuguese Jews". 5879: 5826: 5587: 5277: 5242: 5207: 5197: 5065: 4998: 4731: 4538: 4514: 4342: 4338: 4306: 4290:

The Inquisition, initially established in Spain in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs

4073: 3994: 3982: 3920: 3912: 3703: 3662: 3657: 3637: 3559: 3553: 3486: 3438: 3278: 3259: 2410: 2139: 2051: 2034: 1578: 1441: 1389: 1330: 1260: 1233: 1126: 1087: 965: 888: 857: 790: 727: 679: 627: 619: 545: 511: 450: 371: 343: 272: 252: 218: 147: 102: 13295: 11714: 11548: 11346: 10839: 6884: 6276: 6233: 5247: 16216: 16191: 16012: 15919: 15877: 15857: 15845: 15825: 15739: 15729: 15697: 15690: 15670: 15641: 15613: 15608: 15574: 15484: 15408: 15398: 15336: 15134: 15082: 14988: 14750: 14745: 14680: 14609: 14385: 14356: 14346: 14265: 13916: 13838: 13585: 13422: 12874:

Bowers, W. P. "Jewish Communities in Spain in the Time of Paul the Apostle" in

10589: 7724: 7694: 7679: 7674: 7550: 7461: 7401: 7224: 7184: 7097: 7028: 6956: 6948: 6917: 6898: 6701:, but only for those who had made a preliminary application by 1 October 2019. 6600: 6468: 6460: 6362: 6280: 6221: 6149: 6126: 6082: 5901: 5897: 5822: 5772: 5722: 5647: 5544: 5532: 5499: 5485: 5465: 5222: 5137: 5122: 5112: 4522: 4507: 4183: 4108: 4035: 4022: 4010: 3956: 3883:(or "Jeromino Nunes da Costa"-serving as Agent to the Crown of Portugal in the 3803: 3602: 3457: 3337: 3316: 3293: 3288: 3266: 3254: 2849: 2330: 2264: 2207: 2144: 1982: 1960: 1822: 1801: 1777: 1543: 1525: 1423:, which occurred on 30 December, when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in 1384: 1264: 1135: 1028: 1017: 941:, stamped with two Hebrew letters in relief, indicating possible trade between 794: 671: 651: 422: 398: 191: 114: 94: 13355: 12769: 12047:"Descendants of 16th century Jewish refugees can claim Portuguese citizenship" 11303: 10559: 10466: 10212: 9754:"Descendants of 16th century Jewish refugees can claim Portuguese citizenship" 8784: 8539:, Jerusalem 1971, pp. 43–44 (printed in the edition which includes the books, 7543: 6893:

has also been proposed as the main language used by the Jewish communities in

6229: 16569: 16415: 15985: 15830: 15757: 15564: 15498: 15471: 15420: 15368: 15341: 15316: 15306: 15067: 15013: 14947: 14927: 14917: 14912: 14885: 14831: 14760: 14705: 14237: 14154: 14001: 13994: 13672: 13287:

by Jose Faur, describing the cultural response of Sepharadim to anti-Semitism

13235: 13054:

Reluctant Cosmopolitans: The Portuguese Jews of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam

12999:

Sephardim and Ashkenazim. Jewish-Jewish Encounters in History and Literature.

12905: 12863:

Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries

12266: 10440: 10272: 8240:

Bowers, W. P. "Jewish Communities in Spain in the Time of Paul the Apostle",

7767: 7644: 7624: 7585: 7564: 7522: 7406: 7361: 7325: 7310: 7290: 7219: 7204: 7179: 7102: 6890: 6798: 6782: 6750: 6735: 6542: 6511:" ("Expelled Ones", in contrast to the local Jews they met whom they called " 6201: 6141: 6109: 6101: 5998: 5994: 5952: 5886: 5875: 5813: 5747: 5663: 5639: 5571: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5338: 5202: 5147: 5102: 5043: 4983: 4979: 4626: 4534: 4413: 4337:

The Abravanel family was one of the most prominent in the Iberian Peninsula.

4248: 4155: 3936: 3924: 3864: 3751: 3746: 2952: 2879: 2405: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2212: 2164: 1926: 1765: 1670: 1632: 1583: 1373:

invasion and the ousting of the Umayyads. In its stead arose the independent

1370: 1345: 1213: 1056: 1000:

and suggesting Jewish traders were active in Spain during the Phoenician and

906:, have been included under the oversight of Israel's already broad Sephardic 879: 818: 814: 558: 463: 394: 195: 143: 13032: 12708: 11567:"Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust" 11434: 11417: 11202: 11188: 8335: 8080:"Publicado Decreto-Lei que Altera o Regulamento da Nacionalidade Portuguesa" 7989: 6224:

of the overall population. In several smaller towns, however, Jews composed

5535:, settling among the long-established Arabic-speaking Jewish communities in 4486:

The Jewish population of southern Greece fell under the jurisdiction of the

4171: 4141: 937:, during the first centuries CE. Evidence includes an amphora discovered in 15965: 15762: 15724: 15685: 15274: 15018: 14957: 14937: 14897: 14880: 14848: 14836: 14797: 14715: 14690: 14363: 13615: 13610: 13590: 13513: 13488: 13305: 13166: 12705:"French Jew wins 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics along with American colleague" 12527: 12292: 11443: 7629: 7529: 7416: 7396: 7391: 7330: 7189: 7072: 6913: 6527: 6476: 6472: 6453: 6086: 5970: 5871: 5862:

immigrants in Iberian American colonies ever reverted to Judaism. Of those

5757: 5655: 5635: 5564: 5520: 5503: 5358: 5187: 5182: 5087: 4621: 4530: 4096: 4031: 3880: 3781: 3607: 3448: 3443: 3401: 3354: 2448: 2315: 2300: 2259: 2224: 1837: 1679: 1447:

The decline of the Golden Age began before the completion of the Christian

840: 822: 784: 367: 363: 314: 187: 13148: 12796: 12730: 8519:, Jerusalem 1971, p. 51 (printed in the edition which includes the books, 8099:"Amendments to the Portuguese nationality process for Sephardim published" 5531:, some Sephardim went further east into the West Asian territories of the 4558: 1284:

amongst Christians. This included the heated correspondences sent between

15975: 15490: 15415: 15393: 15296: 14890: 14819: 14814: 14802: 14792: 14108: 13876: 13632: 13627: 13605: 13600: 13360: 12992:

The Sephardic Atlantic. Colonial Histories and Postcolonial Perspectives.

12954:

An Alternative Path to Modernity: The Sephardi Diaspora in Western Europe

8730: 8193: 7634: 7421: 7366: 7305: 7255: 7024: 6908:

Other languages associated with Sephardic Jews are mostly extinct, e. g.

6754: 6715: 6554: 6488: 6097: 6038: 5982: 5575: 5528: 5284:, the primary purpose was to eliminate Jewish influence on Spain's large 5269:

to convert to Catholicism and be allowed to remain within the kingdom, or

4930: 4741: 4653: 4648: 4554: 4389: 4363: 4359: 4326: 4263: 4202: 3888: 3766: 3708: 3373: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2239: 1454: 1449: 1428: 1363: 1341: 1285: 1281: 1252: 1080: 907: 899: 433:

subsequent extensions were granted by the Spanish government —due to the

410: 338: 310: 13973: 13662: 12930:

Gampel, Benjamin R., "Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Medieval Iberia:

9028: 8706: 4441:

northwest to Yugoslavia and Greece in the southeast almost disappeared.

4159: 16069: 15776: 15358: 14952: 14700: 14622: 14373: 14093: 13987: 13770: 13712: 12982:

Poverty and Welfare Among the Portuguese Jews in Early Modern Amsterdam

7704: 7639: 7607: 7265: 7143: 7117: 6933: 6921: 6880: 6833:

in everyday speech or writing is in no way comparable to that found in

6818: 6774: 6769: 6508: 6464: 6169: 6122: 6057:, leading to the emergence of Neo-Western Sephardim (see group below). 6026: 5753: 5453: 5172: 5107: 4596: 4402: 4322: 4222: 4151: 4026: 3424: 2438: 2367: 2325: 2154: 2134: 1693: 1600: 1520: 1470: 1299:, who had converted from Judaism to Christianity. Each man, using such 1179: 1164: 1154: 1130: 1122:

in 506, which incorporated Roman legal precedents into Visigothic law.

978: 770: 504: 329: 203: 72: 9657:

For the largest online collection of Sephardic folk literature, visit

6452:. In those regions, they often intermingled with the already existing 6300: 6284: 6261: 5930: 5867: 5802:

As a result of this discrimination and persecution, a small number of

5771:

whose families initially remained in Spain and Portugal as ostensible

4174:. He founded settlements with other conversos that would later become 4080:, as it is usually called amongst Spanish and Portuguese Jews, is the 1419:

The first major and most violent persecution in Islamic Spain was the

703: 134: 15990: 15455: 15346: 15257: 14875: 14809: 13966: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8383: 7619: 6894: 6814: 6667:

pass examinations on the language, government, and culture of Spain.

6619: 6599:, Israel, recognized the entire community of Sephardi descendants in 6596: 6585: 6550: 6354: 6350: 6320: 6292: 6249: 6165: 6042: 5986: 5784: 5780: 5743: 5735: 5696: 5609: 5441: 5366: 5272:

to remain Jewish and leave or be expelled by the stipulated deadline.

5092: 5082: 5039:

on 11 April 2013, and remains open to applications as of March 2023.

4952: 4920:. At their festivals, they follow the Spanish custom of distributing 4437: 4346: 4318: 4175: 4077: 4057: 3977: 3587: 3572: 2662: 2610: 2372: 2320: 2310: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1892: 1652: 1319: 1268: 1244: 1115: 1107: 1068: 1005: 997: 892: 496: 379: 16554: 14826: 13346:

A Guide to Jewish Bulgaria, published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011

9802:"522 años después, los sefardíes podrán tener nacionalidad española" 9681:[Jews and their presence in Mexico since the 16th century]. 7005:

from rabbinic writings to profane poetry. Even so, the treatment of

6253: 6213: 4252: 2340: 1388:

especially as order was restored in recently conquered towns. Rabbi

1205: 15709: 15651: 15596: 15591: 15262: 14548: 13959: 13925: 13432: 13273:

Sepharadim in the Nineteenth Century: New Directions and Old Values

13261: 13240: 13198: 12970:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Society of America (1937) 10981: 8156: 7960:"Expulsão dos judeus de Portugal (Expulsion of Jews from Portugal)" 7798: 7469: 7032: 6998: 6994: 6902: 6853: 6837:, the first language for some time among Ashkenazi Jews in Europe. 6830: 6777:

in Jerusalem written in Hebrew, English, Yiddish, and Judeo-Spanish

6633: 6546: 6512: 6434: 6358: 6225: 6161: 6157: 6134: 6130: 6022: 5948: 5804: 5509: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5445: 5429: 5350: 5329:

proved, at first, to also tolerate the Jewish population. However,

5285: 5011: 4942: 4549:

The Jews in French Algeria were awarded French citizenship by 1870

4499: 4494:

Sephardi Jews in Bosnia and Croatia were ruled by a German-created

4465: 4461: 4457: 4429: 4299: 4167: 3948: 3940: 3855: 3756: 3366: 3298: 2129: 1637: 1588: 1412: 1380: 1300: 1248: 1111: 1043: 1009: 993: 934: 903: 726:

in the late 15th century, immediately prior to the issuance of the

446: 289: 284: 10168:. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 48. 9658: 8567: 8550: 6932:

in Northern Germany, is no longer in use as a specifically Jewish

6484: 6471:, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the 4039: 988:

Medieval legends often traced the arrival of Jews in Spain to the

15924: 15808: 15803: 15793: 15781: 15601: 15586: 15530: 15465: 15440: 15403: 15267: 14942: 14841: 14765: 14657: 14583: 14351: 13980: 13782: 12145:"Portugal approves naturalization of Jews expelled centuries ago" 12073:"Portugal to offer citizenship to descendants of persecuted Jews" 8500: 8498: 8496: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8448: 8256:"the Seforim blog: Marc Shapiro: What Do Adon Olam and ס"ט Mean?" 8173: 8152: 7699: 7040: 7031:

from historic "Ashkenaz" (Germany and France) had moved to study

6925: 6924:(Low Saxon), formerly used as the vernacular by Sephardim around 6834: 6810: 6802: 6615: 6604: 6449: 6380: 6366: 6324: 6316: 6217: 6209: 6054: 6034: 6009: 5825:

was born from a Portuguese Jewish family. He was also, famously,

5718: 5688: 5681: 5651: 5601: 5494: 5457: 5362: 5192: 4971:

institute is created aiming to prepare young male Jews for their

4956: 4633: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4541:

therefore saved more than 400,000 Jews in European North Africa.

4243: 4104: 4092: 3928: 3908: 3900: 3732: 3698: 3567: 3361: 2350: 2345: 2217: 2108: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1744: 1739: 1716: 1698: 1573: 1568: 1558: 1536: 1511: 1458: 1424: 1393: 1237: 1229: 1209: 1201: 1159: 1076: 1064: 1013: 974: 538: 500: 495:

points to the Iberian peninsula, then the westernmost outpost of

418: 413:

that was spoken by the eastern Sephardic Jews who settled in the

355: 175: 118: 110: 13351:

Diaspora Sefardi – Jordi Savall, Hespèrion XXI – Alia Vox AV9809

12945:

Groh, Arnold A. "Searching for Sephardic History in Berlin", in

12131:

Roman Abramovich: Rabbi investigated over Portuguese citizenship

12099:"Text of Decree-Law n.º 30-A/2015 of Portugal, 27 February 2015" 12017:"Spain gets 127,000 citizenship applications from Sephardi Jews" 11987:"Spain extends deadline for Sephardic Jews to claim citizenship" 11649:"La Inormación: Referente en actualidad empresarial y económica" 9828:"Spain gets 127,000 citizenship applications from Sephardi Jews" 9357:"Brazil was One of the Favorite Destinations for Jews in Flight" 7019:

Racism in Israel § Intra-Jewish racism: Racism between Jews

6444:

The Spanish Jews who chose to leave Spain instead of converting

5779:

or "forced ". Western Sephardim are further sub-divided into an

5666:

emigrated back to the Iberian Peninsula to form the core of the

5638:(except Egypt, see Eastern Sephardim above). Settling mostly in 5488:

they found already living there. They had a presence as well in

5373:. Also included among Sephardi Jews are those who descend from " 15995: 15862: 15798: 14505:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

13321: 13279:

Sepharadi Thought in the Presence of the European Enlightenment

13203: 13100: 12397:

Security Threatened: Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War

12196:"Samuel G. Armistead, "Oral Literature of the Sephardic Jews,"" 8169: 7465: 6968: 6944: 6480: 6346: 6337: 6288: 6197: 6145: 6050: 5990: 5974: 5776: 5714: 5449: 5006: 5002: 4987: 4967:

in support of the creation of the state of Israel. In 1972 the

4839: 4674: 4267: 4239: 4226: 4085: 4069: 4046: 3876: 3392: 3387: 3347: 3332: 2443: 2335: 1755: 1721: 1707: 1642: 1434: 1289: 1273: 1184: 870: 861: 522: 426: 322: 98: 11553:

Historia de una tragedia. La expulsión de los judíos de España

11008:

The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450 to 1800

8493: 8462: 8299:

University Press of New England (Hanover, NH, USA). 1997. p115

6220:. In these cities, however, Jews constituted only substantial 5961:

Sephardi family from Misiones Province, Argentina, circa 1900.

445:

The name Sephardi means "Spanish" or "Hispanic", derived from

16261: 15946: 15941: 15895: 15850: 15771: 15766: 15030: 14785: 14755: 14275: 13333: 13312:

and his colleagues, maintained by Professor Bruce Rosenstock.

13258:(scientific articles in Spanish, English and other languages) 13193: 11217:""A Dead Branch on the Tree of Israel" The Xuetas of Majorca" 8384:

Miralles i Monserrat, Joan; Massot i Muntaner, Josep (2001).

6981: 6806: 6328: 6030: 5027: 4938: 4469: 4317:

In this context, influential Sephardic families, such as the

4266:

in the 16th and 17th centuries was one of its kind in all of

4259: 2355: 1784: 1688: 1657: 1375: 1322:, studies in Hebrew, literature, and linguistics flourished. 1314:, and in particular with the career of his Jewish councilor, 1196: 1189: 1072: 1036: 938: 280: 246: 152:

Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch, Italian, Bulgarian, Greek

64: 13244: 13116:

Extensive bibliography for Sephardim and Sephardic Genealogy

13095: 12936:

Convivencia: Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Medieval Spain

12842:, Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America (1979) 12401:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 11391:"DNA Testing Companies Should Place Diaspora Jews in Israel" 6515:" - "Citizens") in the Hebrew they had spoken. Many went to 5760:, American poet, born into a large New York Sephardi family. 5574:

of southern India, where they settled among the established

1488:

In many ways life had come full circle for the Sephardim of

1306:

The Golden Age is most closely identified with the reign of

1163:

13th-century depiction of a Jew and Muslim playing chess in

1098:

By the mid-5th century, Spain came under the control of the

16045: 14579: 14438: 13315: 13209: 13096:

Sefardies.org Sephardic Genealogy and official web in Spain

12947:

Semana Sepharad: The Lectures. Studies on Sephardic History

9780:"Nationality: Acquisition by Descendants of Sephardic Jews" 6822: 6492: 5923:

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

5281: 5252: 1507: 982: 13178: 13014:

A Mind Always in Motion: the Autobiography of Emilio Segrè

12975:

Spain and the Jews: The Sephardi Experience 1492 and After

6912:, formerly spoken by some Sephardic communities in Italy. 6905:

region, although its nature or even existence is debated.

4993:

The Sephardim usually have followed the general rules for

4959:. In 1944 the Sephardim community established a separate " 4937:

In Mexico, the Sephardic community originates mainly from

354:

issued a similar edict for the expulsion of both Jews and

13243:, Journal on Hebraic, Sephardim and Middle East Studies, 11203:"The New Yorker reviving Jewish life on a holiday island" 11189:"The New Yorker reviving Jewish life on a holiday island" 10619: 8338:(in Spanish). Diccionario etimológico castellano en linea 8179: 7460:

Genetically, Sephardic Jews are closely related to their

5978: 5579: 5033: 4928:, a confection wrapped in paper bearing a picture of the 1431: 1407: 1340:

One notable contribution to Christian intellectualism is

860:, "liturgical tradition") used by Sephardi Jews in their 336:, but their fortunes began to decline with the Christian 13236:

American Jewish Historical Society, New England Archives

13017:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 11655: 9679:"Los judíos y su presencia en México desde el siglo XVI" 8613:

Richard Gottheil, Stephen S. Wise, Michael Friedländer,

8289: 6439:

religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391

5400:

In earlier centuries, and as late as the editing of the

13133:"Sephardic signature in haplogroup T mitochondrial DNA" 12856:. 2 vols. Jewish Publication Society of America (1966). 12707:. European Jewish Press. 9 October 2012. Archived from 11416:

Gladstein, Ariella L.; Hammer, Michael F. (June 2019).

8841:

After Expulsion: 1492 and the Making of Sephardic Jewry

6395:

The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (in the year 1492)

6379:

The first Jews to leave Spain settled in what is today

5684:

with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000.

1292:

who had converted to Judaism in 838, and the Bishop of

11484:"An Ashkenazic Rabbi in a Sephardic/Persian Community" 8310:"'Pure Sephardim' liable to carry mutation for cancer" 6781:

The most typical traditional language of Sephardim is

6722:

Portuguese nationality law § Jewish Law of Return

6716:

Portuguese citizenship by Portuguese Sephardic descent

4553:. They were therefore considered part of the European 4428:

A young woman weeps during the deportation of Jews of

3966:

For a long time, the Sephardim took an active part in

3887:). Among other names mentioned are those of Belmonte, 3875:(or "Abrabanel"—financial councilor to the viceroy of 13106:

Multiple searchable databases for Sephardic genealogy

13081:

Oldest synagogue in Americas draws tourists to Brazil

12543: 9782:. Embassy of Portugal to the United States of America 8595: 6425:) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the 4285: 4013:(this Decree was symbolically revoked in 1996 by the 1224:

In spite of the restrictions placed upon the Jews as

491:), a Biblical location. The location of the Biblical 12912:

Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel

12899: 11920:"Spain Approves Citizenship Path for Sephardic Jews" 9179:"The Gois Surname: The Jews of the Portuguese Court" 8481: 5870:

and the area then known as New Holland (also called

3371: 3352: 1775: 580: 565: 485: 470: 350:

called for the expulsion of Jews, and in 1496, King

235: 13231:

Pascua Marrana. Surname Rojas/Shajor/black sefardim

11296: 10959:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide" 8096: 6564: 6448:throughout the region of North Africa known as the 6345:had substantial Jewish communities in the Calls of 13318:- Music of the Middle Eastern Sephardic Community. 10092:"Daniel Carasso, a Pioneer of Yogurt, Dies at 103" 8445:La diáspora judeocatalana: ¿sefardíes o katalanim? 7879: 7877: 7875: 7171:(Ashkenazi by birth, became Chief Rabbi of Toledo) 6871:was used by Sephardim — especially among the 5973:descendants of assimilated 15th century Sephardic 5907:List of the oldest synagogues in the United States 5393:to Catholicism) or non-reversion back to Judaism. 769:Originally the Jews spoke of Sefarad referring to 12908:, eds. (2017) . "Part 5. The Sephardic Pattern". 12818:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4. 12166:"1.800 Sephardic Jews get Portuguese citizenship" 11715:"Belmonte – They Thought They Were the Only Jews" 11304:"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews – 1492 Spain" 11004: 6507:stated he led 300,000 Jews out of Spain) dubbed " 5969:consists of the contemporary and largely nominal 4217:In 1642, Aboab da Fonseca was appointed rabbi at 16567: 13056:. Litmann Library of Jewish Civilization, (2000) 12859: 12676:The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia 11899:Spain extends citizenship law for Sephardic Jews 11741:"Spain to ease naturalization of Sephardic Jews" 9079:"The Presence of the Abravanel Family in Israel" 8097:de Vicente de Rojas, Alejandro (22 March 2022). 6634:Spanish citizenship by Iberian Sephardic descent 5361:, as opposed to those who fled eastwards to the 902:, whose branch of practiced Judaism is known as 12847:The Jews of Spain: From Settlement to Expulsion 12813: 11822: 11415: 11120: 11118: 10674: 10527: 9307:"List of Luso-Brazilian Sephardic Jewish Names" 9129:"Gois Family, the Jews of the Portuguese Court" 8580: 8561: 8504: 8475: 7872: 6846:Spanish colonial occupation of Northern Morocco 5794:Discrimination against this large community of 5484:, where they absorbed into their community the 5452:and Egypt; in Southeastern Europe, some of the 13340:Songs of the Sephardic Jewish Women of Morocco 12984:, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012. 12878:Vol. 26 Part 2, October 1975, pp. 395–402 11764: 11762: 11076: 9709:"History of the Sephardim Community in Mexico" 8929:"Brief History of the Inquisition in Portugal" 8359:"El traductor que convirtió Sefarad en España" 7941:"Israel: The Askenazi-Sephardic confrontation" 7611:, a Council of Elders of Sephardic communities 6160:authority and chairman of the Beit Din Tzedek 5977:. These descendants of Spanish and Portuguese 5472:on the European portion of modern Turkey; and 5316:("Pictures of the History of Portugal", 1917). 287:). The term, which is derived from the Hebrew 16244: 14564: 13892: 13376: 13184:International Sephardic Education Foundation 13070:" reprinted with permission on CSJO website.) 12372:. Bridgeross Communications. pp. 248–9. 12367: 12317: 12225:harvp error: no target: CITEREFArgenter2013 ( 11917: 11512:"Jews in Arab Countries: The Great Uprooting" 11153: 11151: 10974:The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 8770: 8768: 7815: 6704:In what appeared to be a reciprocal gesture, 6578: 5624:19th-century Moroccan Sephardic wedding dress 4869: 4091:A sizable Sephardic community had settled in 3823: 800: 14309:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 13296:The Special Character of Sephardic Tolerance 13225:Sephardic Jewish History – Iberian Peninsula 13194:Sephardic educational materials for children 13061:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews 13046:, Morgantown, PA : Masthof Press, 1997. 12688: 12428:"Understanding the Sephardi-Ashkenazi Split" 12425: 12342: 12320:German Jewry and the Allure of the Sephardic 11981: 11979: 11951: 11159:""Chuetas of Majorca recognized as Jewish"; 11115: 10972:Tarver, Micheal; Slape, Emily, eds. (2016). 10926: 9533: 7496:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 7012: 6640:Spanish nationality law § Sephardi Jews 6521:only a few years of respite from persecution 6070: 5829:over his religious and philosophical views. 5678:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 4544: 4114: 1453:, with the penetration and influence of the 550: 455: 46: 16053:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 13867:from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014. 12938:, ed. Vivian B. Mann, Thomas F. Glick, and 12345:The Theology of the Chinese Jews, 1000–1850 12256:, Indiana University Press (2015), p, 13–22 11947: 11945: 11894: 11892: 11759: 11005:Bernardini, Paolo; Fiering, Norman (2001). 10971: 10821: 9382:"Jews in Brazil: History and Contributions" 8285:. Israel Bookshop. p. 24; in footnote. 7787: 7710:Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites 7052: 6761:2018, 12,000 applications were in process. 5440:, which then included areas in West Asia's 2067:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 1465:, including the position of authority some 1318:(882–942). Within this context of cultural 717: 294: 16251: 16237: 14571: 14557: 13906: 13899: 13885: 13390: 13383: 13369: 13199:International Sephardic Leadership Council 12392: 12347:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 7. 12322:. Princeton University Press. p. 97. 11508: 11148: 10898: 10497:"Descendants of Jacob Lumbrozzo de Mattos" 8843:. New York University Press (2013), p. 7-8 8811:"Historia społeczności | Wirtualny Sztetl" 8765: 8390:. L'Abadia de Montserrat. pp. 90–91. 8253: 8201:, Taylor & Francis (2017), chapter 12. 7515: 6487:, currently in Turkey). Some believe that 5799:increased persecution by the Inquisition. 5615: 5381:possessions in what are today the various 4876: 4862: 4072:studies, the instruction was given in the 3830: 3816: 417:after their expulsion from Spain in 1492; 57: 13156: 13038:Free Online – UC Press E-Books Collection 12942:, New York: George Braziller, Inc. (1992) 12860:Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron (2000). 12678:. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. 2000. 11976: 11689:"2006 Jewish statistics around the world" 11433: 11282: 11234:. Michigan University Press. p. 46. 10039:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 9639:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour, France" 8431:"Quan a l'Imperi otomà es parlava català" 8297:The Boom in Contemporary Israeli Fiction. 7957: 7472:, there is a higher incidence of certain 6687:Federation of Jewish Communities of Spain 6674:The Sephardic citizenship law was set to 6463:where they had been given refuge. Sultan 6335:were home to large Jewish communities or 6077:(both New World and Old World branches). 985:, from Spain, and from their neighbors." 749:In Hebrew, the term "Sephardim Tehorim" ( 14600:Index of Jewish history-related articles 13860:from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957. 13328:Liturgy of the Spanish Synagogue in Rome 13111:Consolidated Index of Sephardic Surnames 13044:Marguerite: Journey of a Sephardic Woman 12934:through the Eyes of Sephardic Jews," in 12854:A History of the Jews of Christian Spain 12624:Richmond, Caroline (18 September 2011). 12623: 12220: 12160: 12158: 11954:"Spanish Citizenship for Sephardic Jews" 11942: 11889: 11254: 8979:"Silvio Santos and the Abravanel Family" 8244:, Vol. 26, Part 2 (October 1975) p. 395. 6768: 6389: 5956: 5936: 5752: 5726: 5619: 5508: 5423: 5299: 4423: 4397:Benveniste (or Benveniste Mendes) Family 4196: 4118: 3976: 3842: 1406: 1158: 1142: 1093: 949:in the first century. Additionally, the 697: 16099:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 14736: 13291:Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed? 13130: 13121:Sephardic names translated into English 13001:Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020 (forthcoming). 12648: 12498:"Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity" 12254:Double Diaspora in Sephardic Literature 11816: 11458:"The Genetic Origins of Ashkenazi Jews" 11332:, p. 268, Jerusalem 1962, while citing 10032: 9676: 8410: 7883: 7847: 4140:invites Jews of Amsterdam to settle in 4111:), and with Arabic-Muslim communities. 1379:principalities under the rule of local 778:, Castilian language speakers, and the 342:campaign to retake Spain. In 1492, the 14: 16568: 13220:From Andalusian Orangeries to Anatolia 12786: 12655:Lorenz, Dagmar C. G. (17 April 2004). 12654: 12472:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 11908:, Agence France-Presse (8 March 2018). 10822:Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus (1901). 10804:. Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. p. 89. 10447:from the original on 26 September 2018 10089: 9659:Folk Literature of the Sephardic Jews. 8692: 8601: 8020:"Spanish & Portuguese Citizenship" 6066: 5438:in various parts of the Ottoman Empire 5049: 5034:Citizenship laws in Spain and Portugal 4951:was founded in collaboration with the 712:Paris Museum of Jewish Art and History 317:, who were also heavily influenced by 16232: 14552: 14294:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 13880: 13364: 13306:Folk Literature of the Sephardic Jews 13010: 12759: 12599:"Essay on the Life of Salvador Luria" 12549: 12508:from the original on 22 February 2020 12438:from the original on 22 December 2015 12155: 11930:from the original on 27 February 2019 11782:from the original on 13 December 2016 11573:from the original on 6 September 2014 11547: 11345: 11310:from the original on 21 February 2017 11259:. Taylor & Francis. p. 114. 11229: 11169:from the original on 10 December 2012 11082: 11031: 10838: 10528:jameswilarupton (25 September 2016). 10193:from the original on 3 September 2014 9820: 9808:from the original on 17 February 2014 9689:from the original on 24 November 2020 8821:from the original on 25 February 2018 8729: 8487: 8030:from the original on 29 November 2020 7970:from the original on 20 February 2020 6708:, chairman of the quasi-governmental 6500:40,000 and as high as 200,000 (while 4612:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 4238:and the community had a synagogue, a 4201:Execution of Mariana de Carabajal in 4049:in 1506 and the establishment of the 4044:great massacre of Jews in the city of 1170:In 711 CE, Muslim forces crossed the 1149:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain 1042:, his officer who was appointed over 992:, with some associating the biblical 514:of Hebrew romanizes the consonant פ ( 309:), can also refer to the Jews of the 27:Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal 14578: 12465: 12111:from the original on 9 November 2017 12079:from the original on 31 January 2015 12053:from the original on 24 October 2013 11721:from the original on 8 February 2015 11629:from the original on 9 December 2019 11529:from the original on 5 February 2021 11509:Bensoussan, Georges (4 March 2019). 11397:from the original on 5 February 2021 11371:from the original on 11 October 2014 11365:"Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour" 10927:Sanchez Diez, Maria (16 June 2015). 10752:from the original on 7 November 2012 10675:Jacobs, Joseph; Schloessinger, Max. 10650:"Sanchez (Sanches), Antonio Ribeiro" 10600:from the original on 4 November 2016 10509:from the original on 24 January 2021 10279:from the original on 31 October 2019 9760:from the original on 24 October 2013 9725: 9609:"Sephardi Jews during the Holocaust" 8739:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 8356: 8254:Rabinowitz, Dan (4 September 2007). 8222:from the original on 17 January 2017 8146: 8000:from the original on 29 October 2020 7914: 7057: 6003:Spanish colonization of the Americas 5892:In the United States in particular, 5702: 5519:, a Ladino newspaper from Salonica ( 5413: 14493:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 13285:Anti-Semitism in the Sepharadi Mind 12994:New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 12370:Peril: From Jackboots to Jack Benny 12027:from the original on 2 October 2019 11603:from the original on 3 January 2015 10961:. Jewish agency. 15 September 2021. 9834:from the original on 2 October 2019 8791:from the original on 3 October 2013 8736:Cultures of the Jews: A New History 8387:Entorn de la història de la llengua 8280: 8262:from the original on 4 October 2018 8124:"Section 3-d) in Article 24.°-A of 8084:Alto Comissariado para as migrações 7884:Aroeste, Sarah (13 December 2018). 7848:Aroeste, Sarah (13 December 2018). 7763: 6861:, has essentially ceased to exist. 6726:In April 2013 Portugal amended its 6572:American Journal of Human Genetics, 6172:form of Christian worship known as 4589:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 4076:. The most important synagogue, or 1366:learning, into the rest of Europe. 1247:was prompted by Muslim anti-Jewish 683: 551: 549: 456: 454: 241: 222: 24: 16046:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 16026:American Jewish Historical Society 14444:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 13137:European Journal of Human Genetics 12789:Jews in the Medieval Islamic World 12299:from the original on 7 August 2020 12273:from the original on 7 August 2020 12147:. i24news.tv. 2015. Archived from 11964:from the original on 2 August 2017 11747:from the original on 31 March 2014 11593:"Sefardíes y moriscos siguen aquí" 11464:from the original on 15 April 2021 11103:from the original on 15 April 2021 11064:from the original on 8 August 2014 10939:from the original on 15 April 2021 10687:from the original on 7 August 2020 10656:from the original on 28 April 2021 10570:from the original on 7 August 2020 10477:from the original on 7 August 2020 10395:from the original on 28 April 2021 10309:from the original on 7 August 2020 10223:from the original on 7 August 2020 10033:Serfaty, Nicole (1 October 2010). 10014:from the original on 7 August 2020 9954:from the original on 7 August 2020 9894:from the original on 4 August 2020 8753:from the original on 15 April 2021 8592:N. H. Finkelstein, p. 13, 14. 8437: 8423: 8377: 8060:(in Spanish). pp. 34409–34410 7896:from the original on 7 August 2020 7860:from the original on 7 August 2020 7446:Genetic history of the Middle East 6813:(Spanish cities in North Africa), 4286:Portuguese and Spanish Inquisition 850:in the broad sense, describes the 25: 16602: 13086: 12689:Arun Agarwal (15 November 2005). 12579:from the original on 4 March 2016 12528:The Other Jewish Genetic Diseases 12176:from the original on 27 July 2018 11835:from the original on 26 July 2018 11695:from the original on 21 June 2010 11669:from the original on 14 June 2011 11328:Gedaliah b. Jachia the Spaniard, 11136:from the original on 23 July 2016 10782:from the original on 23 July 2020 10726:from the original on 23 July 2020 10630:from the original on 15 June 2021 10540:from the original on 24 July 2020 10369:from the original on 23 July 2020 10339:from the original on 23 July 2020 10253:from the original on 24 July 2020 10146:from the original on 24 July 2020 10045:from the original on 24 July 2020 9984:from the original on 24 July 2020 9924:from the original on 24 July 2020 9864:from the original on 23 July 2020 9619:from the original on 10 July 2017 9435:"Gracia Nasi, Jewish and Marrano" 8199:The Routledge Companion to Strabo 7505:Glycogen storage disease type III 7039:" if they came from Germany and " 6628:Belmonte community of Bnei Anusim 6545:, Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico, 1858:Historical population comparisons 1392:(ibn Naghrela) was the Vizier of 1310:(882–942), the first independent 1174:from North Africa and launched a 835:definition of Sephardi is a much 526:dot placed in its center) as the 16260: 16210: 16197: 16196: 13330:performed by Rev. Alberto Funaro 13210:Turkish Sephardi Şalom Newspaper 13131:Bedford, Felice L (April 2012). 12840:The Jews of Moslem Spain, Vol. 2 12723: 12697: 12682: 12667: 12636:from the original on 13 May 2021 12617: 12591: 12555: 12520: 12490: 12459: 12450: 12419: 12386: 12361: 12336: 12311: 12285: 12259: 12246: 12233: 12214: 12202:from the original on 1 July 2007 12188: 12137: 12123: 12091: 12065: 12039: 12009: 11997:from the original on 16 May 2021 11952:Lusi Portero (7 February 2017). 11911: 11871: 11847: 11823:Juan José Mateo (5 March 2018). 11794: 11733: 11707: 11681: 11641: 11615: 11585: 11559: 11541: 11502: 11490:from the original on 2 July 2020 11476: 11450: 11409: 11383: 11357: 11339: 11322: 11276: 11248: 11223: 11209: 11195: 11181: 11040: 11025: 10998: 10965: 10951: 10920: 10892: 10889:(Editions du Scribe, Paris 1992) 10875: 10850: 10832: 10815: 10794: 10764: 10738: 10708: 10699: 10668: 10642: 10612: 10582: 10552: 10521: 10489: 10459: 10433: 10407: 10381: 10351: 10321: 10291: 10265: 10235: 10205: 10116:from the original on 11 May 2012 10071:from the original on 28 May 2012 9677:Kaminer, José (25 August 2010). 7735:Yeshiva § Sephardi yeshivas 6661:expulsion of the Jews from Spain 6610:Of the Bnei Anusim community in 6565:Permanence of Sephardim in Spain 5981:forced or coerced to convert to 4595: 4419: 2502:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2416:Historical population by country 928: 789:/ Katalaní, originally from the 14510:Institute for Sephardic Studies 13189:International Sephardic Journal 12753: 11422:Molecular Biology and Evolution 11219:. Commentary. 17 February 1957. 11011:. Berghahn Books. p. 371. 10417:. sephardim.com. Archived from 10179: 10158: 10128: 10102: 10090:Grimes, William (21 May 2009). 10083: 10057: 10026: 9996: 9966: 9936: 9906: 9876: 9846: 9794: 9772: 9746: 9719: 9701: 9670: 9651: 9631: 9601: 9576: 9551: 9537:The Story of Dona Gracia Mendes 9527: 9502: 9477: 9452: 9427: 9402: 9374: 9349: 9324: 9299: 9271: 9246: 9221: 9196: 9171: 9146: 9121: 9096: 9071: 9054:"Don Isaac Abravanel of Lisbon" 9046: 9021: 9004:"Don Isaac Abravanel of Lisbon" 8996: 8971: 8946: 8921: 8896: 8871: 8846: 8833: 8803: 8777: 8723: 8686: 8669: 8640: 8631: 8607: 8586: 8530: 8510: 8453: 8404: 8357:Pita, Antonio (14 April 2017). 8350: 8328: 8316:from the original on 8 May 2014 8302: 8274: 8247: 8234: 8204: 8185: 8116: 8090: 8072: 8050:"Ministry of Justice of Spain, 7958:Fernandes, Maria Júlia (1996). 7251:David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra 6646:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 6537:As a result of the more recent 6186: 5480:. Sephardic Jews also lived in 5314:Quadros da História de Portugal 4835:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 4477:German occupation in April 1941 4333:Abravanel (or Abarbanel) Family 4251:, but some Jews took refuge in 924:History of the Jews in Portugal 275:population associated with the 16550:Conquest of the Canary Islands 16118:Relations with other religions 14299:Antisemitism in the Arab world 13227:(American Sephardi Federation) 12876:Journal of Theological Studies 12868:University of California Press 12816:The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period 12691:Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 12049:. Haaretz.com. 13 April 2013. 11918:Raphael Minde (11 June 2015). 10359:"Tibbon, Ibn Encyclopedia.com" 9914:"Alfandari | Encyclopedia.com" 9756:. Haaretz.com. 13 April 2013. 9204:"The Goes Dynasty (1114–1458)" 8449:https://esefarad.com/?p=108306 8242:Journal of Theological Studies 8132:Diário da República Eletrónico 8042: 8012: 7982: 7951: 7933: 7908: 7841: 7752: 7670:History of the Jews in Jamaica 6965:Alliance Israélite Universelle 6614:, some officially returned to 6459:Many Spanish Jews fled to the 5734:of the Spanish and Portuguese 5432:in traditional clothing (1900) 4955:family and instruction was in 4912:, a sort of meat-pie, and the 4665:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4456:. Its leading centers were in 4164:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva 4025:had a better fate: the Sultan 1396:. He was succeeded by his son 13: 1: 16105:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 12977:. Thames & Hudson (1992). 12426:David Shasha (20 June 2010). 10899:Paul Lewis (9 October 1983). 10189:. Geni.com. 12 October 1412. 10110:"Carvajal, Antonio Fernandez" 9332:"Research on the Gois Family" 8103:Larrauri & Martí Abogados 7915:Faur, Jose (1 January 2010). 7834: 6974: 6539:Jewish exodus from Arab lands 4965:Tnuat Noar Jinujit Dor Jadash 4323:Mendes (or Benveniste Mendes) 3981:A representation of the 1506 2073:Christianity and Judaism 1221:Golden Age of Sephardic Jewry 693: 16036:Leo Baeck Institute New York 16031:American Sephardi Federation 14460:American Sephardi Federation 14453:Major communal organizations 13179:European Sephardic Institute 12896:Vol. 41, No. 2, Spring 1992. 11691:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 11515:. Indiana University Press. 10594:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 10564:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 10471:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 10217:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 9944:"Altaras | Encyclopedia.com" 8681:10.1016/0304-4181(76)90021-x 8459:Epistle to the Romans, 15.28 8216:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 7491:Familial Mediterranean fever 7043:" if they came from France. 6618:in the 1970s. They opened a 6404: 6091:various other smaller groups 5995:Iberian colonial possessions 5933:, and ultimately Venezuela. 5894:Congregation Shearith Israel 5827:expelled from said community 5584:Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira 5543:in Syria, as well as in the 5428:Sephardi Jewish couple from 5259: 4845:Historical Jewish population 4496:Independent State of Croatia 4481:Auschwitz concentration camp 4207:Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal 4133:Jewish community in Portugal 3849:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 1355:was the Jewish ibn Gabirol. 1176:successful military campaign 1083:, and the Balearic Islands. 1018:charge often leveled at them 920:History of the Jews in Spain 764: 440: 334:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 7: 14859:Constantinopolitan Karaites 14175:Western Europe and overseas 13063:. Albany: SUNY Press, 1996. 12956:. Brill Publishers (2000). 12626:"Baruj Benacerraf obituary" 12241:La parlata giudeo-veneziana 11330:Sefer Shalshelet HaKabbalah 11034:History of a Tragedy. p. 17 10772:"Serrai | Encyclopedia.com" 10275:. Digifindingaids.cjh.org. 8787:. Aish.com. 4 August 2009. 8581:Rutgers & Bradbury 2006 8562:Rutgers & Bradbury 2006 8505:Rutgers & Bradbury 2006 8476:Rutgers & Bradbury 2006 7739:Category:Sephardic yeshivas 7660:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 7599: 7435: 7027:, a considerable number of 6873:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 6764: 6191: 5709:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 5408:Jewish community of Livorno 3372: 3353: 3080:Latin America and Caribbean 1776: 1106:. Initially, the Christian 667: 581: 566: 486: 471: 236: 47: 10: 16607: 16581:Jews and Judaism in Europe 16087:National Library of Israel 14728:Zionism, race and genetics 14465:Sephardi Community Council 13316:Sephardic Pizmonim Project 12820:Cambridge University Press 12239:Umberto and Zolli, Paolo. 12134:, BBC news, 13 March 2022. 10883:Espagne: les retrouvailles 10748:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 10720:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 10681:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 10652:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 10391:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 10333:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 10303:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 10247:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 10112:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 10067:. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 10008:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 9978:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 9888:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 9858:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 9410:"Gracia Mendes Benveniste" 9389:Jewish Museum of São Paulo 8537:Seder Hakabbalah Laharavad 8517:Seder Hakabbalah Laharavad 8058:Boletín Oficial del Estado 7919:. Academic Studies Press. 7453: 7439: 7016: 6963:, introduced first by the 6877:pidgin forms of Portuguese 6850:Andalusian form of Spanish 6719: 6637: 6579:Sephardim in modern Iberia 6152:, in Spain. In 2011 Rabbi 5946: 5940: 5712: 5706: 5676:In recent times, with the 5646:, they spoke a variant of 5627: 5468:, which today is known as 5417: 5341:by royal decree. Physical 5306:The Banishment of the Jews 4432:(Greece) on 25 March 1944. 4236:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue 4219:Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue 4062:Academia de Los Sitibundos 3846: 3685:Jewish political movements 3382:Conversion to Judaism 1415:ritual, 14th-century Spain 1152: 1146: 917: 913: 804: 801:Broad religious definition 348:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 16542: 16492: 16461: 16353: 16317: 16301: 16280: 16273: 16185: 16041:Yeshiva University Museum 16021:Center for Jewish History 16011: 15876: 15748: 15622: 15516: 15047: 14666: 14608: 14590: 14518: 14485: 14470:World Sephardi Federation 14452: 14424: 14384: 14317: 14286: 14011: 13915: 13852: 13796: 13738: 13700: 13643: 13512: 13398: 12770:10.1017/CHOL9780521243773 12746:+ M. Modiano, Athens 2000 12674:"Italian American Jews". 12661:The Literary Encyclopedia 11663:"Census of Portugal 2003" 10978:Santa Barbara, California 9729:A History of the Marranos 8904:"The Spanish Inquisition" 7779: 7665:Sephardic law and customs 7442:Genetic history of Europe 7281:Moses ben Jacob Cordovero 7013:Relations with Ashkenazim 6971:in the state of Israel. 6483:(now known in English as 6387:that took place in 1391. 6373:serving as the centre of 5851:(see the section below). 5058:Sephardic Jewish surnames 4545:Later history and culture 4115:In the Age of Discoveries 4042:. This was followed by a 4004:with the daughter of the 2088:Hinduism and Judaism 972:, quoting second-century 807:Sephardic law and customs 750: 655: 319:Sephardic law and customs 223: 196:Hispanic Jews/Latino Jews 186: 181: 174: 169: 89: 84: 56: 42: 40: 14633:Ancient Israel and Judah 13804:African-American Hebrews 13739:Other non-Semitic groups 13250:17 December 2008 at the 13215:Sephardic Dating Project 12973:Kedourie, Elie, editor. 12538:The Jewish Daily Forward 12170:European Jewish Congress 11089:. Palibrio. p. 20. 11083:Moshe, ben Levi (2012). 10828:. Ktav Publishing House. 10187:"Abraham Senior Coronel" 9361:Science and Culture UFBA 8652:24 December 2010 at the 8411:Bucaria, Nicolo (2016). 7745: 7456:Medical genetics of Jews 7316:Chaim Yosef David Azulai 7053:Leading Sephardic rabbis 6741:On 29 January 2015, the 6710:Jewish Agency for Israel 6570:Bosch, published by the 6062:Jewish Agency for Israel 4986:fled from the colony of 4850:Islamic–Jewish relations 4319:Abravanel (or Abarbanel) 4192:Moses Raphael de Aguilar 4066:Academia de Los Floridos 1914:Temple in Jerusalem 1607:Bar and bat mitzvah 1040:prevailed over Jerusalem 730:of 1492 by order of the 718:Narrow ethnic definition 533:, in order to represent 63:Statue of the Sephardic 41: 15009:North African Sephardim 14982:Jewish tribes of Arabia 13954:Expulsion from Portugal 13174:History and community: 13042:Stein, Gloria Sananes, 12533:15 January 2010 at the 12198:. Sephardifolklit.org. 11255:Delamont, Sara (2002). 11230:Moore, Kenneth (1976). 9154:"The Gois/Goes Surname" 8628:. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 8336:"Etimologia de Sefardí" 7690:Jewish ethnic divisions 7655:North African Sephardim 7516:List of Nobel laureates 7450:Genetic studies on Jews 6144:, in Portugal, and the 6071:North African Sephardim 5814:Iberian cultural sphere 5630:North African Sephardim 5616:North African Sephardim 5592:Sephardic Jews in India 5464:in present-day Greece; 4961:Colegio Hebreo Sefaradí 4529:, governed by pro-Nazi 4221:in the Dutch colony of 4138:Christian IV of Denmark 3935:, Sapoznik (Zapatero), 1876:Twelve Tribes of Israel 970:Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai 827:Jewish ethnic divisions 269:Iberian Peninsular Jews 256: 200:Jewish ethnic divisions 144:Modern (Israeli) Hebrew 16112:Holocaust Encyclopedia 16082:Jewish Virtual Library 13392:Demographics of Israel 13052:Swetschinski, Daniel. 13011:Segrè, Emilio (1993). 12762:The Early Roman Period 12368:Pearl Goodman (2014). 12318:John M. Efron (2015). 11205:. BBC. 18 August 2019. 11191:. BBC. 18 August 2019. 11032:Pérez, Joseph (2012). 10800:Beinart, Haim (1991). 10140:jewishencyclopedia.com 9854:"Abravanel, Abarbanel" 9644:Jewish Virtual Library 8626:JewishEncyclopedia.com 8417:Fabrizio Serra Editore 8162:19 August 2011 at the 7825: 7816: 7811: 7730:List of Sephardic Jews 7579:Claude Cohen-Tannoudji 7510:Machado-Joseph disease 7349:Recent Sephardi rabbis 7296:Abraham Cohen Pimentel 7210:Isaac Aboab of Castile 6778: 6423:Ferdinand II of Aragon 6401: 6156:, a leading rabbi and 6073:, and the ex-converso 5962: 5761: 5750: 5625: 5524: 5478:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5433: 5317: 5298: 5070:List of Sephardic Jews 4978:While the majority of 4941:, Turkey, Greece, and 4818:The Forgotten Refugees 4433: 4247:among the founders of 4231:Portuguese Inquisition 4214: 4188:Isaac Aboab da Fonseca 4128: 4051:Portuguese Inquisition 4034:and to some extent in 3986: 3961:European Enlightenment 1416: 1255:, as well as the anti- 1167: 1012:, a commander of King 714: 647: 639: 631: 623: 615: 607: 599: 591: 16059:Encyclopaedia Judaica 15841:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 15026:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 14776:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 14304:Antisemitism in Islam 14022:Eastern Mediterranean 13149:10.1038/ejhg.2011.200 12797:10.1017/9781139048873 12343:Jordan Paper (2012). 12267:""Ashkenazi" surname" 12075:. Haaretz.com. 2015. 11743:. Haaretz.com. 2012. 11435:10.1093/molbev/msz047 11165:. 29 September 2010. 10861:22 April 2016 at the 10164:Beinin, Joel (1998). 9664:14 April 2006 at the 9534:Samuel Usque (1960). 9336:University of Coimbra 9279:"Gois Family Catalog" 8656:by Richard Gottheil, 8283:A Legend Of Greatness 7454:Further information: 7301:Solomon Nissim Algazi 7017:Further information: 6885:languages of Suriname 6772: 6743:Portuguese Parliament 6479:, now in Greece) and 6419:Isabella I of Castile 6393: 6297:Carrión de los Condes 6001:countries during the 5967:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5960: 5943:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5937:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5849:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5756: 5730: 5623: 5512: 5427: 5303: 5294: 4948:Colegio Hebreo Tarbut 4900:, like, for example, 4639:Arab–Israeli conflict 4427: 4382:Bartolomeu Marchionni 4360:Gois, or Goes, family 4345:. After fleeing, the 4272:Council of Four Lands 4200: 4127:in Amsterdam, c. 1680 4122: 4017:). Those who fled to 4015:Portuguese Parliament 3980: 3959:, even well into the 3843:After the Reconquista 2622:São Tomé and Príncipe 2617:Republic of the Congo 2011:Second Temple Judaism 1882:Kingdom of Judah 1853:Modern historiography 1421:1066 Granada massacre 1410: 1288:, a former Christian 1265:Ancient Greek culture 1162: 1143:Jews in Muslim Iberia 1094:Under Visigothic rule 951:Epistle to the Romans 843:in the 21st century. 833:modern Israeli Hebrew 701: 415:Eastern Mediterranean 362:and scattered across 182:Related ethnic groups 164:other local languages 16586:Sephardi Jews topics 16576:Jewish ethnic groups 16478:US areas of Oceania 14638:Second Temple period 14409:Sephardi chief rabbi 14386:Religion and culture 13942:Expulsion from Spain 13400:Israelis by religion 13068:The Jews of Sepharad 12997:Rauschenbach, Sina, 12990:Rauschenbach, Sina, 12738:14 July 2014 at the 12172:. 26 February 2018. 11958:Rhodes Jewish Museum 11806:22 July 2017 at the 11599:. elpais.com. 2008. 11351:History of a Tragedy 11132:. 16 February 2014. 10984:. pp. 210–212. 10901:"The Jews of France" 10844:History of a Tragedy 10776:www.encyclopedia.com 10363:www.encyclopedia.com 10243:"Castro, De, Family" 9948:www.encyclopedia.com 9918:www.encyclopedia.com 9726:Roth, Cecil (1975). 9510:"Sheshet Benveniste" 8695:Studia Rosenthaliana 8620:10 June 2008 at the 8433:. El Nacional. 2022. 8024:sephardicbrotherhood 7778:: Səp̄āraddîm, also 7481:important ones are: 6797:derived mainly from 6736:Jewish Law of Return 6385:various persecutions 5320:The Portuguese king 5074:List of Iberian Jews 4934:(six-pointed star). 4125:Portuguese synagogue 4002:Manuel I of Portugal 3724:World Agudath Israel 2865:United Arab Emirates 1952:Second Temple period 1942:Babylonian captivity 1104:Western Roman Empire 1020:in later centuries. 676:Sefaradies/Sefaradim 352:Manuel I of Portugal 16416:Trinidad and Tobago 16076:Jewish Encyclopedia 15821:Hekhalot literature 15632:Religious movements 15167:Judeo-Tripolitanian 13658:Madani and Fellahin 13301:Music and liturgy: 13101:Sephardic Genealogy 12902:Liebman, Charles S. 12432:The Huffington Post 12393:Alan Arian (1995). 12293:""Zarfati" surname" 12151:on 30 January 2015. 11904:1 July 2019 at the 11486:. jewishideas.org. 10530:"Monsanto's Jewish" 9804:. 9 February 2014. 9715:on 23 October 2007. 9559:"Branca and Gracia" 9514:Jewish Encyclopedia 9489:Jewish Encyclopedia 9460:"Branca and Gracia" 8663:Jewish Encyclopedia 8583:, pp. 511–512. 8564:, pp. 509–511. 8312:. Jpost.com. 2011. 7478:inherited disorders 7474:hereditary diseases 7243:After the expulsion 7215:Don Isaac Abravanel 7108:Samuel ibn Naghrela 7088:Solomon ibn Gabirol 6693:Sephardic culture. 6427:Kingdoms of Castile 6399:Emilio Sala Francés 6242:Buitrago del Lozoya 6119:New World Hispanics 5927:Benjamin N. Cardozo 5878:, in what is today 5498:("Jewish "). It is 5476:, in what is today 5403:Jewish Encyclopedia 5276:In the case of the 5188:Lopes Suasso family 5050:Sephardic pedigrees 4483:and extermination. 4296:Ferdinand of Aragon 4292:Isabella of Castile 4172:Nuevo Reino de León 2017:Hellenistic Judaism 1595:Land of Israel 1554:Principles of faith 1438:Joseph ibn Naghrela 1398:Joseph ibn Naghrela 1383:, Arab, Berber, or 1172:Strait of Gibraltar 1086:Around 300 CE, the 990:First Temple period 959:Lugdunum Convenarum 702:Jewish Festival in 376:Southeastern Europe 360:expelled from Spain 37: 16381:Dominican Republic 16217:Judaism portal 16153:Jews and Halloween 16148:Jews and Christmas 15538:Rabbinic authority 15290:Judaeo-Piedmontese 14723:Xueta Christianity 14628:Origins of Judaism 14595:Outline of Judaism 12940:Jerrilynn D. Dodds 12744:www.themodianos.gr 12742:(pdf, 360 pages), 12605:on 15 October 2013 12502:The New York Times 12466:Chua, Amy (2003). 12023:. 1 October 2019. 11625:. 20 August 2019. 11130:The New York Times 10906:The New York Times 10887:Les Juifs du Maroc 10096:The New York Times 9732:. Schocken Books. 9254:"Jacob Nunes Gois" 9029:"Abravanel Family" 8733:(29 August 2012). 8180:King James Version 7890:My Jewish Learning 7854:My Jewish Learning 7500:Gilbert's Syndrome 7377:David de Sola Pool 7357:Israel Abuhatzeira 7154:Yom Tob of Seville 7083:Judah al-Bargeloni 6779: 6728:Law on Nationality 6657:Hispanic Americans 6612:Belmonte, Portugal 6559:Dominican Republic 6402: 6174:Xueta Christianity 6125:, whether they're 6047:Dominican Republic 5963: 5882:in New York City. 5762: 5751: 5654:. They also spoke 5626: 5525: 5434: 5343:forced conversions 5318: 5133:Castellazzo family 4779:Hurum air disaster 4434: 4414:Gracia Mendes Nasi 4215: 4166:a Portuguese-born 4129: 3987: 3968:Spanish literature 3578:Jewish Koine Greek 3120:Dominican Republic 2401:Judaism by country 2080:Jews and Christmas 1935:Assyrian captivity 1417: 1316:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 1251:and the spread of 1168: 1120:Breviary of Alaric 1100:Visigothic Kingdom 1023:Rabbi and scholar 734:in Spain, and the 715: 425:" in Algeria), an 35: 16563: 16562: 16538: 16537: 16288:Equatorial Guinea 16226: 16225: 16192:extinct languages 16093:YIVO Encyclopedia 15868:Hebrew literature 15836:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 15676:Reconstructionist 15354:Judaeo-Portuguese 15043: 15042: 14999:Eastern Sephardim 14643:Synagogal Judaism 14546: 14545: 14342:Judaeo-Portuguese 13874: 13873: 13797:Foreign nationals 13746:African Americans 13024:978-0-520-07627-3 12962:978-90-04-11742-6 12923:978-1-56000-178-2 12887:978-1-5004-4635-2 12838:Ashtor, Eliyahu, 12829:978-0-521-77248-8 12711:on 3 October 2017 12483:978-0-385-72186-8 12412:978-0-521-49925-5 12379:978-0-9878244-8-6 12354:978-1-55458-403-1 12329:978-1-4008-7419-4 12223:, p. 148–149 11885:on 2 August 2017. 11522:978-0-253-03858-6 11460:. 22 March 2020. 11266:978-1-134-92474-5 11241:978-0-674-03783-0 11096:978-1-4633-2706-4 11055:www.netanya.ac.il 11018:978-1-57181-430-2 10991:978-1-4408-4570-3 10881:Samuel Toledano, 10810:978-965-235-037-4 10620:"Paredes/Pardess" 10534:James Wilar Upton 10421:on 21 August 2014 10174:978-0-520-21175-9 9739:978-0-8052-0463-6 8746:978-0-307-48346-1 8541:Seder Olam Rabbah 8521:Seder Olam Rabbah 8397:978-84-8415-309-2 8281:Azoulay, Yehuda. 7990:"Sephardi People" 7962:(in Portuguese). 7926:978-1-936235-04-9 7826:Judeus sefarditas 7720:Judaeo-Portuguese 7650:Eastern Sephardim 7615:Jews of Catalonia 7572:Franco Modigliani 7432: 7431: 7382:Mordechai Eliyahu 7372:Elijah Benamozegh 7336:Mas'ud Hai Rakkah 7276:Bezalel Ashkenazi 7149:Shlomo ben Aderet 7123:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat 7078:Joseph ibn Migash 7003:Jewish literature 6842:Colloquial Arabic 6699:COVID-19 pandemic 6601:Palma de Mallorca 6415:Catholic Monarchs 6305:Herrera del Duque 6150:Palma de Mallorca 6075:Western Sephardim 6067:Eastern Sephardim 6015:family traditions 5823:Baruch de Spinoza 5765:Western Sephardim 5703:Western Sephardim 5420:Eastern Sephardim 5414:Eastern Sephardim 5347:Francisco Sanches 5228:Senigaglia family 5173:Ibn Tibbon family 5108:Benveniste family 4886: 4885: 4719:Exodus by country 4510:were thus saved. 4407:Benveniste Mendes 4209:, in 1601 by the 4006:Catholic Monarchs 3893:Francisco Pacheco 3840: 3839: 3789: 3788: 3537: 3536: 3284:Reconstructionist 3228: 3227: 2380: 2379: 2187: 2186: 2024:Jewish–Roman wars 1972:Hasmonean dynasty 1888:Kingdom of Israel 1792: 1791: 1312:Caliph of Cordoba 1308:Abd al-Rahman III 864:(prayer book). A 811:Sephardic Haredim 742:by order of King 732:Catholic Monarchs 724:Iberian Peninsula 577: 562: 482: 467: 435:COVID-19 pandemic 277:Iberian Peninsula 259:), also known as 257:Djudios Sefaradis 234: 209: 208: 131:Judaeo-Papiamento 107:Judaeo-Portuguese 103:Andalusian Arabic 16:(Redirected from 16598: 16278: 16277: 16267:Spanish diaspora 16265: 16264: 16253: 16246: 16239: 16230: 16229: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16200: 16199: 15332:Judeo-Golpaygani 14933:Palestinian Jews 14908:Alexandrian Jews 14864:Crimean Karaites 14781:Unterlander Jews 14734: 14733: 14648:Rabbinic Judaism 14573: 14566: 14559: 14550: 14549: 14534: 14501: 14478: 14404:Rite and customs 14377: 14260:Crypto-Sephardim 13901: 13894: 13887: 13878: 13877: 13863:Arameans have a 13467:Eastern Orthodox 13385: 13378: 13371: 13362: 13361: 13310:Samuel Armistead 13262:Hebrew Synagogue 13170: 13160: 13036: 12980:Levie, Tirtsah, 12927: 12915: 12900:Deshen, Shlomo; 12871: 12845:Assis, Yom Tov, 12833: 12810: 12783: 12747: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12601:. Archived from 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12578: 12570:www.brandeis.edu 12567: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12504:. 10 June 2010. 12494: 12488: 12487: 12463: 12457: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12423: 12417: 12416: 12400: 12390: 12384: 12383: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12340: 12334: 12333: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12263: 12257: 12252:David A. Wacks, 12250: 12244: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12218: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12162: 12153: 12152: 12141: 12135: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12069: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12058: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12002: 11991:Jewish News (UK) 11983: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11949: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11915: 11909: 11896: 11887: 11886: 11881:. Archived from 11875: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11860:. Archived from 11859: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11798: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11781: 11774: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11711: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11437: 11428:(6): 1162–1171. 11413: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11393:. 16 July 2020. 11387: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11343: 11337: 11334:Sefer HaYuchasin 11326: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11300: 11294: 11293: 11284:Méchoulan, Henry 11280: 11274: 11273: 11252: 11246: 11245: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11185: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11155: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11122: 11113: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11063: 11052: 11048:"Beloved legacy" 11044: 11038: 11037: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10896: 10890: 10879: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10854: 10848: 10847: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10819: 10813: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10746:"Sosa, Simon De" 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10712: 10706: 10703: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10624:www.pardess.com/ 10616: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10508: 10501: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10463: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10183: 10177: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10121: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10035:"Cansino Family" 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9970: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9869: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9723: 9717: 9716: 9711:. Archived from 9705: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9674: 9668: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9386: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9286:Arquivo Nacional 9283: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9258:Arquivo Nacional 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9175: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9058:Sinagoga Shaarei 9050: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8850: 8844: 8839:Jonathan S Ray. 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8690: 8684: 8673: 8667: 8658:Meyer Kayserling 8644: 8638: 8635: 8629: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8565: 8559: 8548: 8534: 8528: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8460: 8457: 8451: 8447:eSefarad. 2021. 8441: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8306: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8251: 8245: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8208: 8202: 8189: 8183: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8086:(in Portuguese). 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7881: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7845: 7828: 7819: 7812:Judíos sefardíes 7805: 7802: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7781: 7765: 7756: 7558:Baruj Benacerraf 7486:Beta-thalassemia 7462:Ashkenazi Jewish 7412:Pinchas Toledano 7387:Shem Tob Gaguine 7271:Yaakov de Castro 7169:Asher ben Jehiel 7164:Nissim of Gerona 7113:Bahya ibn Paquda 7093:Abraham ibn Ezra 7058: 6979:The doctrine of 6910:Corfiot Italkian 6869:Judæo-Portuguese 6795:Romance language 6375:Catalonian Jewry 6371:Girona Synagogue 6313:Medina del Campo 6162:rabbinical court 6019:Hispanic America 5993:or moved to the 5547:, and as far as 5513:A 1902 Issue of 5456:islands and the 5290:occurred in 1391 5168:Henriques family 5153:De Castro family 5118:Carabajal family 5093:Alfandari family 5083:Abravanel family 5066:Portuguese names 4999:Portuguese names 4898:children's plays 4894:Spanish proverbs 4878: 4871: 4864: 4737:Operation Yachin 4691:Oujda and Jerada 4599: 4576: 4575: 4405:, also known as 4378:Jacob Nunes Gois 4368:Jacob Nunes Gois 4347:Abravanel family 4123:Interior of the 4097:Northern African 4082:Amsterdam Esnoga 3998:Afonso Henriques 3897:Pedro de Herrera 3885:United Provinces 3873:Samuel Abravanel 3832: 3825: 3818: 3681: 3680: 3562: 3383: 3377: 3358: 3322: 3321: 3269: 3216:New Zealand 3168: 3131:El Salvador 3121: 3053:Northern America 3045: 2639: 2395: 2394: 2306:Crimean Karaites 2202: 2201: 2180: 2178: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2062:Rabbinic Judaism 2043: 2037: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1973: 1966:Maccabean Revolt 1943: 1936: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1883: 1807: 1806: 1781: 1676: 1675: 1608: 1596: 1495: 1494: 1025:Abraham ibn Daud 788: 752: 708:Alfred Dehodencq 685: 668:Сефарди, Sefardi 657: 584: 572: 569: 557: 555: 554: 553: 489: 477: 474: 462: 460: 459: 458: 421:(also known as " 407:Romance language 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 267:, and rarely as 250: 245: 'Jews of 243: 239: 229: 227: 225: 224:יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד 61: 50: 44: 43:יְהוּדֵי סְפָרַד 38: 34: 21: 16606: 16605: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16559: 16534: 16488: 16457: 16349: 16313: 16297: 16269: 16259: 16257: 16227: 16222: 16211: 16209: 16181: 16007: 15872: 15744: 15618: 15512: 15327:Judeo-Borujerdi 15302:Judeo-Malayalam 15248:Judeo-Aragonese 15219:Lishanid Noshan 15051: 15039: 14771:Oberlander Jews 14732: 14662: 14604: 14586: 14577: 14547: 14542: 14528: 14526:Philosephardism 14514: 14495: 14481: 14472: 14448: 14420: 14380: 14371: 14332:Sephardi Hebrew 14313: 14282: 14007: 13947:Alhambra Decree 13911: 13908:Sephardi Jewish 13905: 13875: 13870: 13848: 13792: 13734: 13696: 13682:Arab Christians 13639: 13508: 13394: 13389: 13356:Katalanim songs 13268:Philosophical: 13252:Wayback Machine 13089: 13025: 12966:Katz, Solomon, 12952:Kaplan, Yosef, 12924: 12852:Baer, Yitzhak. 12830: 12807: 12780: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12740:Wayback Machine 12729:Mario Modiano: 12728: 12724: 12714: 12712: 12703: 12702: 12698: 12687: 12683: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12657:"Elias Canetti" 12653: 12649: 12639: 12637: 12622: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12597: 12596: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12556: 12552:, pp. 2–3. 12548: 12544: 12535:Wayback Machine 12525: 12521: 12511: 12509: 12496: 12495: 12491: 12484: 12464: 12460: 12455: 12451: 12441: 12439: 12424: 12420: 12413: 12391: 12387: 12380: 12366: 12362: 12355: 12341: 12337: 12330: 12316: 12312: 12302: 12300: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12276: 12274: 12265: 12264: 12260: 12251: 12247: 12238: 12234: 12224: 12221:Argenter (2013) 12219: 12215: 12205: 12203: 12194: 12193: 12189: 12179: 12177: 12164: 12163: 12156: 12143: 12142: 12138: 12128: 12124: 12114: 12112: 12108: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12092: 12082: 12080: 12071: 12070: 12066: 12056: 12054: 12045: 12044: 12040: 12030: 12028: 12015: 12014: 12010: 12000: 11998: 11993:. 14 May 2020. 11985: 11984: 11977: 11967: 11965: 11950: 11943: 11933: 11931: 11916: 11912: 11906:Wayback Machine 11897: 11890: 11877: 11876: 11872: 11867:on 22 May 2017. 11864: 11857: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11838: 11836: 11821: 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Vol. 1. 10970: 10966: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10942: 10940: 10925: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10897: 10893: 10880: 10876: 10869: 10865: 10863:Wayback Machine 10855: 10851: 10837: 10833: 10820: 10816: 10799: 10795: 10785: 10783: 10770: 10769: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10739: 10729: 10727: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10700: 10690: 10688: 10673: 10669: 10659: 10657: 10648: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10631: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10603: 10601: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10573: 10571: 10558: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10526: 10522: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10465: 10464: 10460: 10450: 10448: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10424: 10422: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10398: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10382: 10372: 10370: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10312: 10310: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10282: 10280: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10256: 10254: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10211: 10210: 10206: 10196: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10163: 10159: 10149: 10147: 10134: 10133: 10129: 10119: 10117: 10108: 10107: 10103: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10046: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10002: 10001: 9997: 9987: 9985: 9972: 9971: 9967: 9957: 9955: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9897: 9895: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9867: 9865: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9837: 9835: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9785: 9783: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9763: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9724: 9720: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9692: 9690: 9675: 9671: 9666:Wayback Machine 9656: 9652: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9567: 9565: 9563:Islamic History 9557: 9556: 9552: 9542: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9491: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9468: 9466: 9464:Islamic History 9458: 9457: 9453: 9443: 9441: 9433: 9432: 9428: 9418: 9416: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9393: 9391: 9384: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9235: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9212: 9210: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9187: 9185: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9160: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9137: 9135: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9077: 9076: 9072: 9062: 9060: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9037: 9035: 9027: 9026: 9022: 9012: 9010: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8985: 8977: 8976: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8877: 8876: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8838: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8809: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8747: 8728: 8724: 8713: 8691: 8687: 8674: 8670: 8654:Wayback Machine 8645: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8622:Wayback Machine 8612: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8568: 8560: 8551: 8545:Seder Olam Zuta 8535: 8531: 8525:Seder Olam Zuta 8515: 8511: 8503: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8474: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8442: 8438: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8295:Mintz, Alan L. 8294: 8290: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8252: 8248: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8190: 8186: 8164:Wayback Machine 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8134:(in Portuguese) 8122: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8095: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8003: 8001: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7956: 7952: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7927: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7882: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7803: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7784:Yehadut Spharad 7780:יְהדוּת סְפָרַד 7776:Tiberian Hebrew 7757: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7715:Ten Lost Tribes 7685:Jewish diaspora 7602: 7593:Patrick Modiano 7537:Emilio G. Segrè 7518: 7458: 7452: 7440:Main articles: 7438: 7433: 7341: 7235: 7230:Vidal of Tolosa 7200:Isaac Campanton 7195:David Abudirham 7175:Jacob ben Asher 7136:Christian Spain 7128: 7055: 7025:medieval period 7021: 7015: 6977: 6883:and the Creole 6821:(Morocco), and 6767: 6724: 6718: 6706:Natan Sharansky 6650:Ángel Sanz Briz 6642: 6636: 6626:, in 1996. The 6593:Nissim Karelitz 6581: 6567: 6505:Isaac Abarbanel 6411:Alhambra Decree 6407: 6273:Aranda de Duero 6194: 6189: 6154:Nissim Karelitz 5997:across various 5955: 5945: 5939: 5914:still Spanish. 5880:Lower Manhattan 5742:(1656–1833) in 5740:Shearith Israel 5725: 5711: 5705: 5662:Several of the 5632: 5618: 5588:Goa Inquisition 5422: 5416: 5278:Alhambra Decree 5262: 5257: 5243:Taitazak family 5208:Pallache family 5198:Monsanto family 5158:Espadero family 5128:Carvajal family 5098:Al-Tarās family 5052: 5036: 4882: 4732:Operation Mural 4551:Crémieux Decree 4547: 4539:Operation Torch 4515:Operation Torch 4422: 4343:Alhambra Decree 4339:Isaac Abravanel 4307:Alhambra Decree 4288: 4117: 4101:décret Crémieux 4074:Hebrew language 3991:Yahia Ben Yahia 3983:Jewish Massacre 3851: 3845: 3836: 3791: 3790: 3678: 3668: 3667: 3658:Judeo-Malayalam 3638:Judaeo-Georgian 3558: 3549: 3539: 3538: 3439:Yiddish theatre 3381: 3319: 3309: 3308: 3267: 3240: 3230: 3229: 3166: 3119: 3043: 2637: 2421:Genetic studies 2392: 2382: 2381: 2199: 2189: 2188: 2176: 2175: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2054:and Middle Ages 2052:Rabbinic period 2039: 2033: 2026: 2014: 1985: 1971: 1941: 1934: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1899:in Judaism 1896: 1881: 1804: 1794: 1793: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1606: 1594: 1539: 1476:Meanwhile, the 1457:, and then the 1442:Badis ibn Habus 1390:Samuel ha-Nagid 1331:Princess Helena 1234:Abd al-Rahman I 1157: 1151: 1145: 1096: 1088:Synod of Elvira 931: 926: 918:Main articles: 916: 908:Chief Rabbinate 858:Hebrew language 829: 803: 791:Crown of Aragon 782: 776:Castilian crown 767: 728:Alhambra Decree 720: 696: 512:transliteration 443: 344:Alhambra Decree 306: 303: 300: 297: 273:Jewish diaspora 244: 148:Sephardi Hebrew 142: 138: 93: 80: 52: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16604: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16552: 16546: 16544: 16540: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16496: 16494: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16476: 16471: 16465: 16463: 16459: 16458: 16456: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16433: 16428: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16357: 16355: 16351: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16345:United Kingdom 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16321: 16319: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16290: 16284: 16282: 16275: 16271: 16270: 16256: 16255: 16248: 16241: 16233: 16224: 16223: 16221: 16220: 16206: 16186: 16183: 16182: 16180: 16179: 16178: 16177: 16176: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16159:non-Christian 16157: 16156: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16115: 16108: 16101: 16096: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16055: 16050: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16017: 16015: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16005: 16000: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15951: 15950: 15949: 15944: 15934: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15917: 15916: 15915: 15905: 15900: 15899: 15898: 15893: 15882: 15880: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15858:Shulchan Aruch 15855: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15846:Sefer Yetzirah 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15826:Pardes Rimonim 15823: 15816:Kabbalah texts 15813: 15812: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15786: 15785: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15760: 15754: 15752: 15746: 15745: 15743: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15706: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15662: 15661: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15649: 15628: 15626: 15620: 15619: 15617: 15616: 15611: 15609:Land of Israel 15606: 15605: 15604: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15561: 15560: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15522: 15520: 15514: 15513: 15511: 15510: 15505: 15504: 15503: 15502: 15501: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15487: 15485:Judeo-Alsatian 15477: 15476: 15475: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15350: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15337:Judeo-Hamedani 15334: 15329: 15324: 15314: 15312:Judaeo-Occitan 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15271: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15253:Jewish English 15250: 15245: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15241: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15184:Judaeo-Aramaic 15181: 15180: 15179: 15174: 15172:Judeo-Tunisian 15169: 15164: 15162:Judeo-Moroccan 15159: 15158: 15157: 15155:Judeo-Baghdadi 15142: 15137: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15059: 15057: 15045: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15034: 15033: 15023: 15022: 15021: 15011: 15006: 15004:Livornese Jews 15001: 14991: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14861: 14851: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14817: 14807: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14751:Afrikaner-Jode 14742: 14740: 14731: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14672: 14670: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14614: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14597: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14576: 14575: 14568: 14561: 14553: 14544: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14538:Sephardization 14535: 14522: 14520: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14489: 14487: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14467: 14462: 14456: 14454: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14434:Black Panthers 14430: 14428: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14418: 14413: 14412: 14411: 14401: 14396: 14390: 14388: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14366: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14357:Tetuani Ladino 14354: 14347:Judaeo-Spanish 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14323: 14321: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14290: 14288: 14287:Modern history 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12950: 12943: 12928: 12922: 12906:Shokeid, Moshe 12897: 12890: 12879: 12872: 12857: 12850: 12843: 12835: 12834: 12828: 12811: 12805: 12784: 12778: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12722: 12696: 12693:. p. 298. 12681: 12666: 12647: 12616: 12590: 12554: 12542: 12540:28 August 2009 12519: 12489: 12482: 12458: 12449: 12418: 12411: 12385: 12378: 12360: 12353: 12335: 12328: 12310: 12284: 12258: 12245: 12232: 12213: 12187: 12154: 12136: 12122: 12090: 12064: 12038: 12008: 11975: 11941: 11924:New York Times 11910: 11888: 11870: 11846: 11831:(in Spanish). 11815: 11793: 11758: 11732: 11706: 11680: 11654: 11640: 11614: 11584: 11558: 11555:. p. 115. 11540: 11521: 11501: 11475: 11449: 11408: 11382: 11356: 11338: 11321: 11295: 11275: 11265: 11247: 11240: 11222: 11208: 11194: 11180: 11161:Jerusalem Post 11147: 11114: 11095: 11075: 11039: 11024: 11017: 10997: 10990: 10964: 10950: 10919: 10891: 10874: 10849: 10831: 10814: 10793: 10763: 10737: 10707: 10698: 10667: 10641: 10611: 10581: 10551: 10520: 10488: 10458: 10432: 10406: 10380: 10350: 10320: 10290: 10264: 10234: 10204: 10178: 10157: 10127: 10101: 10082: 10056: 10025: 9995: 9965: 9935: 9905: 9875: 9845: 9819: 9793: 9771: 9745: 9738: 9718: 9700: 9685:(in Spanish). 9669: 9650: 9630: 9600: 9588:A Bem da Nação 9575: 9550: 9526: 9501: 9476: 9451: 9426: 9401: 9373: 9348: 9323: 9298: 9270: 9245: 9220: 9208:Goes Mnemosine 9195: 9170: 9158:Acervo Judaico 9145: 9120: 9095: 9083:Israel de Fato 9070: 9045: 9033:Glorinha Cohen 9020: 8995: 8970: 8945: 8920: 8895: 8870: 8845: 8832: 8802: 8776: 8764: 8745: 8722: 8685: 8668: 8639: 8630: 8606: 8604:, p. 164. 8594: 8585: 8566: 8549: 8529: 8509: 8507:, p. 509. 8492: 8490:, p. 132. 8480: 8478:, p. 508. 8461: 8452: 8436: 8422: 8403: 8396: 8376: 8349: 8327: 8301: 8288: 8273: 8246: 8233: 8203: 8184: 8145: 8115: 8089: 8071: 8041: 8011: 7996:. Britannica. 7994:Britannica.com 7981: 7950: 7932: 7925: 7907: 7871: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7732: 7727: 7725:Judaeo-Spanish 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7695:Ashkenazi Jews 7692: 7687: 7682: 7680:Jewish culture 7677: 7675:Jewish history 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7551:Salvador Luria 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7493: 7488: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7402:Yitzhak Kaduri 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7261:Levi ibn Ḥabib 7258: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7225:Menachem Meiri 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7185:Abraham Senior 7182: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7161: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7098:Moses ibn Ezra 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7029:Ashkenazi Jews 7014: 7011: 6976: 6973: 6918:Ottoman Empire 6899:Balearic Isles 6785:, also called 6773:Dedication at 6766: 6763: 6717: 6714: 6635: 6632: 6591:In 2011 Rabbi 6580: 6577: 6566: 6563: 6469:Ottoman Empire 6461:Ottoman Empire 6406: 6403: 6281:Alba de Tormes 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6110:New Christians 6083:Ashkenazi Jews 5999:Latin American 5941:Main article: 5938: 5935: 5919:Nicolás Maduro 5902:Touro Cemetery 5898:Jeshuat Israel 5775:, that is, as 5773:New Christians 5732:First Cemetery 5723:Crypto-Judaism 5707:Main article: 5704: 5701: 5668:Gibraltar Jews 5648:Judaeo-Spanish 5628:Main article: 5617: 5614: 5545:Land of Israel 5533:Ottoman Empire 5527:Regarding the 5500:Judaeo-Spanish 5486:Romaniote Jews 5466:Constantinople 5418:Main article: 5415: 5412: 5383:Latin American 5339:New Christians 5274: 5273: 5270: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5233:Soncino family 5230: 5225: 5223:Sassoon family 5220: 5218:Sanchez family 5215: 5213:Paredes family 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5193:Mocatta family 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5163:Galante family 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5143:Coronel family 5140: 5138:Cicurel family 5135: 5130: 5125: 5123:Carasso family 5120: 5115: 5113:Cansino family 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5051: 5048: 5035: 5032: 4945:. In 1942 the 4896:. A number of 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4829: 4828: 4827:Related topics 4824: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4546: 4543: 4517:, the Jews of 4508:Bulgarian Jews 4421: 4418: 4327:Gois (or Goes) 4287: 4284: 4258:The Sephardic 4205:, daughter of 4148:Álvaro Caminha 4116: 4113: 4109:Ashkenazi Jews 4036:Constantinople 4023:Ottoman Empire 4011:New Christians 3847:Main article: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3719:Territorialism 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3603:Judaeo-Spanish 3600: 3598:Judaeo-Iranian 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3044:United Kingdom 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477:Bilad-el-Sudan 2474: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2430:Land of Israel 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2288:Related groups 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2145:Jewish atheism 2142: 2137: 2132: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096:Islamic–Jewish 2091: 2084: 2069: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2021: 2008: 1980: 1975: 1968: 1963: 1961:Yehud Medinata 1955: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1923: 1910: 1902: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1870: 1869: 1867:Ancient Israel 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1823:Land of Israel 1820: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1778:Shulchan Aruch 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1556: 1551: 1544:God in Judaism 1540: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1503: 1411:Observing the 1297:Paulus Albarus 1147:Main article: 1144: 1141: 1136:ecclesiastical 1095: 1092: 966:Rabbi Berekiah 930: 927: 915: 912: 900:Ethiopian Jews 898:Additionally, 802: 799: 766: 763: 736:decree of 1496 719: 716: 695: 692: 672:Judaeo-Spanish 664:Serbo-Croatian 537:or the single 442: 439: 423:Tetuani Ladino 401:, also called 399:Judaeo-Spanish 395:New Christians 332:following the 237:Yehudei Sfarad 207: 206: 192:Ashkenazi Jews 184: 183: 179: 178: 172: 171: 167: 166: 150:(liturgical), 119:Judaeo-Occitan 115:Judaeo-Catalan 101:(liturgical), 95:Judaeo-Spanish 87: 86: 82: 81: 71:and physician 62: 54: 53: 48:Yehudei Sfarad 36:Sephardic Jews 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16603: 16592: 16591:Sephardi Jews 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16541: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16493:South America 16491: 16483: 16480: 16479: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16466: 16464: 16460: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16441: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16421:United States 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16354:North America 16352: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16300: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16279: 16276: 16272: 16268: 16263: 16254: 16249: 16247: 16242: 16240: 16235: 16234: 16231: 16219: 16218: 16207: 16205: 16204: 16195: 16194: 16193: 16189: 16184: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16143:Protestantism 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16109: 16107: 16106: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16094: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16077: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16060: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16023: 16022: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16014: 16010: 16004: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15960: 15957: 15956: 15955: 15952: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15939: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15888: 15887: 15884: 15883: 15881: 15879: 15875: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15831:Sefer HaBahir 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15818: 15817: 15814: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15769: 15768: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15758:Sifrei Kodesh 15756: 15755: 15753: 15751: 15747: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15692: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15660: 15657: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15635: 15634: 15633: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15625: 15621: 15615: 15614:Who is a Jew? 15612: 15610: 15607: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15559: 15556: 15555: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15543:Chosen people 15541: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15529: 15528: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15519: 15515: 15509: 15506: 15500: 15499:Scots-Yiddish 15497: 15493: 15492: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15482: 15481: 15478: 15474: 15473: 15472:Klezmer-loshn 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15342:Judeo-Shirazi 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15319: 15318: 15317:Judeo-Persian 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15307:Judeo-Marathi 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15285:Judeo-Italian 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15240: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15186: 15185: 15182: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15156: 15153: 15152: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15140:Judeo-Amazigh 15138: 15136: 15133: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15065: 15064: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15050: 15046: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15027: 15024: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14975: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14963:Hadhrami Jews 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14928:Mountain Jews 14926: 14924: 14923:Egyptian Jews 14921: 14919: 14918:Bukharan Jews 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14794: 14791: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14739: 14735: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14706:Lists of Jews 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14665: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14607: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14592: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14574: 14569: 14567: 14562: 14560: 14555: 14554: 14551: 14539: 14536: 14532: 14527: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14476: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14451: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14427: 14423: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14375: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14271:Belmonte Jews 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14257: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14239: 14238:Paradesi Jews 14236: 14235: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14212: 14211:New Amsterdam 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14135: 14131: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14116: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14058: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14045: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14024: 14023: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14004: 14003: 14002:New Christian 13999: 13997: 13996: 13995:Maghrebi Jews 13992: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13983: 13982: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13909: 13902: 13897: 13895: 13890: 13888: 13883: 13882: 13879: 13866: 13865:status aparte 13862: 13859: 13858:status aparte 13856:Druze have a 13855: 13854: 13851: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13795: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13737: 13731: 13728: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13701:Other Semitic 13699: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13642: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13463: 13460: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13386: 13381: 13379: 13374: 13372: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13341: 13338: 13335: 13332: 13329: 13326: 13323: 13322:Daniel Halfon 13320: 13317: 13314: 13311: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13263: 13260: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13246: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13205: 13204:Radio Sefarad 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13168: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13082: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13069: 13065: 13062: 13058: 13055: 13051: 13048: 13045: 13041: 13039: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13016: 13015: 13009: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12986: 12983: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12969: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12914: 12913: 12907: 12903: 12898: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12864: 12858: 12855: 12851: 12848: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12812: 12808: 12806:9781139048873 12802: 12798: 12794: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12779:9781139053662 12775: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12757: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12726: 12710: 12706: 12700: 12692: 12685: 12677: 12670: 12662: 12658: 12651: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12575: 12571: 12564: 12558: 12551: 12546: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12523: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12493: 12485: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12470: 12469:World On Fire 12462: 12453: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12422: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12399: 12398: 12389: 12381: 12375: 12371: 12364: 12356: 12350: 12346: 12339: 12331: 12325: 12321: 12314: 12298: 12294: 12288: 12272: 12268: 12262: 12255: 12249: 12242: 12236: 12228: 12222: 12217: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12161: 12159: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12133: 12132: 12126: 12107: 12100: 12094: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11980: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11948: 11946: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11914: 11907: 11903: 11900: 11895: 11893: 11884: 11880: 11874: 11863: 11856: 11850: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11819: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11797: 11778: 11771: 11765: 11763: 11746: 11742: 11736: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11694: 11690: 11684: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11650: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11554: 11550: 11549:Pérez, Joseph 11544: 11528: 11524: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11505: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11453: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11396: 11392: 11386: 11370: 11366: 11360: 11353:. p. 17. 11352: 11348: 11347:Pérez, Joseph 11342: 11335: 11331: 11325: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11292:. p. 36. 11291: 11288: 11285: 11279: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11251: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11226: 11218: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11190: 11184: 11168: 11164: 11162: 11154: 11152: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11119: 11102: 11098: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11079: 11060: 11056: 11049: 11043: 11035: 11028: 11020: 11014: 11010: 11009: 11001: 10993: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10968: 10960: 10954: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10846:. p. 17. 10845: 10841: 10840:Pérez, Joseph 10835: 10827: 10826: 10818: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10702: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10677:"Ibn Shoshan" 10671: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10505: 10498: 10492: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10278: 10274: 10268: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10136:"Castellazzo" 10131: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10086: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10029: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9999: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9849: 9833: 9829: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9781: 9775: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9741: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9722: 9714: 9710: 9704: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9654: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9634: 9618: 9614: 9613:www.ushmm.org 9610: 9604: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9539: 9538: 9530: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9465: 9461: 9455: 9440: 9436: 9430: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9390: 9383: 9377: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9287: 9280: 9274: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9084: 9080: 9074: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8959: 8955: 8949: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8909: 8905: 8899: 8884: 8883:Brasil Escola 8880: 8879:"Inquisition" 8874: 8859: 8855: 8854:"Inquisition" 8849: 8842: 8836: 8820: 8816: 8815:sztetl.org.pl 8812: 8806: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8771: 8769: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8726: 8718: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8643: 8634: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8563: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8489: 8484: 8477: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8432: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8380: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8337: 8331: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8298: 8292: 8284: 8277: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8188: 8181: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8127: 8119: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8045: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8015: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7840: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7800: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7768:Modern Hebrew 7761: 7755: 7751: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7645:Yemenite Jews 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7625:Maghrebi Jews 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7590: 7587: 7586:Serge Haroche 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7565:Elias Canetti 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523:Henri Moissan 7520: 7519: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7428: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7407:Ovadiah Yosef 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362:Amram Aburbeh 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326:Azaria Piccio 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7311:Hayim Palaggi 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:Moses Alshech 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220:Profiat Duran 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Isaac Aboab I 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7180:Moses de Leon 7178: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103:Yehuda Halevi 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7065:Islamic Spain 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6891:Judeo-Catalan 6888: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6799:Old Castilian 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6783:Judeo-Spanish 6776: 6771: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6751:Shavei Israel 6747: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6644:In 1924, the 6641: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6576: 6573: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6543:New York City 6540: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6489:Persian Jewry 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6102:Hispanosphere 6099: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5985:remained, as 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5959: 5954: 5953:New Christian 5950: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921:, and former 5920: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5887:New Amsterdam 5883: 5881: 5877: 5876:New Amsterdam 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5786: 5783:branch and a 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5748:New York City 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5664:Moroccan Jews 5660: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5576:Cochin Jewish 5573: 5572:Malabar coast 5568: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5375:New Christian 5372: 5371:Low Countries 5368: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5331:King Manuel I 5328: 5327:King Manuel I 5323: 5315: 5311: 5310:Roque Gameiro 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Najara family 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5178:Laguna family 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5148:Curiel family 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5103:Astruc family 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5044:Latin America 5040: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984:New Amsterdam 4981: 4980:American Jews 4976: 4974: 4970: 4969:Majazike Tora 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914:pan de España 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4797:Awareness day 4795: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535:Italian Libya 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4420:The Holocaust 4417: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403:Mendes family 4399: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390:Gois family’s 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305:In 1492, the 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4249:New York City 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3865:lingua franca 3862: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3643:Judeo-Aramaic 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633:Judeo-Italian 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3613:Ghardaïa Sign 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238:Denominations 3234: 3233: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3066:United States 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552:Guinea-Bissau 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2406:Lists of Jews 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2181: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2165:The Holocaust 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1766:Mishneh Torah 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526:Who is a Jew? 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:proselytizing 1278: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1195:To the Jews, 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 984: 980: 977: 976: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 929:Early history 925: 921: 911: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 885:Nusach Sfarad 882: 881: 880:Nusach Sefard 875: 874: 872: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 828: 824: 820: 819:Mashriqi Jews 816: 815:Maghrebi Jews 812: 808: 798: 796: 795:Judeo-Catalan 792: 786: 781: 777: 772: 762: 758: 756: 751:ספרדים טהורים 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 713: 709: 705: 700: 691: 689: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 583: 575: 570: 568: 560: 547: 543: 540: 536: 532: 529: 525: 524: 519: 518: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 488: 480: 475: 473: 465: 452: 448: 438: 436: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 409:derived from 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 340: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 292: 291: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 261:Sephardi Jews 258: 254: 248: 238: 232: 220: 216: 213: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 177: 173: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 132: 128: 124: 123:Judaeo-Berber 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 78: 74: 70: 66: 60: 55: 49: 39: 30: 19: 16440:in Louisiana 16293:South Africa 16208: 16201: 16187: 16110: 16103: 16091: 16074: 16057: 15891:perspectives 15725:Samaritanism 15686:Neo-Hasidism 15666:Conservative 15580:Names of God 15489: 15470: 15280:Judaeo-Greek 15275:Judeo-Gascon 15214:Lishán Didán 15209:Lishana Deni 15177:Judeo-Yemeni 15145:Judeo-Arabic 15019:Meshuchrarim 14993: 14938:Persian Jews 14871:Kurdish Jews 14849:Kaifeng Jews 14798:Beta Abraham 14761:Galitzianers 14716:Antisemitism 14691:Israeli Jews 14676:Assimilation 14364:Judeo-Gascon 14337:Judeo-Arabic 14327:Judeo-Berber 14258: 14173: 14145:Gibraltarian 14134:North Africa 14132: 14124:Thessalonian 14020: 14000: 13993: 13986: 13979: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13932:Roman Empire 13924: 13907: 13864: 13857: 13839:Doms (Gypsy) 13834:Palestinians 13653:Arab Muslims 13616:Bene Ephraim 13611:Bnei Menashe 13489:Samaritanism 13462:Christianity 13418:Conservative 13300: 13267: 13173: 13140: 13136: 13125: 13090: 13060: 13053: 13043: 13013: 12998: 12991: 12981: 12974: 12967: 12953: 12946: 12935: 12931: 12911: 12893: 12875: 12861: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12815: 12788: 12761: 12754:Bibliography 12743: 12731: 12725: 12713:. Retrieved 12709:the original 12699: 12690: 12684: 12675: 12669: 12660: 12650: 12640:23 September 12638:. Retrieved 12630:The Guardian 12629: 12619: 12607:. Retrieved 12603:the original 12593: 12581:. Retrieved 12569: 12557: 12545: 12537: 12526:Talia Bloch 12522: 12510:. Retrieved 12501: 12492: 12468: 12461: 12452: 12440:. Retrieved 12431: 12421: 12396: 12388: 12369: 12363: 12344: 12338: 12319: 12313: 12301:. Retrieved 12287: 12275:. Retrieved 12261: 12253: 12248: 12240: 12235: 12216: 12204:. Retrieved 12190: 12178:. Retrieved 12169: 12149:the original 12139: 12130: 12125: 12113:. Retrieved 12093: 12081:. Retrieved 12067: 12055:. Retrieved 12041: 12029:. Retrieved 12020: 12011: 11999:. Retrieved 11990: 11966:. Retrieved 11957: 11932:. Retrieved 11923: 11913: 11883:the original 11873: 11862:the original 11849: 11837:. Retrieved 11828: 11818: 11812:(in Spanish) 11796: 11784:. Retrieved 11749:. Retrieved 11735: 11723:. Retrieved 11709: 11697:. Retrieved 11683: 11671:. 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Retrieved 8779: 8755:. Retrieved 8735: 8731:Biale, David 8725: 8701:(1): 14–34. 8698: 8694: 8688: 8671: 8661: 8642: 8633: 8625: 8609: 8597: 8588: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8483: 8455: 8444: 8443:Pons, Marc, 8439: 8425: 8416: 8406: 8386: 8379: 8367:. Retrieved 8365:(in Spanish) 8362: 8352: 8340:. Retrieved 8330: 8318:. Retrieved 8304: 8296: 8291: 8282: 8276: 8264:. Retrieved 8249: 8241: 8236: 8224:. Retrieved 8215: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8187: 8172:, even unto 8167: 8148: 8136:. Retrieved 8131: 8125: 8118: 8106:. Retrieved 8102: 8092: 8083: 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8057: 8051: 8044: 8032:. Retrieved 8023: 8014: 8002:. Retrieved 7993: 7984: 7972:. Retrieved 7953: 7944: 7935: 7916: 7910: 7898:. Retrieved 7889: 7862:. Retrieved 7853: 7843: 7783: 7771: 7754: 7630:Mizrahi Jews 7606: 7595:, Literature 7567:, Literature 7530:Tobias Asser 7459: 7426: 7417:Joseph Dweck 7397:Yosef Hayyim 7392:Solomon Gaon 7340: 7331:Jacob Rakkah 7234: 7190:Abraham Saba 7157: 7127: 7073:Isaac Alfasi 7048: 7045: 7022: 7006: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6938: 6914:Judeo-Arabic 6907: 6889: 6867: 6863: 6839: 6827: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6759: 6755:Bnei Anousim 6748: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6654: 6643: 6623: 6609: 6590: 6582: 6571: 6568: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6498: 6477:Thessaloniki 6473:Ottoman Navy 6458: 6443: 6408: 6394: 6378: 6369:), with the 6336: 6266: 6195: 6187:Distribution 6180: 6178: 6139: 6115: 6106: 6095: 6087:Mizrahi Jews 6079: 6059: 6010:Jewish faith 6007: 5964: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5891: 5884: 5872:Dutch Brazil 5863: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5821:philosopher 5817: 5809: 5803: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5768: 5763: 5758:Emma Lazarus 5686: 5675: 5672: 5661: 5656:Judeo-Arabic 5636:North Africa 5633: 5599: 5596: 5590:against the 5569: 5565:Mizrahi Jews 5561: 5557: 5526: 5521:Thessaloniki 5514: 5504:Rashi script 5493: 5435: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5379: 5359:North Africa 5355: 5349:who fled to 5319: 5313: 5305: 5295: 5275: 5263: 5248:Taroç family 5183:Lindo family 5088:Aboab family 5055: 5041: 5037: 5021: 5017: 4992: 4977: 4968: 4964: 4946: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4887: 4816: 4742: 4696:Tripolitania 4673: 4616: 4548: 4531:Vichy France 4512: 4504: 4493: 4485: 4474: 4443: 4435: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4376: 4372: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4316: 4304: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4257: 4216: 4211:Santo Oficio 4210: 4180: 4146: 4130: 4100: 4090: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4032:Thessalonica 3988: 3972:belletristic 3965: 3953: 3881:Moses Curiel 3869: 3854: 3852: 3782:Post-Zionism 3653:Judeo-Berber 3648:Judeo-Arabic 3608:Judeo-Gascon 3355:Pidyon haben 3274:Conservative 2820:Saudi Arabia 2638:South Africa 2627:Sierra Leone 2449:Israeli Jews 2363:Mosaic Arabs 2316:Kaifeng Jews 2229: 2177:Arab–Israeli 2150:Emancipation 2029:Great Revolt 1838:Anti-Judaism 1833:Antisemitism 1828:Name "Judea" 1623:Baal teshuva 1489: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1466: 1462: 1448: 1446: 1418: 1374: 1368: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346:neo-Platonic 1339: 1334: 1324: 1305: 1286:Bodo Eleazar 1279: 1272: 1269:philological 1259:polemics of 1242: 1225: 1218: 1194: 1183: 1169: 1124: 1097: 1085: 1053: 1022: 1008:belonged to 1002:Carthaginian 987: 973: 963: 961:, in 39 CE. 935:Roman period 932: 897: 884: 878: 876: 869: 865: 851: 847: 845: 841:Mizrahi Jews 830: 823:Mizrahi Jews 768: 759: 754: 748: 721: 687: 675: 659: 579: 564: 541: 534: 530: 521: 516: 509: 501:King Solomon 492: 484: 469: 444: 431: 402: 384: 368:Western Asia 364:North Africa 337: 327: 315:North Africa 288: 268: 264: 260: 214: 211: 210: 188:Mizrahi Jews 139: 127:Judeo-Arabic 91:Traditional: 90: 32:Ethnic group 29: 16474:New Zealand 16411:Puerto Rico 16335:Netherlands 16309:Philippines 16133:Catholicism 15715:Hellenistic 15553:Eschatology 15491:Lachoudisch 15416:Lotegorisch 15394:Lachoudisch 15384:Koiné Greek 15297:Judeo-Latin 15234:Palestinian 15128:Palestinian 14977:Mustaʿravim 14903:Afghan Jews 14891:Berber Jews 14815:Bene Israel 14803:Falash Mura 14793:Beta Israel 14711:Persecution 14653:Middle Ages 14529: [ 14496: [ 14473: [ 14372: [ 14094:Palestinian 13778:Circassians 13633:Falash Mura 13628:Beta Israel 13606:Bene Israel 13334:Isaac Azose 13091:Genealogy: 12932:Convivencia 12609:11 February 12512:25 February 12442:16 December 12206:16 December 11699:16 December 11673:16 December 11494:14 February 11163:07/12/2011" 11140:25 February 10756:16 December 10660:16 December 10425:16 December 10399:16 December 10329:"Henriques" 10120:16 December 10075:16 December 10065:"Carabajal" 9812:11 February 9693:21 November 9133:Folha Mídia 8795:16 December 8602:Gerber 2021 8547:) (Hebrew). 8369:16 November 8342:16 November 8212:"Sephardim" 8034:29 November 7764:סְפָרַדִּים 7635:Berber Jews 7574:, Economics 7544:René Cassin 7525:, Chemistry 7422:Elie Abadie 7367:Shlomo Amar 7321:David Pardo 7306:Yaakov Culi 7286:Ḥayim Vital 7256:Jacob Berab 7023:During the 6825:(Algeria). 6555:Puerto Rico 6238:Guadalajara 6230:pluralities 6098:Bnei Anusim 6039:Puerto Rico 5983:Catholicism 5904:. See also 5529:Middle East 5253:Vaez family 5238:Sosa family 4973:Bar Mitzvah 4931:magen David 4918:pan de León 4902:El Castillo 4789:Remembrance 4654:Six-Day War 4649:Suez Crisis 4555:pieds noirs 4364:Gois family 4354:Gois Family 4203:Mexico City 4184:Netherlands 3939:, Miranda, 3933:Schönenberg 3911:, Sagaste, 3777:Revisionist 3767:Neo-Zionism 3374:Zeved habat 3167:Puerto Rico 2993:Netherlands 2825:South Korea 2810:Philippines 2690:Afghanistan 2557:Ivory Coast 2331:Crypto-Jews 2296:Bnei Anusim 2275:Bene Israel 2240:Beta Israel 2197:Communities 2104:Middle Ages 1843:Persecution 1618:Bereavement 1478:Reconquista 1455:Almoravides 1450:Reconquista 1364:Renaissance 1342:Ibn Gabirol 1253:rationalism 1190:special tax 1129:under King 1127:Catholicism 783: [ 688:Safārdiyyūn 660:Sephardites 582:Səp̄āraddîm 552:סְפָרַדִּים 411:Old Spanish 339:Reconquista 311:Middle East 69:philosopher 16570:Categories 16371:Costa Rica 16274:By country 16128:Anabaptism 16070:Jew (word) 15937:Leadership 15750:Literature 15735:Secularism 15681:Humanistic 15548:Conversion 15518:Philosophy 15359:Judeo-Urdu 15123:Babylonian 14968:Saada Jews 14953:Adeni Jews 14746:Ashkenazim 14701:Samaritans 14668:Population 14623:Israelites 14077:Macedonian 14065:Alexandria 14013:Dispersion 13988:Megorashim 13967:Degredados 13937:Golden Age 13788:Vietnamese 13771:Subbotniks 13713:Samaritans 13586:Romaniotes 13522:Ashkenazim 13477:Protestant 13126:Genetics: 12715:12 January 12550:Segrè 1993 12115:8 November 12083:30 January 11725:8 February 11633:9 December 11533:1 February 11468:1 February 11401:1 February 11107:20 October 10283:15 October 9593:31 October 9584:"The Lady" 9568:31 October 9543:31 October 9519:31 October 9494:31 October 9469:31 October 9444:31 October 9419:31 October 9394:31 October 9366:31 October 9341:31 October 9316:31 October 9291:31 October 9263:31 October 9238:31 October 9213:31 October 9188:31 October 9163:31 October 9138:31 October 9113:31 October 9088:31 October 9063:31 October 9038:31 October 9013:31 October 8988:31 October 8963:31 October 8938:31 October 8933:RTP Ensina 8913:31 October 8888:31 October 8863:31 October 8858:InfoEscola 8757:20 October 8666:. 1906 ed. 8527:) (Hebrew) 8488:Gabba 1999 8266:15 October 8170:Canaanites 8108:7 February 8004:1 December 7900:1 December 7864:1 December 7835:References 7822:Portuguese 7817:sefarditas 7705:Israelites 7640:Adeni Jews 7560:, Medicine 7553:, Medicine 7266:Yosef Karo 7144:Nahmanides 7118:Maimonides 6975:Literature 6934:vernacular 6922:Low German 6881:Papiamento 6854:Yiddishism 6819:Casablanca 6793:. It is a 6775:Yad Vashem 6720:See also: 6638:See also: 6624:Bet Eliahu 6519:, gaining 6509:Megorashim 6465:Bayezid II 6417:of Spain ( 6383:after the 6226:majorities 6222:minorities 6170:syncretist 6123:Brazilians 6037:, Mexico, 6027:Costa Rica 5947:See also: 5713:See also: 5553:Alexandria 5454:Dodecanese 5391:conversion 5024:Dutch Jews 4890:Portuguese 4604:Background 4450:Yugoslavia 4223:Pernambuco 4152:Cape Verde 4142:Glückstadt 4095:and other 4027:Bayezid II 3985:in Lisbon. 3861:Portuguese 3762:Maximalism 3714:Secularism 3694:Autonomism 3511:Literature 3304:Humanistic 2908:Azerbaijan 2870:Uzbekistan 2845:Tajikistan 2765:Kyrgyzstan 2750:Kazakhstan 2597:Mozambique 2572:Madagascar 2492:Cape Verde 2444:New Yishuv 2439:Old Yishuv 2390:Population 2368:Subbotniks 2326:Samaritans 2265:Romanyotim 2208:Ashkenazim 2155:Old Yishuv 2135:Sabbateans 2122:Modern era 2114:Golden Age 2041:Bar Kokhba 1761:Beit Yosef 1628:Philosophy 1490:al-Andalus 1471:Maimonides 1463:al-Andalus 1353:Fons Vitae 1349:Fons Vitae 1335:al-Andalus 1180:Al-Andalus 1165:Al-Andalus 1155:Al-Andalus 1153:See also: 1110:practiced 979:Rabbi Meir 891:, who are 805:See also: 797:speakers. 771:Al-Andalus 694:Definition 656:Σεφαρδίτες 608:Sefardites 600:Sefarditas 596:Portuguese 520:without a 497:Phoenician 387:Portuguese 330:Al-Andalus 204:Samaritans 97:(Ladino), 73:Maimonides 16530:Venezuela 16500:Argentina 16469:Australia 16406:Nicaragua 16386:Guatemala 16190:indicate 16138:Mormonism 16123:Christian 16003:Symbolism 15991:Synagogue 15971:Mythology 15932:Education 15903:Astronomy 15886:Astrology 15703:relations 15508:Zarphatic 15456:Galitzish 15258:Yeshivish 15135:Catalanic 15098:Samaritan 15073:Ashkenazi 15054:Diasporic 15049:Languages 14994:Sephardim 14989:Romaniote 14876:Krymchaks 14810:Desi Jews 14686:Buddhists 14319:Languages 14266:Amazonian 14250:Livornese 14228:Hamburger 14072:Hungarian 14038:Bulgarian 13960:Conversos 13814:Filipinos 13751:Armenians 13723:Maronites 13708:Assyrians 13623:Ethiopian 13537:Bulgarian 13455:Ahmadiyya 12031:1 October 11551:(2013) . 11349:(2012) . 11286:(1987) . 10943:7 October 10912:29 August 10842:(2012) . 10716:"Soncino" 10590:"Palache" 10299:"Galante" 10197:31 August 9838:2 October 9764:6 October 9623:22 August 8194:Geography 8174:Zarephath 7782:‎, 7620:Arab Jews 7588:, Physics 7581:, Physics 7539:, Physics 7466:Levantine 7037:Ashkenazi 6993:word for 6903:Valencian 6895:Catalonia 6859:Mozarabic 6831:Hebraisms 6815:Gibraltar 6663:in 1492. 6620:synagogue 6597:Bnei Brak 6586:Gibraltar 6551:Gibraltar 6446:dispersed 6405:Post-1492 6355:Tarragona 6351:Barcelona 6321:Salamanca 6293:Calahorra 6250:Ribadavia 6166:Bnei Brak 6043:Venezuela 5987:conversos 5971:Christian 5864:conversos 5845:conversos 5834:conversos 5818:conversos 5810:conversos 5796:conversos 5785:New World 5781:Old World 5769:conversos 5744:Manhattan 5736:Synagogue 5697:Abravanel 5650:known as 5610:Abravanel 5442:Near East 5367:West Asia 5260:Divisions 5056:See also 4953:Ashkenazi 4910:pastelico 4559:Indigénat 4438:Holocaust 4300:conversos 4176:Monterrey 4058:Amsterdam 3917:Sasportas 3772:Religious 3628:Zarphatic 3618:Bukharian 3588:Judeo-Tat 3573:Yeshivish 3547:Languages 3502:Sephardic 3492:Israelite 3482:Ethiopian 3472:Ashkenazi 3411:Religious 3201:Australia 3183:Venezuela 3089:Argentina 3071:Greenland 2983:Lithuania 2835:Sri Lanka 2830:Singapore 2755:Kurdistan 2720:Indonesia 2710:Hong Kong 2663:Abayudaya 2587:Mauritius 2321:Igbo Jews 2311:Krymchaks 2230:Sephardim 2098:relations 1992:Sadducees 1988:Pharisees 1978:Sanhedrin 1893:Jerusalem 1653:Synagogue 1521:Etymology 1429:crucified 1328:Byzantine 1320:patronage 1257:Rabbanite 1245:scripture 1116:Alaric II 1108:Visigoths 1069:Tarragona 1006:Murviedro 998:Tartessus 947:Balearics 893:Ashkenazi 877:The term 846:The term 780:Katalanim 765:Katalanim 648:Sefarditi 632:Séfarades 624:Sefardiak 612:Aragonese 592:Sefardíes 567:Sfaraddim 441:Etymology 397:or Jews. 380:Silk Road 265:Sephardim 231:romanized 212:Sephardic 85:Languages 45:‎ ( 16543:See also 16515:Colombia 16451:Galician 16436:Canarian 16426:Asturian 16391:Honduras 16203:Category 16173:Hinduism 16163:Buddhism 16065:Genetics 15981:Politics 15954:Marriage 15913:Holidays 15908:Calendar 15789:Rabbinic 15765:/Hebrew 15710:Haymanot 15637:Orthodox 15624:Branches 15597:Kabbalah 15592:Haskalah 15570:Holiness 15446:dialects 15426:Shassagh 15389:Krymchak 15369:Kayliñña 15263:Yinglish 15239:Galilean 15229:Talmudic 15224:Biblical 15199:Betanure 15118:Biblical 15113:Mishnaic 15108:Medieval 15093:Tiberian 15088:Yemenite 15078:Sephardi 15014:Paradesi 14958:Ḥabbanim 14948:Teimanim 14913:Baghdadi 14886:Maghrebi 14854:Karaites 14832:Gruzínim 14820:Kochinim 14738:Diaspora 14696:Karaites 14681:Atheists 14618:Timeline 14426:Politics 14206:Suriname 14181:American 14167:Tunisian 14155:Moroccan 14140:Algerian 14099:Romanian 14082:Monastir 14060:Egyptian 14053:Splicani 14043:Croatian 14028:Albanian 13981:Marranos 13974:Lançados 13926:Sepharad 13844:Sudanese 13783:Bosniaks 13766:Russians 13730:Lebanese 13718:Arameans 13692:Lebanese 13581:Karaites 13574:Yemenite 13554:Mizrahim 13542:Moroccan 13527:Romanian 13504:Buddhism 13499:Hinduism 13472:Catholic 13433:Haymanot 13413:Rabbinic 13248:Archived 13167:22108605 13033:25629433 12736:Archived 12634:Archived 12583:29 April 12574:Archived 12531:Archived 12506:Archived 12436:Archived 12297:Archived 12271:Archived 12243:, p. 73. 12200:Archived 12174:Archived 12106:Archived 12077:Archived 12051:Archived 12025:Archived 12021:BBC News 11995:Archived 11968:1 August 11962:Archived 11934:16 March 11928:Archived 11902:Archived 11833:Archived 11804:Archived 11777:Archived 11751:31 March 11745:Archived 11719:Archived 11693:Archived 11667:Archived 11627:Archived 11607:21 April 11601:Archived 11571:Archived 11527:Archived 11488:Archived 11462:Archived 11444:30840069 11395:Archived 11369:Archived 11308:Archived 11173:23 March 11167:Archived 11134:Archived 11101:Archived 11059:Archived 10982:ABC-CLIO 10937:Archived 10859:Archived 10780:Archived 10750:Archived 10724:Archived 10685:Archived 10654:Archived 10628:Archived 10598:Archived 10568:Archived 10560:"Najara" 10538:Archived 10504:Archived 10475:Archived 10467:"Suasso" 10445:Archived 10415:"Laguna" 10393:Archived 10389:"Laguna" 10367:Archived 10337:Archived 10307:Archived 10277:Archived 10251:Archived 10221:Archived 10213:"Curiel" 10191:Archived 10144:Archived 10114:Archived 10069:Archived 10043:Archived 10012:Archived 9982:Archived 9974:"Astruc" 9952:Archived 9922:Archived 9892:Archived 9862:Archived 9832:Archived 9806:Archived 9786:24 March 9758:Archived 9687:Archived 9662:Archived 9617:Archived 8819:Archived 8789:Archived 8751:Archived 8717:12056558 8707:41481641 8650:Archived 8618:Archived 8314:Archived 8260:Archived 8220:Archived 8191:Strabo, 8160:Archived 8028:Archived 7998:Archived 7968:Archived 7894:Archived 7858:Archived 7799:Spaniard 7772:Sfaradim 7758:Plural: 7600:See also 7470:endogamy 7436:Genetics 7033:Kabbalah 6999:diaspora 6995:diaspora 6901:and the 6765:Language 6547:Montreal 6532:tornados 6517:Portugal 6513:Toshavim 6496:Bosnia. 6435:converso 6359:Valencia 6333:Villalón 6192:Pre-1492 6158:Halachic 6142:Belmonte 6135:mulattos 6131:mestizos 6127:criollos 6023:Colombia 5949:Converso 5860:converso 5856:converso 5838:converso 5805:marranos 5787:branch. 5693:Abulafia 5606:Abulafia 5537:Damascus 5516:La Epoca 5490:Walachia 5482:Bulgaria 5474:Sarajevo 5470:Istanbul 5462:Salonica 5446:Anatolia 5444:such as 5430:Sarajevo 5351:Bordeaux 5335:Isabella 5286:converso 5012:marranos 4943:Bulgaria 4775:Tunisia 4644:1948 war 4617:Sephardi 4581:a series 4579:Part of 4500:Porajmos 4488:Italians 4466:Belgrade 4462:Sarajevo 4458:Salonika 4454:Bulgaria 4430:Ioannina 4311:Manuel I 4168:Converso 4160:Príncipe 4156:São Tomé 4070:Talmudic 4064:and the 3949:Teixeira 3941:Toledano 3913:Salvador 3905:Pimentel 3895:, Blas, 3856:Marranos 3799:Category 3757:Kahanism 3704:Feminism 3676:Politics 3560:Biblical 3530:American 3477:Bukharan 3467:American 3367:Shidduch 3343:Clothing 3299:Haymanot 3245:Orthodox 3173:Suriname 3156:Paraguay 3109:Colombia 3008:Portugal 2918:Bulgaria 2855:Thailand 2805:Pakistan 2785:Mongolia 2780:Malaysia 2700:Cambodia 2674:Zimbabwe 2649:Tanzania 2527:Eswatini 2517:Ethiopia 2507:Djibouti 2487:Cameroon 2482:Botswana 2411:Diaspora 2373:Noahides 2346:Marranos 2270:Cochinim 2255:Bukharim 2245:Gruzinim 2235:Teimanim 2225:Mizrahim 2213:Galician 2179:conflict 2140:Hasidism 2130:Haskalah 2035:Diaspora 1906:timeline 1818:Timeline 1731:Rabbinic 1638:Kabbalah 1613:Marriage 1589:Tzedakah 1579:Holidays 1537:Religion 1500:a series 1498:Part of 1459:Almohads 1413:Havdalah 1385:Slavonic 1381:Muwallad 1301:epithets 1261:Karaites 1249:polemics 1232:rule by 1131:Reccared 1112:Arianism 1044:Hispania 1033:Benjamin 1010:Adoniram 994:Tarshish 953:records 945:and the 904:Haymanot 873:Sefarad. 848:Sephardi 755:sofo tov 744:Manuel I 740:Portugal 710:, 1865, 684:سفارديون 640:Sefardís 636:Galician 616:Safardís 574:Tiberian 493:Sepharad 487:Səp̄āráḏ 479:Tiberian 447:Sepharad 372:Southern 290:Sepharad 285:Portugal 271:, are a 198:, other 170:Religion 18:Sefardim 16525:Uruguay 16462:Oceania 16446:Catalan 16396:Jamaica 16330:Germany 16188:Italics 16013:Studies 15959:Divorce 15925:Kashrut 15920:Cuisine 15878:Culture 15809:Midrash 15804:Tosefta 15794:Mishnah 15782:Ketuvim 15777:Nevi'im 15740:Schisms 15730:Science 15720:Karaite 15691:Renewal 15652:Litvaks 15647:Hasidic 15602:Sefirot 15587:Halakha 15558:Messiah 15531:Mitzvah 15526:Beliefs 15480:Western 15466:Poylish 15461:Litvish 15451:Eastern 15441:Yiddish 15436:Shuadit 15421:Qwareña 15409:Tetuani 15404:Haketia 15379:Knaanic 15374:Kivruli 15322:Bukhori 15268:Heblish 15204:Hulaulá 15194:Barzani 15150:Yahudic 15083:Mizrahi 14943:Urfalim 14898:Mizrahi 14842:Neofiti 14837:Italkim 14766:Lita'im 14658:Zionism 14610:History 14584:Judaism 14486:Studies 14416:Haredim 14394:Cuisine 14369:Bagitto 14352:Haketia 14245:Italian 14218:English 14201:Curaçao 14186:Antwerp 14160:Tetuani 14119:Rhodian 14104:Serbian 14089:Ottoman 14048:Ragusan 14033:Bosnian 13917:Origins 13809:Chinese 13761:Indians 13668:Galilee 13663:Bedouin 13591:Italkim 13569:Kurdish 13564:Iranian 13547:Turkish 13532:Russian 13484:Druzism 13428:Karaite 13408:Judaism 13241:Sefarad 13158:3306851 12894:Judaism 12303:31 July 12277:30 July 12180:27 July 12057:29 July 11839:26 July 11829:El País 11786:20 June 11597:El País 11068:22 July 10870:Romania 10786:23 July 10730:23 July 10604:23 July 10574:23 July 10544:23 July 10513:23 July 10481:23 July 10441:"Lindo" 10373:23 July 10343:23 July 10313:23 July 10257:23 July 10227:23 July 10150:23 July 10049:23 July 10018:23 July 9988:23 July 9958:24 July 9928:23 July 9898:23 July 9884:"Aboab" 9868:23 July 9008:Hehaver 8908:Morashá 8825:23 June 8647:Granada 8363:El País 8153:Obadiah 7974:26 July 7945:cia.gov 7808:Spanish 7791: 7700:Hebrews 7608:Ma'amad 7591:2014 – 7584:2012 – 7577:1997 – 7570:1985 – 7563:1981 – 7556:1980 – 7549:1969 – 7546:, Peace 7542:1968 – 7535:1959 – 7532:, Peace 7528:1911 - 7521:1906 – 7041:Zarfati 6953:Turkish 6941:Italian 6926:Hamburg 6835:Yiddish 6811:Melilla 6803:Ḥakitía 6787:Judezmo 6616:Judaism 6605:Chuetas 6493:Iranian 6467:of the 6454:Mizrahi 6450:Maghreb 6381:Algeria 6367:Majorca 6338:aljamas 6325:Segovia 6317:Ourense 6301:Cuéllar 6285:Arévalo 6269:Castile 6262:Almazán 6258:Llerena 6218:Granada 6210:Seville 6206:Córdoba 6055:Judaism 6051:Sefarad 6049:and in 6035:Ecuador 5931:Curaçao 5868:Curaçao 5719:Marrano 5689:Azoulay 5682:Morocco 5652:Haketia 5644:Algeria 5640:Morocco 5602:Azoulay 5549:Baghdad 5495:Judezmo 5458:Balkans 5363:Balkans 5322:John II 5062:Spanish 4995:Spanish 4957:Yiddish 4766:Lebanon 4727:Morocco 4711:Tripoli 4706:Baghdad 4634:Zionism 4622:Mizrahi 4571:Algeria 4567:Morocco 4563:Tunisia 4527:Tunesia 4523:Algeria 4519:Morocco 4260:kehilla 4244:yeshiva 4105:Algeria 4093:Morocco 3945:Pereira 3929:Cansino 3909:Azevedo 3901:Palache 3742:General 3733:Zionism 3709:Leftism 3699:Bundism 3623:Knaanic 3583:Yevanic 3568:Yiddish 3525:Yiddish 3520:Israeli 3497:Mizrahi 3487:Israeli 3458:Cuisine 3434:Ancient 3416:Secular 3362:Kashrut 3338:Wedding 3325:Customs 3317:Culture 3294:Science 3289:Renewal 3279:Karaite 3260:Hasidic 3192:Oceania 3178:Uruguay 3146:Jamaica 3126:Ecuador 3094:Bolivia 3038:Ukraine 3013:Romania 2988:Moldova 2968:Hungary 2958:Germany 2953:Georgia 2943:Finland 2938:Estonia 2933:Denmark 2928:Czechia 2913:Belarus 2903:Austria 2898:Armenia 2875:Vietnam 2790:Myanmar 2775:Lebanon 2695:Bahrain 2654:Tunisia 2632:Somalia 2607:Nigeria 2602:Namibia 2592:Morocco 2522:Eritrea 2467:Algeria 2351:Neofiti 2260:Italkim 2250:Juhurim 2160:Zionism 2109:Khazars 2004:Sicarii 2000:Zealots 1996:Essenes 1983:Schisms 1848:Leaders 1810:General 1802:History 1745:Tosefta 1740:Midrash 1717:Mishnah 1699:Ketuvim 1694:Nevi'im 1643:Customs 1574:Shabbat 1569:Halakha 1561: ( 1559:Mitzvot 1546: ( 1512:Judaism 1467:dhimmis 1425:Granada 1394:Granada 1294:Córdoba 1238:Babylon 1230:Umayyad 1226:dhimmis 1210:Seville 1202:Granada 1185:dhimmis 1077:Tortosa 1065:Seville 1014:Solomon 914:History 889:Hasidim 837:broader 644:Italian 604:Catalan 588:Spanish 539:phoneme 528:digraph 510:Modern 457:סְפָרַד 419:Haketia 405:, is a 391:Catalan 356:Muslims 346:by the 298: 242:transl. 233:: 226:‎ 176:Judaism 160:Persian 156:Turkish 140:Modern: 135:Curaçao 111:Haketia 79:, Spain 77:Córdoba 16555:Isleño 16505:Brazil 16482:Hawaii 16431:Basque 16401:Mexico 16366:Canada 16361:Belize 16340:Sweden 16325:France 16318:Europe 16281:Africa 15996:Hazzan 15986:Prayer 15863:Siddur 15799:Talmud 15763:Tanakh 15698:Neolog 15671:Reform 15659:Modern 15642:Haredi 15565:Ethics 15431:Shassi 15399:Ladino 15364:Karaim 15347:Juhuri 15189:Targum 15103:Signed 15068:Modern 15063:Hebrew 15031:Xuetes 14827:Dönmeh 14786:Yekkes 14276:Xuetas 14233:Indian 14223:French 14150:Libyan 14109:Syrian 13910:topics 13819:Greeks 13601:Cochin 13596:Indian 13423:Reform 13165: 13155: 13031: 13021: 12960: 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